Physics SSC-I

BAHRIA FOUNDATION COLLEGES (NORTH)

Centralized Notes of Short Questions
(F.B.I.S.E)

Physics SSC-I

Physical Quantities and Measurements

Q1. Define Science?

Ans: Science:
The knowledge gained through observations and experimentations is called Science.
The word science is derived from the Latin word Scientia, which means knowledge.
Not until the eighteenth century, various aspect of material objects was studied
under a single subject called natural philosophy.
Q2. Describe the division of science into two main streams?
Ans: Division of science:
As knowledge increased, it was divided into two main streams.

 Physical sciences:
Physical sciences – which deal with the study of non-living things.

 Biological: sciences:
Biological sciences – which are concerned with the study of living things.
Q3. Define Physics?
Ans: Physics:
Physics is that branch of science which deals with the study of properties of
matter-energy and their mutual relationship.
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Q4. Describe the different branches of physics?
Ans: Branches of physics:

 Mechanics:
It is the study of the motion of objects, its causes and effects.

 Heat:
Deals with the nature of heat modes of transfer and effects of heat.

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iii. Sound:
It deals with, the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and
applications.

 Light (Optics):
It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical
instruments.

 Electricity and Magnetism:

It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship
with magnetism.
 Atomic Physics:
 It is the study of the structure and properties of atoms.

 Nuclear Physics:
It deals with the properties and behaviour of nuclei and the particles within the nuclei.
viii. Plasma Physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter – the fourth state
of matter.

 Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.
Q5. Describe the Lord Kelvin statement?
Ans: Kelvin statement:
When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you
know something about it. When you cannot measure what you are speaking about or
you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and an
unsatisfactory kind.
FOR YOUR INFORMATION
Andromeda:
Andromeda is one of the billions of galaxies of the known universe.

Q6. Describe the crucial role of physics in science, technology and society?
Ans: Crucial role of physics in science, technology and society:
The rapid progress in science during recent years has become possible due to the
discoveries and inventions in the field of Physics. The technologies are the
applications of scientific principles. Most of the technologies of our modern ° society
throughout the world are related to Physics.
Examples:

1. A car is made on the principles of mechanics and a refrigerator is based on

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the principles of thermodynamics.

2. Consider pulleys that make it easy to lift heavy loads.

3. Electricity is used not only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy
that drives fans and electric motors etc.
4. Consider the means of transportation such as car and aeroplanes; domestic
appliances such as air-conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing,
machines, and microwave ovens etc.

5. Similarly, the means of communication such as radio, TV, telephone and computer
are the result of applications of Physics. These devices have made out lives much
easier, faster and more comfortable than the past.
6. A mobile phone allows us to contact people anywhere in the world and to get the
latest worldwide information. We can take and save pictures, send and receive
messages from our friends. We can also receive radio transmission and can use it
as e calculator as well.
Q7. List the harmful effects of the scientific inventions on nature?

Ans: The scientific inventions have also caused harms and destruction of serious
nature. One of which is the environmental pollution and the other is the deadly
weapons.

1. Why do we study physics?

Ans: We study physics because Physics is the branch of science which deals with
the matter, energy and their interaction. Most of the technologies of our modern
society throughout the world are related to physics.

2. Name any five branches of physics?

Ans: i. Mechanics
ii. Thermodynamics
iii. Electromagnetism
iv. Atomic Physics
v. Plasma Physics.
Q8. Explain with examples that science is based on physical quantities which
consist of numerical magnitude and a unit.
Ans: Physical Quantities:
All measurable quantities are called physical quantities such as length, mass, time
and temperature.
A physical quantity possesses at least two characteristics in common. One is its
numerical magnitude and the other is the unit in which it is measured.
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Examples:
For example, if the length of a student is 104 cm then 104 is its numerical magnitude
and centimeter is the unit of measurement.
Similarly, when a grocer says that each bag contains 5 kg sugar, he is describing its
numerical magnitude as well as the unit of measurement. It would be meaningless to
state 5 or kg only.
Physical quantities are divided into base quantities and derived quantities.
Q9. What is the difference between base quantities and derived quantities?
Give three examples in each case.
Ans: See Q # 1.2 from Exercise.
Q10. Define unit?
Ans: Unit:
Once a. standard is set for a quantity then it can be expressed in terms of that
standard quantity. This standard quantity is called a unit.
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Q11. List the seven units of System International (SI) along with their symbols
and physical quantities?
Ans: An international system of units:
The eleventh General Conference on Weight and Measures held in Paris in 1960
adopted a world-wide system of measurements called the International System of
Units. The International System of Units is commonly referred to as SI.
Base units:

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2. Speed is defined as the distance covered in unit time; therefore, its unit is meter per
second. In the same way, the unit of density, force, pressure, power etc. can be
derived using one or more base units.

Derived quantities and their SI units with symbols

Quantity Unit
Name Symbol Name Symbol
Speed V meter per second ms-1
Acceleration A meter per second per ms-2
second
Volume V cubic meter m3
Force F newton N or (kg m s2)
Pressure P pascal Pa or (N m-2)
Density Ρ kilogram per cubic meter Kgm-3
Charge Q coulomb C or (As)

1. How can you differentiate between the base and derived quantities?
Ans: Difference between the base and derived quantities:

Base Quantities Derived Quantities

i. Base quantities are the quantities i. The quantities that are expressed
based on which other quantities are in terms of base quantities
expressed. are called derived quantities
ii. Length, mass, time, electric current, ii. Area, volume, speed, force, work,
temperature, the intensity of light | and the energy, power, electric charge, electric
amount of a substance. potential, etc.

2. Identify the base quantity is the following:

 Speed (ii) Area (iii) Force (iv) Distance
Ans: i. The distance can be considered as base quantity because the distance is
equal tothe length and its unit is meter.
1. Speed, area and force are derived quantities because these quantities are
express in terms of base quantities.
2. Identify the following as base or derived quantity: density, force, mass, speed, time,
length, temperature and volume.

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Volume is a derived
quantity 1L = 1000mL
1L = 1 dm3
= (10cm) 3
= 1000 cm3
1mL = 1 cm3
Express 1 m3 in liters
…
…… L Solution: -1m3 in
liters=1000L
Q14. Define prefixes. Interconvert the prefixes and their symbols to
indicate multiples and sub-multiples for both bases and derived units?
Ans: Prefixes:
Prefixes are the words or letters added before Si units such as kilo, mega, giga
and milli.
SI units have the advantage that their multiples and sub-multiples can be
expressed in terms of prefixes. These prefixes are given in Table.
Some Prefixes

Prefix Symbol Multiplier

exa E 1018

peta P 1015

tera T 1012

giga G 109

mega M 106

Kilo K 103

hecto h 102

deca da 101

deci d 10-1

centi c 10-2

milli m 10-3
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micro M 10-6

nano n 10-9

Pico P 10-12

femto f 10-15

atto a 10-18

Advantages of prefixes:
The prefixes are useful to express very large or small quantities. For example,
divide 20,000 g by 1000 to express it into kilogram, since kilo represents 10 3 or
1000.
Thus 20,000g = 20,000 ÷ 1,000Kg = 20kg
or 20,000 g = 20 x 10g = 20kg
Note:
Double prefixes are not used. For example, no prefix is used with kilogram
since it already contains the prefix kilo.
Prefixes given in Table are used with both types of base and derived units.
Multiples and sub-multiples of length:

1km 103m

1cm 102m

1m 10-3m

1µm 10-6m

1nm 10-9m

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Q15. What do you understand by scientific

notation? Ans: Scientific notation/Standard form:
In scientific notation, a number is expressed as some power of ten multiplied by a
number between 1 and 10.
Examples:

3. The Moon is 384000000 meters away from the Earth. The distance of the moon
from the Earth can also be expressed as 3.84 x 10 8 This saves writing down or
interpreting large numbers of zeros.
4. A number 62750 can be expressed as 6.275 x 104. Similarly, the standard form

1. Name five prefixes most commonly used.

Ans: (1) kilo (k) = 103 (2) centi(c)10-2 (3) milli(m) = 10-3
(4) micro (u) = 10-6 (5) mega (M) = 106

2. The Sun is one hundred and fifty million kilometres away from the Earth. Write
this.
 as an ordinary whole number
 in scientific notation.
Ans: The distance of Sun from the Earth = 150 million km

 as an ordinary whole number:

= 150 x 106km= 150 x 106 x 103m 1 million 106 1 kilo = 103
= 150000000000 m

 In scientific notation.
= 150 x 106 x 103
= 150 x 109
= 15 x 10 x 109
= 15 x 1010
= 15 ÷ 10 x 10 x 1010
=1.5 x 1011
=1.5 x 1011 m

3. Write the numbers given below in scientific notation.

3000000000 ms-1 (c) 6400000 m

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0000000016 g (d) 0.0000548 s

Ans:

 3000000000 ms-1
= 3 x 1000000000 ms-1
= 3x 109 ms-1

 6400000 m
= 64 x 105m
= 6.4 x 10 x 105
= 6.4 x 106m

 0000000016 g
= 0.0000000016 ÷ 10000000000 g
= 16 x 10-10g
=1.6x 10x 10-10g
=1.6×10-9g

• (d) 0.0000548 s
= 0.0000548
= 0.0000548 ÷10000000
= 548 x 10-7
= 5.48 x 102 x 10-7
=5.48x 10-5 s
Q16. What is the meter rule? What is the least count of a meter rule used in the laboratories?
Ans: The meter rule:
A meter rule is a length measuring instrument as shown in the figure. It is commonly
used in the laboratories to measure the length of an object or distance between two
points. It is one meter long which is equal to 100 centimeters. Each centimeter (cm)
is divided into 10 small divisions called millimeter (mm). Thus, one millimeter is the
smallest reading that can be taken using a meter rule and is called its least count.
Least count of meter rule = 0.1 cm or 1mm

Q17. What is a measuring tape? What is the least count of a measuring tape?
Ans: The measuring tape:
Measuring tapes are used to measure the length in meters and centimeters. A
measuring tape used by blacksmith and carpenters. A measuring tape consists of a
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thin and long strip of cotton, metal or plastic generally 10 m, 20 m, 50 m or 100 m

long. Measuring tapes are marked in centimeters as well as in inches.
Least count of measuring tape = 0.1 cm or 1 mm

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Chapter 2 Kinematics
Q. 1 What is Mechanics?
Ans: It is the branch of physics in which deals with the study of motion of objects, its
causes and effects.
Q. 2 Define kinematics.
Ans: Kinematics is the study of motion of an object without discussing the cause of
motion. For example the movement of a car in a straight line, and an apple that falls
from a tree.
Q. 3 What do you mean by rest?
Ans: A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to it
surroundings. Surroundings are the places in its neighborhood where various objects
are present.
Q. 4 What do you mean by motion?
Ans: A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings.
Q. 5 How you can say that rest and motion are relative states?
Ans: The state of rest or motion of a body is relative. For example, a passenger
sitting in a moving bus is at rest because he/she is not changing his/her position with
respect to other passengers or objects in the bus. But to an observer outside the
bus, the passengers and the objects inside the bus are in motion.
Q. 6 How many types of motion are there? Name them.
Ans: There are three types of motion.
i. Translatory motion
ii. Rotatory motion
iii. Vibratory motion

Q. 7 What is translatory motion? Give an example.

Ans: In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line
may be straight or curved. For example an aeroplane moving straight is in
translational motion.
Q. 8 How many types of translator motion are there? Name them.
Ans: (i) Linear motion (ii) Circular motion (iii) Random motion
Q. 9 Define Linear motion of a body.
Ans: Straight line motion of a body is known as its linear motion. A boy walking on a
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straight road and objects falling vertically down are also the examples of linear
motion.
Q. 10 Define Circular motion of a body.
Ans: The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion. Motion of
planets revolving around the sun and movement of electrons around nucleus are
example of circular motion.
Q. 11 Define Random motion.
Ans: The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion. Motion
of clouds and movement of birds in air are also examples of random motion.
Q. 12 What is Brownian motion?
Ans: A random motion of microscopic particles suspended in liquids or gases
resulting from the impact of molecules of the surrounding medium are known as
Brownian motion.

Q. 13 What causes the Brownian motion?

Ans: Brownian motion refers to the random movement displayed by small particles
that are suspended in fluids and gases. It is commonly referred to as Brownian
movement. This motion is a result of the collisions of the particles with other fast-
moving particles in the fluid.
Q. 14 Differentiate between Rotatory and Circular motion.
Circular motion Rotatory motion
1. The motion of an object in a circular The spinning motion of a body about its
path is known as circular motion. axis is called its rotatory motion.
2. In circular motion, the point about In rotatory motion, the line, around which a
which a body goes around, is body moves about, is passing through the
outside the body. body itself.
3. For example, the motion of the For example, The motion of the Earth
Earth around the Sun. about its geographic axis

Q. 15 What is vibratory motion? Give an example.

Ans: To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory
motion. The motion of a cradle and motion of the string of a sitar are examples of
vibratory motion.
Q. 16 How we can represent vector quantities?
Ans: To differentiate a vector from a scalar quantity, we generally use bold letters to
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represent vector quantities, such as F, a, d or a bar or arrow over their symbols.

Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. In
below figure, the line AB with arrow head at B represents a vector V. The length of
the line AB gives the magnitude of the vector V on a selected scale. While the
direction of the line from A to B gives the direction of the vector V.
B
V

A
Q. 17 Differentiate between scalars and vectors.
Scalar Vectors
1. These quantities are described These quantities are described completely
completely by its magnitude only. by magnitude and direction.
2. Every scalar quantity is one Every vector quantity is multi- dimensional.
dimensional.
3. For example, scalar quantities are For example, vector quantities are velocity,
mass, length, time, speed, volume, displacement, force, momentum, torque,
work and energy etc. etc.
4. These quantities are added or These quantities are added or subtracted
subtracted by ordinary arithmetic bylaws of vectors addition.
rule.

Q. 18 How are vector quantities are important to us in our daily life?

Ans: Vectors have real- life application in our daily life. For example, for launching
satellites into the air, targeting enemies in a battlefield, performing complex
calculations inside computers, or as simple as finding your location using GPS or a
map, we rely on vector quantities like displacement, acceleration, force, etc. So,
vectors play an important role in our life
Q. 19 What is position?

Ans: The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to
some reference point called origin.

Q. 20 Differentiate between Distance and Displacement.

Distance Displacement

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1. Length of a path between two points Displacement is the shortest distance

is called the distance between those between two points which has magnitude
points. and direction.
2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3. Distance measured is always Displacement can be positive and negative
positive. depending on the reference point.
4. It is represented by S. It is represented by d.
S=v×t d=v×t
5. There is always distance covered Displacement will be zero if body comes
when there is a motion. back to its initial position.

Q. 21 Differentiate between Speed and Velocity.

Speed Velocity
1. The distance covered by an object The rate of displacement of a body is
in unit time is called its speed. called its velocity.
2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3. Speed cannot hold a negative Velocity can hold a negative value.
value.
4. It is represented by v. It is represented by v.
v=S/t v=d/t
5. It cannot be zero. It can be zero.

Q. 22 Differentiate between uniform and constant speed.

Uniform speed Constant speed

1. If an object covers equal distance in When the speed of an object remains the
equal interval of time it is moving same it does not increase or decrease
with a uniform speed. then it is moving with constant speed.
2. For example, motion of heavy For example, driving a car on cruise
vehicle like trucks on highway. control.

Q. 23 What do you know about uniform velocity?

Ans: A body has uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of
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time however short the interval may be. For example, A paratrooper attains a
uniform velocity called terminal velocity with which it comes to ground.

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Chapter # 3 Dynamics
Q.1) Why does dust fly off, when a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick?
Answer:
When a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick, it moves forward along with the dust
particles but when the carpet moves back due to inertia, the dust continues its
motion in the forward direction, therefore, dust flies off from the carpet.
Q.2) If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove some of the
excess water by shaking them. why does this work?
Answer:
When we shake the hands, the shaking brings the hands in motion but the water
drops try to remain in rest due to the inertia of rest and are removed from the hands,
in this way, we can remove some of the excess water.
Q.3) Why a balloon filled with air move forward, when its air is released?
Answer:
Explanation using Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion:
When the air is released from a balloon, the balloon pushes the air in backward
direction while the reaction force of the air pushes the balloon in the forward
direction. As a result, balloon moves in the forward direction.
Explanation using Law of Conservation of Momentum:
Due to the law of conservation of momentum,
when the air is released, it rushes out in the backward direction; in order to the
conserve the momentum, the balloon moves in the forward direction keeping the
total momentum of the system constant.
Q.4) Why does a hosepipe tend to move backwards when the fireman directs a
powerful stream of water towards fire?
Answer:
When the water from the hosepipe rush in the forward direction, a reaction force in
the backward direction is applied to the pipe by the forward moving water due to
Newton‟s 3rd law motion and hence the hosepipe tends to move in the backward
direction.
Q.5) Your car is stuck in wet mud. some students on their way to class see
your predicament and help out by sitting on the trunk of your car to increase
its traction. why does this help?
Answer:
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When the car stuck in wet mud the friction between tires and mud decreases due to
which car cannot move. So the students sit on the trunk of the car to increase the
weight, as a result, normal force (FN) also increases. Then the friction force
increases according to the equation
fk = µk FN or fk α FN
Q.6) How does friction help you walk? Is it kinetic friction or static friction?
Answer:
The friction force acting on a body when it is at rest is called static friction while the
friction force acting on a body when it is in a state of motion is called kinetic friction.
So when we walk on the ground our feet are at rest for a moment which provides the
static friction between our feet and ground. Hence we walk due to static friction and
not kinetic friction.The parking brake on a car causes the rear wheels to lock up.
What would be the likely consequence of applying the parking brake in a car that is in
rapid motion?
Answer:
The parking brake on a car causes the rear wheels to lock up while the front wheels
are in motion and want to be in motion due to inertia. Hence the car will skid in such
situation.
Q.7) Why is the surface of a conveyor belt made rough?
Answer:
The surface of a conveyor belt is made rough in order to increase its force of friction.
As a result, the things remains safe from falling.
Q.8) Why does a boatman tie his boat to a pillar before allowing the
passengers to step on the river bank?
Answer:
When the passengers from the boat move out towards the riverbank, they push the
boat in backward direction with their feet.
According to Newton‟s third law of motion, the reaction of the boat is in opposite
direction, hence the boat can move in the forward direction. In order to restrict the
motion of the boat for the safety of passengers, boatman tie the boat with the pillar
before allowing the passengers to step on the river bank.
Q.9) In a uniform circular motion. Is the velocity constant? Is the acceleration
constant? Explain.
Answer:

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In a uniform circular motion, the body continuously changes its direction, therefore,
its velocity is also changing at each point. The acceleration is always directed
inwards, towards the center of the circle.
Q.10) You tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl the brick around you in a
horizontal circle. Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let go of the
rope.
Answer:
When we tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl the brick around us in a horizontal
circle, then we provide centripetal force to brick and the brick applies centrifugal
force on our hand. After we suddenly let go the rope, the brick will travel in a straight
line, which show that the velocity vector is directed along tangent.
Q.11) Why is the posted speed for a turn lower than the speed limit on most
highways?
Answer:
The posted speed for a turn lower than the speed limit on most highways because
on most of the highways if the banking of road is enough to provide centripetal force
to the car to take the turn in circular track then the speed limit mentioned will be
normal speed but in some roads, we have sharp curves that even banking would not
provide the necessary centripetal force to the car therefore for such turns the posted
speed limit mentioned will be low.

Q.12) What is force? What are its units? Distinguish between contact and non-
contact forces?
Answer:
Force:
“A force is a kind of a push or a pull on an object”.
“In SI the unit force is Newton „N‟. One newton is defined as “the force that produces an
acceleration of one meter per second squared (a = 1m/s2) in a body of mass one kilogram (1
kg).
1 N = 1 kg × 1 m / s2 or N = kg m / s2
Contact and Non-Contact forces:
We can think of different ways in which we can move textbook. We can push or pull it, or we
can tie a string around it and pull on the string. We often call these contact forces because the
force is exerted when one object comes in contact with another object. As we are holding
physics textbook right now, our hands are exerting a contact force on it. There are other ways

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in which we can change the motion of the textbook. It would accelerate as if it falls to the
ground. This time the gravitational force of Earth (which is not a contact force) is acting on the
book which is causing this acceleration. We call such forces as non- contact forces, field
forces or action- at-a-distance forces.
Q.13) State Newton’s three laws of motion. Give one example for each.
Answer:
1ST Law
Statement:
“If the net (external) force acting on an object is zero, the object will
maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion (constant velocity)”.
Explanation
The study of first law of motion can be divided into two parts.
Bodies At Rest:
The first part of the law states that a body at rest will remain at rest if no net
force acts on it. This part of first law is easy to understand and goes with our
common observation. For example a chair laying in a room will remain stationary and
will not start moving or flying around by itself unless someone moves it by applying a
net force.
Bodies In Motion:
The second part of the law states that a body in motion will continue to move
in a straight in line with uniform speed if no net force acts on it. However our daily
observation is against this. For example if we roll a ball it comes to rest after some
time. But careful study of the moving ball shows that there are forces (like friction
and air resistance) which oppose the motion of the ball.
This means that object would continue to move in a straight line for ever, with
uniform speed if the forces opposing the motion of the object are removed.
Newton’s second law of motion
Statement:
“A net force(unbalanced force) applied on the body produces an
acceleration „a‟ in the body. This acceleration is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force and inversely proportional the as of the object”

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Chapter # 4 Turning Effects of forces

Q1. Can the nut of the axle of a bike be loosened with hand why we use a
spanner for this purpose?
Ans: No, we cannot loosen the nut of the axel of a bike. Normally we use a spanner
because a spanner increases the
turning effect of the force which easily loosened the nut of the axle of a bike.

Q2. What is the joker doing in the figure?

Ans: He is trying to balance himself on a wooden plank which is placed over a
cylindrical pipe. Due to open the arms he is doing its center of mass as low as
possible to make him stable.
Q3. Women and children in the villages often carry pitchers with water on their
heads how this is possible?
Ans: Woman and children keep itself upright when carrying pitchers on their heads.
The pitcher has a heavy semi-spherical
base. When it is tilted, its center of mass rises. It returns to its upright position at
which its center of mass is at its lowest.
That is why women and children in the villages often carry pitchers with water on
their heads.
Q4. With a little effort, we can learn to balance a stick vertically up on our
fingertip how this is possible?
Ans: To balance something, all you need to do is make sure that the center of
gravity of the object is either directly above or directly below the pivot point. An
example would be balancing the stick on the end of a finger with the stick pointing
vertically up. If you do this you will find that the stick wants to fall over, and you need
to keep moving your finger around to keep this from happening.
Q5. What is meant by parallel forces?
Ans: Parallel Forces:
In a plane, if several forces act on a body such that their points of action are
different but lines of action are parallel to each other, then these forces are called
parallel forces.
Q6. What is the difference between like and unlike parallel forces?
OR
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Define like and unlike parallel force?

Ans: See Q # 4.3(i) from Exercise.
Q7. Many people push a bus to start it why all of them push it in the same
direction?
Ans: Like forces acting in the same direction increases the resultant force which
moves the bus easily.

Q8. Explain the unlike parallel forces in the given figure?

Ans: An apple is suspended by a string. The string is stretched due to weight of the
apple. The forces acting on it are; the weight of the apple acting vertically
downwards and the tension in the string pulling it vertically upwards. The two forces
are parallel but opposite to each other. These forces are called, unlike parallel
forces.
Q9. Explain the unlike parallel forces in the given figure?
Ans: In the figure, Forces F1 and F2 are also unlike parallel Forces, because they
are parallel and opposite to each
Other. But F1 and F2 are not acting along the same line and Hence, they are
capable to rotate the body.

Q10. Define the resultant vector?

Ans: Resultant Vector:
A resultant vector is a single vector that has the same effect as the combined effect
of all the vectors to be added
OR
The sum of two or more vector is a single vector which has the same effect as the
combined effect of all the vectors to be added. This single vector is called the
resultant vector.
Q11. How head to tail rule helps to find resultant of forces?
Ans: See Q # 4.4 from Exercise
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Q12. What is meant by trigonometry? Give some important trigonometric
ratios.
Ans: Trigonometry:
Trigonometry is that branch of mathematics which deals with the properties of a
right-angled triangle.
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Trigonometric ratios:
Consider a right-angled triangle ∆ABC having θ at A.
sin θ = Perpendicular/ Hypotenuse = BC/AB
cos θ = Base/Hypotenuse = AC/AB
tan θ = Perpendicular/Base = BC/AC
Note:
To remember trigonometric ratios, we use following sentence:
“Some people have – Curly brown hair – Through proper brushing”
Pythagoras theorem:
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2

Q13. How can a force be resolved into its rectangular components?

OR
Explain the resolution of the vector?
Ans: See Q # 4.5 from Exercise
Trigonometric Table
Ratio/θ 0⁰ 30⁰ 45⁰ 60⁰ 90⁰
sin θ 0 0.5 0.707 0.866 1
cos θ 1 0.866 0.707 0.5 0
tan θ 0 0.577 1 1.732 ∞

Mini Exercise

In a right-angled triangle length of the base is 4 cm and its perpendicular is

3 cm. Find:
(i) Length of hypotenuse (ii) sin θ
(iii) cos θ (iv) tan θ
Solution:
 Length of hypotenuse:
Pythagoras theorem:
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2
(Hypotenuse)2 = (4)2 + (3)2
(Hypotenuse)2 = 16 + 9
(Hypotenuse)2 = 25 by taking square root on both sides
Hypotenuse = 5 cm
 sin θ:
sin θ = Perpendicular / Hypotenuse = 3 / 5
 cos θ:
cos θ = Base / Hypotenuse = 4 / 5
 tan θ:
tan θ = Perpendicular / Base = 3 /

Q14. Briefly explain the determination of a force from its perpendicular

components?
Ans: Determination of a Force or a vector from its Perpendicular
Components:
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Consider FX and Fy as the perpendicular components of a force F. These

perpendicular components FX and Fy
are represented by lines OP and PR respectively.
According to head to tail rule:
OR = OP + PR
Thus, OR will completely represent the force F whose x and y-components
are FX and Fy respectively. That is
F = FX + Fy
Magnitude of resultant force/Magnitude of resultant vector:
The magnitude of the force F can be determined using the right angled triangle OPR
As
(OR)2 = (OP)2 + (PR)2

Direction of the resultant force/Direction of the resultant vector:

The direction of the force F with x-axis is given by
tan θ = PR / OP = Fy / FX
θ = tan-1 Fy / FX

Q15. Why it is easy to open and close the door by pulling or pushing it as it
handles?
Ans: We open or close a door by pushing or pulling it. Here push or pull turn the
door about its hinge or axis of rotation. The door is opened or closed due to
the turning effect of the force acting on it.

Q16. What do you mean by a rigid body?

Ans: Rigid Body:
A body is composed of a large number of small particles. If the distances between all
pairs of particles of the body do not change by applying a force then it is called a
rigid body. In other words, a rigid body is the one that is not deformed by force or
forces acting on it.

Q17. What do you mean by the axis of rotation?

Ans: Axis of rotation:
Consider a rigid body rotating about a line. The particles of the body move in circles
with their centers all lying on this line. This line is called the axis of rotation of the
body.

Q18. Name some objects that work by the turning effects of forces.

Ans: Turning pencil in sharpener, turning stopcock of a water tap, turning the
doorknob and so on are some of the examples where a force produces turning
effect.
1. Name some more objects that work by the turning effects of forces.
Ans: (i) Torque is produced when a force is applied to paddle of a bicycle.
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Physics SSC-I

Because by applying force its wheels experience the rotational effect (torque)
(ii) Torque is produced when a force is applied to the door to open.

Q19. Define torque. What is its unit? On what factors torque (moment of a
force) depends?
Ans: Torque (moment of a force):
The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of the force.
Torque τ = F × L
Torque is a vector quantity and its direction can be found by using the right-hand
rule.
Unit of torque:
Unit of torque is Nm.
Torque depends upon two factors
The torque or moment of a force depends upon the force F and the moment arm L of
the force.
1. Magnitude of the force(F)
Greater is a force, greater is the moment of the force.
Τ ∝ F ......................................................... (i)
1. Moment arm
Similarly, longer is the moment arm, greater is the moment of the force.
Τ ∝ L........................................................... (ii)
Q20. Why the handle of a door is fixed near the outer edge of a door?
OR
Why door handles usually on the opposite edge of the door from the hinge?
Ans: We can open or close a door more easily by applying a force at the outer
edge of a door rather than near the hinge.
The moment produced by a force using a greater moment arm is greater than the
torque produced by the same force by using a shorter moment arm.
Therefore, the handle of a door is fixed near the outer edge of a door. (Τ ∝ L)
Advertisement
Q21. Why it is easy to tighten a nut using a spanner of the longer arm than a
spanner of the shorter arm?
Ans: A spanner having long arm helps to loosen or tighten a nut or a bolt with
greater ease than the one having short arm. It is because of the turning
effect(torque) of the force increases. (Τ ∝ L)
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Physics SSC-I

Q22. What do you mean by a line of action of a force?

Ans: Line of action of a force:
The line along which a force act is called the line of action of the force. In figure, line
BC is the lie of action of force F.
Q23. Define the moment arm.
Ans: Moment arm:
The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of the
force is called the moment arm of the force. It is represented by the distance L.
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Q24. What do you mean by newton-meter (Nm)?
Ans: SI unit of torque is newton-meter (Nm).
Newton-meter (Nm):
A torque of 1 N m is caused by a force of 1 N acting perpendicular to the moment
arm 1 m long.
Q25. A force of 150 N can loosen a nut when applied at the end of spanner
10 cm long.
Solution: F = 150 N
L = 10 cm = 10 / 100 = 0.1 m
Torque Τ = F × L
= 150 N × 0.1 m
= 15 Nm
26. What should be the length of the spanner to loosen the same nut with a 60 N
force?
Ans: F = 60 N
Τ = 15 Nm
L=?
L=Τ/F
L = 15 / 60
= 0.25 m

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27. How much force would be sufficient to loosen it with a 6 cm long spanner?
Solution: L = 6 cm = 6 /100 = 0.06 m
Τ = 15 Nm
F =?
F=Τ/L
F = 15 / 0.06 = 250 N
Q28. Describe the principle of the moment?
Ans: Principle of moments:
According to the principle of moments
A body is balanced if the sum of clockwise moments acting on the body is equal to
the sum of anticlockwise moments acting on it.
Explanation:
Clockwise moment:
A force that turns a spanner in the clockwise direction is generally used to tighten a
nut. The torque or moment of force so produced is called clockwise moment.
Anticlockwise moment:
On the other hand, to loosen a nut, the force is applied such that it turns the nut in
the anticlockwise direction. The torque or moment of force so produced is called
anticlockwise moment.

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Physics SSC-I

Chapter 5
Gravitation

Q. 1 What is force of gravitation?

Ans: A force due to which everybody of the universe attracts every other body.
This force is known as force of gravitation.
Q. 2 State Law of gravitation.
Ans: According to Newton's law of universal gravitation:
“Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between their centres”.
Q. 3 Differentiate between Universal Gravitational constant G and
gravitational acceleration g.
Ans:
Universal Gravitational constant G Gravitational acceleration g
1. Gravitational force acting between unit Acceleration produced in a body due to
masses kept at a unit distance away from gravitational force is known as
each other is equal to gravitational gravitational acceleration.
constant G.
2. Its value remains constant everyone. Its value doesn‟t remain constant, varies
with altitude h.
3. It is scalar quantity. It is vector quantity.
4. Its value everywhere is Its value on the suface of earth is 10 ms-
6.673 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2. 2.

5. Its SI unit is Nm2 kg-2. Its SI unit is ms-2.

Q. 4 Why the force of gravity is not felt among the objects around us?
Ans: Due to small value of G and small masses of objects, the gravitational
force of attraction between objects around us is very small and we do not feel it.
Q. 5 Why do we feel the gravitational force of attraction between Earth and
objects?
Ans: Since the mass of Earth is very large, it attracts nearby objects with a
significant force. The weight of an object on the Earth is the result of
gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the object. That‟s why
we feel the gravitational force of attraction between Earth and objects.

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Physics SSC-I

Q. 6 How law of gravitation is consistent with Newton’s 3rd law of motion?

Ans: Consider two masses m1 and m2. Let mass m1 attracts m2 towards it with
a force F while mass m2 attracts m1 towards it with a force of the same
magnitude F but in opposite direction. If the force acting on m 1 is considered as
action then the force acting on m2 will be the reaction. The action and reaction
due to force of gravitation are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. This
is consistent with Newton's third law of motion which states, to every action
there is always an equal but opposite reaction.
Q. 7 How gravitational force is a field force?
Ans: Every body of matter has a region around it where the gravitational force
could be experienced by other bodies. This region of space is called a
gravitational field. Gravitational force is a non-contact force. Gravitational pull of
the Earth acting on the body whether the body is in contact with the Earth or
not, such a force is called the field force. It is assumed that a gravitational field
exists all around the Earth. Therefore we can say that gravitational force is also
a kind of field force.
Q. 8 What is gravitational field strength?
Ans: In the gravitational field of the Earth, the gravitational force per unit mass is called the
gravitational field strength of the Earth. At any place its value is equal to the value of g at
that point. Near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational field strength is 10 N kg-1.
Q. 9 How do we calculate the mass of earth?
Ans: Mass of the earth is calculated from following formula:
𝐑𝟐𝐠
𝐌𝐞 =
𝐆
Here, R is radius of earth, G is gravitational constant and g is acceleration due to
gravity on earth.
Q. 10 Why the value of g varies with
𝐌𝐞
altitude? Ans:𝐠 = 𝐆
𝐑𝟐
According to above relationship the value of acceleration due to gravity g
depends on the radius of the Earth at its surface. The value of g is inversely
proportional to the square of the radius of the Earth. But it does not remain
constant. It decreases with altitude. Altitude is the height of an object or place
above sea level. The value of g is greater at sea level than at the hills.

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Physics SSC-I

Q. 11 Why the value of g is not same at all places on the earth?

Ans: The surface of earth is not perfectly smooth. The earth is little oval shape
just like an ellipse that is the reason the gravity is not the same in each and
every part of the earth. Its value is maximum at the place which is nearer to the
center of the earth, so the value of g is minimum at the equator on the surface
of the earth maximum at the poles.
Q. 12 Is there any difference between the value of 'g' at tile equator and at
the poles?
Ans: The distance from the center of the earth to its poles is lesser than the
distance to the equator region. Therefore g value is slightly greater at poles
and its value is
9.8 ms-2.
Q. 13 Does an apple attract the earth towards it?
Ans: Yes, an apple attracts the earth towards it. According to law of gravitation
the Earth attracts the apple and the apple attracts the Earth with the same
gravitational force.
Q. 14 With what force an apple weighing 1 N attracts the Earth?
Ans: The force of gravity is equal to the weight of the object. So, an apple
weighing 1N attracts the Earth with 1N force.
Q. 15 Does the weight of an apple increase, decrease or remain constant when
taken to the top of a mountain?
Ans: When an apple is taken to the top of a mountain, the distance of that
apple is becoming farther from the center of the Earth. As value of g decreases
with altitude so, the weight of apple will decrease at the top of mountain.
Q. 16 What are satellites?
Ans: An object that revolves around a planet is called a satellite. The moon
revolves around the Earth so moon is a natural satellite of the Earth.
Q. 17 What are artificial satellite?
Ans: Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects
revolve around the Earth. These are called artificial satellites. Most of the
artificial satellites, orbiting around the Earth are used for communication
purposes. Artificial satellites carry instruments or passengers to perform
experiments in space.
Q. 18 What are geostationary orbit?

30
Physics SSC-I

Ans: Large numbers of artificial satellites have been launched in different orbits around the
Earth. They take different time to complete their one revolution around the Earth depending
upon their distance h from the Earth. Communication satellites take 24 hours to complete
their one revolution around the Earth. As Earth also completes its one rotation about its axis
in 24 hours, hence, these communication satellites appear to be stationary with respect to
Earth. It is due to this reason that the orbit of such a satellite is called geostationary orbit.
Q. 19 What is geostationary satellite?
Ans: Satellite that appears to be located at a fixed point in space when viewed
from the earth's surface. Satellites located in geostationary orbit move in time
with the rotation of the earth. So Its velocity with respect to earth is zero.
Geostationary satellites are located 423,300 km above the earth's surface.
Q. 20 What is Global Positioning Systems (GPS)?
Ans: Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellites navigation system. It helps
us to find the exact position of an object anywhere on the land, on the sea or in
the air. GPS consists of 24 Earth satellites. These satellites revolve around the
Earth twice a day with a speed of 3.87 kms-1
Q. 21 What will happen if earth suddenly stops revolving around the sun?
Ans: If earth suddenly stops revolving around the sun It will fall down on the
sun due to force of attraction between sun and earth.
Q. 22 How does a satellite revolve around the earth?
Ans: A satellite requires centripetal force that keeps it to move around the
Earth. The gravitational force of attraction between the satellite and the Earth
provides the necessary centripetal force.
Q. 23 What is orbital velocity of a satellite?
Ans: Orbital velocity is the velocity at which a satellite revolves around the earth.
Q. 24 On which factors orbital velocity of a satellite depends?
Ans: The orbital velocity of the satellite depends on its altitude h above the

surface of Earth, radius of orbit R and value of g at that altitude.

𝐕𝐨 = √𝐠𝐡(𝐑 + 𝐡)
Q. 25 What is the effect of following on the gravitational acceleration
(i) mass of freely falling body (ii) distance of freely falling body from the
center of earth?
𝐌𝐞
Ans: Gravitational acceleration is given by 𝐠 = 𝐆 , Here Me is the mass of the
𝐑𝟐

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Physics SSC-I

earth and R is the radius of the earth.

(i) From the above relation, the acceleration of a freely falling body does not
depend on the mass of the body. Therefore, there is no effect on the
gravitational acceleration.
(ii) Gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of
freely falling body from the centre of the earth. If the distance of body is
less then gravitational acceleration will be more and vice versa.

Q. 26 Enlist three examples of gravitational force.

Ans:
 The force that makes the planets to revolve around the Sun and the moon
around the Earth.
 The force that holds the gases in the sun.
 The force that causes a ball you throw in the air to come down again.
Q. 27 Why communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits? Ans:
Communications satellites are often placed in a geostationary orbit so that dish antennas (located
on Earth) do not have to rotate to track them but can be pointed permanently at the position in the
sky where the satellites are located.
Q. 28 Do you attract the Earth or the Earth attracts you? Which one is
attracting with a larger force? You or the Earth.
Ans: We attract the Earth with the same force as the Earth attracts us because the
force of gravitation depends upon the product of the masses of the two bodies.

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Chapter # 6 Work and Energy

1. If a person lifts a bag at some height and he is at rest. How much work is done
by him?

The work done by the man is zero, technically.

Explanation:
Work done by the body is the product of the force applied to the body and the
displacement done.
W = Fd

According to the theory, if force is exerted, the body should be in motion. As the
person stood still in the same place, displacement d=0
W = F*0 = 0 units.
Therefore, no work is done by the person according to the work-displacement
theory.
2. How much work is done when a body moves with uniform velocity?
Work done = force x displacement
in case of constant velocity work done will be zero, if constant velocity is maintained
without any external force like any object is moving on smooth surface.
3. Why is work and energy related to each other?
Relation between work and energy.

To help an object move, energy must be transmitted to it, and this energy might
take the form of force.
The energy transmitted by force to move any object is referred to as work.
The difference in an object's kinetic energy is known as work done by the object.
Work done (A) = Change in kinetic energy (∆KE)
Thus, the relation between Work and Energy is direct. That is, the difference
in the Kinetic energy of an object is work done by an object.
4. When work done will greater?
When the force is applied on a body and the displacement of the body takes place
in the direction of the force applied then work done is maximum.
So, when theta=0°, work done is maximum.
5. What happen if the applied force and displacement has opposite

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Physics SSC-I

direction?
Work is a scalar quantity that depends on the direction of both the force applied on
the object and its displacement. When the applied force is parallel and in the
direction of the displacement, then positive work is done on the object. On the
other hand, negative work suggests that the two quantities are parallel but opposite
in direction. Thus, a force that is opposite to an object's displacement will lead to
negative work done by the force.
Therefore, "If the force is in the opposite direction of displacement, the work done
by the force is negative."
6. On what factors work depends?
Work done by a force depends on (i) magnitude of force (ii) magnitude of
displacement (iii) angle between force applied and displacement.
7. What is law of conservation of energy?
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to another. This means
that a system always has the same amount of energy unless it's added from the
outside.
8. How gravitational and elastic potential energy are different from each
other?
Gravitational potential energy is the potential energy due to the position of the body
above the ground. While elastic potential energy is the potential energy due to
change in the shape and size of the body. Storing of water in the overhead tank is
an example of gravitational potential energy while stretching of a rubber band is an
example of elastic potential energy.
9. From where we get electrical energy?
Electricity is one of the widely used form of energy. Electrical energy can be
supplied easily to any desired place through wires. We get electrical energy from
batteries and electric generators. These electric generators are run by hydro
power, thermal or nuclear power.
10. Write some sources of chemical energy?
Chemical energy is present in food, fuels and in other substances. We get other
forms of energy from these substances during chemical reactions. The burning of
wood, coal or natural gas in air is a chemical reaction which releases energy as heat
and light. Electric energy is obtained from electric cells and batteries as a result of

34
Physics SSC-I

chemical reaction between various substances present in them. Animals get heat
and muscular energy from the food they eat.
11. How nuclear power plant generate electric power?
In nuclear power plants, we get energy as a result of fission reaction. During fission
reaction, heavy atoms, such as Uranium atoms, split up into smaller parts releasing
a large amount of energy. Nuclear power plants give out a lot of nuclear radiations
and vast amount of heat. A part of this heat is used to run power plants while lot of
heat goes waste into the environment.
12. Can energy be converted to other form? Explain
Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into some other forms. For
example, rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm. You have used
your muscular energy in rubbing hands as a result heat is produced. In the process
of rubbing hands, mechanical energy is converted into heat energy.
Other examples are

13. What advantage plants get from light energy?

During photosynthesis, plants trap light energy with their leaves. Plants use the
energy of the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called
glucose. Glucose is used by plants for energy and to make other substances like
cellulose and starch.
14. While energy is converting to other form what happens to total energy? Energy
transformation is when energy changes from one type to another. While energy can be
transferred or transformed, the total energy always remains the same.
15. How sound is produced?
Sound is a form of energy. The air particles get compressed as well as start vibrating
and gain energy. These particles, vibrating about their mean position, then transfer

35
Physics SSC-I

their energy to the other layer of particles near to them. In this way, region of
compression and rarefaction are created and hence sound is produced.
16. How many sources of energy are there?
Sources of energy are Renewable and non-renewable
Renewable Energy Source
The major types or sources of renewable energy are:
 Solar energy from the sun

 Wind energy

 Geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth

 Hydropower from flowing water

 Ocean energy in the form of wave, tidal, current energy and ocean
thermal energy.

 Biomass from plants

Non-renewable Energy Source

The major types or sources of non-renewable energy are:
 Petroleum

 Hydrocarbon gas liquids

 Natural gas

 CoalNuclear energy

17. What is the origin of fossils fuel?

Fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals. These fuels are
found in the Earth's crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for
energy. Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.
18. Why fossil fuel is called non-renewable energy source?
The fossil fuels took millions of years for their formation. They are known as non-
renewable resources. We are using fossil fuels at a very fast rate. Their use is
increasing day by day to meet our energy needs. If we continue to use them at
present rate, they will soon be exhausted. Once their supply is exhausted, the world
would face serious energy crisis.
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Physics SSC-I

19. Write chemical equation that show burning of fossils fuel? Carbon +
Oxygen carbon dioxide + heat energy Hydrocarbon + Oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + heat energy
20. Are fossils fuels have some harmful effects or not?
Fossil fuels release harmful waste products. These wastes include carbon mono-
oxide and other harmful gases, which pollute the environment. This causes serious
health problems such as headache, tension, nausea, allergic reactions, and
irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long exposure of these harmful gases may
cause asthma, lungs cancer, heart diseases and even damage to brain, nerves and
other organs of our body.
21. How can we say nuclear fuels are an energy source?
In nuclear power plants, we get energy as a result of fission reaction. During fission
reaction, heavy atoms, such as Uranium atoms, split up into smaller parts releasing
a large amount of energy. Nuclear power plants give out a lot of nuclear radiations
and vast amount of heat. A part of this heat is used to run power plants while lot of
heat goes waste into the environment.
22. How many energy sources we can use again and again?
Renewable Energy Source
A renewable energy source is any natural resource that can replace it quickly and
dependably. These energy sources are plentiful, sustainable, naturally replenished,
and good to the environment.
The major types or sources of renewable energy are:
 Solar energy from the sun

 Wind energy

 Geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth

 Hydropower from flowing water

 Ocean energy in the form of wave, tidal, current energy and ocean
thermal energy.

 Biomass from plants

All these energy sources can be used again and again.

37
Physics SSC-I

23. What is the benefit of energy from sun?

Solar energy is the energy coming from the Sun and is used directly and indirectly.
Sunlight does not pollute the environment in any way. The sunrays are the ultimate
source of life on the Earth. We are dependent on the Sun for all our food and fuels. If
we find a suitable method to use a fraction of the solar energy reaching the Earth,
then it would be enough to fulfill our energy requirement.
24. What do you know about solar house heating?
The use of solar energy is not new. However, its use in houses and offices as well as
for commercial industrial purposes is quite recent. Complete solar house heating
systems are successfully used in areas with a minimum amount of sunshine in
winter. A heating system consists of:
 A collector
 A storage device

 A distribution system

Figure shows a solar collector made of glass panels over blank metal plates. The
plates absorb the Sun's energy which heats a liquid flowing in the pipes at the back
of the collector. The hot water can be used for cooking, washing and heating the
buildings. Solar energy is used in solar cookers, solar distillation plants, solar power
plant, etc.
25. Where we use solar energy?
Solar energy is commonly used for solar water heaters and house heating. The
heat from solar ponds enables the production of chemicals, food, textiles, warm
greenhouses, swimming pools, and livestock buildings. Cooking and providing a
power source for electronic devices can also be achieved by using solar energy.
26. How solar cells are useful and what happen when many solar cells
combine?
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Physics SSC-I

A solar cell also called photocell is made from silicon wafer. When sunlight falls on a
solar cell, it converts the light directly into electrical energy. Solar cells are used in
calculators, watches and toys. Large numbers of solar cells are wired together to
form solar panels. Solar panels can provide power to telephone booths, light houses
and scientific research centers. Solar panels are also used to power satellites.
27. How can we build geothermal wells?
Geothermal well can be built by drilling deep near hot rocks at places, where magma
is not very deep. Water is then pushed down into the well. The rocks quickly heat the
water and change it into steam. It expands and moves up to the surface. The steam
can be piped directly into houses and offices for heating purposes, or it can be used
to generate electricity.
28. How biomass is beneficial?
Biomass is plant or animal wastes that can be burnt as fuel. Other forms of biomass
are garbage, farm wastes, sugarcane and other plants. These wastes are used to
run power plants. Many industries that use forest products get half of their electricity
by burning bark and other wood wastes. Biomass can serve as another energy
source, but problems are there in its use.
29. Can matter be converted into energy? Which relation is given by
Einstein.
Einstein predicted the interconversion of matter and energy. According to him, a loss
in the mass of a body provides a lot of energy. This happens in nuclear reactions.
The relation between mass m and energy E is given by Einstein's mass-energy
equation.
E = mc2
30. Write down the method of production of electricity from fossils fuels? Fossil
fuels are burnt in thermal power stations to produce electricity. Various energy
conversion processes involved in producing electricity from coal are described in a
block diagram as shown in figure

39
Physics SSC-I

31. State some precaution to protect environment from pollution?

In many countries governments have passed laws to control air pollution. Some of
these laws limit the amount of pollution that, power plants, factories and automobiles
are allowed to give off. To meet these conditions for automobiles, new cars have
catalytic converters. These devices convert some polluting gases. The use of lead-
free petrol has greatly reduced the amount of lead in the air. Engineers are working
to improve new kinds of car engines that use electricity or energy sources other than
diesel and petrol.
32. Draw energy conversion diagram for power station.
33.

34. What do you know about ideal system?

An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the total energy used by it. In
other words, its efficiency is 100 %. People have tried to design a working system
that would be 100 % efficient. But practically such a system does not exist. Every
system meets energy losses due to friction that causes heat, noise etc. These are
not the useful forms of energy and go waste. This means we cannot utilize all the
energy given to a working system.
35. A crate is moved by pulling the rope attached to it. It moves 10m on a straight
horizontal road by a force of 100 N. How much work will be done if
The rope is parallel to the road.

As we know that W = FS cos θ θ = 0°

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So W = 100x 10 x cos 0

= 100 x 10 x 1 W = 1000
J.
The rope is making an angle of 30° with the road

As we know that W = FS cos θ θ = 30°

W = 100x 10 x cos 30

= 100x 10 x 0.866 W =
866 J
36. A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line
joining A and B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the
gravitational force? Explain your answer.
Work done by gravity depends only on the net vertical displacement of the body. It
does not depend upon the path of the body. Therefore, work done by

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gravity is given by the expression,

W= mgh
Where,
Vertical displacement, h = 0 W= mg
x0=0
Hence, the work done by gravity on the body is zero.
37. Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all
your might and fail to move it? Where is the energy you spend going?
When we push a huge rock, there is no transfer of muscular energy to the stationary
rock as the rock does not move. Also, there is no loss of energy because muscular
energy is transferred into heat energy, which causes our body to become hot.
37.. Identify the state the type of energy transformation in the following cases:
a. Riding a bicycle
b. Burning of cracker
a. The muscular energy of the cyclist is converted into rotational energy of the
pedals of the bicycle which is transferred to its wheels. The kinetic energy of the
rotation of the wheels is converted into the kinetic energy of the bicycle.
b. Chemical energy to heat, light, and sound energy.
38. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving
round the earth? Justify your answer.
We know that if the direction of force is perpendicular to displacement, then the work
done is zero.
When a satellite moves around the Earth, then the direction of force of gravity on the
satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Hence, the work done on the satellite
by the Earth is zero.
39. How can we find that the system is efficient or not?
Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained from a system
as output to the total energy given to it as input.
efficiency = required form of output / total input energy
40. The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does
this violate the law of conservation of energy? Why?
The process does not violate the law of conservation of energy. This is because
when the body falls from a height, then its potential energy changes into kinetic
energy progressively. A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in
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the kinetic energy of the body. During the process, total mechanical energy of the
body remains conserved.
Total Mechanical energy = KE + PE
Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is not violated.
41. Name some devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
 Electric motor
 Electric fan
 Elevator
 Drill machine
 Grinder
 Sewing machine

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Chapter # 7 Properties of Matter

1. Why do solids not flow?
Solids such as a stone, metal spoon, pencil, etc. have fixed shapes and volume.
Their molecules are held close together by strong forces of attraction. However, they
vibrate about their mean positions but do not move from place to place. That why
solids do not flow.
2. Gases can compress and expand easily. Why?
Gases such as air have no fixed shape or volume. They can be filled in any
container of any shape. Their molecules have random motion and move with very
high velocities. In gases, molecules are much farther apart than solids or liquids. So
gases can be compressed aand expand easily.

3. Give reason that the molecule of liquid can slide over each other?
Like solids, molecules of a liquid also vibrate about their mean position but are not
rigidly held with each other. Due to the weaker attractive forces, they can slide over
one another. Thus, the liquids can flow. The volume of a certain amount of liquid
remains the same but because it can flow hence, it attains the shape of a container
to which it is put.
4. How is kinetic molecular model of matter helpful in differentiating
various states of matter?
KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL
Some important features of the kinetic molecular model are ;
 Matter is made up of small particles called molecules.
 Molecules are in constant random motion.
 Molecules attract each other.
EXPLANATION
 This model helps in understanding the properties of matter in a simplified way. It is
due to the model that we come to know about various characteristics of the three
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states of matter
5. Does there exist a fourth state of matter? What is it? Yes,
there exists a fourth state of matter called PLASMA. PLASMA
 Plasma is called the fourth state of matter in which a gas occurs in its ionic state.
 It allows electricity to pass through it as it consists of positive ions.
The kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing if a gas is heated continuously. This
causes the gas molecules to move faster and faster. The collisions between atoms and molecules
of gas become so strong that they tear off the atoms. Atoms lose their electrons and become
positive ions. This ionic state of matter is called plasma.
EXAMPLES
 Flame is a form of plasma.
 Plasma is also formed in gas discharge tubes.
6. What happen when we increase the temperature of gas?
The kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing if a gas is heated
continuously. This causes the gas molecules to move faster and faster. The
collisions between atoms and molecules of the gas become so strong that they tear
off the atoms. Atoms lose their electrons and become positive ions.
7. What is the relation between pressure and temperature?
The pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the
temperature at a given volume. When the temperature of a system goes up, the
pressure also goes up, and vice versa.

8. How are volume and pressure related to each other?

When a gas occupies a smaller volume, it exerts a higher pressure; when it
occupies a larger volume, it exerts a lower pressure (assuming the amount of gas
and the temperature do not change). Since P and V are inversely proportional to
each other.
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9. Water and honey both are liquid but water flow more easily. Why? Honey has
higher viscosity than water so honey is thicker than water. Honey also has more
cohesion (measures how strongly the particles in a fluid attract one another) than
water. Therefore, it will take longer for honey to flow than water as water has lower
cohesion and lower viscosity.
10. How air become thinner as we go upward?
Air is a matter and is attracted towards earth due to gravity. This is the reason air
density is more at earth's surface but decreases as we go up and hence air
becomes thinner as we go at higher altitudes.
11. How atmospheric pressure indicate change in weather?
Atmospheric pressure may also indicate a change in the weather. On a hot day, air
above the Earth becomes hot and expands. This causes a fall of atmospheric
pressure in that region. On the other hand, during cold chilly nights, air above the
Earth cools down. This causes an increase in atmospheric pressure.
12. If there is no air what is atmospheric pressure?
The atmospheric pressure decreases as we go up. The atmospheric pressure on
mountains is lower than at sea level. At a height of about 30 km, the atmospheric
pressure becomes only 7 mm of mercury which is approximately 1000 Pa. It would
become zero at an altitude where there is no air.
13. Explain how a submarine moves up the water surface and dive into
water?
Submarine works on the principal of flotation that is:
“A floating object displaces the fluid having weight equal to weight of up thrust.” A
can travel over as well as under water. It floats over water when the weight of water
equal to its volume is greater than its weight. Under this condition, it is similar to a
ship and remains partially above the water level. It has a system of tanks which can
be filled with seawater, the weight of submarine increases. As soon as its weight
becomes greater than the up thrust, it dives into water and remains under water. To
come up on the surface, the tanks are emptied by forcing air into them
14. Due to increase in atmospheric pressure what changes are expected in
weather?
The changes in atmospheric pressure at a certain place indicate the expected
changes in the weather conditions of that place. For example, a gradual and
average drop in atmospheric pressure means a low pressure in a neighboring

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locality. Minor but rapid fall in atmospheric pressure indicates a windy and showery
condition in the nearby region. A decrease in atmospheric pressure is accompanied
by breeze and rain. Whereas a sudden fall in atmospheric pressure often followed
by a storm, rain and typhoon to occur in few hours‟ time.
15. what changes are expected in weather due to increase in atmospheric
pressure?
An increasing atmospheric pressure with a decline later on predicts an intense
weather condition. A gradual large increase in the atmospheric pressure indicates a
long spell of pleasant weather. A rapid increase in atmospheric pressure means that
it will soon be followed by a decrease in the atmospheric pressure indicating poor
weather ahead.
16. How a vacuum cleaner works?
The fan in a vacuum cleaner lowers air pressure in its bucket. The atmospheric air
rushes into it carrying dust and dirt with it through its intake port. The dust and dirt
particles are blocked by the filter while air escapes out.
17. Describe the construction of mercury barometer?
The instruments that measure atmospheric pressure are called barometers. One of
the simple barometers is a mercury barometer. It consists of a glass tube 1m long
closed at one end. After filling it with mercury, it is inverted in a mercury trough.
Mercury in the tube descends and stops at a certain height. The column of mercury
held in the tube exerts pressure at its base. At sea level the height of mercury
column above the mercury in the trough is found to be about 76 cm.

18. Explain how a liquid is filled in injection?

The piston of the syringe is pulled out. This lowers the pressure in the cylinder. The
liquid from the bottle enters into the piston through the needle.
19. Pascal law is applied in braking system in vehicles. How?
The braking systems of cars, buses, etc. also work on Pascal's law. The hydraulic
brakes allow equal pressure to be transmitted throughout the liquid. When brake
pedal is pushed, it exerts a force on the master cylinder, which increases the liquid
pressure in it. The liquid pressure is transmitted equally through the liquid in the
metal pipes to all the pistons of other cylinders. Due to the increase pressure, the
pistons in the cylinders move outward pressing the brake pads with the brake
drums. The force of friction between the brake pads and the brake drums stops the
wheels.
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20. What is meant by acid meter?

One type of hydrometer is used to measure the concentration of acid in a battery. It
is called acid meter
21. What is the purpose of hydrometer?
Hydrometer is a glass tube with a scale marked on its stem and heavy weight in the
bottom. It is partially immersed in a fluid, the density of which is to be measured.
22. Why does a body lose weight when immersed in a liquid?
Archimedes principle states that when a body is immersed in a liquid an upward
thrust is equal to the weight of the liquid displaces. Therefore, it can be said that
when a solid is immersed in a liquid, the weight loss is equal to the weight of the
liquid that got displaced.
23. State the conditions under which a body will sink or float in a fluid?
An object sinks if its weight is greater than the upthrust acting on it. An object floats
if its weight is equal or less than the upthrust. When an object floats in a fluid, the
upthrust acting on it is equal to the weight of the object. In case of floating object,
the object may be partially immersed. The upthrust is always equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object.
24. Why does iron ball sink in water but rubber ball float in water?
The density of iron is more than the density of water, so the weight of iron is more
than weight of water displaced by it and nail sinks. While the shape of an iron ship
is made in such a way that it displaces more weight of water than its own weight.
25. A bucket filled with water appears to be lighter inside the water why?
A bucket filled with water appears to be lighter inside the water because of the
buoyant force which makes the object seem lighter in water.
26. Explain why a small iron needle sinks in water but ship made up of iron
floats in water.
The density of iron is more than the density of water, so the weight of iron is more
than weight of water displaced by it and nail sinks. While the shape of an iron ship
is made in such a way that it displaces more weight of water than its own weight.

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27. Explain why a balloon filled with hydrogen rises.

Because hydrogen gas is lighter than air. so balloon filled with hydrogen is also
lighter than air and rises up.
28. Give reason why mercury is used in barometer instead of water?
Mercury is used in barometer instead of water because
 Mercury does not stick to glass, and hence there's very little chance of a stray
drop or two of mercury obscuring your reading.

 Mercury remains in liquid state over a very wide range of temperature,

and so it doesn't matter whether your barometer is being used.

29. What is meant by deforming force?

Deforming Force is defined as the property that causes the shape and size of the
body to change over time.
30. If we apply stress on a body the strain produced by it always increases? The
strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it is directly proportional to the
stress within the elastic limit of the body.
So strain produced in body will not increases always.
31. Explain why atmosphere pressure act in all direction?
Air pressure is exerted in all directions because air molecules move in all
directions. In general, air pressure. The air pressure is the highest when it is
closest to the ground, when we go higher the air pressure ecreases due to the less
amount of air molecules.

32. Prove Y=𝑭𝑳𝒐

𝑨∆𝑳

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33. Explain why a heavy stone can be lifted easily when immersed in water? In
water, the stone experiences a buoyant force which counter balances the weight of
the stone acting downward and this makes the stone lighter and thus easier to lift
the stone in water.
34. Why do sea divers need special protective suit?
It is due to the great pressure exerted on the diver's body at the depth of the sea.
The total pressure exerted is much more than his blood pressure.
Consequently, to withstand that sea divers require special protective suit.
35. Identify reason why kerosene floats on water?
Kerosene is less dense than water. The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 and
kerosene is 810 kg/m3. When something is less dense than the water then it floats
on water. Hence, kerosene floats on water.
36. A piece of wood if left under water, comes to the surface. Explain reason.
Density of wood is less than the density of water. That is why it floats on the surface
of water and if immersed, the upthrust acting on the wooden piece will be greater
than its weight pulling it downwards, so it comes to the surface.
37. Why an egg sinks in fresh water, but floats in a strong salt solution.
The egg floats on the salt water because it is supported by the denser salt water.
The fresh water is less dense than the salt water and will float on top of the salt
water if poured very carefully and slowly.
38. State the difference between stress and strain.
The basic difference between stress and strain is that stress is the deforming force
per unit area, while strain is the apparent change in the shape, volume, or length of
an object caused due to stress is called strain. The strain has no unit.
39. It is easy to remove air from a balloon, but it is very difficult to remove air
from glass bottle. Why?
it‟s easy to remove air from a balloon.
Reason:
Because the air inside the balloon has more atmospheric pressure than the outer
atmospheric pressure
it is very difficult to remove air from a glass bottle
Reason:
The pressure of air inside a glass bottle is equal to the outer atmospheric pressure

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40. What makes a sucker pressed on a smooth wall sticks to it?

When a sucker is pressed on smooth wall, air inside the sucker is removed so the
sucker remains sticked on the wall due to atmospheric pressure outside it.

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Thermal Properties of Matter

1. What is meant by internal energy of a body?

Internal Energy
“The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy associated with atoms, molecules
and particles of body is called its internal energy”.
Once heat enters a body, it becomes its internal energy and no longer exists as heat
energy. Internal energy of a body depends on mass of the body. Kinetic energy of
molecules Potential energy of molecules etc.
2. Crocus flower is a natural thermometer. How?
The crocus flower is a natural thermometer. It opens when the temperature is
precisely 23°C and closes when the temperature drops.
3. What is meant by thermal contact and thermal equilibrium?
Two systems are said to be in thermal contact if they can exchange energy through
the process of heat transfer. Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no
transfer of heat between them and both have the same temperature
4. What happens to internal energy if we increase K.E of a body?
The internal energy is the total amount of kinetic energy and potential energy of all
the particles in the system. When energy is given to raise the temperature, particles
speed up and they gain kinetic energy.
5. Why is mercury used as thermometric material in thermometer? Mercury
is the only one in liquid state at room temperature. It's used in thermometers
because it has high coefficient of expansion. Hence, the slightest change in
temperature is notable when it's used in a thermometer.
6. Why thermometric material has small specific heat capacity?
A thermometer has to attain the temperature of the body fast. So it should draw as
little heat from the body as possible so that the existing temperature of the body is
not disturbed appreciably. Therefore, the heat capacity of an ideal thermometer
should be as smaller as possible.
7. What does upper and lower fixed point of thermometric scale shows?
In the case of the Celsius scale, the lower point is the melting point of pure ice at
normal atmospheric pressure and the upper fixed point is the boiling point of pure
water at normal atmospheric pressure.

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8. How we can convert one temperature scale to other?

The formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius is (F-32) ÷ 1.8. When converting
from Celsius to Fahrenheit the formula is (C X 1.8) +32. Also, we discuss the
conversion of temperature difference from one scale to the other using the value of
1.8 as a multiplier or divisor.

9. Write down boiling point of water in℉ , ℃, 𝑲.

Boiling point of water:
In ℉ “212 F”
In ℃ “100℃”
In k “373 K”
10. For what purpose a clinical thermometer is used?
A clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human body. It has a
narrow range from 35 °C to 42 °C. It has a constriction that prevents the mercury to
return. Thus, its reading does not change until reset.
11. Write some advantages of large specific heat capacity of water?
Because of its high heat capacity, water can minimize changes in
temperature. For instance, the specific heat capacity of water is about five times
greater than that of sand.
Water has a large specific heat capacity. For this reason, it is very useful in storing
and carrying thermal energy due to its high specific heat capacity.
12. Why we use water in automobile while they need fuel?
The cooling system of automobiles uses water to carry away unwanted thermal
energy. In an automobile, large amount of heat is produced by its engine due to
which its temperature goes on increasing. The engine would cease unless it is not
cooled down. Water circulating around the engine maintains its temperature.
13. How large water reservoirs are useful?
The presence of large water reservoirs such as lakes and seas keep the
climates of nearby land moderate due to the large heat capacity of these
reservoirs.
14. Why different substances have different melting point?
Different solids have different melting points depending on the strength of bonding
between the particles and the mass of the particles. Essentially, the heavier the
particles in the solid, and the stronger the bonding, the higher the melting point.
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15. Why freezing point is equal to melting point?

Upon cooling, the particles in a liquid lose energy, stop moving about and settle into
a stable arrangement, forming a solid. Freezing occurs at the same temperature as
melting, hence, the melting point and freezing point of a substance are the same
temperature.
16. Why does heat flow from hot body to cold body?
Heat flows due the difference of temperature. It flows from high to low temperature.
As temperature of hot bodies is more than the cold bodies, therefore heat flows from
hot body to cold body until thermal equilibrium is reached.
17. What is meant by absolute zero?
A theoretical temperature characterized by complete absence of heat and motion
and equivalent to exactly −273.15°C or −459.67°F.
18. How does heating affect the motion of molecules of gas?
The molecules of gas have random motion and move with higher velocity. If a gas is
heated , its temperature rises. As temperature is directly proportional to kinetic
energy. So kinetic energy of gas molecules will increase. Hence, the molecules exert
more pressure on the wall of the container.
19. Differentiate between vaporization and evaporation?
Vaporization is defined as the transitional phase of a compound, or an element and
it occurs during the boiling or sublimation process. Evaporation is nothing but a type
of vaporization which mostly occurs at temperatures below the boiling point.
20. How wind effects rate of evaporation?
When wind speed increases, it blows away the water vapour present in the air. Due
to a decrease in water vapour content air humidity of air decreases. So, due to
decrease in the humidity of air, the rate of evaporation increases.
21. In a hot day will evaporation increases or decreases? Give reason.
Evaporation rates are higher at higher temperatures because as temperature
increases, the amount of energy necessary for evaporation decreases.
22. how cooling is produced by evaporation? cooling by evaporation
“During evaporation fast moving molecules escape from the surface of liquid. More
molecules that posses lower kinetic energy are left behind this lowers the average
kinetic energy of molecules and thus the temperature of liquid.
Since temperature depends upon average kinetic energy of molecules so cooling is
produced”.
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23. If we spread water at large area will it evaporate faster or not?

Larger is the surface area of a liquid, greater number of molecules has the chance to
escape from its surface. So water evaporates faster.
24. Does all liquid evaporate at same rate?
It was concluded that different liquids do evaporate at different rates, according to
the physical properties of the given substance. Nail polish remover vaporized the
quickest, followed by water, salt water, vinegar, orange juice and oil.
25. In refrigerator ammonia is used instead of freon gas. Why?
Cooling is produced in refrigerators by evaporation of a liquified gas. This produces
cooling effect. Freon, a CFC, was used as a refrigerant gas. But its use has been
forbidden when it was known that CFC is the cause of ozone depletion in the upper
atmosphere which results increase in amount of UV rays from the Sun. The rays are
harmful to all living matter. Freon gas is now replaced by Ammonia and other
substances which are not harmful to the environment.
26. Thermal expansion and contraction are very small and not
noticeable but why it is important?
Most of the substance‟s solids, liquids and gases expand on heating and contract
on cooling. Their thermal expansions and contractions are usually small and are
not noticeable. However, these expansions and contractions are important in our
daily life. e.g In thermometers, thermal expansion is used in temperature
measurements. To open the cap of a bottle that is tight enough, immerse it in hot
water for a minute or so. Metal cap expands and becomes loose. It would now be
easy to turn it to open.

27. How changes in temperature and humidity affect the rate of

evaporation and boiling?

Evaporation increases with a decrease in humidity. If the temperature increases

and the wind speed and humidity stay constant then the rate of evaporation will
increase since warmer air can hold more water vapor than colder air.
28. What kind of expansion is observed in solid?
Linear thermal expansion and volume thermal expansion is observed in solid.
29. Give relation between𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷. Also define them.
𝜷= 𝟑𝜶
we can define the coefficient of linear expansion  of a substance as the fractional

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increase in its length per kelvin rise in temperature.

we can define the temperature coefficient of volume expansion  as the fractional
change in its volume per kelvin change in temperature.
30. During construction of railway tracks why the gaps are left?
The expansion of solids may damage the bridges, railway tracks and roads as they
are constantly subjected to temperature changes. So provision is made during
construction for expansion and contraction with temperature. For example, railway
tracks buckled on a hot summer day due to expansion if gaps are not left between
sections.
31. When bridges are constructed one end of beam is places on
roller. Why?
Bridges made of steel girders also expand during the day and contract during night.
They will bend if their ends are fixed. To allow thermal expansion, one end is fixed
while the other end of the girder rests on rollers in the gap left for expansion.
32. Give some example of daily life where thermal expansion is used?
Thermal expansion is used in our daily life. In thermometers, thermal expansion is
used in temperature measurements. To open the cap of a bottle that is tight
enough, immerse it in hot water for a minute or so. Metal cap expands and
becomes loose. It would now be easy to turn it to open.
33. How iron rims are fixed on wooden wheels of cart?
Iron rims are fixed on wooden wheels of carts. Iron rims are heated. Thermal
expansion allows them to slip over the wooden wheel. Water is poured on it to cool.
The rim contracts and becomes tight over the wheel
34. What is the function of bimetal thermostat switch?
Bimetal strips are used for various purposes. Bimetal thermometers are used to
measure temperatures especially in furnaces and ovens. Bimetal strips are also
used in thermostats. Bimetal thermostat switch is used to control the temperature of
heater coil in an electric iron.
35. Why expansion in brass is greater as compared to iron?
Brass expands more than iron because brass is a mixture of metal which would
expand more when heated. While iron is one metal which is harder to be able to
expand.

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36. Differentiate between latent heat of vaporization and fusion?

The quantity of heat required by the unit mass of a liquid at a certain constant
temperature to change its state completely from liquid into gas is called the latent
heat of vaporization.
The heat required by unit mass of a substance at its melting point to change it from
solid state to liquid state is called the latent heat of fusion.
37. What happens when we touch a hot body?
Take two bodies having different temperatures. Bring them in contact with each
other. The temperature of the hot body falls. It loses energy. This energy enters the
cold body at lower temperature. Cold body gains energy and its temperature rises.
The transfer of energy continues till both the bodies have the same temperature.
The form of energy that is transferred from a hot body to a cold body is called heat.
38. Which state of matter show greater thermal expansion?
Solids or liquids?
Liquids expand for the same reason, but because the bonds between separate
molecules are usually less tight they expand more than solids.
39. What is meant by anomalous expansion of water?
Water on cooling below 4°C begins to expand until it reaches 0°C. On further
cooling its volume increases suddenly as it changes into ice at 0°C. When ice is
cooled below 0°C, it contracts i.e. its volume decreases like solids. This unusual
expansion of water is called the anomalous expansion of water
40. Why we feel cool after perspiration?
We feel cool after perspiration because for evaporation there is need of heat energy.
When the sweet drops evaporate from our body it absorbs heat from our body and
as a result we feel cool due to decrease in temperature of our body

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Chapter 9 Transfer of Heat

Q. 1 What are the major modes of transfer of heat?

Ans: Heat is transferred to a body by three natural processes.
i. Conduction
ii. Convection
iii. Radiation
Q. 2 What is conduction process?
Ans: Conduction is a process in which heat is transferred by vibrating atoms and
free electrons of solids from hot to cold parts of a body.
Q.3 How does heat flow from hot to cold parts in metals so rapidly than non-
metals?
Ans: Metals have free electrons. These free electrons move with very high velocities
within the metal objects. They carry energy at a very fast rate from hot to cold parts
of the object as they move. Therefore, heat reaches the cold parts of the metal
objects from its hot part much more quickly than non-metals.
Q. 4 What are conductors?
Ans: Conductors are materials which allow the electricity, heat to pass through it
easily. For examples human body, metals, water and earth etc.
Q. 5 What are insulators?
Ans: Insulators are materials which do not allow the electricity, heat to pass through
it easily. For examples air, glass, cloth and cotton etc.
Q. 6 What are semi-conductors?
Ans: Semi-conductors are those materials which have conductivity between
conductors and insulators. They can be pure elements for example silicon and
germanium.
Q. 7 What is meant by thermal conductivity of substance?
Ans: The rate of flow of heat across the opposite faces of a meter cube of a
substance maintained at a temperature difference of one Kelvin is called the thermal
conductivity of that substance. Its SI unit is Wm-1K-1.
L
k=Q ×
t A (T1−T2)

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Q. 8 Write down some uses of conductors and non conductor (insulator)?

Ans: In houses, good thermal insulation means lower consumption of fuel. For this,
following measures may be taken to save energy.
 Hot water tanks are insulated by plastic or foam lagging.
 Wall cavities are filled with plastic foam or wool.
 Ceiling of rooms is covered by insulating materials (false ceiling).
 Double glazed window panes are used. These window panes have air
between glass sheets that provides good insulation.
Q.9 What is convection process?
Ans: The mode of transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place
to a cold place is called convection.
Q. 10 Why a balloon inflated with hot air?
Ans: A liquid or a gas becomes lighter (less dense) as it expands on heating. Hot
gas rises up above the heated area. The cooler gas from the surroundings fills the
place which in turns is heated up. Therefore a balloon is inflated with hot air so that it
rises up.
Q. 11 What is meant by convection currents in air? Enlist some uses of
convection current.
Ans: The liquids and gases are heated by convection process. The gas on getting
heated becomes lighter in density and therefore rises upwards, while colder gas
moves down to take its place. Thus currents are set up in the heated fluid. These are
called convection current.
Uses of convection current
 Central heating systems in buildings works on the principle of convection
process.
 Convection currents set up by electric, gas or coal heaters help to warm our
homes and offices.

Q. 12 Why does sea breeze blow during the day?

Ans: During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over the
land becomes hotter and rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the
land to take its place and is thought to be because of the sea breeze.
Q. 13 Why does land breeze blow in the night?
Ans: The land gets heated by the sun, much faster than the water during daytime.

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This heats up the air over the land and it expands. At night, the land cools faster than
the sea. Therefore, air above the sea is warmer, rises up and the cool air moves
from the land to the ocean and is thought to be because of the land breeze.
Q. 14 What causes a glider to remain in air?
Ans: A glider looks like a small aeroplane without engine. Glider pilots use upward
movement of hot air currents due to convection of heat. These rising currents of hot
air are called thermals. Gliders ride over these thermals. The upward movement of
air currents in thermals helps them to stay in air for a long period.
Q. 15 How do thermals help birds to fly for hours without flapping their wings?
Ans: Many large birds such as eagles and storks have long, broad wings, with a big
surface area. This helps them catch rising currents of warm air, called thermals,
which lift the bird up without any need for flapping. After getting a free lift, birds are
able to fly for hours without flapping their wings. They glide from one thermal to
another and thus travel through large distances and hardly need to flap their wings.
Q.16 How does heat energy reach the Earth from sun?
Ans: The heat energy usually reaches earth in the form of light, and many of the
sun's waves are in the ultraviolet spectrum. These waves are known as
electromagnetic waves.
Q. 17 Define Radiations.
Ans: Radiation is the mode of transfer of heat from one place to another in the form
of electromagnetic waves.
Q. 18 How does this heat reach us directly from a fireplace? How does this
heat reach us directly from a fireplace?
Ans: A fireplace is used for room heating. Heat does not reach us by conduction
through air from a fireplace because air is a poor conductor of heat. Heat does not
reach us by convection because the air getting heat from the fireplace does not
move in all directions. Hot air moves upward from the fireplace. Heat from the
fireplace reaches us directly by a different process in the form of waves called
radiation.
Q. 19 At which factors rate of emission of radiation depends upon?
Ans: Radiations are emitted by all bodies. The rate at which radiations are emitted
depends upon various factors such as
Colour and texture of the surface
 Surface temperature
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 Surface area

Q. 20 Why does a cup of hot tea become cold after sometime?

Ans: When temperature of an object is higher than its surroundings then it is
radiating more heat than it is absorbing. As a result, its temperature goes on
decreasing till it becomes equal to its surroundings. At this stage, the body is giving
out the amount of heat equal to the amount of heat it is absorbing. Therefore, a cup
of hot tea become cold after sometime.
Q. 21 Why does a glass of chilled water become hot after sometime?
Ans: When temperature of an object is lower than its surroundings, then it is
radiating less heat than it is absorbing. As a result, its temperature goes on
increasing till it becomes equal to its surroundings. Therefore, a glass of chilled
water become hot after sometime.
Q. 22 what is Leslie cube?
Ans: A Leslie cube is a metal box having faces of different nature. The four faces of
Leslie's cube may be as follows:
 A shining silvered surface
 A dull black surface
 A white surface
 A coloured surface

Q. 23 What is Leslie cube used for?

Ans: A Leslie cube is used to measure or demonstrate variations in thermal radiation
emitted from different surfaces at the same temperature.
Q. 24 Why is Leslie cube is known as Leslie cube?
Ans: In 1804 John Leslie (1766-1832) introduced a new instrument for the study of
the characteristics of radiant heat. The instrument which came to be known as
Leslie's Cube was simply a cubical tin vessel, the sides of which were coated with
different materials.
Q. 25 Why Large number of slots are made in radiator?
Ans: The transfer of heat by radiation is also affected by the surface area of the
body emitting or absorbing heat. Larger is the area, greater will be the transfer of
heat. It is due to this reason that large numbers of slots are made in radiators to
increase their surface area.
Q. 26 What is green house?
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Ans: A greenhouse is a building with glass walls and a glass roof. Greenhouses are
used to grow plants, such as tomatoes and tropical flowers. A greenhouse stays
warm inside, even during the winter. In the daytime, sunlight shines into the
greenhouse and warms the plants and air inside.
Q. 27 How does the temperature in a greenhouse can be maintained?
Ans: Light from the Sun contains thermal radiations (infrared) of long wavelengths
as well as light and ultraviolet radiations of short wavelengths. Glass and transparent
polythene sheets allow radiations of short wavelength to pass through easily but not
long wavelengths of thermal radiations. Thus, a greenhouse becomes a heat trap.
Radiations from the Sun pass easily through glass and warms up the objects in a
greenhouse. . Glass and transparent polythene sheets do not allow them to escape
out easily and are reflected back in the greenhouse. This maintains the inside
temperature of the greenhouse.

Q. 28 What is green house effect?

Ans: Carbon dioxide and water also behave in a similar way to radiations as glass or
polythene. Earth's atmosphere contains carbon dioxide and water vapours. It causes
greenhouse effect.
Q. 29 What is global warming?
Ans: Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise
of the planet's temperatures. It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels,
and farming. This phenomenon is known as global warming.
Q. 30 What is doubled walled glass vessel?
Ans: It consists of a double walled glass vessel with inner and outer walls coated
with silver. Radiation from the inner walls is reflected back into the contents of the
bottle. The outer wall similarly reflects back any incoming radiation.
Q. 31 How double walled glass vessel is used in thermos flask?
Ans: A thermos is a bottle with a double-walled container inside of it. The air
between the two walls is sucked out during construction, creating a vacuum. Instead
of containing some kind of heating element to keep hot things hot, a thermos is
designed to keep hot things hot by not allowing heat to escape.
Q. 32 Explain why a metal feels colder to touch than wood kept in a cold
place?
Ans: Metal is a thermal conductor and wood is non conductor (insulator). Metal feels
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colder on touching because heat flows rapidly to the metal, but when you touch the
wood heat transfers slowly from your hand to the wood. That‟s why a metal feels
colder to touch than wood kept in a cold place.
Q. 33 Why conduction of heat does not take place in gases?
Ans: Conduction of heat does not take place in gases because the molecular
arrangement in gases are very loosely packed so there is no place for the
conduction of heat whereas in the solids the molecular arrangement are tightly
packed in solids and slight tightly packed in liquids which enables the conductivity of
heat whereas this does not occur in gases.
Q. 34 Why transfer of heat in fluids takes place by convection?
Ans: Heat transfer in fluids generally takes place via convection.
Convection is the mode of transfer which occur mostly in liquid and gases. In this me
thod heat transfer take place within the body to other. Convection currents are set up
in the fluid because the hotter part of the fluid is not as dense as the cooler part, so
there is an upward movement of the hotter fluid, making it rise while the cooler,
denser fluid sinks. That is why heat is transferred in the fluids due to convection
process.
Q. 35 What is Potassium permanganate?
Ans: Potassium permanganate is a chemical compound. Its common name is
Condy's crystals. Potassium permanganate can help to treat both bacterial and
fungal skin infections such as athlete's foot.
Q. 36 Why Styrofoam boxes are used to keep food hot or ice cream cold for a
long time?
Ans: Styrofoam is a bad conductor of heat. It does not allow heat to leave or enter
the box easily. That‟s why styrofoam boxes are used to keep food hot or ice cream
cold for a long time.

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