IT 100

Living in IT Era
A Guidebook

by

Rinalyn Gensaya Gregorio, MPA

Senior Lecturer IV

Name :
Course: BS in Business Administration major in Human Resource
Management
Year : Second Year
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Objective:

It traces the origin of the Internet and its evolution, describes how it works, and
illustrates how it is used (e.g., how to search on the web).

What is Internet?
Internet is a global interconnection of computer networks.

It is a network of millions of server computers spread worldwide that are connected

to each other through cables and satellites.

Who owns the Internet?

 No one owns it
 It has no formal management organization.
 To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay a small
registration fee and agree to certain standards based on the
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) .
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How did the Internet originate?

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 In 1969, the U.S. Defense Department funded a project to develop a network

 Basically the idea was to develop a very secure network which can work even after
a nuclear attack.
 This project was known as ARPANET.
 The proposed network was not supposed to have a central control—which would
be an obvious target

ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Network

Networking project by Pentagon’s

Goals: To allow scientists at different locations to share information and work

together on military and scientific projects
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To function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed. Became

functional in September 1969
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Internet Servers

The Internet is made up of client computers, servers, cables and network

connection devices. Each has a different role in the Internet infrastructures:
connection devices are responsible for data traffic whereas servers enable
information and resources to be shared among the computers.

Some of the Servers and their Tasks

Web Servers

➢ are foundations of the Internet. The Web pages are stored in Web
servers. Whenever you open up your browser and type in a Website
address, it is the server that gets you the page you request.
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Mail Servers

➢ are as a crucial as Web servers. They move and store mails over private
networks and across the Internet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Servers

➢ store text files, graphic files, sound files, etc., and let the client download
and upload them.

Database Servers

➢ are specifically configured to run database software. A database is a

collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated.

Content Management Servers

➢ enable the process of creating, editing, storing, organizing, and

publishing content in the Web.

Real-Time Communication Servers

➢ Chat, and IRC servers enable a large number of users to exchange

information in an environment similar to an Internet newsgroup but with
real-time discussion capabilities. Instant messaging servers, like chat
servers, facilitate communication in real time. However, instant
messaging generally involves one conversation between two people.

DNS (Domain Name Server)

➢ Matches up the URL of a Web site (ex. www.zambak.com) with its

proper numeric IP address. It translates www.zambak.com into the
unique numeric IP address 212.175.211.243. Whenever you request a
Web page the Web browser must consult the domain name server to
find out what the numeric translation of the URL is. This is necessary
because computers only understand the numeric IP address, whereas
people prefer to use meaningful and more memorable text.
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Popular use of the Internet

Performing Research

➢ Thousands of databases, libraries, and research institutions around the

world are available, to gather information on any topics of interest for
work or recreation. The information can be in the form of text, pictures,
or even video material.

Communication

➢ Keep in touch and send things to colleagues and friends using electronic
mail, the Internet telephone, keyboard chat, and video conferencing.

Obtaining News

➢ The Internet users can stay up to date with news, sports, the weather,
and any current affairs around the world with information updated daily,
hourly, or instantly.

Learning

➢ Distant education (e-learning) is another possibility on the Web. Most

colleges now offer courses via the Web, enabling the Internet users to
earn college credit, diplomas, and degrees from home using the Internet
user’s computer.

Shopping

➢ People who can not stand parking hassles, limited store hours, and
check out lines, the Web provides a shopping alternative. For example;
www.ebay.com, www.theinternetmall.com link to online merchants
selling anything such as flowers, clothing computers, and electronics are
available on the web. It is possible to find online shopping Web sites for
each country and city.
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Downloading Computer Software

➢ Software and other products are available in cyberspace. Internet users

can update their programs or download the freeware, shareware and
commercial version of the products. You should scan all downloaded
files and programs for viruses before opening them.

Publishing

➢ All type of information can be published on the Internet by uploading

information to the web servers.

Entertainment

➢ The internet users can listen to sounds and music, and watch digital
movies, Streaming media technology permits to broadcast audio and
video to users across the Internet. Nowadays most of the TV and Radio
stations have the Internet broadcast. The Internet connection speed is
very important for receiving TV and Radio broadcasts. Besides the Web
browsers media programs also can be used for watching TV, such as;
Windows Media Player, iTunes, and Real Player.

➢ There are also a growing number of interactive multimedia games in the

Internet.

Travel Plans

➢ Using the Web makes possible to organize a travel plan while sitting in front
of a computer. The Internet users can search for flights, hotels, and book
reservations through the Internet. Also, it is possible to have your ticket
delivered to your home. In addition, reviews of the restaurant guides and
reservations are available on the Internet. The Internet also helps to get
information about the weather, maps, and regions of interests.
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Internet Tools

World Wide Web (www)

Consists of an interconnected system of sites, of servers all over the world. It is a

huge collection of pages. All of them are mutually interconnected with each other.
These pages can contain text, pictures, films, sound and much more information.
Using the Web is a bit like flipping through a huge book that has been written by
millions of authors. The world wide web is also called www or the web.

Sometimes people use the words The Internet and World Wide Web
synonymously but they are different. The WWW is a component of the internet that
presents information in a graphical interface. The Internet users can think of the
www as the graphical version of the internet.

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

It is a shortened version of the two words “electronic” and “mail” and is the
electronic version of the letter. It is one of the most used and popular services on
the Internet. It enables messages to be transferred from an individual to another
individual or from an individual to a group of people. Unlike regular paper mail, e-
mail is usually delivered to its destination almost instantly.

Electronic Discussion Groups

Usenet Newsgroups are discussion groups on the internet that the internet users
can join to read and post messages to and from people with similar interests.

It is a global electric bulletin board system in which millions of computer users

exchange information on a vast range of topics.

There are thousands of newsgroups on topics such as computers, education,

romance, hobbies, politics, religion, and etc.
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Email Based Discussion Group

Mailing lists combine e-mail and newsgroups. They are also called listservers.
Listservers allow anyone to subscribe (generally at no charge) to an e-mail mailing
list on a particular subject or subjects and to post messages. Maintainer of the
mailing list (moderator) then send those messages to everyone on that list. Thus,
newsgroup listserver messages appear automatically in the internet user’s
mailbox. The internet users do not have to make the effort of accessing the
newsgroup.

One of the benefits of the internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide
to communicate via e-mail.

The Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

Some website provide chat rooms, which are a way to socialize with a group of
other individuals interactively and in a casual manner. Participants can type in
messages for the group to view; other group members can respond immediately.
Many types of chat rooms also allow private messages to be sent to specific
individuals.

MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, ICQ are some of the most popular chat
programs.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to
transfer files between computers.

The internet users can connect to a remote computer called an FTP site and
transfer publicly available files to their own computer’s hard disk. The free files
offered cover nearly anything that can be stored on a computer, including software,
games, photos, maps, art, music, books, and statistics. Some FTP sites are open
to anyone, so called anonymous FTP sites. Other FTP sites can be accessed
only by means of a password. The internet users can also use FTP to upload
(transfer) the internet user’s files to an FTP site.
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Telnet

It is a program that allows you to log into computer on the Internet and use online
databases, library catalogs, chat services and more.

Telnet is an old internet technology. It is a terminal emulation protocol that allows

internet users to connect (log on) to a remote computer. The feature, which allows
microcomputers to communicate successfully with mainframes, enables the
internet users to tap into the internet computers and access to public-files, instead
of connecting directly. Many public and university libraries employ telnet to make
their library catalogs available on the internet, so that users can access the
catalogs at home as if they were seated at one of the terminals in the library.

World Wide Web Tools

Browser

A software program that requests, interprets, and presents world wide web
documents. Frequently used browsers include the Internet Explorer, Opera,
Firefox, Lynx, and Mosaic.

Server

In a general sense, a server is any computer that provides information or services

to the other computers on a network. Example of a server includes a file server, a
printer server and a mail server. In addition to being a computer, a server also can
be software program that the entire internet is based on.

Client

A client is a computer system that requests a service of another computer system

(a server) on a network. A client also can be a software program that requests and
acquires information from computers that store world wide web documents and
files.
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Essential Units of the Web

There are some elements of the world wide web that actually create the foundation.

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language is the coding language for the world wide web that
informs browsers how to display a document’s text, links, graphics, and other
media. This language forms the foundation for all web pages.

Beside HTML other new programming languages for the web is available. Such as
ASP, PHP, CGI, JAVA, Java Scripts. Some of them working with HTML but some
of them perform separately.

Webmaster

The individual responsible for maintaining and updating the content of a world wide
web document. Webmasters are the creative forces behind the world wide web.

Domain Name

The name given to any computer registered on the world wide web as an official
provider of information and files. Domain names are usually two or more terms
separated by periods. Some examples are www.google.com or www.abs-cbn.com
google is the domain (location) name and com is the domain type in the first
example. Domain type denotes type of the organization. Outside of the United
States, domains have another extension to identify the country. For example, .ru
for Russia, .tr for Turkey, .ph for Philippines. www.ched.gov.ph is a domain name
for a government organization that is CHED in Philippines.

Domain Types and related organizations:

.com – commercial
.net – network
.org – organization
.edu – education
.gov – government
.mil – military
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A URL serves as identification for all world wide web documents. The URL is
sometimes referred to as a world wide web page address.

Hotlist

An option available in most world wide web browsers that maintains a list of
frequently accessed home pages. A hotlist also refers to a list of home pages
related to a particular subject that is published on an organization’s home page.

Website Terminology

Website

A collection of world wide web documents, usually consisting of a home page and
several related pages. The internet users might think of a website as an interactive
electronic book.

Homepage

Frequently, the “cover” of a particular website. The homepage is the main, or first
page displayed for an organization’s or person’s world wide web site.

Hyperlink

Short for “hypertext link”. A link provides a path that connects the internet users
from one part of a world wide web documents to another part of the same
document, a different document, or another resource. A link usually appears as a
uniquely colored word that the internet users can click to be transported to another
web page.

Anchor

A link that takes the Internet users to a different part of the same web page.
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Image Map

An image map enables the internet users to click various locations in a graphic
image to link to different documents.

Frame

A feature available on the world wide web that presents text, links, graphics, and
other media in a separate portion of the browser display. Some sections remain
unchanging, whereas others serve as an exhibit of linked documents.

Table

A feature available on the world wide web that presents document text, links,
graphics, and other media in a row and column format. Table borders may be
visible in some documents but invisible in others.
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Basic Internet Terminologies

Protocol – is a set of formalized rules that describe how data is transmitted over a
network.

URL – is the acronym for “Uniform Resource Locator,” this is the address of a
resources on the internet. World wide web URLs begin with http://

Web Page – is a document designed for viewing in a web browser. Typically written
in HTML.

Web Browser – is a software that gives a user access to the world wide web. Web
browsers often provide a graphical interface that lets users click
buttons, icons, and menu options to view and navigate web pages.
Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox are popular web browsers.

Data – is the raw material of information. Refers mostly to the information entered
into, and stored within a computer or file.

Chat – is the real-time text-based communication between two or multiple users

over the internet.

Every computer connected to the internet is assigned a unique number known as

IP (Internet Protocol) address.

Download – is the process of copying a file from a remote computer to your

computer.

Freeware – is software that is available free of charge for personal use.

Shareware – is software that is distributed free on a trial basis with the

understanding that the user may need or want to pay for it later.
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Playing video or sound in real time as it is downloaded over the internet is called
streaming. Streaming requires a powerful computer and fast
connection since the file is not stored on your computer.

Broadcast – is the sending of messages or video to all points simultaneously.

Upload – is the reverse process of downloading.

Anonymous – is a way of logging on to servers as a guest, which gives you limited

access to that server. Many FTP sites allow you to login anonymously
in order to download files. Directories or files requiring a secure user ID
and Password will not be accessible.

Log on (log in) – is to start a session with a system, usually by giving a username
and password as a means of user authentication.

HTML – stands for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used to
create documents on the World Wide Web.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions

RFC – Request for Comments

FYI – For Your Information

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Using the Internet

Computers connect to the Internet in different ways. Homes and businesses pay
an ISP, or Internet Service Provider, to connect to the Internet. A modem connects
a computer to the Internet. As you will learn later in this module, dial-up modems
and DSL modems use phone lines to connect to the Internet. A cable modem uses
cable TV wires to connect to the Internet. A browser is the software that sends
and retrieves information on the Internet. Study the figure below to learn about
some important browser functions.

A hyperlink is an item on a Web page that links to another Web page. The image
to the right shows hyperlinks to pages containing details about news and events.
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Web browsers let you bookmark pages, which are called Favorites in Internet
Explorer. A bookmark sends the browser automatically to a page that you specify.
Web pages that contain information in many forms, like sound and movies, are
called multimedia pages.

The Internet contains so much information that it is often hard to find what you are
looking for. Search engines search the Internet for keywords that you provide.
Popular search engines include Google, Yahoo!, Bing, and Ask. Regardless of
which search engine you use, it is important for you to be able to search effectively.
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Techniques for Searching

The Internet is probably the single most important tool for research. However, the
advantage provided by the Internet can also be its greatest challenge: There is so
much information out there that it is difficult to know where to begin!

A good place to begin work regardless of your research topic is Google. Arguably
the most useful search engine, Google is an enormous “spider” (an automated
piece of software that “crawls” the Web looking for information) that keeps an index
of over three billion URLs. Simply type your topic into Google’s search bar.

When you use the Internet for research, you want to find Web pages that contain
useful, or relevant, information. The first step towards finding this information is
choosing appropriate keywords.

Keywords are the words a search engine

uses in its search for relevant Web pages.
If you use only one keyword to search
the Web, you may find that you get a
very high number of results, most of
which are irrelevant. For example, if you
want to find information about tennis
lessons, a general keyword such as
tennis might produce results as varied as
tennis-related products, the history of
tennis, tennis rankings, tennis clubs, and
tennis lessons. To avoid sifting through
irrelevant links, use the more specific
phrase tennis lessons.

Many search engines also have an

advanced search that allows you to
indicate exactly what you want the
engine to search for and what you want it to ignore.
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Boolean logic, named after nineteenth-century mathematician George Boole, is

a form of algebra in which all values are reduced to TRUE or FALSE. This logic
system can be applied to search engine keywords in order to find only the most
pertinent results.

Boolean operators, or the conventions used in keywords to apply Boolean logic to

Internet searches, are as
follows:

To find Web pages with an exact phrase, place the keyword or phrase in
quotation marks. Phrases in quotation marks such as “Boston terriers” and
“Siamese cats” will only produce Web pages that include that exact phrase.

You can search for Web pages that include two or more keywords, although
the words will not always be near each other on the Web page. To do such
a search, use the following Boolean operators: AND, +, &. You can also
simply include a space between words. The following are examples: cats
AND dogs, cats & dogs, cats + dogs, cats dogs. These phrases will only
produce Web pages about both cats and dogs.

To search for Web pages with one or both keywords, use the following
Boolean operators: OR, ^. Examples of keywords with these Boolean
operators are lizards OR snakes, lizards ^ snakes. These phrases will
produce Web pages that refer to lizards, snakes, or both.

To find results with one but not another keyword, use the following Boolean
operators: NOT, -. Examples are cats NOT tigers, cats -tigers. These
phrases will produce results about all cats except tigers.

If you are looking for a combination of specific information, you can use a
combination of Boolean operators, such as “pet care” + lizards OR snakes.
This phrase will produce Web pages about pet care for lizards or pet care
for snakes.

If you only want to find information from a specific web site, just add the
domain after the search term along with the ?site? tag, and the search
engine will only look for documents on that site: ?pet care? site:
www.humanesociety.org.
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To search for Web pages where your keywords do appear near one another, use
NEAR. Entering cats NEAR dogs will return sites that contain both words and have
the two words close to one another.

To search for Web pages where your keywords do appear near one another, use
NEAR. Entering cats NEAR dogs will return sites that contain both words and have
the two words close to one another.

Your Web searches will likely give you page after page of hits, each with a brief
summary of some of the text from that page. Some things to think about while
browsing your results:

Links on the right-hand side of the page (and sometimes at the top, in a
colored box) are sponsored links—this means that the company in question
has paid to have its link show up. While this does not necessarily mean that
the link is not worth exploring, it is usually an indicator that the site is selling
a product or service, and might not be valuable for pure research.

Many search engines display a few lines of text from each page and shows
your search phrase in bold. Read the sentence surrounding the bold
information to see if it is appropriate for your work.
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Universal Resource Locator (URL)

All webpages have an address. URLs are the addresses that you use to access
page of information on the www. To be able to see a particular webpage; you have
to be able to find it among the many millions of others spread around the internet.
This is done using a Uniform Resource Locator (always abbreviated as URL). As
the name suggests, a URL is a standard way of describing the location of a
particular resource (like a webpage)

The trouble is that you have to know the address of the website, in much the same
way as if you want to phone someone you have to know his or her phone number.

The Structure of the URL

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/64bit/logon.html

The first time you see a URL, it looks very confusing, but in fact it is built up very
logically. It contains the abbreviation http followed by the name of the computer
containing the webpage, and then the name and location of the page.

The Structure of the URL

http:// This is the name of the protocol used to send the
information between the server and your computer.
Ordinary webpages are sent using hypertext transport
protocol, so most URLs start with the abbreviation
http. The name of the protocol is always followed by
a colon and two slashes (//).
www.microsoft.com The address of a web server.
/windowsxp/64bit/ The position of the web page’s folder (directory) on
the server. Names of folders are separated by
slashes.
login.html The file name of the web page. The .html extension
shows that it is just an ordinary web page. Most web
pages have either a .html or .htm. extension. This
stands for hyper text mark-up language and shows
that the file is in that format. There is a difference
between large and small letters, so login.html is not
the same file as Login.HTML.
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Protocols using in URL

http:// Hypertext Transfer Protocol – server is supporting the web
protocol.
https:// Secure web page – server is supporting the web protocol – but
it is secure.
ftp:// File Transfer Protocol – server is set up to send and receive
files.
news: News server – used to access a usenet newsgroup
mailto: Mail server – access to e-mail server.
telnet:// telnet – access to a terminal emulation session.

Country Codes

The last part of an address is usually a country code, showing in which country the
computer is.

Some Country Code

at Austria de Germany jp Japan
au Australia dk Denmark kr Korea
ca Canada fi Finland no Norway
ch Switzerland fr France nz New Zealand

The Most Used Domain Types

com Commercial companies
edu Educational Institutions, like universities
gov The government
mil The military
org Non-profit organizations
int International organizations
biz For business or commercial use
net Network