PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160014 (INDIA)

(Established under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SYLLABI FOR
M.Sc. ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE (SEMESTER SYSTEM)
2020-21
--:O:--

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M.Sc. (Environment Science) Outlines of Syllabus, Reading Material and Tests Session:
2020-21

Semester -1
Paper-I ENV-6101 Environment Geoscience 100+25
(Th+Pr)

Paper-II ENV-6102 Ecological Principles 100+25

(Th+Pr)

Paper-III ENV-6103 Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology 100+25

(Th+Pr)

Paper-IV ENV-6104 Solid Waste Management and Techniques 100+25

(Th+Pr)
Semester -2
Paper-I ENV-6201 Biodiversity and Conservation 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Paper-II ENV-6202 Environmental Analysis: Techniques and 100+25
Instrumentation (Th+Pr)
Paper-III ENV-6203 Environmental Pollution 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Paper-IV ENV-6204 Environment Awareness, Impact Assessment 100+25
and Auditing (Th+Pr)
Semester -3
Paper-I ENV-6301 Environmental Technology 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Paper-II ENV-6302 Major Environmental Issues 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Paper-III ENV-6303 Environment and Energy Management 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Paper-IV ENV-6304 Industrial and Biomedical Waste Management 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Semester -4
Paper-I ENV-6401 Statistical Applications and Research 100+25
Methodology (Th+Pr)
Paper-II ENV-6402 Environmental Biotechnology 100+25
(Th+Pr)
Paper-III ENV-6403 Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental 100+25
Studies (Th+Pr)
Paper-IV ENV-6404 Training of at least 4-6 weeks, project report, 125
presentation (50+50+25)

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Each semester shall comprise of 4 Papers, each of 125 marks and a total of 500 marks per
semester.
Except for the Paper IV in Semester IV, each paper shall consist of 100 marks for theory
(including 20 of the continuous internal assessment based on tests) and 25 for the Practical.

There shall be no internal assessment for the Paper IV in Semester IV.

For Paper IV in Semester IV, every student shall be required to do a project training of
at 4-6 weeks and submit a project report based upon their training / research
undertaken during the course of study. There shall be a presentation based upon the
project submitted by the student.

Instructions for Final Theory Paper Setters:

The question paper shall comprise of a total of nine questions containing two questions from
each unit and one compulsory question from whole of the syllabus. Candidates will attempt
five questions, including one from each section and the compulsory question. Each question
will carry equal marks. The duration of theory paper will be 3 hours.

Instructions / Rules for Continuous Internal Assessment:

There shall be two tests each of 20 marks based upon the definitions/short answer
questions/multiple choice questions, to be conducted during the course of each paper. The
marks obtained by the student in two tests shall be rationalized out of 20 and counted as
Internal Assessment.
To qualify for the degree, a student has to score a total of 50 percent marks in each semester
with a minimum of 40 percent in each paper, including marks of internal assessment.

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SEMESTER I
Paper I: Environmental Geoscience
Objective: To acquaint the students with the fundamental concepts of geo-science in
relation to environmental aspects.
UNIT- I
Origin of earth, Internal structure of earth and formation of core, mantle, crust; Concept of
minerals and rocks, Formation of rocks (igneous and metamorphic); Mineral resources and
Reserves, Environmental impact of exploration, processing and smelting of minerals;
Controls on formation of landforms - tectonic including plate tectonics and climatic; Energy
budget of the earth, Earth’s thermal environment and seasons; Soil: Physico-chemical
properties (texture, structure, inorganic and organic components); soil forming minerals and
process of soil formation, Identification and characterization of clay minerals, soil types and
climate control on soil formation, cation exchange capacity and
mineralogical controls. (12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Layered structure of atmosphere and its temperature relationships; Atmospheric stability,
Temperature inversions and windroses; Coriolis force, pressure gradient force, frictional
force, geo-strophic wind, gradient wind; Atmospheric general circulation, Air mass and
weather fronts; Weather elements, Precipitation and its types; Indian monsoon, western
disturbances and El Nino effect; Climates of India, draughts, La Nina, residence time and
rates of natural cycles, geophysical fields, weathering reactions, transportation and
deposition of sediments, , Heat Islands, causes and consequences. (12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Distribution of water in earth, Hydrological cycle, Factors influencing the surface water,
hydrology and hydrogeology; Darcy’s law and its validity, groundwater fluctuations,
hydraulic conductivity; Major basins and groundwater provinces of India; groundwater
tracers, Land subsidence, effects of excessive use of groundwater, Environmental impacts of
dams with recent case studies; Land-use planning, Soil surveys in relation to land-use
planning, Methods of site selection and evaluation. (12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Geochemical classification of elements’ abundance of elements in bulk earth, crust,
hydrosphere and biosphere; Partitioning of elements during surficial geologic processes,
Geochemical recycling of elements; Paleoclimate, Application of GIS in Geo
environment; Biogeochemical factors in environmental health. (12 lectures)

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Practical
1. Studying the internal structure of earth
2. Studying the hand specimens of rock samples
3. Diagrammatic representation of different layers of atmosphere, their characteristics
and temperature relationships;
4. Wind Roses: their preparation and interpretation.
5. Locating Latitude and Longitude on map
6. Estimation of rainfall, humidity, temperature
7. Analysis of meteorological data: rainfall, humidity, temperature
8. Reading of topo maps and Geological maps.
9. Interpretation of Remotely sensed data.
10. Map work related to meteorology.
11. Field visit for Navigation using compass, GPS
12. Assignments/project as assigned by the teacher.

Suggested Readings
1. Barrett, E.C. and Curtis, D.E. Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing.
Springer, USA 1992.
2. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a
Living Planet. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
3. Bouwer, H. Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1978.
4. Butz, S.D.. Science of Earth Systems. 2nd ed. Thomson Delmar Learning, USA
2004.
5. DeMers, M.N. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. 3rd ed.
Wiley & Sons, USA. 2002.
6. Eby, N.. Principles of Environmental Geochemistry. Brooks Cole, USA. 2003.
7. Faure, G.. Inorganic Geochemistry. Prentice Hall. 1991.
8. Fetter, C.W.. Applied Hydrogeology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall of India. 2001.
9. Joseph, G. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.
2007.
10. Keller, E.A.. Introduction to Environmental Geology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall of
India 2007.
11. Keller, E.A.. Environmental Geology. 8th ed. Prentice Hall of India 1999.
12. Krauskopf, K.B.. Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill. 1994.
13. Mason, B.. Principles of Geochemistry, Wiley Eastern, USA1982.
14. Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M.. Environment. 6th ed.
John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
15. Schwartz, F.W. and H. Zhang. Fundamentals of Ground Water. John Wiley &
Sons, USA. 2003.
16. Todd, D.K. Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd ed., Wiley, New York. 1980

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Paper II: Ecological Principles
Objective: To acquaint the students with the concept of ecology and various interactions
among organisms and dynamics of ecosystems in relation to human life.
UNIT-I
Ecology: History, Concept, and major branches.
Ecosystem: Components, structure and functions; Food webs in changing environment;
Energy flow- Concept, models; Mineral cycling
Population Ecology: Characteristics of population; Dynamics and Interactions; Regulation;
Life history strategies; Population genetics; Metapopulations, Age-structured population.
Human Population and its implications: PAT Formula
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Terrestrial ecosystems: Major terrestrial biomes - Forest, Desert, and Grassland (a brief
account); Relationship between Precipitation and temperature in determining the vegetation;
Forest Types of India (a concise account).
Aquatic Ecosystems: Fresh water and marine, their types, characteristics and
components; Wetlands and their significance; Ramsar sites of India (12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Community Ecology: Concept, Characteristics and dynamics; Interactions (positive
and negative); Development of community (Plant Succession); Parasitism; Prey-Predator
relationship; Metacommunities; Fugitive species; Theory of Island
biogeography, models of population growth : Lotka-Volterra model, Leslie’s matrix model.

Speciation: Concept and types. Origin of species: a brief account

Extinction: A brief history and reasons. (12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Industrial Ecology: Concept, a concise account
Human Ecology: Human settlement and impacts
Biological Invasion: Concept; Pathways of Invasion; Process of Invasion; Mechanism of
Invasions; Impact of Invasive Species - Ecological, Environmental, Economical; Some
examples of major invasive plants and animals in India. (12 lectures)

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Practicals
1. To study the vegetation using a Quadrat method. How to determine minimum number
and size of quadrat for studying vegetation?
2. To calculate density, frequency, abundance and dominance of plant species in
grassland using quadrat method.
3. To calculate the Importance Value Index (IVI) of species.
4. To find out association between two species using Chi-square method.
5. To calculate similarity index between two adjoining communities.
6. A field visit to aquatic (lake) and forest ecosystem to study various biotic and abiotic
components.
7. To study some exotic invasive weeds.
8. Project based on the syllabi.

Suggested Readings
1. Begon, M., Townsend, C. R., and Harper, J. L.. Ecology from Individuals to
Ecosystems. Wiley-Blackwell, USA. 2005.
2. Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M.J. Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge
University
3. Press, UK. 1998.
4. Cotgreave, Peter and Forseth, Irwin. Introductory Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
2002.
5. Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A. Principles of Environment Science.
Enquiry and Applications. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2004.
6. Kohli, R. K., Jose, S., Singh, H. P. and Batish, D. R. Invasive Plants and Forest
Ecosystems. CRC Press / Taylor and Francis. 2009.
7. Leveque, C. Ecology: From Ecosystem to Biosphere. Science Publishers, USA. 2003.

8. Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders, USA. Indian Reprint 1996 by
Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. 1991.
9. Odum, E.P. Ecology: A Bridge between Science and Society. Sinauer Associates,
Inc., USA. 1997.
10. Raven, Peter H., Hassenzahl, David M. and Berg, Linda R. Environment. 8th ed.
John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2011.
11. Silvertown J. W. and Charlesworth, D. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. 4th
ed. Wiley- Blackwell. 2001.
12. Townsend, C. R., Begon, M., and Harper, J. L. Essentials of Ecology. Wiley-
Blackwell, USA. 2008.

7
Paper III: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology
Objective: To acquaint the students with the dynamics and principle of environmental
chemistry and their toxicological effects on environment.
UNIT- I
Fundamental of Environmental Chemistry, Gibbs Energy Concept, Stoichiometry, Chemical
Potential, Chemical equilibria, chemical kinetics, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate
system, Hydrocarbon Classification, radioisotopes, pH and Redox potential (Eh)

Chemistry of Earth: Mineral and Organic components of soil; Reactions in soil solution; Ion
Exchange (Physiosorption), Ligand Exchange, Precipitation and Dissolution.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Chemical composition of Air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation. Particles, ions,
and radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic
particulate matter. Sources of trace gases in the atmosphere; Thermo-chemical and
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.; Oxygen and ozone chemistry. Chemistry of air
pollutants. Role of hydrocarbons; Sulphur chemistry; Halogen Chemistry in the atmosphere

Green Chemistry: Concept and a Brief account, Principles of green chemistry.

(12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Water Chemistry: Chemistry of water, dissolution / precipitation reactions; complexation
reactions; concept of DO, BOD, COD; concept of salinity; composition of seawater and
physico-chemical speciation in oceans; Suspended particles; concept of sedimentation,
coagulation, filtration,
International Standards for drinking water, Chemical composition of Ground water, River
water and Sea water: A comparison, Threshold limiting Value (TLV) for some common
pollutants. (12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Toxic Chemical in the Environment: Metals and other inorganic contaminants; Organic
contaminants; Fate of organic contaminants; Pesticides; Biochemical aspects of Arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, Selenium, carbon monoxide, ozone and PAN, Pesticides;
Insecticides, MIC, Photochemistry of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR).
Types of Carcinogens to which workers should not be exposed. (12 lectures)

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Practical
1. Preparation of standard solutions
2. Estimation of total hardness of a given sample of water by complexometric
titration.
3. Determination of COD.
4. Determination of DO.
5. Determination of BOD.
6. Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices,
shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent
damage to the glass electrode) using pH- meter.
7. Preparation of buffer solutions
8. Measurement of the pH of buffer solutions and comparison of the values with
theoretical values.
9. Field Visit for collection of water sample

Suggested Readings
1. Banerji, S. K. Environmental Chemistry. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, New Delhi, India.
1999.
2. De, A. K. Environmental Chemistry. 4th ed. New Age International (P) Ltd., New
Delhi India. 2000.
3. Harrison, R. M. and de Mora, S. J. Introductory Chemistry for the Environment
Science. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. 1996.
4. Hobbes, P.B. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. Cambridge University
Press, UK. 2000.
5. Kothandaaman, H. and Swaminathan, G. Principles of
Environmental Chemistry. B.I. Publications, Chennai, India. 1997.
6. Mahan, B. M. and Myers, R. J. University Chemistry. 4th ed. International
Students Edition. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co., USA. 1987.
7. Manahan, S. E. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Inc.,
USA. 2001.
8. Plunkett, E. R. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Edward Arnold (Australia) Pty.
Ltd., Australia. 1987.
9. Richards, I. S.Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, London. 2008.
10. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., USA. 2006.

9
Paper IV: Solid Waste Management and Techniques
Objective: To acquaint the students with the common municipal solid wastes, their
characteristic and the chaos caused by these wastes in the environment and to study the latest
technologies to dispose of such wastes.
UNIT- I
Waste: Types, Generation, characterization, Special Waste, Domestic Hazardous waste, Bio-
medical waste, slaughterhouse waste, E-waste, waste tyre and battery waste, Plastic waste:
sources, consequences and management.
Solid waste characterization: ultimate and proximate analysis; Centralized & decentralized
SWM systems, National SWM Policy, Guiding Principles for municipal solid waste
management: Integrated Solid Waste Management System, Hierarchy in waste management,
Extended producer responsibility, Decentralized waste management systems, Role of
Informal Sector, Integration of Informal sector, Gap analysis in solid waste management

Waste reduction at source, volume reduction, Functional Elements of Waste management,

Waste, segregation, collection and transportation, Storage, Transportation container systems:
hauled and stationary, layout of collection routes, transfer stations and
transportation. (12 lectures)
UNIT- II
Recycling and recovery of waste, Material Recovery facility (MRFs), Recycling of
Aluminum, glass, plastic and paper , Overview of Construction and Demolition Waste, its
management and benefit of use and environmental consideration, Composting, Vermi-
composting, Incineration, Waste to Energy: Pyrolysis, Gasification, Refuse derived fuels,
Biomethanation, Burning of waste and its impact on Environment, Open dumping of waste,
landfilling of waste: Merits and demerits. (12 lectures)

UNIT- III
Landfill: landfilling methods and operation, Planning and Design of landfill, site selection,
Planning & design of Landfills, Dumpsite & Landfills- its types and implication on
environment.
Construction, operation, closure and post closure aspects of Landfill, Dumpsite closure or
reclamations, Site selection criteria for Treatment & Disposal facilities; Buffer Zone
Guidelines, Landfill liners: clay, Geo-membrane, HDPE, Geonet, Geotextile Protection at
disposal sites Landfill closure methods and operations, Impacts of landfill on environment,
Landfill emissions: Leachate and Landfill Gas, Leachate collection & analysis, Landfill gas
management, SWM & GHG emission- Linkages to Climate Change.
(12 lectures)

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UNIT- IV
SWM Rules 2016, C&D waste rules 2016, Plastic waste rules 2016, Role of ICT & GIS in
Waste Management, Best Practices in the country across SWM value chain, Role of
stakeholder in solid waste management planning, Role of National Green Tribunal
Swachh Bharat Mission, Swachh Survekshan, Smart cities and Garbage Free City- Star
Rating Best Practices in the country across SWM value chain. (12 lectures)

Practical
1. A visit to Composting/Vermicomposting Unit /RDF plant/Sanitary landfill
2. Proximate and Ultimate analysis of Solid waste
3. To prepare a list of materials from municipal waste stream that can be reused
/recycled
4. Solid waste data analysis in excel
5. To determine moisture content of sample
6. To determine the pH of the given sample.
7. Analysis of Swachh Survekshan parameter
8. Use of Swachhata App
9. Questionaire on survey related to waste management
10. Preparation of awareness material of waste management

Suggested Readings
1. Bombade, S , Joshi, D Solid Waste Management , Tech-Neo Publications,
2020
2. Chang, Ni Bin and Pires Ana, Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A systems
Engineering approach, WILEY, 2018
3. Tchobanogloas,G. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering,
Principle and Management. McGraw Hill, USA. 2014.
4. Kreith, F. Handbook of Solid Waste Management. McGraw Hill Publishers, USA.
2002.
5. Kumar, R and Singh, R.N. Municipal Water and Wastewater Treatment. Capitol Pub.
Co., New Delhi. 2006.
6. Noble, G. Sanitary Landfill Design Handbook. Technomic Westport Connecticut,
USA. 1976.
7. Peavey, H. S, Rowe, D. R and Tchobanoglous, G. Environmental Engineering.
International Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA. 1985.
8. Shah, K. L. Basics of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Technology. McGraw
Hill, USA.1999
9. Vesilind, P. A., Worrell, W. and Reinhart, D. Solid Waste Engineering. Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning Inc., USA. 2002.
10. White, P, Frank, M. and Hindle, P. Integrated Solid Waste Management- A Life
Cycle Inventory. Chapman &Hall, USA. 1999.

11
SEMESTER II
Paper I: Biodiversity and Conservation
Objective: To acquaint the students with the basic and applied aspects of protecting
biodiversity and conservation of natural resources, while providing for human needs
UNIT-I
Conservation biology-basics and principal
Concept of Biodiversity / Biological diversity; overview of World’s Biological Diversity;
levels of diversity; alpha, beta and gamma diversity, and their measurement
Valuing Biodiversity: Ecological Economics; Ecosystem Services; Direct Use Values;
Indirect Use Value; Ethical Values
Biodiversity Hotspots – Concept and a brief account; Biodiversity hotspots of India: a
short account (12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Threats to Biological Diversity: Extinction; Vulnerability to Extinction; Habitat
Destruction, Fragmentation, Degradation, and Global Climate Change; Overexploitation,
Invasive Species, and Disease
Endangered and threatened species: IUCN Categories of Extinction; Endangered and
threatened animals and plants (of India); Red data books.
Biodiversity conservation: Ex situ and In situ conservation Strategies
Concept of Protected Areas: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves;
Sacred Groves; Managing Protected Areas; Conservation Outside Protected Areas;
Restoration Ecology (A brief account) (12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Conservation: Concept, objectives and aims; Policies of Conservation; Renewable and non-
renewable resources;
Conservation of Mineral Resources: Demographic quotient, depletion curves.
Conservation of Forests: Plantation programmes in India; Joint Forest Management, Forest
Conservation Act; Chipko movement, Apiko movement, Silent Valley movement;
Gandhamardhan movement; people’s Biodiversity register
Conservation of Soil: Reasons of soil degradation, Soil Erosion; Role of soil micro-
organisms; Reclamation of Alkaline and Saline soil (12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Conservation of Agriculture: Conservation of arable land and crop genome, Environmental
hazards of pesticides; Integrated Pest Management
Conservation of Aquatic System: Need and strategies: Conservation of Wetlands.
Eutrophication and Restoration of lakes
Conservation of Deserts: Strategies for conservation of wastelands and desert.
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Wildlife Conservation: Preservation of Breeding Stock; Artificial stocking; Wildlife
Protection Act; Project Tiger, Project Elephant; Crocodile Conservation; Sea Turtle
project, Indo-Rhino Vision (12 lectures)

Practicals
1. To calculate index of diversity, richness, evenness and dominance of species.
2. To calculate alpha, beta and gamma diversity.
3. Project/Assignment on biodiversity (to be assigned by the instructor)
4. To undertake a field visit to understand the concept and consequences of soil
degradation
5. To study different types of plantation systems.
6. A visit/case study of Restoration site/project
7. A visit to Ramsar site and assessment of various threats/challenges to wetlands.
8. A visit to National park/wildlife sanctuary to understand their role in protection
and conservation of biota.

Suggested Readings
1. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a
Living Planet. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
2. Enger, E.D. and Smith, B. F. Environmental Science: A Study of
Interrelationships. 11th ed. McGraw Hill Inc., USA. 2006.
3. Frankel, O.H., Brown A.H.D. and Burdon, J.J. Conservation of Plant
Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, UK. 1995.
4. Gaston, K. J. and Spicer, J. I. Biodiversity: An Introduction. Blackwell, UK.
1998.
5. Gadgil, Madhav and Rao, P.R.S. Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian
Agenda. Centre or Environment Education, Ahmedabad, India. 1999.
6. Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr., and Gibbs, James P. Fundamentals of Conservation
Biology. 3rd ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2006.
7. Jeffries, M. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2nd ed. Routledge, UK. 1997.
8. Perrings, Charles, Maler, Karl-Goran, Folke, Carl, Holling, C. S. and Jansson,
Bengt-Owe. Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues. Cambridge
University Press, UK. 1997.
9. Riordan, Tim O' and Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne. Biodiversity, Sustainability and
Human Communities: Protecting Beyond the Protected. Cambridge University
Press, UK. 2002.
10. Van Andel, J. and Aronson, J. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier.
Blackwell, UK. 2005
11. Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders, USA. 1991.
12. Primack, R.B. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 5th ed. Sinaeur Associates,
Inc., USA. 2010.
13. Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. and Kohli, R.K. Handbook of Sustainable Weed
Management. Haworth Press, Inc., USA. 2006.
14. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2006.
15. Townsend, Colin R. Ecological Applications: Toward a Sustainable World.
Wiley-Blackwell. 2007.
13
Paper II: Environmental Analysis: Techniques and Instrumentation
Objective: To upgrade the students with knowledge on instrumental techniques of chemical
analysis, practical work with the realistic samples from the environment so that they could
become familiar with the instrumentation this is inevitable for contemporary investigations
of environmental pollution.
UNIT-I
Concept of accuracy (standard reference material, certified reference material), precision and
error, Types of errors (determinate, indeterminate, absolute, relative), significant figures,
Sample preservations, handling and storage of samples and chemical in lab, Solvent
partitioning, Calibration Curves, Standard Curves, Quality Control and Quality
Assurance (12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Instrumentation and analytical methods involved in the following techniques and their
applications in environment, Infrared spectrometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy,
ICPMS, ICP-AES, UV-VIS, NMR, Concept of Titrimetry and Gravimetry. (12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Chromatography, Paper Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, GC-MS HPLC,
Electrophoresis: Capillary, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, FTIR, Bomb colorimetrry,
Mass Spectroscopy. SEM, TEM. (12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Handling of radioactive and hazardous samples: Utilization of different techniques for
analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Pesticide residues, Polychlorinate
Biphenyls in the Environment
Standard Operating procedure for labs, Good laboratory practices, Chemical labellig and
safety, Emergency and incident/accident reporting
Management of chemicals and other waste generated in labs, safety measures while handling
chemicals and instruments, Accreditation and certification of lab. (12 lectures)

Practical
1. Preparation of a standard solution a standard curve in lab
2. Analysis of sample using titrimetry.
3. To analyse the sample Using Spectrophotometery
4. A visit to different labs to demonstrate the functioning of instrumentation as listed
in the syllabi.
5. Separation of mixtures by Chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case
(combination of two compounds to be given)

14
 (a) Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of two amino
acids (glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine or any other amino
acid) by paper chromatography
6. Identification of organic compounds containing simple functional groups
(alcohols, carboxylic acids, phenols and carbonyl compounds etc)
7. Extraction of various compounds by Soxhlet apparatus.
8. Sample analysis using flame photometer.
9. Maintaining log book related to equipment
10. Familiarity about various symbols used on the bottles of chemicals

Suggested Readings
1. Chatwal, G. R., and Anand, S. K. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis.
Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi. 2007.
2. De, A.K. Environmental Chemistry, New Age International, New Delhi. 2000.

3. Murphy, W.J. Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society, USA. 1977.

15
Paper III: Environmental Pollution

Objective: The students shall be equipped with the knowledge of different types of
pollution; their sources and intensity and its consequence on man animal plants and
monuments over a period of time.

UNIT-I
Air: Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Primary and Secondary Pollutants;
Criteria air pollutants, AQI, Meteorology and Dispersion of air pollutants; Gaussian plume
model, stability, line source model and area source model. calculation of effective stack
height; Transport and diffusion of pollutants. Mixing height/depth, lapse rates; plume
behavior, Methods of monitoring of air pollution SO2, NOx, CO, SPM, Acid rain, Smog and
its types, Vehicular emissions and Urban, Effects of pollutants on human beings, plants
animals, materials and on climate; Indoor Air Pollution: Indoor air pollutants, Control of
indoor air quality; Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards, The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act of India. (12 lectures)

UNIT-II
Water: Types, sources and consequences of water pollution; Pollution of groundwater resources,
Ghyben-Herzberg relation between fresh-saline water, Physico -chemical and bacteriological
sampling and analysis of water quality for pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, hardness, chlorides, salinity,
DO, BOD, COD, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, heavy metals and organic contaminants,
Microbiological analysis –MPN; Marine: Sources of marine pollution and methods of Abatement
of Marine Pollution; Coastal zone management; Thermal Pollution: Sources and its impact on
environment; Indian standards for drinking water, The Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of India. (12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Soil: Sampling and analysis of soil; Soil micro-organisms and their functions; Industrial
waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components; Different kinds of
synthetic fertilizers and their interactions with different components of the soil; Control of
Soil Pollution and Phyto-remediation; Radioactive pollution –sources, biological effects of
ionizing radiations, radiation exposure and radiation standards, radiation protection; The
Environment (Protection) Act 1986. (12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Noise: Sources of noise pollution, weighting networks, measurement of noise and indices (Leq,
L10, L90, L50, LDN, TNI); Effect of meteorological parameters on noise propagation; Impact of
noise and vibrations on human health; Noise dose and Noise Pollution standards; Noise control
and abatement measures: Active and Passive methods; Noise Pollution (regulation and Control)
Rules2000, Biological Pollutants and microbial pollutants; Means of
safety against them. (12 lectures)

16
 Practical
1. To determine AQI of different locations (less polluted, heavily polluted)
of city.
2. Sampling and Monitoring of SO2, NOx, CO, SPM in air
3. Collection and storage of surface and ground water sample
4. Analysis of DO, COD and BOD 3 and BOD 5 of Industrial
effluent/Sewage
5. Collection and preparation of soil sample
6. To determine various physico-chemical properties of soil collected
from polluted and non- polluted areas: Soil pH, conductivity, bulk
density, organic carbon and organic matter.
7. To prepare vehicular emission inventory in a locality
8. Assignments/project as assigned by the teacher

Suggested Readings
1. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a
th
Living Planet. 6 ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
2. Charbeneau, R.J. Groundwater Hydraulics and Pollutant Transport. Prentice Hall,
India. 2000.
3. Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A. Principles of Environment Science.
nd
Enquiry and Applications. 2 ed. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2004.
4. Cutler, S.L, Environment Risks and Hazard. Prentice Hall of India, Delhi. 1999.
5. De, A.K., Environmental Chemistry. New Age International (P) Ltd.
Publishers, New Delhi. 2000.
6. Enger, E.D. and Smith, B. F. Environmental Science: A Study of
th
Interrelationships. 11 ed. McGraw Hill Inc., USA. 2006.
nd
7. Fetter, C.W. Contaminant Hydrogeology. 2 ed., Prentice Hall, India. 1999.
8. Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, M.J. Jr., Water & Waste Water Technology. Prentice
Hall. 2000.
9. Hillel, D., Introduction to Soil Physics, Academic Press, New York. 1982.
10. Kapoor, B.S. Environmental Sanitation. S. Chand & Sons, New Delhi. . 2000.
11. Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M. Environment.
th
6 ed. John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
12. Sanai, V.S. Fundamentals of Soil. Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi. 1990.
13. Sharma, B.K. Environmental Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut. 2000.
14. Sharma, P.D. Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi. 1997.
15. Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. and Kohli, R.K. Handbook of Sustainable Weed
Management. Haworth Press, Inc., USA. 2006.
16. Singh, R.A. Soil Physical Analysis, Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi. 1997.

17
Paper IV: Environment awareness, Impact Assessment and Auditing

Objective: To acquaint the students with importance of Environment Impact assessment and
various methodologies of impact assessment and auditing.

UNIT-I

Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, , Environmental impact statement &

environmental management plan, EIA guidelines: notification of the Government of India,
and amendments from time to time various appendices and forms for application,
Environmental Clearance, Types of Project activities requiring Environmental Clearance,
Procedure of Public hearing, Composition of EAC, SEAC Influence of EIA on projects and
organizations, Benefits and future of EIA, Generic structure of EIA Document.

(12 lectures)

UNIT-II

EIA in project planning and implementation; Component of EIA, Project screening, scoping,
base-line data, impact identification; prediction, evaluation, Significant environ mental
impact s, stages of environ mental imp ac t ana lysis, mitigation, Public consultation,
presentation, review and decision making, Checklist for EIA, Procedure for reviewing EIA
of developmental projects. Life-cycle analysis, cost benefit analysis. Mitigation of Impacts,
Measurement of environmental impacts, Impact assessment methods adhoc method, Overlay
method, matrix and network method analysis Role of GIS in EIA. (12 lectures)

UNIT-III

Introduction to Environment Auditing, objectives of auditing, Environmental Planning as a

part of EIA and Environmental Audit, Environmental audit process and methods, steps in
environmental auditing, Benefits of auditing, Environment Audit report, Green Audit,
Environmental Management System Standards (ISO14000 series), Smart Cities & Green
Building Concept in India, Components of Green Building, benefit of green building,
Indian green building council, IGBC rating systems. (12 lectures)

UNIT-IV

Environment Education and awareness, benefits, Guiding Principles of Environmental

Education, Environment Information, Need of Public Awareness about Environment,
Important Environment related day celebrations, themes and importance, ICT tools in
Environment education, Green good deeds, Eco clubs, Environment Justice, National Green
Tribunal, Environment footprints, Environmental Social Responsibility.

18
Practical
1. Preparation of Public hearing notices
2. Project report on EIA
3. Prepare an environmental audit report
4. Celebration of Environment related days
5. Preparation of Environment awareness material
6. Activities with Eco clubs
7. Environment Awareness drive
8. Visit to Green Building
9. Environment Survey
10. Assignments as suggested by teacher

Suggested Readings
1. Kulkarni, V. and Ramachandra, T.V. Environmental Management. Capitol Pub.
Co., New Delhi.2006.
2. Petts, J. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment- Volume 1 and 2.
Blackwell Publishers, UK 2005.
3. Glasson, J. Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. Introduction to Environmental Impact
Assessment. Routledge, London. 2006
4. Canter, W. L. (1995) Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math, New York;
5. Fischer, T. B. (2007). Theory and Practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment,
Earthscan, London.
6. Lawrence, D. P. (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment: practical solutions to
recurrent problems, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ;
7. Morris, P. and Therivel, R. (1995) Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment,
UCL Press, London;
8. Petts, J. (1999) (ed) Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, volume 1
and 2, Blackwell Science, Oxford;
9. Therivel, R. and Partidario, M. R. (1996) (eds) The Practice of Strategic
Environmental Assessment, Earthscan, London;
10. Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D. A. (1995) (eds) Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment, Wiley & Sons, Chichester
11. Wood, C. (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment – A Comparative Review,
Prentice Hall, London.

13. Association, B.M., 2013. Health and Environmental Impact Assessment: An Integrated
Approach. Routledge.

14. Biswas, A.K., Agarwal, S.B.C., 2013. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing
Countries. Elsevier.

15. Boersema, J.J., Reijnders, L., 2008. Principles of Environmental Sciences. Springer Science
& Business Media.

16. Chhokar, K., Pandya, M., Raghunathan, M., 2004. Understanding Environment. SAGE
Publications India.
19
17. Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A., 2013. Introduction To Environmental Impact
Assessment. Routledge.

18. Mareddy, A.R., Shah, A., Davergave, N., 2017. Environmental Impact Assessment: Theory
and Practice. Butterworth-Heinemann.

19. Marsden, S., Koivurova, T., 2013. Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment in the
European Union: The Espoo Convention and its Kiev Protocol on Strategic Environmental
Assessment. Routledge.

20. Murthy, D.B.N., 2004. Environmental Awareness & Protection : A Basic Book on EVS.
Deep and Deep Publications.
21. Poonia, M.P., Sharma, S.C., 2017. Environmental Studies. Khanna Publishing.
22. Sumit, N., Swapnil, R., Archana, S., 2018. Environmental Awareness and the Role of Social
Media. IGI Global.
23. Weston, J., 2014. Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice. Routledge.
24. Wood, C., 2014. Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review. Routledge.

20
 SEMESTER III

Paper I: Environmental Technology

Objective: To acquaint the students with latest environmental technology on how to combat
with common environmental issues and related problems without altering the natural
environmental conditions.

UNIT-I
Air Quality Monitoring Programme; Scope, Purpose and Objectives, Guidelines for planning a
survey; Period, frequency and duration of sampling; Averaging times; Sample size
determination; Principles and instruments for measurement of – (i) ambient air pollutants; and
(ii) stack emissions (monitoring) , Control device for particulate matter: Principal and
working of Settling Chamber, Centrifugal collector, Wet Collectors Fabric Filters and
Electrostatic precipitators, Settling Cyclones, Scrubbers chambers.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-II
Control of Stack gas emissions: General methods and control devices for Gaseous and
particulate pollutants; Air Pollution monitoring- Manual and Continuous air quality
monitoring instruments and techniques. Control of gaseous pollutants through Adsorption,
absorption, Condensation and Combustion including Catalytic Combustion, Control of
Mobile Source Emissions. Automobile Exhausts; Indian auto emission; standards: Problems
associated with automobile pollution.
(12 lectures)
]
UNIT-III
Water Pollution Control: Water treatment for surface and groundwater; Water Treatment
Plant: Methods and procedures; primary, Secondary and Advanced treatment methods,
Methods of Cleaning Potable Water: Filtration, Electro-dialysis, principle & theory of
chemical oxidation, Disinfection mechanism: Ozone, permanganate, chlorination;
Coagulation and flocculation, Sedimentation and Filtration, Disinfection and Softening
Reverse osmosis, Ultra filtration; Water quality standards, Point source stream pollution
model (12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Sewage Treatment: Pre-treatment, Primary- secondary and tertiary treatment methods;
Physical, chemical and biological methods of treatment; Industrial Effluent Treatment:
Standards of Stream, River and industrial discharge; Disposal of industrial wastes-on land, in
creeks / sea / in inland streams/ impoundments; Importance of planning location of industries
and industrial estates; Common Effluent Treatment plants, their economics and management.
(12 lectures)

21
Practical
1. To study the different methods of air monitoring
2. Collection and analysis of effluent from STP
3. Collection and analysis of effluent from ETP
4. Disinfection of potable water Bacteriological analysis of water samples from
different sources.
5. A visit to nearby Sewage Treatment Plant
6. A visit to nearby Effluent Treatment Plant
7. Ambient air monitoring for SO2, NOx, CO, SPM
8. Study characteristic of Water and waste water from RO unit
9. Project work as assigned by the teacher

Suggested Readings

1. Bhargava, S. K. Practical Methods for Water and Air Pollution Monitoring,

New Age International Pub., New Delhi. 2008.
2. Bhatia, S.C. Textbook of Air Pollution and Its Control. Atlantic Pub., New Delhi.
2007.
3. Clarke, Andrew G. Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring, Gaseous and

rd
4. Eckenfelder. Industrial Water Pollution Control 3 ed. McGraw-Hill Education
(Asia). 2003.
5. Evans, G. Biowaste and Biological Waste Treatment. James and James (Science
Publishers) Ltd,
6. U.K. 2005.
7. Gurnham, C. F. Principle of Industrial Waste Treatment. John Wiley & Sons
Inc, New York. 2004.
rd
8. Hammer, M.J. and Hammer Jr, M.J. Water and Wastewater Technology. 3 ed.
Prentice Hall of India. 2000.
9. Hammer, M.J. and Hammer, M.J. Jr, Water & Waste Water Technology. Prentice
Hall, USA. 2000.
10. Heck, R.M. and Farrauto, R. J. Catalytic Air Pollution Control:
Commercial Technology. Wiley-Interscience. 2002.
11. Kumar, R and Singh, R.N. Municipal Water and Wastewater Treatment.
Capitol Pub. Co., New Delhi. 2006.
12. Ray, T.K. Air Pollution Control in Industries. Tech Books International,
New Delhi (2 volumes). 2006.
13. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.H., and Stensel, D. Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, USA. 2003.
14. Perkins, H.C. Air Pollution, McGraw Hill. (1974),
15. Stern, A.C. Air Pollution, Vol. 1-VIII, Academic Press. (1980),
16. Nevers, Nod, DAir Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw Hill Int. . (2000),

22
Paper II: Major Environmental Issues

Objective: To provide assessments of the current status and trends in major developmental
and environmental issues at the national, sub regional, regional and global levels.

UNIT-I

International efforts for environmental protection: Stockholm conference, Creation of UNEP

and its role; Vienna Convention, Montreal protocol; World Earth Summits; Conference of
Parties (COPs), Agenda 21, Convention on Biodiversity; A i c h i t a r g e t s ; S D G s , M D
G s , Convention on Climate Change, Climate Change and Global Warming; Climate
change- Adaptability; Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971), , Global Environmental
Facility (GEF), , Sea level rise and its implications; Copenhagen Summit, Paris Agreement;
IPCC and IGBP its reports (a brief account), Climate change and society, Human health and
climate refugees. (12 lectures)

UNIT-II

Sustainable development Goals (SDGs), environment Ethics, Environmental rights and

governance, Green economy, Environmental conflicts and challenges at local, national and
global levels, role od stakeholders (NGO, Media etc) in environment protection,
Environmental Communications, Environmental Justice, Smoking and its environmental
impacts . Bio-terrorism and Eco-terrorism; Green criminology Current Environmental Issues
in India: hydropower projects, Vehicular emission norms in India, Epidemiological Issues,
Environmental Disasters.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III

Stratospheric Ozone depletion, Ozone hole, history, reasons and Impacts on Biota; Concept
of Carbon Trading; Carbon credits; Carbon Sequestration; REDD, REDD+; Ecological
Footprints; Carbon Footprints; water footprints, Basics of CDM, Green Buildings; Greha
Rating Norms; LEED India. (12 lectures)

UNIT-IV

Energy Security; Food Security and Sustainability;

National Missions- National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency;
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat; National Water Mission; National Mission for
Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem; National Mission for a Green India; National Mission for
Sustainable Agriculture; National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
Ecolabelling/Ecomark concept. (12 lectures)

23
Practicals

1. To prepare a list of v a r i o u s preservatives and additives commonly used in food

stuff / eatable.
2. Profiling and Analyses of smokers in the region
3. Project report on a visit to a Green building
4. A case study of any major environmental issue
5. Project/case study on Climate change risks and adaptability
6. To calculate the carbon footprint of anthropogenic activities
7. A case study to estimate impacts of climate change on poverty
8. Study of REDD/REDD+ programme in India

Suggested Readings

1. Andel, J. Van and Aronson, J. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier. Blackwell,
UK. 2005.
2. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a
Living Planet. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
nd
3. Burroughs, W.J. Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2 ed.
Cambridge University Press. 2007.
4. Chandra, P. Global Ecotourism – Codes, Protocols & Charters. Kanishka
Publishers, Distributors, New Delhi. 2003.
5. Chasek, P. S. The Global Environment in the Twenty-First Century - Prospects for
International Co-operation. Indian Reprint by Manas Publications, New Delhi.
2004.
6. Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A. Principles of Environment
nd
Science. Enquiry and Applications. 2 ed. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2004.
7. Dash, S. K. Climate Change-An Indian Perspective. Centre for Environment
Education and Cambridge University Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2007.
8. Dodds, F. (ed.). Earth Summit. 2002. A New Deal. Earthscan Publications Ltd.,
UK. 2002.
9. Enger, E.D. and Smith, B. F. Environmental Science: A Study of

10. Hardy, John T. Climate Change: Causes, Effects, Solutions. Wiley & Sons, USA.
2003.
11. Harris, F. Global Environmental Issues. Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA. 2004.
12. Kasperson, J. X. and Kasperson, R. E. (ed.). Global Environmental Risk. United
nations University Press & EarthScan Publications, UK. 2001.
13. Metcalfe, S. and Derwent, D. Atmospheric Pollution and Environmental Change.
A. Hodder Arnold Publications. 2005.
th
14. Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M. Environment. 6 ed.
John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
15. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environment and Resource
24
 Conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2006.
16. Speth, J. C. Global Environmental Challenges – Transitions to a Sustainable World.
Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2004.
17. UNEP(UnitedNationalsEnvironmentProgramme).Agenda21.
Available online at
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentID=52
18. UNEP. Global Environmental Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future. Earthscan
Publications. 2002.
nd
19. Webber, R. Communicable Diseases: Epidemiology and Control. 2 ed. CABI.
UK. 1996.

25
Paper III - Environment and Energy Management

Objective: To provide the students with information on how to manage the

natural resources on a sustainable basis, r e d u c i n g t h e t h r e a t o f d e g r a d
a t i o n , and c o n f o r m i n g to v a r i o u s e n v i r o n m e n t a l regulations.

UNIT-I
Environmental Economics and Management: Planning Levels, physical planning
and development Cost-Benefit, analysis, methods of economic evaluation of
intangible environmental resources; contingent method, travel cost, opportunity
cost concept of consumer behaviour, environmental consumerism
Disaster Management: Definition, nature, types and classification of disasters, risk
analysis; Disasters

- causes and effects; Factors affecting damage- Type, scale, population density,
socio-economic status of population, F a c t o r s affecting mitigation m e a s u r e
s - Prediction, p r e p a r a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , accessibility,
population density,Planning for disaster mitigation. (12 lecture)

UNIT-II
Forest Conservation – Chipko movement, Silent Valley movement and
Gandhamardhan movement.
Environmental Disasters: Minnamata Disaster, Love Canal Disaster, Bhopal Gas
Disaster, 1984, Chernobyl Disaster, 1986, Fukusima Daiichi nuclear disaster, 2011
Fossil fuels: classification, composition, physico-chemical characteristics and energy
content of coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Shale oil, Coal bed Methane, Gas hydrates. Gross-calorific value and net-
calorific value. (12 lecture)

UNIT-III
Watershed Management: Definition, concepts, principles; Water conservation-
development of watersheds, importance of Rain water harvesting. Water balance
approach; Water budgeting; Water management- Participatory Rural Appraisal in
watershed Programmes. Environmental implications of energy use; energy use pattern
in India and the world, emissions of CO2 in developed and developing countries
including India. Concept of Global warming and its causes and issues. (12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Principles of generation of hydroelectric power, tidal, wind, ocean thermal energy
conservation, Bioenergy: methods to produce energy from biomass. Sun as source of
energy; solar radiation and its spectral characteristics, solar collectors, solar ponds.
Nuclear energy - fission and fusion, Nuclear fuels, Nuclear reactor – principles and
types. (12 lectures)
26
Practical

1. Environment Protection movement (like Chipko and Narmada Bacho Andolan etc.)
2. NGT working and significance
3. Functioning of various Departments and Ministry in Environment promotion and
protection.
4. Taj Mahal protection and its guidelines
5. Survey on environment related issues in surrounding
6. Preparation of questionnaire on environment related issues.
7. Cost benefit analysis of local area and assessment.
8. Biogas plant
9. Energy source location and working (coal or solar power plants)
10. Data analysis.
11. Field Visit

Suggested Readings
1. Boland, R.G.A. General Environmental Management. Sterling Pub. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 1993.
2. Kulkarni, V. and Ramachandra, T.V.. Environmental Management. Capitol
Pub. Co., New Delhi. 2006
3. Aslokar, S.R. and Gopichandran, R. Preventive Environmental Management-
An Indian Perspective. Foundation Book, New Delhi. 2005.
4. Dhameja, S.K.. Environmental Engineering and Management. S.K. Kataria
and Sons, New Delhi. 2000
5. Pandey, G.N.. Environmental Management. Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
1997.
6. Saxena, H.M. Environmental Management. Rawat Pub., New Delhi 2000.
7. Stavins, R.N.,. Economics of the Environment – Selected Readings. 5th ed.
W.W. Nations and Co., New Delhi. 2005
8. Mukherjee, B.. Environmental Management. Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
1997
9. Kolstad, C.D.. Environmental Economics. Oxford University Press. 2000
10. Hussen, A.. Principles of .Environmental Economics. 2nd ed. Routledge, U.K. 2004
11. Tietenberg, T. 2004. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. 6th
ed. Pearson Education. 12.Ravindranath, N.H., Rao, U.K. Natarajan, B. and
Monga, P.. Renewable Energy and Environment –
a. A Policy Analysis of India. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2002
12. 13 Rai, G.D. Non Conventional Energy Sources. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
1998.
13. Coley, D.. Energy and Environment Change. John Wiley and Sons. 2008
14. Quaschning, V. Understanding Renewable Energy Systems. Earthscan Pub Ltd.,
U.K. 2006.
15. Sukhatme, S.P. Solar Energy – Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage. Tata
McGraw Hill. 2000.
27
 Paper IV: Industrial and Biomedical Waste Management
Objective: To acquaint the students to understand the difference in perception of hazardous
and biomedical wastes management, applications and their limitations.
UNIT- I
Electronic waste, types and Management (methods of handling and disposal), E waste
management and handling rules, Radioactive waste and its Management, Types,
characteristics, health impacts and Environmental problems of hazardous wastes: Lead and
Mercury poisoning, Hazardous wastes Generation, collection, segregation. (12 lectures)

UNIT-II
Hazardous wastes treatment (neutralization, oxidation reduction, precipitation, solidification,
stabilization, incineration), transport and disposal Waste destruction, separation and
Immobilization Technologies. Industrial Effluent Treatment: Standards of Disposal of
industrial wastes, Importance of planning location of industries and industrial estates;
Common Effluent Treatment plants, Basic Considerations of Wastes from Industries like
textile, pulp and paper, distilleries, dairy, food processing, cement, fly ash (sources,
composition and utilization) (12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Biomedical waste: Introduction: definition, Classification, types and composition, Types of
solids, liquids, sharps, blood and blood tissue, radioactive material, biological and chemical
material, Documentation of Biomedical waste types and guidelines, Storage of hospital
waste; Types of bags and containers used for storage; Segregation of biomedical waste into
different type; Handling and transport of hospital waste, Transport of medical waste:
Authorization and accidental spilling reporting. (12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Biomedical waste treatment/disposal methods: Incineration, autoclaving, microwave
radiations, chemical treatments, Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility: record keeping,
collection, transport and storage facilities, Hospital Effluent treatment plant: Its structure and
Functioning, Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules; Bio-medical wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules; Green Hospitals (12 lectures)

Practical
1. Survey of the town to make a list of various clinics / nursing homes /
tertiary medical care centres / dispensaries / health care centers / multi-
specialty hospitals and medical centres
2. Sterilisation using autoclave
3. Role of color coding in BMW management
4. Data on the various methods of handling and transport of hospital wastes in the city
5. A visit to the Hazardous waste Generation or disposal site.
6. Visit to University health centre/dental institute to study Biomedical waste
management practices.
28
7. Preparation of Project report based on a case study of one hospital
8. Prepare list of E-waste and components
9. A visit to the Incinerator plant.

Suggested Readings
1. Acharya, D.B. and Singh, M. Hospital Waste Management. Minerva Press, Delhi.
2003.
2. Blackman, W.C. Basic Hazardous Waste Management. CRC Press, USA. 2001.
3. Pichtel, J. Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and
Industrial. CRC Press, USA. 2005.
4. Pruss, A., Giroult, E. and Rushbrook, P. Safe Management of
Wastes from Health-care Activities. World Health Organization, Geneva.
1999.
5. Williams, P.T. Waste Treatment and Disposal. John Wiley and Sons, USA. 2005

29
SEMESTER IV

Paper I Statistical Applications and Research Methodology

Objective: To acquaint the students with fundamentals of statistics and research methodology.

UNIT-I
Biostatistics basic definition and its applications in environmental sciences, Data Collection,
data cleaning and representation of data, Formation of table, data plotting, type of graph etc.
Measure of central tendencies (Mean, Median and Mode), Measure of Skewness and
Kurtosis, Measure of variability (standard deviation, standard error, range), Moments,
matrices. Sampling parameters, attributes and variable types, Difference between sample and
Population, Sampling Errors. (12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Probability distributions (Normal, Binomial and Poisson), sampling distribution, Difference
between parametric and non-parametric statistics, correlation, regression (linear simple and
multiple regression models), t-test, chi- square test, Z-test and F test, analysis of variance
(ANOVA), Testing of Hypothesis, Types of error, Level of Significance and Degree of
Freedom, confidence interval, Basics introduction to Multivariate statistics. (12 lectures)
UNIT-III

Research Methodology: Basic principles and significance of research design, Scientific

literature: Gathering scientific data using the Library/ Internet (Journals, abstracts), Overview
of Scientific Writing: Aims and its forms, Thesis: The nature of thesis, Components of a
thesis, Material, Methods and Tools: Tables, Figures, Citing the literature. Oral and poster
presentation of scientific results.
Concept of research articles, research papers, reviews; Components of a Research Article (title,
author-line, address, abstract, summary, hypothesis, keywords, introduction, methodology,
observations, discussion, conclusion, citing relevant work of others); Reference styles; Aspects
of Scientific English, Proofreading /Editing of the paper, List of important journals in different
fields of Environment; Concept of Impact factor; H-Index. Authors and their rights,
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) and International Standard Book Number
(ISBN), Publishers and Publishing agreement. (12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Introduction to Intellectual Property: General Introduction to intellectual property rights and
its different forms. Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design and
Rights, Traditional Knowledge, importance of IPR, patenting life, World Intellectual
Property Rights Organization (WIPO). An introduction to Patent Filing Procedures; Patent
licensing and agreement; Patent infringement-meaning, scope, litigation, case studies, Rights
and Duties of patent owner. Plagiarism, Cheating / academic frauds; Censoring, biosafety

Grant and Funding Proposals, grant writing strategy, Preparation of R&D projects for funding:
organization of a research project, identification of gap areas in the subject, aims and objectives

30
of the projects, possible outcome of the project, funds requirement and justification (s),
submission of reports, utilization of funds, Funding agencies: National and International
funding agencies for R&D projects. (12 lectures)

Practical
1. Collection of data
2. Calculation of mean, mode, median, standard error, standard deviation
3. Use of statistical softwares and their usage

4. Determination of F-value, t-vlaue, one-way analysis of variance

5. Calculation of r value
6. Null hypothesis, Chi square test
7. Application of t test
8. Basic tools of statistical analysis; Excel, SPSS etc.

Suggested Readings
nd
1.Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques. 2
revised ed. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi. 2007.
2.Aggarwal, Y.P. Statistical Methods – Concepts, Applications and
Computations. Sterling Publications Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. 1986.
rd
3.Bailey, N.T.J. Statistical Methods in Biology. 3 ed. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK. 1994.
4.Banerjee, P.K. Introduction to Biostatistics. S. Chand and Co., New Delhi. 2004
5.Cummings, K., Laws, P. W., Redish, E. F. and Cooney, P. J. Understanding
Physics. John Wiley, USA. 2004.
th
6.Cutnell, J. D. and Johnson, K. W. Physics. 5 ed. Wiley, USA. 2000.
7.Dobbs, S. and Miller, J. Statistics 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
2006.
8.Gerstman, B.B. Basic Biostatics – Statistics for Public Health Practice. Janes and
Bartlett Pub.,
9. U.K. 2008.
th
10. Hewitt, P.G. Conceptual Physics with Practice book. 10 ed. Pearson
Addison Wesley, USA. 2005.
11. Hewitt, P.G., Lyons, S. and Suchocki, J. Conceptual Integrated Science. Pearson,
USA. 2006.
12. McKillup, S. Statistics Explained. An Introductory Guide for Life
Scientists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 2006.
rd
13. Monteith, J. and Unsworth, M. Principles of Atmospheric Physics. 3 ed.
Academic Press, Inc., USA. 2007.
th
14. Resnick, R., Halliday, D. and Wlaker, J. Fundamentals of Physics. 6 ed. Wiley,
Inc., USA. 2001.
15. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. John
31
 Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA. 2006.
16. Selvin, S. Biostatistics – How it Works. First Impression. Pearson
Education Inc., New Delhi. 2007.
rd
17. Serway, R. A. and Jewett, J. W. Principles of Physics. 3 ed. Thomson, India. 2002.
18. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics
rd
in Biological Research. 3 ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., USA. 1995.
19. Rastogi, V.B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Ane Books India, New Delhi. 2007.

32
Paper II: Environmental Biotechnology
Objective: To acquaint the students with information on how to improve
understanding, identification, and prevention of environmental problems,
remediation & restoration through biotechnological methods.

UNIT-I
Bioremediation: Planning and management of bioremediation; In situ and Ex
situ bioremediation; Constrains and priorities of bioremediation; Evaluating
Bioremediation; Bioremediation of VOCs. Concepts of bio-stimulation and
bioaugmentation
Phytoremediation: Phytoremediation of xenobiotics and bioaccumulation of metals
using plants.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Biodegradation: Factors affecting process of biodegradation; Methods in
determining biodegradability; Contaminant availability for biodegradation.
Xenobiotics; Persistence and biomagnification of xenobiotic molecules;
Microbial interactions with xenobiotics; Phase I and Phase II reactions; Cyt P
450 mediated reactions; Xenobiotics and microbial biotransformation. Use of
microbes (bacteria and fungi) and plants in biodegradation and
Biotransformation.
Toxicology and Microbiology: Absorption, distribution and excretion of toxic
agents, acute and chronic toxicity, LC-50, LD-50 concept of bioassay, threshold
limit value, margin of safety, therapeutic index, biotransformation. Major water
borne diseases and air borne microbes. (12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Biodegradation of petroleum constituents and associated heavy metal;
Biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons; polycyclic aromatic hydrogen;
Pesticides and Detergents.
Biosorption: Biotechnology and heavy metal pollution; Oil field microbiology;
Improved oil recovery; Biotechnology and oil spills; Hydrocarbon degradation
(12
lectures)
UNIT-IV
Biotechnology for Management of Resources: Role of environmental
biotechnology in management of resources; Reclamation of wasteland; Biomass
production; Biogas and biofuel production; Microorganisms in mineral and
energy recovery and fuel and biomass production.
Application of Biotechnology in Environment. (12 lectures)

33
Practical
Based upon theory

Suggested Readings
1. Evano, G.H. and Furlong, J.C. Environmental Biotechnology – Theory and
Application. John Wiley and Sons, USA. 2004.
2. Jjemba, P.K. Environmental Microbiology – Theory and Application.
Science Pub. Inc., USA. 2004.
3. Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. Environmental Microbiology - Laboratory
Manaul. Elsevier, USA. 2005.
nd
4. Ratledge, C. and Kristiansen, B. Basic Biotechnology. 2 ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK. 2002.
5. Rittman, B. and McCarty, P. L. Environmental Biotechnology: Principles
nd
and Applications. 2 edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, USA. 2000.
6. Rittmann, B.E. and McCarty, P.L. Environmental Biotechnology – Theory
and Application. McGraw Hill, USA. 2001.

34
 Paper III Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Studies

Objectives: To introduce the students with the applications of Earth observation technology
and Geoinformatics in environmental studies and research. This paper aims at developing
students’ decision making capabilities for the management of environmental problems.

UNIT I

Fundaments of Remote Sensing (12 lectures)

  Introduction to Remote Sensing: Meaning, Types and Applications
  Energy and radiation principles, Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
  Energy-atmosphere and Energy-earth surface interaction
  Sensor Platforms, Scanning System, Resolution and Spectral signatures
 Data Reception and Data Products, Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation

UNIT – II
Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (6 lectures)
  GIS: Concept, Significance, Components and Applications
  Spatial data base: Types, Models and Representations
  Attribute Data Management and Metadata Concept
 Concept of Map, Coordinate System, Projections and Transformations

Fundamentals of Global Positioning System (GPS) (6 lectures)

  Concept and Principles of Operation, GPS Segment
 GPS Positioning, GPS Receivers, GPS Accuracy and GPS Applications and
Ground truthing

UNIT-III

RS & GIS in Environmental Management (12 lectures)

  Water Resources Monitoring; Water pollution; Water logging
  Hydrological and Morphometric Assessment
  Deforestation and Forest degradation; Forest fires
 Land use/cover Change Detection; Flood-plain Management

UNIT-IV

RS & GIS in Disaster Management (12 lectures)

  Disaster Management: Geoinformatics Perspective
  Hazard Analysis and Mapping, Prediction of hazards and mitigation of their impacts
  Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
 RS & GIS in Landslide Hazard, Flood hazard and Earthquake Hazard Analysis,
volcanism, avalanche, tsunami and cloud bursts

35
Practicals
1. Analysis of Spectral Signatures of surface features
2. Interpretation of Satellite Image
3. Digitization of Raster Map: Point, Line and Polygon Features in GIS
Environment
4. Preparation of Attribute Table, Table Joining & Data Import in GIS Environment
5. Data Analysis, Classification and Layouts in GIS Environment
6. Classification of landuse/landcover on BHUVAN Portal

36
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