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PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor /personal Home Page)

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Hambarde Atharva
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68 views

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor /personal Home Page)

Uploaded by

Hambarde Atharva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHP

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor /Personal Home Page)


Contents
 PHP: PHP Fundamentals
 Data types
 Operators
 Control structures,
 PHP Arrays
 PHP String Handling
 PHP Functions
 File Handling
 Super global variables
 PHP Cookies and Sessions
PHP

 PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool


for making dynamic and interactive Web pages.
 PHP scripts are executed on the server.
 PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to
competitors such as Microsoft's ASP/JSP/Servlet
 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor“
 PHP is Open source and Platform independent.
 Example:Wordpress, facebook
 Originally developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994
What PHP can do?
 PHP files can contain text, Images,HTML,CSS,
JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code are executed on the server, and the
response is returned to the browser as plain
HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php“
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and
close files on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your
database
 PHP can encrypt and decrypt data
PHP
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows,
Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used
today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP supports a wide range of databases
MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, Informix etc.
 PHP is open source software and free
 A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and
some PHP scripting code.
Server side script Languages
 ASP
 JSP
 Pascal
 PHP
 Python
R
 Ruby
 Groovy Server pages etc…
Advantages of PHP language
 Open source: It is developed and maintained by a
large group of PHP developers, this will helps in
creating a support community, abundant extension
library.
 Platform independent: PHP is platform
independent and can be run on all major operating
systems.
 Speed: Faster than other scripting languages, for
example, ASP and JSP.
 Easy to use: It uses C like syntax, so for those who
are familiar with C, it’s very easy for them to pick up
and it is very easy to create website scripts.
 Stable: Since it is maintained by many developers, so
when bugs are found, it can be quickly fixed.
Advantages of PHP language Cont…
 Powerful library support:You can easily find
functional modules you need such as PDF,
Graph etc.
 Built-in database connection modules: You
can connect to database easily using PHP,
since many websites are data/content driven,
so we will use database frequently, this will
largely reduce the development time of web
apps.
 Compatible with almost all servers:
Disadvantages of PHP
 Security : Since it is open sourced, so all
people can see the source code, if there are
bugs in the source code, it can be used by
people to explore the weakness of PHP
 Not suitable for large applications: Hard to
maintain since it is not very modular.
 Weak type: Implicit conversion may surprise
unwary programmers and lead to
unexpected bugs. For example, the strings
“1000” and “1e3” compare equal because
they are implicitly cast to floating point
numbers.
Basic PHP Syntax
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>

 A PHP script can be placed anywhere in


the document.
 A PHP script starts with <?php
and ends with ?>
 HTML script tags −
<script language = "PHP">...</script>
PHP Syntax
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>

Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon


(;).
WAMP,LAMP and XAMP
 WAMP (Window Based Apache, MySQL and
PHP)

 LAMP (Linux Based Apache, MySQL and PHP)

 XAMP (Cross-Platform Apache, MySQL and PHP)

 AMP refers to Apache, MySQL, and PHP, all of


which work together to help you develop
dynamic web sites.
How PHP works?
PHP commands and structures
 Using echo to display text
 Constants and variables
 Using a URL to pass variable values
 Functions
 if / else statements
 For, foreach
 while and do / while
 Arrays
 String
 Include/ require
 File handling
 Sessions and cookies
 HTML forms
Creating Your First Program

< html >


< head >
< title > My First PHP Program < /title >
< /head >
< body >
< ?php
echo “Hello everyone.”;
?>
< /body >
< /html >
Comments can be used to:
 Let others understand what you are doing
 Comments can remind you of what you were
thinking when you wrote the code
// This is a single-line comment
OR
# This is also a single-line comment
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
PHP 5 Variables
 Rules for PHP variables:
1. A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by
the name of the variable.
2. A variable name must start with a letter or
the underscore character.
3. A variable name cannot start with a number
4. A variable name can only contain alpha-
numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-
9, and _ )
5. Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and
$AGE are two different variables)
PHP Case Sensitivity
 In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and
user-defined functions are NOT case-sensitive.
 However all variable names are case-sensitive.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html> <!DOCTYPE html>
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php
<?php $color = "red";
ECHO "Hello World!<br>"; echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>"; echo "My house is " . $COLOR .
EcHo "Hello World!<br>"; "<br>";
?> echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
</body> ?>
</html> </body> </html>
Output: Hello World!
Hello World! Output: My car is red
Hello World! My house is
My boat is
PHP Data Types
 PHP supports the following data types:
▪ String
▪ Integer Scalar
▪ Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
▪ Boolean
▪ Array
Compound
▪ Object
▪ NULL
▪ Resource Special
PHP String
 A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello
world!".
 A string can be any text inside quotes.You can use
single or double quotes:
 <?php
$x = "Hello world!";

echo ”hello $x”;


echo "<br>";
echo ’hello $x’;
?>
PHP Integer
 An integer data type is a non-decimal number
between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.
 Rules for integers:
◦ An integer must have at least one digit
◦ An integer must not have a decimal point
◦ An integer can be either positive or negative
 <?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>
 Note: The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value.
PHP Float
 A float (floating point number) is a number
with a decimal point or a number in
exponential form.
 In the following example $x is a float. The PHP
var_dump() function returns the data type and
value:
<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Boolean

 A Boolean represents two possible states:


TRUE or FALSE.
 $x = true;
$y = false;
 Booleans are often used in conditional
testing
PHP NULL Value
 Null is a special data type which can have only
one value: NULL.
 A variable of data type NULL is a variable that
has no value assigned to it.
 Variables can also be emptied by setting the value
to NULL:
 <?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?
 Creating PHP variables:
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
//When you assign a text value to variable, put quotes around th
value.
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;

echo $txt;
echo "<br>";
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
Output:
Hello world!
5
Local and Global Scope variables
<?php
$x=5; // global scope

function myTest() A variable declared outside a function


{ has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be
$y=10; // local scope accessed outside a function.
echo "<p>Test variables inside the function:<p>";
echo "Variable x is: $x";
echo "<br>"; A variable declared within a function
echo "Variable y is: $y"; has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be
} accessed within that function.

myTest();

echo "<p>Test variables outside the function:<p>";


echo "Variable x is: $x";
echo "<br>";
echo "Variable y is: $y";
?>
PHP Constants
 It defines constant at run time
 define(name, value, case-insensitive)
1. name: It specifies the constant name.
2. value: It specifies the constant value.
3. case-insensitive: Specifies whether a constant is case-insensitive. Default value
is false. It means it is case sensitive by default.

1. <?php
2. define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP",true);//not case sensitive
3. echo MESSAGE, "</br>";
4. echo message;
5. ?>

1. <?php
2. define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP",false);//case sensitive
3. echo MESSAGE;
4. echo message;
5. ?>
1.<?php
2.$x = "abc";
3.$$x = 200;
4.echo $x."<br/>";
5.echo $$x."<br/>";
6.echo $abc;
7.?>
PHP Constants
 Only scalar data (boolean, integer, float and string) can
be contained in constants.
<?php
const MESSAGE="Hello const by Javapoint PHP";
echo MESSAGE;
?>
1.<?php
2. define("MSG", "JavaTpoint");
3. echo MSG, "</br>";
4. echo constant("MSG");
5. //both are similar
6.?>
Differences between constants
and variables
 There is no need to write a dollar sign ($) before a
constant, where as in Variable one has to write a dollar
sign.
 Constants cannot be defined by simple assignment, they
may only be defined using the define() function.
 Constants may be defined and accessed anywhere
without regard to variable scoping rules.
 Once the Constants have been set, may not be
redefined or undefined.
 By default, constants are global.
Variables can be local, global, or static
Magic Constants
 Magic constants are the predefined constants in PHP which get changed on
the basis of their use. They start with double underscore (__) and ends with
double underscore.
 They are similar to other predefined constants but as they change their
values with the context, they are called magic constants.
 Magic constants are case-insensitive.
1. __LINE__
2. __FILE__
3. __DIR__
4. __FUNCTION__
5. __CLASS__
6. __TRAIT__
7. __METHOD__
8. __NAMESPACE__
9. ClassName::class
PHP Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

Remainder of $x divided
% Modulus $x % $y
by $y

** Exponential $x**$y $x raised to the power $y


PHP Assignment Operators
Assignment Same as... Description

The left operand gets set to the value of the


x=y x=y
expression on the right

x += y x=x+y Addition

x -= y x=x-y Subtraction

x *= y x=x*y Multiplication

x /= y x=x/y Division
PHP String Operators

Operato
Name Example Result
r

$txt1 = "Hello"
Now $txt2 contains
. Concatenation $txt2 = $txt1 . "
"Hello world!"
world!"

Concatenation $txt1 = "Hello" Now $txt1 contains


.=
assignment $txt1 .= " world!" "Hello world!"
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators

Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one

--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x

$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one


PHP Comparison Operators
Operator Name Example Result
== Equal $x == $y True if $x is equal to $y
True if $x is equal to $y, and they
=== Identical $x === $y
are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y True if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y True if $x is not equal to $y
True if $x is not equal to $y, or
!== Not identical $x !== $y
they are not of the same type
> Greater than $x > $y True if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y True if $x is less than $y
Greater than or True if $x is greater than or equal
>= $x >= $y
equal to to $y
True if $x is less than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y
$y
PHP Conditional Statements
In PHP we have the following conditional
statements:
 if statement - executes some code only if a
specified condition is true
 if...else statement - executes some code if a
condition is true and another code if the
condition is false
 if...elseif....else statement - specifies a new
condition to test, if the first condition is false
 switch statement - selects one of many
blocks of code to be executed
The if Statement
- executes some code only if a specified
condition is true

<?php
$per = 65
if ($per > 60) {
echo “Congrats,You are qualified!";
}
?>
The if...else Statement
- executes some code if a condition is true and another code
if the condition is false

<?php
$per = 65;
if ($per > 60)
{
echo “Congrats, You are qualified! ☺";
}
else
{
echo “Sorry, You are not qualified”
}

?>
The if...elseif....else Statement
- specifies a new condition to test, if the first
condition is false
<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "10") {


echo "Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
switch Statement
- selects one of many blocks of code to be executed
<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red": echo "Your favorite color is red!"; break;
case "blue":echo "Your favorite color is blue!";break;
case "green":echo "Your favorite color is green!"; break;
default:echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor
green!";
}
?>
PHP FLOW CONTROL AND
LOOPS
PHP Loops
Often when you write code, you want the same block
of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of
adding several almost equal code-lines in a script, we
can use loops to perform a task like this.
In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
 while - loops through a block of code as long as the
specified condition is true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and
then repeats the loop as long as the specified condition
is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number
of times
 foreach - loops through a block of code for each
element in an array
While Loop
- The while loop executes a block of code as
long as the specified condition is true.
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x=$x+1;
}
?>
do...while Loop
- loops through a block of code once, and then repeats
the loop as long as the specified condition is true
<?php
$x = 1;

do {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>
<?php
$x = 6;

do {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x<=5);
?>
What will be output of this program???
For Loops
The for loop is used when you know in
advance how many times the script should
run.
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>
The example below displays the numbers from
0 to 10
PHP foreach Loop
 The foreach loop is used to traverse the array elements. It
works only on array and object. It will issue an error if you
try to use it with the variables of different datatype.
 The foreach loop works on elements basis rather than
index. It provides an easiest way to iterate the elements of
an array.
 In foreach loop, we don't need to increment the value.
1. foreach ($array as $value) {
2. //code to be executed
3. }
or
1. foreach ($array as $key => $element) {
2. //code to be executed
3. }
PHP foreach Loop
<?php
$colors=array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value){
echo "$value <br>";
}
?>
For every loop iteration, the value of the
current array element is assigned to $value
and the array pointer is moved by one, until it
reaches the last array element.
<?php
$a = 42;
PHP
34
$b = 0;
if( $a && $b ){
echo "TEST1 : Both a and b are true<br/>";
}else{
echo "TEST1 : Either a or b is false<br/>";
}
if( $a and $b ){
echo "TEST2 : Both a and b are true<br/>";
}else{
echo "TEST2 : Either a or b is false<br/>";
}
if( $a || $b ){
echo "TEST3 : Either a or b is true<br/>";
}else{
echo "TEST3 : Both a and b are false<br/>";
}
if( $a or $b ){
echo "TEST4 : Either a or b is true<br/>";
}else{
echo "TEST4 : Both a and b are false<br/>";
PHP Arrays
$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
However, what if you want to loop through the cars and
find a specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?
The solution is to create an array!

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] .
".";
?>
O/P:
I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.
PHP Array Types

 There are 3 types of array in PHP


1. Indexed Array
2. Associative Array
3. Multidimensional Array
Indexed Array
<html>
<body>
<?php
/* First method to create array. */
$numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Value is 1
foreach( $numbers as $value ) { Value is 2
echo "Value is $value <br />"; Value is 3
} Value is 4
/* Second method to create array. */ Value is 5
$numbers[0] = "one"; Value is one
$numbers[1] = "two"; Value is two
$numbers[2] = "three"; Value is three
$numbers[3] = "four"; Value is four
$numbers[4] = "five"; Value is five
foreach( $numbers as $value ) {
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
 PHP Indexed Arrays

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");


$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2]
. ".";
?>
O/P:
I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.
Associative Arrays [key=>value]
 We can associate name with each array elements in
PHP using => symbol.
 will have their index as string so that you can
establish a strong association between key and
values.
 To store the salaries of employees in an array, a
numerically indexed array would not be the best
choice. Instead, we could use the employees names
as the keys in our associative array, and the value
would be their respective salary.
<html>
<body>
<?php
/* First method to create associative array. */
$salaries = array("mohammad" => 2000, "qadir" => 1000, "zara"
=> 500);
echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br/>";
echo "Salary of qadir is ". $salaries['qadir']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />";

/* Second method to create array. */


$salaries['mohammad'] = "high";
$salaries['qadir'] = "medium";
$salaries['zara'] = "low";
echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br />";
echo "Salary of qadir is ". $salaries['qadir']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />";
?>
</body></html>
<html>
<body>
<?php

$salary = array("mohammad" => 2000,


"qadir" => 1000, "zara" => 500);
foreach($salary as $k => $v) {
echo "Key: ".$k." Value: ".$v."<br/>";
}

?>
</body></html>
Multi-dimensional Array
 In multi-dimensional array, each element
in the main array can also be an array.
 It allows you to store tabular data in an
array.
 And each element in the sub-array can be
an array, and so on.
 Values in the multi-dimensional array are
accessed using multiple index.
Multi-dimensional Array
$emp = array
(
array(1,"sonoo",400000),
array(2,"john",500000),
array(3,"rahul",300000)
);
<?php
$emp = array
(
array(1,"sonoo",400000),
array(2,"john",500000),
array(3,"rahul",300000)
);

for ($row = 0; $row < 3; $row++) {


for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo $emp[$row][$col]." ";
}
echo "<br/>";
1 sonoo 400000
} 2 john 500000
? 3 rahul 300000
<?php
$marks = array( /* Accessing multi-dimensional array
"mohammad" => array ( values */
"physics" => 35, echo "Marks for mohammad in
physics : " ;
"maths" => 30,
echo $marks['mohammad']['physics']
"chemistry" => 39
. "<br />";
), echo "Marks for qadir in maths : ";
"qadir" => array ( echo $marks['qadir']['maths'] . "<br
"physics" => 30, />";
"maths" => 32, echo "Marks for zara in chemistry
:";
"chemistry" => 29
echo $marks['zara']['chemistry'] . "<br
),
/>";
"zara" => array ( ?>
"physics" => 31,
"maths" => 22,
"chemistry" => 39
) Marks for mohammad in physics : 35
Marks for qadir in maths : 32
);
Marks for zara in chemistry : 39
The count() Function
 Get The Length of an Array -The count() Function

<?php $cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");


echo count($cars) ; ?>
O/P: 3

 Loop Through an Indexed Array


<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
$arrlength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++)
{
echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>
PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays

 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order


 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending
order, according to the value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending
order, according to the key
 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending
order, according to the value
 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending
order, according to the key
Sort Functions For Arrays
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
sort($numbers);
$arrlength = count($numbers);

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {


echo $numbers[$x];
echo "<br>";
} 2
?> 4
6
11
22
Sort Array in Descending Order - rsort()

<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
rsort($numbers);

$arrlength = count($numbers);

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {


echo $numbers[$x]; 22
echo "<br>"; 11
} 6
?> 4
2
Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Value - asort()

<?php
$age= array("Ben"=>"37", "Peter"=>"35", "Joe"=>"43");
asort($age);

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {


echo "Key=" . $x . ",Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>

Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Key - ksort()

 <?php
$age
= array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
ksort($age);

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {


echo "Key=" . $x . ",Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
array_reverse() function
 PHP array_reverse() function returns an array containing elements in
reversed order.

<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
$reversearr=array_reverse($numbers);
foreach( $reversearr as $s )
{
echo "$s<br />";
}
?>
array_search() function
PHP array_search() function searches the
specified value in an array. It returns key if
search is successful.
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
$key=array_search(22,$numbers);

echo “$key";

?>
array_intersect()
PHP array_intersect() function returns the intersection of two
array. In other words, it returns the matching elements of two
array.
1. <?php
2. $name1=array("sonoo","john","vivek","smith");
3. $name2=array("umesh","sonoo","kartik","smith");
4. $name3=array_intersect($name1,$name2);
5. foreach( $name3 as $n )
6. {
7. echo "$n<br />";
8. }
9. ?>
String
 Singly quoted strings are treated almost literally, whereas doubly
quoted strings replace variables with their values as well as
specially interpreting certain character sequences.
<?php
$variable = “ABC";
$literally = 'My $variable will not print!\\n';

echo $literally;
echo "<br />";

$literally = "My $variable will print!\\n";

My $variable will not print!\n


echo $literally; My ABC will print
?>
String
 A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
<?php
$txt = “Hello All";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>
 PHP String Functions:
1. String Concatenation Operator:
<?php $string1="Hello World";
$string2="1234“;
echo $string1 . " " . $string2; ?> //Hello World 1234

2. Get The Length of a String : strlen


<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12
?>
3. Count The Number of Words in a String
<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
3. Reverse a String
<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
4. Search For a Specific Text Within a String
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
?>
 NOTE: If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
5. Replace Text Within a String
<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); //
outputs Hello Dolly!
?>
 NOTE: function replaces some characters with some
other characters in a string.
6. string in lowercase letter.
<?php
$str="My name is KHAN"; $str=strtolower($str); echo $str;
?>
7. string in uppercase letter.
<?php
$str="My name is KHAN"; $str=strtoupper($str); echo $str;
?>
8. lcfirst() function returns string converting first character into
lowercase.
<?php
$str="MY name IS KHAN"; $str=lcfirst($str); echo $str;
?>
9. ucfirst() function returns string converting first character into
uppercase.
Functions
 The real power of PHP comes from its
functions; it has more than 1000 built-in
functions.
 Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can
create our own functions.
 A function is a block of statements that
can be used repeatedly in a program.
 A function will not execute immediately
when a page loads.
 A function will be executed by a call to the
function.
Functions
 Create a User Defined Function in PHP
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
 Function names are NOT case-sensitive.
 Example:
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function
?>
PHP Function Arguments
 Information can be passed to functions through
arguments. An argument is just like a variable.

<?php
function familyName($fname)
{echo "$fname <br>";}

familyName("Jadhav");
familyName(“Deshpande");
familyName(“Joshi");
familyName("Chandolikar");
familyName(“Godbole");
?>
PHP Function Arguments
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function with Parameters</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
function addFunction($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";
}
addFunction(10, 20);
?>
</body> Sum of the two numbers is :30

</html>
PHP Function Arguments:by value
<?php
function familyName($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname, Born in $year <br>";}

familyName("Kulkarni", "1975");
familyName(“Joshi", "1978");
familyName(“Jadhav", "1983");
?>

O/P:
Kulkarni, Born in 1975
Joshi, Born in 1978
Jadhav, Born in 1983
PHP Function Arguments: by reference
<?php
function addvalue($num)
{ $num += 5; echo "$num\n"; }
function addref(&$num)
{ $num += 6; echo "$num\n"; }

$orignum = 10;
addvalue( $orignum );
echo "Original Value is $orignum\n";
addref( $orignum );
echo "Original Value is $orignum\n";
15
Original Value is 10
?> 16
Original Value is 16
PHP Default Argument Value
<?php
function setHeight($minheight = 50) {
echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 50
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);?>

O/P:
The height is : 350
The height is : 50
The height is : 135
The height is : 80
Functions - Returning values
<?php
function sum($x, $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;}

$s=sum(5, 10);
echo "5 + 10 = $s <br>";
$s=sum(7, 13);
echo "7 + 13 = $s <br>";
$s=sum(2, 4); O/P:
5 + 10 = 15
echo "2 + 4 = $s <br>" ; 7 + 13 = 20
2+4=6
?>
Recursion
<?php
function factorial($n)
{
if ($n < 0)
return -1; /*Wrong value*/
if ($n == 0)
return 1; /*Terminating condition*/
return ($n * factorial ($n -1));
}

echo factorial(5);
?>
Dynamic Function Calls
 It is possible to assign function names as
strings to variables and then treat these
variables exactly as the function name itself.
<?php
function sayHello() {
echo "Hello<br />"; }
$function_holder = "sayHello";
$function_holder();
?>
Outputting Data
 In PHP there are two basic ways to get output: echo and
print Statements

Echo Print
1. Don’t return anything 1. Print has a return value ‘1’.
It can be used in expressions
2. Echo can take many 2. Print can take only one argument.
parameters.
marginally faster than print

Print :
<?php
Hello All to this class
$text="Hello All";
Hello Allto this class
print "$text to this class";
echo " " .$text. "to this class" ;
?>
include() And require()Functions
 Those are useful functions to import files into a PHP
script.
 These functions can be used to import external files into
a PHP script.
 Example: Assume that on your Web site you have a
standard menu bar at the top of every page, and a
standard copyright notice in the bottom. Instead of
copying and pasting the header and footer code on each
individual page, PHP simply create separate files for the
header and footer, and import them at the top and
bottom of each script. This also makes a change to the
site design easier to implement: instead of manually
editing a gazillion files, you simply edit two, and the
changes are reflected across your entire site
instantaneously.
PHP Include Files
 Code Reusability
 Easy editable
 You can include the content of a PHP file into
another PHP file before the server executes it.
 Including files is very useful when you want to
include the same PHP text in multiple pages of a
website.
◦ The include() Function
◦ The require() Function

PHP include and require Statements:


 It is possible to insert the content of one PHP file
into another PHP file (before the server executes
it), with the include or require statement.
PHP Include Files Cont.…
 The include and require statements are
identical, except upon failure:
◦ require will produce a fatal error
(E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script.
◦ include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING)
and the script will continue.
◦ Including files saves a lot of work.
• Syntax

include 'filename‘; OR
<?php include("menu.html"); ?>

require 'filename'; OR
<?php require("menu.html"); ?>
Include Example-1
vars.php
<?php
$color = 'green’;
$fruit = 'apple';
?>

test.php
<?php
echo "A $color $fruit"; // A
include 'vars.php';
echo "A $color $fruit"; // A green apple
?>
Example: 1
 Footer.php
<?php
echo "<p>Copyright &copy; 1999-" . date("Y") . "
W3Schools.com</p>";
?>
 To include the footer file in a page, use the include
statement:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
<p>Some text.</p>
<p>Some more text.</p>
<?php include 'footer.php';?>Welcome to my home page!
Some text.
Some more text.
</body> Copyright © 1999-2017 W3Schools.com
</html>
Example: 2
Assume we have a standard menu file called "menu.php":
<?php
echo '<a href="/default.asp">Home</a> -
<a href="/html/default.asp">HTML Tutorial</a> -
<a href="/css/default.asp">CSS Tutorial</a> -
<a href="/js/default.asp">JavaScript Tutorial</a> -
<a href="default.asp">PHP Tutorial</a>';
?>

<html>
<body>
<div class="menu">
<?php include 'menu.php';?>
</div>
<h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
<p>Some text.</p>
<p>Some more text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output of Example 2:

Home - HTML Tutorial - CSS Tutorial - JavaScript Tutorial - PHP


Tutorial
Welcome to my home page!
Some text.
Some more text.
PHP include vs. require
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<h1>Welcome to my home page! <h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
</h1> <?php require 'noFileExists.php';
<?php include 'noFileExists.php'; echo "I have a $color $car.";
echo "I have a $color $car."; ?>
?> </body>
</body>
</html>
</html>

O/P: O/P:
Welcome to my home page! Welcome to my home page!
I have a .

•Use require when the file is required by the application.


•Use include when the file is not required and application should continue when file is
not found.

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