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Extended Security Paradigm

After the Cold War, the concept of security underwent an "extended" paradigm across four dimensions: 1) from the security of states to the security of individuals and groups; 2) from the security of states to the security of the biosphere; 3) from military threats to non-military threats as subjects of security broadened; 4) from states to non-state actors like NGOs and IOs as responsible actors. This extended security paradigm emerged through events in the mid-1990s and was meant to provide a framework for policies, guide public opinion, contest existing policies, and influence resources.

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Ihsan Muhammad
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37 views

Extended Security Paradigm

After the Cold War, the concept of security underwent an "extended" paradigm across four dimensions: 1) from the security of states to the security of individuals and groups; 2) from the security of states to the security of the biosphere; 3) from military threats to non-military threats as subjects of security broadened; 4) from states to non-state actors like NGOs and IOs as responsible actors. This extended security paradigm emerged through events in the mid-1990s and was meant to provide a framework for policies, guide public opinion, contest existing policies, and influence resources.

Uploaded by

Ihsan Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXTENDED SECURITY

PARADIGM
Buzan and Hansen (eds). 2007. International Security
Vol III. London: Sage Publishing.
Contemporary Security Issues
in the Gulf Countries
■ Wednesday, 2 June 2021
■ 09.00-11.00 WIB
■ Speaker: DR. Clemens Chay (NUS, Singapore)
During the Cold War After the Cold War

Biosphere ?

IO

Security State Military State Security State ? State


NGO
Groups/
Individuals
?
After the cold war had ended,
■ In mid-90s, the field of international security underwent changes and “extended” in
several directions.
■ First, the concept of “security” was extended from the security of nations to the security
of groups and individuals. It was “extended” downwards, from nations to those
perceived dwelling within the nations.
■ Second, the concept of “security” was also extended to encompass the security of the
international system or of the supranational physical environment. It was “extended”
upwards, from nations to the biosphere.
■ Third, because the subject of security was extended to individuals/nations/biosphere, the
concept of “security” was extended horizontally to encompass any threats that might
affect these subjects. Thus, security is no longer speak about military threats but also
non-military threats.
■ Fourth, the actors responsible for security were also extended to encompass non-state
actors such as NGOs and IOs.
Security as a Research Paradigm
■ The initiatives to extend the concept of security can be seen in various historical
occurrences during mid-90s such as:
– Eastern European revolutions sought to establish “the sovereignty of community,
the region, the nation, the state” (Havel: 1992).
– The speeches of POTUS, Bill Clinton, in 1993-1994 repeatedly invoked the term of
“human security” along with “national security”.
– UNDP in 1994 took “the transition from nuclear security to human security” as its
principal theme.
– The International Commission on Global Governance (1995) described the
extension of security “to [encompass] the security of the people and the planet”.
– Etc.
What do the extension of security mean?
■ First:
– The changing definition of security is to provide some sort of framework to the
policies made by the governments.
■ Second:
– The changing definition of security is to guide the public opinion about policy; the
new definition emphasizes the emergency of a (new/certain) policy.
■ Third:
– The changing definition of security opens the way to contest existing policies.
■ Fourth:
– The changing definition of security influences directly the distribution of money
and power.

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