Write the quantitative analysis for ethyl alcohol in a forensic sample.

Write the qualitative analysis for the detection ethyl alcohol in a forensic sample.
Differentiate between alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages.
Write the colour test for the detection of methanol in a liquor sample.
Write the colour test for the detection of furfural in a liquor sample.
Write the colour test for the detection of acetaldehyde in a liquor sample.
Write the colour test for the detection of chloral hydrate in a liquor sample.
Write the fractional components of petroleum during distillation.
Differentiate between octane number and cetane number.
List out the common adulterants in petroleum products.
List out the pesticides that are harmful for humans.
List out the common adulterants in petroleum products.
Explain Tungstate Valov method for the detection of barbiturates in forensic samples.
What is latent finger print
Write the cynoacrylate fuming methods for the detection of fingerprints
Write the iodine fuming methods for the detection of fingerprints
Write the Ninhydrin chemical methods for the detection of fingerprints
Write the silver nitrate chemical methods for the detection of fingerprints
Section A

Section C

Write briefly on the fractional distillation of petroleum and explain the various components
obtained.
Explain the distillation of petroleum and write notes on the properties of components obtained.
Explain the various extraction methods for poison from a forensic sample.
Explain the different types of powder method for the development of latent fingerprints.
Explain the various methods for the detection of fingerprints from a crime scene

Section C

1. Write briefly on the fractional distillation of petroleum and explain the various components
obtained.
Fractional distillation is a process used to separate crude oil into its various components based on their
boiling points. This process is typically carried out in a large distillation tower, which is a vertical
column with a series of trays or packing material inside. The crude oil is heated to high temperatures
and vaporized, and the vapor is then passed through the distillation tower. As the vapor rises through
the tower, it cools and condenses at different levels depending on the boiling points of the various
hydrocarbons.

The different components obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum can be classified based on
their number of carbon atoms, and they include:

Carbon
Component Range Properties Common Uses

Gaseous at room temperature and atmospheric

Refinery gases 1-4 pressure Fuel gases

Colorless or light yellow liquid with a relatively low Petrochemical feedstock,

Naphtha 5-12 density and low boiling point gasoline blending

Colorless or pale yellow liquid with a moderate Fuel for internal combustion
Gasoline 6-12 density and low to moderate boiling point engines

Clear liquid with a moderate density and higher Jet fuel, home heating and
Kerosene 10-16 boiling point than gasoline lighting

Yellowish liquid with a higher density and higher

Diesel fuel 12-20 boiling point than kerosene Fuel for diesel engines

Lubricating Thick, viscous liquids or semi-solids with high boiling

oils 20-70 points and good lubrication properties Lubricants, industrial uses
 Carbon
Component Range Properties Common Uses

Dark, viscous liquids with high boiling points and high Fuel for industrial boilers and
Fuel oils 20-70 sulfur content ships

Black, thick, and tar-like substance with a very high Feedstock for asphalt and other
Residuum >70 boiling point heavy products

2. Explain the various extraction methods for poison from a forensic sample.

When a forensic scientist is analyzing a sample for the presence of poison, one of the most critical
steps is the extraction of the toxic substance from the sample matrix. There are many different
extraction methods that can be employed, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
choice of method depends on a variety of factors, including the nature of the sample, the suspected
poison, and the sensitivity of the detection method.

One of the most commonly used extraction methods for poisons in forensic samples is liquid-liquid
extraction. This method involves adding a solvent to the sample to dissolve the poison, and then
separating the solvent layer from the rest of the sample. The solvent is then evaporated to concentrate
the poison, which can then be analyzed using techniques such as gas chromatography or mass
spectrometry. Common solvents used in liquid-liquid extraction include chloroform, diethyl ether, and
ethyl acetate. This method is relatively simple and can be used for a wide range of poisons, but may
not be effective for non-volatile substances.

Solid-phase extraction is another commonly used method for extracting poisons from forensic
samples. This method uses a solid material, such as activated carbon or a silica gel, to adsorb the
poison from the sample. The solid material is then washed with a solvent to remove any impurities,
and the poison is eluted with a second solvent. This method is particularly useful for non-volatile
poisons and can provide high levels of purity. The choice of solid material depends on the properties
of the poison being extracted, with some materials being more effective at adsorbing polar compounds
and others being more effective at adsorbing non-polar compounds.
Solid-phase microextraction is a variation of solid-phase extraction that uses a fiber coated with a
stationary phase to extract the poison. The fiber is inserted into the sample and then removed, and the
poison is desorbed from the fiber using a solvent. This method is often used for volatile poisons and
can provide high sensitivity and specificity. The choice of stationary phase coating depends on the
properties of the poison being extracted and the desired selectivity and sensitivity of the method.

Headspace analysis is another method used for extracting volatile poisons from forensic samples. This
method involves extracting the gas phase above the sample using a solid-phase microextraction fiber.
The fiber is then analyzed by gas chromatography. This method is particularly useful for analyzing
volatile poisons in biological fluids such as blood or urine.

Supercritical fluid extraction is a newer method that uses a supercritical fluid, such as carbon dioxide,
to extract the poison from the sample. The supercritical fluid has properties of both a liquid and a gas,
which allows it to penetrate the sample and extract the poison. This method is particularly useful for
non-polar, non-volatile substances. The choice of supercritical fluid depends on the properties of the
poison being extracted and the desired selectivity and sensitivity of the method.

In addition to the extraction method, there are many other factors that can affect the accuracy and
sensitivity of poison analysis in forensic samples. For example, sample preparation is critical, as the
sample must be properly homogenized and any interfering substances removed before extraction. The
choice of detection method is also important, with techniques such as gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) being commonly
used in forensic toxicology. The sensitivity and specificity of the detection method depend on a
variety of factors, including the properties of the poison being analyzed, the matrix in which it is
present, and the desired level of detection.

Overall, the extraction of poisons from forensic samples is a critical step in forensic toxicology
analysis. The choice of extraction method depends on a variety of factors, including the nature of the
sample, the suspected poison, and the sensitivity of the detection method. While each method has its
own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of method ultimately depends on the specific needs of
the analysis.

It is important to note that the extraction of poisons from forensic samples is a complex and
specialized process that requires expertise and experience. Forensic toxicologists must have a deep
understanding of the chemistry of poisons and their interactions with different matrices and extraction
methods. They must also be familiar with a wide range of analytical techniques and be able to
interpret the results accurately.
In addition to the technical aspects of poison extraction, forensic toxicologists must also consider the
legal and ethical implications of their work. The results of poison analysis can have far-reaching
consequences, including criminal charges, civil lawsuits, and regulatory action. Therefore, it is
essential that the analysis be conducted with the utmost care and attention to detail, and that the
results be communicated clearly and accurately to all parties involved.

In conclusion, the extraction of poisons from forensic samples is a critical step in forensic toxicology
analysis. There are many different extraction methods that can be employed, each with its own
advantages and disadvantages. The choice of method depends on a variety of factors, including the
nature of the sample, the suspected poison, and the sensitivity of the detection method. Forensic
toxicologists must have a deep understanding of the chemistry of poisons and their interactions with
different matrices and extraction methods, as well as a wide range of analytical techniques. It is also
important that they consider the legal and ethical implications of their work and communicate their
results clearly and accurately to all parties involved.

3. Explain the different types of powder method for the development of latent fingerprints.
The powder method is a widely used technique for the development of latent fingerprints on various
surfaces. It is based on the principle that the powders adhere to the sweat and oil residues present in
the fingerprints, making them visible. There are different types of powders used in forensic
investigations for the development of latent fingerprints. Some of them are discussed below:

The development of latent fingerprints is a critical component of forensic investigations. Fingerprints

left at a crime scene can provide valuable evidence to help identify suspects and solve crimes. The
powder method is one of the most widely used techniques for developing latent fingerprints on
various surfaces. It is a non-destructive and straightforward method that involves the application of a
powder to the surface to make the fingerprint visible.

There are different types of powders that can be used for the development of latent fingerprints. Each
powder has its advantages and limitations, and forensic experts must choose the appropriate powder
for a particular case to obtain reliable and accurate results. The following are some of the most
commonly used powder methods for developing latent fingerprints.

Magnetic powder method:

The magnetic powder method uses finely divided iron powder coated with a magnetic material such
as nickel or cobalt. The magnetic powder is applied to the surface using a magnetic brush, which
attracts the powder to the magnetic particles in the latent print. This method is particularly useful on
rough or uneven surfaces, where other methods may not be effective. The magnetic powder method is
also useful for developing fingerprints on metallic surfaces.
Fluorescent powder method:

Fluorescent powders contain fluorescent compounds that emit visible light when excited by ultraviolet
radiation. The fluorescent powder method is used in conjunction with a UV light source to develop
latent fingerprints. The powder is applied to the surface, and the fingerprint becomes visible under UV
light due to the fluorescence of the powder. The fluorescent powder method is particularly useful for
developing fingerprints on dark or highly patterned surfaces.

Black powder method:

The black powder method is the most commonly used method for developing latent fingerprints.
Black powder is composed of finely ground carbon particles and is applied to the surface with a brush
or a feather. The powder adheres to the sweat and oil residues in the print, making it visible. The
black powder method is suitable for developing fingerprints on a wide range of surfaces, including
paper, plastic, and metal.

Ninhydrin method:

Ninhydrin is a chemical reagent that reacts with the amino acids present in the sweat and oil residues
of the fingerprint, producing a purple-colored compound. The ninhydrin solution is sprayed onto the
surface, and the latent print develops over time. This method is particularly useful for developing
latent prints on paper or other porous surfaces.

Superglue fuming method:

The superglue fuming method involves heating superglue in a chamber, which produces fumes that
react with the sweat and oil residues in the fingerprint, making it visible. The fumes adhere to the
print and create a white or light-colored residue, which can be visualized using a contrasting powder.
The superglue fuming method is particularly useful for developing fingerprints on non-porous
surfaces such as metal or glass.

In conclusion, the powder method is a simple and effective technique for developing latent
fingerprints on a variety of surfaces. Forensic experts must choose the appropriate powder method
based on the surface, the type of fingerprint, and the resources available. Each powder method has its
advantages and limitations, and a forensic expert must choose the best method for a particular case to
obtain reliable and accurate results. A thorough understanding of the principles and techniques of the
powder method is essential for the development of latent fingerprints in forensic investigations.

4. Explain the various methods for the detection of fingerprints from a crime scene.
Fingerprints are one of the most important pieces of evidence in forensic investigations. They
can be used to identify suspects, link them to a crime scene, and provide valuable information
about the events that took place. Therefore, it is crucial to use effective methods to detect and
preserve fingerprints at a crime scene.
Visual Examination:
Visual examination is the simplest and most basic method for detecting fingerprints. It
involves looking for visible prints on surfaces such as glass, metal, or plastic using oblique
lighting or other techniques that highlight the ridges and furrows of the fingerprint. Visible
prints can be photographed, lifted using adhesive tape, or preserved using other techniques.
This method is most effective for fresh, visible prints on smooth surfaces.
Dusting:
Dusting is a common method for detecting fingerprints on non-porous surfaces such as glass,
metal, and plastic. It involves applying a fine powder such as black powder or aluminum
powder to the surface using a brush or a feather. The powder adheres to the sweat and oil
residues in the print, making it visible. The powder can then be photographed, lifted using
adhesive tape, or preserved using other techniques. This method is effective for latent prints
that are not visible to the naked eye.
Chemical Methods:
Chemical methods involve the use of chemicals that react with the sweat and oil residues in
the fingerprint, making it visible. There are several chemical methods available, including the
ninhydrin method, the cyanoacrylate fuming method, and the silver nitrate method.
The ninhydrin method involves spraying a solution of ninhydrin onto the surface, which
reacts with the amino acids present in the fingerprint, producing a purple-colored compound.
The print can then be photographed, lifted using adhesive tape, or preserved using other
techniques. This method is effective for latent prints on paper, cardboard, and other porous
surfaces.
The cyanoacrylate fuming method involves heating superglue in a chamber, which produces
fumes that react with the sweat and oil residues in the fingerprint, making it visible. The print
can then be photographed, lifted using adhesive tape, or preserved using other techniques.
This method is effective for latent prints on non-porous surfaces such as glass, metal, and
plastic.
The silver nitrate method involves applying a solution of silver nitrate to the surface, which
reacts with the chloride ions present in the sweat in the fingerprint, producing a silver chloride
compound. The print can then be photographed, lifted using adhesive tape, or preserved using
other techniques. This method is effective for latent prints on paper, cardboard, and other
porous surfaces.
Alternative Light Sources:
 Alternative light sources such as UV light, laser light, or forensic light sources can be used to
detect fingerprints on various surfaces. These light sources can enhance the visibility of the
fingerprints and reveal hidden or invisible prints. For example, UV light can be used to detect
the fluorescence of the sweat and oil residues in the print, making it visible. This method is
effective for latent prints on non-porous surfaces such as glass, metal, and plastic.
Electrostatic Detection:
Electrostatic detection involves the application of an electric charge to a surface, which
attracts the charged particles in the fingerprint. The charged particles can then be visualized
using a contrasting powder or other techniques. This method is effective for latent prints on
non-porous surfaces such as glass, metal, and plastic.
Physical Developer:
Physical developer is a specialized reagent used to develop latent prints on porous surfaces
such as paper or cardboard. It involves the application of a solution containing silver nitrate
and other chemicals that react with the sweat and oil residues in the print, producing a visible
print. This method is effective for latent prints on paper, cardboard, and other porous surfaces.
In conclusion, there are several methods available for the detection of fingerprints from a
crime scene. Visual examination, dusting, chemical methods, alternative light sources,
electrostatic detection, and physical developer are some of the most commonly used methods.
The choice of method depends on several factors, including the type of surface, the age of the
print, and the availability of equipment and chemicals.
It is important to note that each method has its own advantages and limitations. Some
methods may work better on certain surfaces, while others may require more time or
specialized equipment. Therefore, it is crucial to use a combination of methods to ensure the
best results and to preserve the integrity of the evidence.
Moreover, it is important to document the methods used for the detection of fingerprints and
to follow established protocols to ensure that the evidence is admissible in court. Proper
documentation and preservation of the evidence can help prevent contamination, loss, or
destruction of the evidence and ensure that it is available for further analysis and examination.
Overall, the detection and preservation of fingerprints are critical steps in forensic
investigations, and the use of effective methods can help provide valuable information that
can lead to the identification and prosecution of suspects.

Section B

Explain the detection of (i) ethyl alcohol (ii) methyl alcohol (iii) furfural (iv) chloral hydrate
and ((v) aldehyde in a liquor sample.
Explain the quantitative determination of (i) methyl alcohol and ((v) aldehyde in a liquor
 sample.
Explain the quantitative determination of (i) furfural and (ii) chloral hydrate in a liquor sample.
Compare the properties of different fractional components of petroleum products
Differentiate between fuming methods and powder methods for analysing fingerprints
Explain the Tunstate method and solvent extraction method used in forensic samples.
Explain the different types of finger prints
Write notes on the any two powder methods for the detection of fingerprints
Write notes on the any two fuming methods for the detection of fingerprints
Write notes on the any two chemical methods for the detection of fingerprints

Explain the Tunstate method and solvent extraction method used in forensic samples.

The Tunstate method and the solvent extraction method are both commonly used techniques
in forensic science for the extraction and analysis of drugs and other compounds from
biological samples.

The Tunstate method is a type of acid hydrolysis, which involves the use of concentrated
sulfuric acid to break down biological material, such as hair or nails, to release the drugs or
other compounds contained within. The sample is typically first pulverized and then treated
with the acid, after which the resulting solution is analyzed using a variety of analytical
techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC).

The solvent extraction method, on the other hand, involves the use of organic solvents, such
as methanol or dichloromethane, to extract drugs or other compounds from biological
samples, such as blood or urine. The sample is typically mixed with the solvent and then
centrifuged to separate the solid and liquid components. The resulting solution is then
analyzed using techniques such as GC-MS or HPLC.

Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The Tunstate method can be useful
for the analysis of small or difficult-to-extract compounds, but it can also be destructive to the
sample and may require specialized equipment and training to perform safely. The solvent
extraction method, meanwhile, can be more versatile and less destructive to the sample, but it
can also be time-consuming and may require additional steps, such as evaporation of the
solvent, before analysis can be performed. Ultimately, the choice of method will depend on
the specific needs and limitations of the analysis being conducted.
**Explain Tungstate Valov method for the detection of barbiturates in forensic samples.
The Tungstate-Valov method is a chemical test used for the detection of barbiturates in
forensic samples. This method is based on the reaction of barbiturates with sodium tungstate
in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, which results in the formation of a blue-green
color.
The test is performed by taking a small sample of the suspect material, such as urine or blood,
and adding a few drops of a solution containing sodium tungstate and concentrated sulfuric
acid. If barbiturates are present in the sample, the solution will turn blue-green within a few
minutes, indicating a positive result.
However, the Tungstate-Valov method is not specific to barbiturates, as other compounds
such as benzodiazepines and opioids can also produce similar results. Therefore, it is often
used as a preliminary screening test, and positive results are typically confirmed using more
specific analytical methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
It is important to note that the Tungstate-Valov method is a qualitative test, meaning it can
determine the presence or absence of barbiturates, but not the quantity or concentration of the
drugs in the sample.