Science,

Science,
Technology,
Technology,
and
and Society
Society
I. Science – kind of human activity is practiced by people known as scientist and
formerly called natural philosophers and savants. It is also a system of knowledge that
is concerned with the natural world.
a. Four common characteristic that identify as science
i. Focuses on natural world
ii. Goes through experiments
iii. Relies on evidence
iv. Passes through the scientific community
b. Technology – a kind of human cultural activity or endeavor which is practiced by
people called technologist which include engineers, craftsmen and machinists.
c. Society – an organized group of people associated as members of a community.
II. Types of Research
a. Fundamental/Basic Research – gaining new knowledge
b. Applied – practical application
c. Mission Oriented – accomplishing a particular mission or technological objective
III. Types of Technology
a. Material technology – extraction, fabrication, processing, combination, and
synthesis of materials.
b. Equipment technology – design and fabrication of tools, instruments, devices, and
machines.
c. Energy technology – deals with the distribution of various forms of energy such
as solar panels, wind turbines and hydrothermal.
d. Information technology – based on machines that collect, store, process, retrieve,
transmit, and utilize data or information
e. Life technology – these are devices, medicines, procedures and systems designed
to preserve repair, maintain, reproduce and improve living systems.
f. Management technology – planning, organization, coordination and control of
social activities
IV. Branches of Science
a. Geology
b. Chemistry
c. Physics
d. Biology
e. Astronomy
V. Classification of Technology
a. First wave technology (Agricultural Age) – comprising the pre industrial
technologies which are labor-intensive, small scale, decentralized and based on
empirical rather than scientific knowledge
b. Second wave technology – comprising the industrial technologies which were
developed since the time of industrial revolution until the end of World War II.
These are usually capital-intensive technologies and are essentially based on the
classical principles of classical physics, chemistry and biology.
c. Third wave technology
VI. Evolution of Societies
a. Hunter and Gatherer societies – most primitive of all societies
b. Shifting and farming – e.g., Slash and burn farming
c. Agricultural and Mining Societies – both depend on the natural resources of the
world to sustain the needs of people both entail the risk of environmental damage.
d. Manufacturing and Processing Societies – the use of coal marked the start of
industrialization
e. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies – production of synthetic food and other
resources and recycling of nonrenewable resources

I. Civilization
a. How does civilization start?
i. Started near streams of water
b. Different Civilizations
i. Sumerian
1. Cradle of the earliest known civilization
2. Region in southern Mesopotamia
3. Cuneiform
4. City of Uruk
5. Wheeled vehicle
6. Ziggurat
ii. Babylonian
1. Ancient region bordering Tigris and Euphrates rivers
2. Hanging Garden of Babylon
3. Walls of Babylon and Isthar Gate
iii. Egyptian
1. Geographically situated in the northeastern part of African
Continent, a desert country
2. Hieroglyphics
3. Papyrus
4. Wigs and make up
5. Pyramids
iv. Greek
1. Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe
2. Astrolabe
3. Parthenon
4. Greek Philosophers
5. Known as the birthplace of Greek Mythology
v. Roman
1. Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and
social entity
2. Cradle of politics and governance
 3. Newspaper – Gazettes
4. Roman Numeral
5. Pantheon and Colosseum
6. Chariot
vi. Chinese
1. Oldest civilization in Asia
2. Middle Kingdom; far East Asia
3. Silk Production
4. Great Wall of China
5. Apothecaries and Acupuncture
vii. Arabic
1. Rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia
2. Black powder
3. First guns
viii. Indus-Hindus
1. India – mainly the Northwestern regions of South Asia
2. Medicine and mathematics
3. Taj Mahal
ix. Persian Civilization
1. Iran
2. Sasanian coinage
3. Persian Royal Road
Intellectual Civilization
I. Medieval Times
a. 450 A.D. to 1450 A.D.
b. Generally known as the period history between ancient times and modern times
c. Divided between dark ages and high Middle Ages
d. Age of exploration
e. Start of Middle Ages was marked by massive invasions and migrations
II. Renaissance
a. 14th to 16th century
b. Period of rebirth
c. Cultural movement
d. Rediscovery of ancient text was accelerated after the fall of Constantinople in
1453
e. Technology for printing books was regarded as the most important invention that
facilitated dissemination of knowledge and new ideas
III. Scientific Revolution
a. Nicolaus Copernicus
i. Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy.
ii. In 1543, he published de revolutionibus orbium coelestium
iii. Commentariolus
b. Tyco Brahe
i. In 1500, he supported Copernicus in Heliocentric Theory
c. Johannes Kepler
i. After Brahe’s death, his assistant, Johannes Kepler used Copernicus’
heliocentric theory
ii. Planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, in contrary
with Ptolemy and Copernicus
iii. 3 basic laws of planetary motion
1. law of ellipses
2. law of equal areas
3. law of harmonies
d. Galileo Galilee
i. Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler
ii. Assembled the first telescope
iii. Observed four moons around Jupiter
iv. Discovered that objects fall at the same speed
e. Sir Isaac Newton
i. English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo
ii. Laws of Motion
f. Charles Darwin
1. Started medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge
2. Interested in natural history
3. Developed Theory of Evolution
a. Natural Selection
b. Variation and Adaption
i. Any heritable characteristic that increases an
organisms’ ability to survive and reproduce in its
environment is called an adaptation
c. Survival of the Fittest
i. Variability
ii. Inheritance
iii. Selective Pressures
iv. Fitness and survival of the fittest
g. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
i. Use and disuse of organs; causing gaining or losing organs
ii. These characteristics get passed
h. Thomas Malthus
i. In 1798, there are faster rate of being born than death
i. Sigmund Freud
i. Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with human mind
ii. Iceberg Theory
1. Conscious Mind – thoughts, present state of mind
 2. Preconscious Mind -
3. Unconscious Mind
iii. Structures of Personality
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION BUILDING
I. Pre-Colonial Period
a. Embedded in the way of life
b. Science
i. Planting crops
ii. Taking care of animals
iii. Food production
iv. Interpret heavenly bodies to predict weather and direction
c. Technology
i. Building houses
ii. Irrigations
iii. Developing tools
iv. Musical instrument
v. Metal Age Influence
1. Gold and silver jewelry
2. Trading with other countries
3. Indigenous or folk science
II. Colonial Period
a. Spaniards
i. Brought own culture
ii. Established schools
iii. Taught science
iv. Technology has developed tools and housing
v. Life became modernized
vi. Church influenced architecture
1. Galleon Trade
vii. Supplied by merchants largely from port areas of Fijian who traveled to
Manila the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory, processed silk cloth, and
other valuable commodities
b. American
i. More influence on science and technology
ii. Public schools
iii. Americanize the Filipinos
iv. Reorganized learning of science, nature studies, sanitation,
v. Health and Sanitation
1. Learned the values of cleanliness, hygiene, and healthy practices
 2. Established health centers, hospitals, and clinics,
vi. Built roads, streets, bridges
vii. Built infrastructures helped movement of products
viii. Boulevards, districts, roads
ix. World War II
1. The country has to rebuild itself
2. The human spirit was able to survive but they lack the material for
actual survival
III. Post-Colonial Period
a.
i. Strengthened the development of science and technology
ii. Established National Grains Authority
iii. PAGASA
iv. Philippine National Oil Company
v. National Academy of Science and Technology
vi. A
vii. Philippine Science High School
b. Corazon Aquino
i. DOST formerly known as National Science and Technology Authority
ii. Science and Technology Master Plan
c. Fidel Ramos
i. Doctors to Barrio Program
ii. Magna Carta for Science and Technology personnel
d. Joseph Estrada
i. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
ii. Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
e. Gloria Arroyo
i. Flipinnovation
ii. Biofuels
iii. STM curriculum
f. Benigno Aquino Jr
i. Project NOAH
ii. Diwata-1
IV. National Scientists
a. Ramon C. Barba
i. Inventor and horticulturist, inventing way to induce more flowers in
mango trees using Ethrel and Potassium Nitrate
b. Edgardo Gomez
i. Biologist who assessed the damage to coral reefs and pioneered giant clam
breeding
c. Gavino C. Trono
i. Father of Kappaphycus farming
ii. Seaweed biodiversity
 d. Angel Alcala
i. Biologist who promotes biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems in the
Philippines
e. Fe Del Mundo
i. Philippine Children Medical Center
f. Eduardo Quisumbing
i. Biologists, specifically plants
ii. Author of taxonomic and morphological papers, which deals with mainly
orchids
PHILOSOPHY
I. Definition
a. The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language
b. Technological pessimism
c. Technological optimism
II. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
a. German philosopher whose work is associated with phenomenology and
existentialism.
b. He begins “The Question Concerning Technology”
i. Technology is a means to an end
ii. Technology is a human activity
iii. Causa Materialis or the Material Cause (silver)
iv. Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause (form or shape)
v. Causa Finalis or the Final Cause (the purpose)
vi. Causa Efficiens of the Efficient Cause (silversmith)
III. Enframing: Way of Revealing in Modern Technology
a. Calculative thinking
i. One orders and puts a system to nature so it can be understood better and
controlled
b. Meditative thinking
i. One lets nature reveal itself to him/her without forcing it
HUMAN FLOURISHING
I. Selected views to technology
a. Aristotelianism
i. Technology is the organizing of techniques in order to need the demand
that is being posed by humans.
b. Jacques Ellul (1912-1994)
i. French philosopher
ii. Holds that technology is progressive and beneficial in many ways, it is
also doubtful in many ways.
 iii. Technological optimism believes that technology is the answer to all
man’s problems.
1. Technological Pessimism
a. Technological progress has a price
b. Technological progress creates more problems
c. Technological progress creates damaging effects
d. Technological progress creates unpredictable devastating
effects
II. Technological pessimism
a. This view is strongly supported by technologists and engineers and also by
ordinary people who believe that technology can alleviate all the difficulties and
provide solutions for problems that may come.
b. The extreme version of this philosophy is technocratism which holds technology
as the supreme authority on everything.
III. Existentialism
a. The main concern of this view is the existence or the mode of being of someone
or something which is governed by the norms of authenticity.
IV. Martin Heidegger (1889-1996) on science and technology
a. Examined two usual definitions of technology
i. End of human activity
ii. Instrumental and anthropological definition of technology or simply
means by which human ends are realized
b. Instrumental definition means view of technology from different periods of time
c. Even if technology is geared towards human needs, there are still differences
between handicraft technologies vs modern technology.
V. Aristotle’s four causes
a. Heidegger and four causes and illustrated it using a silver chalice
i. Causa Materialis or the Material Cause (silver)
ii. Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause (form or shape)
iii. Causa Finalis or the Final Cause (the purpose)
iv. Causa Efficiens of the Efficient Cause (silversmith)
THE GOOD LIFE
I. What is good life?
a. Wrong pursuits may lead to tragic consequences
b. Correct pursuits may lead to flourishing
II. Aristotelian View
a. Understandability of good is based on the what is good for the specific entity
b. All human activities aim at some good.
c. Eudamonia means good life
d. 4 Pillars of The Good Life
i. Health
ii. Wealth
 iii. Love
iv. Happiness
e. The Golden Rule:
i. Confucius: What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.
f. Materialism
i. Form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental
substance in nature.
g. Hedonism
i. School of thought that argues that the pursuit of pleasure and intrinsic
goods are the primary or most important goals of human life.
h. Stoicism
i. Another school of thought led by Epicurus
ii. Espoused the idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance
oneself and be apathetic
iii. The path to happiness for humans is found in the accepting this moment as
it presents itself, by not allowing ourselves to be controlled by our desire
for pleasure, or our fear of pain.
i. Theism
i. Belief in the existence of the Supreme Being or Deities
j. Humanism
i. Espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and legislate his
own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from that shackle of a God
that monitors and controls.
LIVING THE GOOD LIFE
I. Happiness
a. Happiness and man’s man own desire and needs commonly gives essence for
living a good life. In particularly, moral decency and goodness, authenticity,
mental health, self-fulfillments, and meaningfulness describes it. (Martin, 2012)
b. Every human being aspires to live a good life. Conversely, man’s idea of “good
life” differs in many dimensions. (Dotson, 2012)
II. Concepts of Being Good
a. “Good” is commonly used interchangeably with the term “right”.
b. The adjectives good and right are related in meaning, but are not synonyms.
i. It makes no sense to speak of a “right person” when we mean a “good
person”; or the right action as a meaning for good action. (Traer, 2007)
III. How can we differentiate the two terms then?
a. Taking the right action means correctly applying a norm, premise, presupposition,
rule, standard, or law. This explains that the term “right” reasons are being used to
justify the principle and its application.
i. Right Action
1. Duties
2. Rights
 b. Being good involves having the character and personal qualities that were
justified by reason as having moral worth. (Traer 2007)
c. Moral refers to an individual own principle regarding right and wrong.
IV. Aristotelean View
a. The understanding of the good is based on the idea of what is ----
b. The good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities.
c. He defines the good proper to human being as the activities in which the life
functions specific to human beings are most fully realized.
i. Being Good
1. Character
2. Relationships
d. Acting rightly means doing the right thing based on the voice of conscience,
otherwise, feeling of guilt, self-reproach, and remorse will be felt. It follows that a
person, as a human being, has his own consciousness, of function, survival, and
means of having the life he envisioned. Thus, considering the aspect of human
being nature, the term “good” denotes a more objective meaning of “a state or
way of being”.
V. The Good Life
a. Socrates
b. The unexamined life is not worth living for.
c. A (desirable) state that is primarily characterized by a high standard of living or
the adherence to ethical and moral laws. As such, the term can both be understood
as the quest for wealth, material possessions or luxuries and the quest to create a
worthwhile, honest and meaningful existence. (Steve Mueller, 2016)
d. He dealt more on how we live an “authentic life” rather dealing with the “good
life”. For Heidegger, living an authentic life means living with deep acceptance
on the facticity of “death” and resulting to a “life lived according to what it has
clearly decided as its meaning and purpose”. (Martin Heidegger)
VI. Can Technology Eventually Extinguish Humanity?
a. On the other hand, man's varied ethical foundations may also differentiate the idea
of good life. Some may define it through attaining pleasure (hedonism); others
may relate it to peace of mind through minimizing desires and passions (stoicism)
and some views are based on professing moderate pleasure, which for them,
“anything that is taken in excess is bad” (epicureanism). (Timbreza, 2013)
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
I. Quotation
a. “It has become appallingly obvious that technology has exceeded our humanity.”
– Albert Einstein.
II. Humanity
a. A virtue associated with basic ethics of altruism derived from human condition
b. The Future of Humanity (Nick Bostrom, 2009)
i. Extinction
 ii. Recurrent Collapse
iii. Plateau
iv. Post Humanity
c. Technology Trends
i. Biological Engineering and Bio-Economy
ii. Molecular Manufacturing and Self-replicating Systems
iii. Distributed Additive Manufacturing
iv. Artificial Intelligence Driven Automation
v. Neuromorphic Computing and Computing Beyond Turing Limit
vi. Quantum Computing and Control
vii. Nanosatellites and Space Exploration
viii. Internet to Brain Net
ix. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
x. Brain Mapping and Brain Uploading
WHY DOES THE FUTURE NOT NEED US?
I. Three possible scenarios for the near future
a. In the genetically enhanced intelligence or the prospect of living longer lives free
from genetic disease.
b. Advance in stem cell research might soon allow us to regenerate any tissue in the
body.
c. The widespread use of psychotropic drugs like Prozac and Ritalin that can make
everyone happy without the side effects of the drugs.
II. 21st Century Technologies
a. Genetic Engineering
i. It is the process by which an organism’s genetic material is altered or
manipulated so that the organism will have specific characteristics.
ii. Applied in numerous fields including research medicine, industrial
biotechnology and agriculture.
iii. Cloning, GMO, Gene Therapy
b. Robotics
i. In an interdisciplinary research area that are at the interface of computer
science and engineering. In involves the conception, design, manufacture,
and the operation of robots.
1. Types of robots
a. Pre-programmed Robots
i. Operate in a controlled environment
b. Humanoid Robots
i. Mimic human behavior
c. Autonomous Robots
i. Operate independently of human operators.
d. Teleoperated Robots
i. Mechanical bots
 c. Nanotechnology
i. The study and manipulation of atomic or molecular scale to improve or
even revolutionize many technology and industry sectors.
d. Artificial Intelligence
i. Refers to machines that respond to stimulation consistent with traditional
responds from human, given the capacity for contemplation, judgment,
and intention
III. Potential Risks to Society
a. Devaluation of humanity
b. Decrease in demand of human labor
c. High costs of creation
d. Ethical issues
e. Social isolation
f. Environmental Problems
INFORMATION AGE
I. Johannes Gutenberg
a. A German blacksmith and publish who was responsible for the shaping the nature
of the society
b. This is called the Gutenberg Principle
II. The Evolution Timeline
a. Pre-Industrial Age
b. Industrial Age
c. Electronic Age
d. Information Age
III. The Pre-Gutenberg World
a. In early times, books were created manually by hand. They were transcribed
through clay, papyrus wax and parchment.
b. In 1440, the first printing press were built through Johannes Gutenberg which
heralded the start of mass communication.
IV. The Gutenberg Revolution
a. The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of
knowledge
b. Gutenberg Revolution is a term used to express the democratizing effects of the
invention of the printing press among society.
V. The Post-Gutenberg World
a. In 1920, the radio broadcasting was introduced
b. In 1970, the Information Age accelerated global communication.
i. Microprocessor began
c. In the early times of the internet, it still follows Gutenberg Principle
VI. Electronic Age (1930 to 1980)
a. Transistor
 b. According to Stacy (2008), the development of internet in our world, changed 2
major expansions: First, uploading and downloading of different forms of media,
such as image, videos, and audios were now possible through internet access.
Second, spreading and publishing of information were now much east because of
different tools.
VII. Information Age
a. There are three distinct historical periods for this revolution of information
technology
i. The first modern information revolution began in the mid-nineteenth
century and includes telegraph, telephone, and radio
ii. The second modern information revolution followed the first one and
extended until the mid-20th century and includes television, early
generation computers, and satellites.
iii. The third modern information revolution probably began in the 1980’s and
has surpassed the two other revolutions.
b. Early Developments of Information Age
i. Portable Computer (1980) laptops
ii. Tablets (1993) – used as a medium for communication, can store and
spread information efficient
iii. Smartphones (1994)
VIII. Social Media and Its Impact to The Society
a. According to Brown (2018), among the three billion people around the world,
40% uses social media. Social media users spend an average of two hours
everyday tweeting or liking posts in different platforms.
b. According to Merriam-Webster (2016), social media is defined as a form of
electronic communication wherein the users share information, ideas, and even
videos by creating online communities.
c. Mark Schaefer (2011), an author, blogger, and social media marketing consultant
cited a summary in his blog how the world has changed because of social media.
d. Social media made the society less individualistic and traditional groups more
reinforced.
e. In education, including informal learning, social media served as an important
catalyst.
f. Selfie shared in social media send different messages worldwide.
g. In the world of social media, online equality is different from online equality.
h. Not the company, but the people who uses social media define its functionality.
i. The public social media can be viewed as traditionalist or conservative.
j. Posted photos and use of emojis in social media has shifted human
communication.
k. The world became less homogeneous because of social media
l. Personal commerce has been greatly promoted with the help of social media.
m. Group communication arise because of social media.
n. Social media, for some, served as their online homes.
 o. Gender Relations has been profoundly affected by social media.
p. Human conversation and relationships are now polymedia.
q. Memes in social media served as mor al police that has set the standards of
normal behavior among the general public.
r. Social media is a privacy threat, but not for the non-users.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
I. Definition
a. Nano – as a unit of measurement of length, is an analogous entity like meter
b. The study and manipulation of matter in an atomic or subatomic scale
II. Norio Taniguchi
a. He is a professor a Tokyo Science University
b. He coined the term at the international conference on industrial production in
1974 to describe work on semiconductor processes
III. Timescale of Nanotechnology
a. Ancient Egyptians
i. Fermentation
ii. Nanoparticles of galenite (lead sulfide)
b. Ancient Rome
i. Licurgus Cup
1. 4th Century AD
2. British Heritage
3. Possesses unusual optical properties (bowl is green in natural light
and re if illuminated from within)
c. Middle Ages
i. Stained Glass Windows
1. Have been admired in Europe because of close to perfection
IV. Nanotechnology in the Philippines
a. Through the effort of Department of Science and Technology-Industrial
Technology and Development Institute
b. Can provide solutions to these basic needs in rural areas
i. Cheaper and readily accessible solar cells based on quantum dots
ii. Clean water using nano-catalysts or nano-porous membranes that will
filter off impurities
iii. Enhanced agricultural productivity assisted by nanotech
iv. Medical care using portable medical diagnostic kits using nanotech
v. Advances in ICT in computations and telecommunications
c. Nanotechnology Projects
i. Solar Cells
ii. ICT and semiconductors
iii. Agriculture
iv. Food
v. Environment
 1. Ex. Water purification by nano-filters for treating heavy metal
contaminated water

INFORMATION AGE
I. Definition
a. Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age
b. A historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from
traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through
industrialization, to an economy based on information technology.
II. Evolution of Traditional to New Media
a. Pre-Industrial Age (before 1700s)
i. About 2.5 million years before writing was developed, technology began
with the earliest hominids who used stone tools, which they may have
used to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead.
ii. Inventions
1. Cave Paintings (35,000 BC)
2. Clay Tablets (2400 BC)
b. Industrial Age (1700s to 1930s)
i. The Industrial Age is a period of history that encompasses the changes in
economic and social organization that began around 1760 in Great Britain
and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of
hand tools with power-driven machines such as the power loom and the
steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.
ii. Inventions
1. Typewriter (1800)
2. Telephone (1876)
3. Telegraph
4. Punch cards
5. Mechanical Calculator
6. The Babbage Engine
c. Electronic Age (1930s to 1980s)
i. The electronic age began when electronic equipment and large
technologies, including computers came into use.
ii. The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People
harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance
communication became more efficient.
iii. Inventions
1. 1st programmable digital computer ENIAC
2. 1st electronic digital computer
3. Electromechanical computer
 4. Transistor
5. Transistor radio
6. Television (1941)
7. 1st IC (1958)
8. UNIVAC commercial computer
9. 1st computer game – spacewar
10. ARPANET – the first internet
11. Microprocessor
12. Floppy disk
13. 1st video game
14. 1st microcomputer
15. Apple 1 computer
16. Apple Macintosh
17. Laser Printer
18. World’s First Browser
d. Information Age (1900s to 2000s)
i. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of
personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover,
voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the
information age.
ii. Inventions
1. Portable Computers
a. Laptop (1980)
b. Smartphones
c. Tablets (1993) – use as medium for communication, can
store and spread information efficiently
d. Wordpress (2003)
e. Skype (2003)
f. Friendster
g. Google
h. Facebook
i. Twitter
j. Youtube
BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTH
I. Biodiversity
a. Definition
i. Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth and the essential
interdependence of all living things.
ii. Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million species. Tens of
millions -- remain unknown
b. Importance
i. It supports healthy ecosystems.
 ii. It is an essential part of the solution to climate change
iii. It is good for the economy.
iv. It is an integral part of culture and identity.
v. It provides raw materials like lumber, food, medicine etc.
c. What can we get from biodiversity?
i. Oxygen
ii. Food
iii. Clean Water
iv. Medicine
v. Aesthetics
vi. Ideas
d. Three (3) types of biodiversity
i. Species diversity
1. Refers to the variety of different types of species found in a
particular area
ii. Genetic diversity
1. Refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the
organisms.
iii. Ecological diversity
1. Refers to the variety of different types of species found in a
particular area.
II. Ecosystem
a. Definition
i. A self-contained community of micro-organisms animals and plants,
that interact with each other and with their physical environment.
ii. Habitat
1. A place in which particular species of organism lives
III. Threat to biodiversity
a. Habitat destruction
b. Pollution
c. Species Introductions
d. Global Climate Change
e. Exploitation
IV. Extinction
a. Refers to the termination of a species caused by habitat destruction,
introduction of non-native species, over-exploitation, pollution or even
climate change.
V. Endangered vs Threatened
VI. List of Extinct Animals of the Philippines
a. Elephas sp.
b. Elephas maximus
c. Stegodon luzonensis
d. Panthera tigris sp.
 e. Rhinoceros philippinensis
f. Sus cebifrons cebifrons
g. Bubalus cebuensis
h. Megalochelys sondaari
i. Bubalus sondaari
j. Cuon alpinus
THE NANO WORLD
I. Definition
a. The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.
b. It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain extent
Biology.
c. It deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control
of matter or nanoscale.
d. It placed the footprints in the field of energy, medicine, electronics, computing,
security and materials.
e. Nanoscience
i. Definition
1. The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic,
molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale.
f. Nanotechnology
i. Definition
1. The design, characterization, production and application of
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at
nanometer scale.
2. Norio Taniguichi of Tokyo Science University coined the term
nanotechnology to describe semiconductor processes such as thin-
film deposition that deal with control on the order of nanometers.
3. Different approaches to nanotechnology
a. Nanotechnologies can be:
i. Top-down
1. Etching a block of material down to the
desired shape
2. Chips and processors
ii. Bottom-up
1. Building materials atom by atom - like
lego
2. Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon
nanotubes, quantum dots
4. Advantages of Nanotechnology
a. Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before they
reach their target
 b. Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into the
cancerous cells themselves.
c. Allows for better control over the timing and distribution of
drugs to the tissue, making it easier for oncologists to
assess how well they work.
d. Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells , thus
avoiding side effects.
5. Potentials risks
a. Adverse health effects in humans from deliberate or
accidental exposure
b. Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate or
accidental exposure
c. Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures
6. Risk Assessment Problems
a. Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment
b. Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the
environment (dispersed/clumped)
c. Small size may result in particles passing into the body
more easily (inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
d. May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio
e. Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
f. Persistence - Longevity of particles in the environment and
body are unknown
g. Nano
i. Definition
1. Nano can refer to technologies, materials, particles, objects – we
are focusing on nanomaterials as these are already being used in
workplaces more widely
2. A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick; a human hair
is around 80,000-100,000 nanometers wide
3. Nanometer scale (1 μm = 1000 nm) – viruses and DNA
4. Nanostructures
a. Nanoparticles
i. Fullerenes
1. Example
a. Carbon nanotubes
b. Buckyballs
ii. Non-carbon nano
iii. Nanowires
iv. Biopolymers
v. Dendrimers
b. Application
i. Catalysts
 1. Envirox™ cerium oxide
ii. Nano remediation
1. SAMMS technology to remove
2. mercury
iii. Paper
1. photographic paper
iv. Filters
1. nanofibers
v. Toothpaste
1. to re-mineralize teeth
vi. Food
1. packaging
vii. Paint
1. improved adhesion and anti-fungal
qualities/anti-graffiti
viii. Clothes
1. non-staining and anti-radiation
ix. Batteries
1. (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal
technology
x. Cleaning products

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING

I. The Greenhouse Effect
a. Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
b. Natural greenhouse gases
c. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
i. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – 81%
ii. Methane (CH4) – 10%
iii. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) – 7%
iv. Fluorinated Gases – 3%
d. Sources
i. Electrical Consumption
ii. Industry
iii. Agriculture
iv. Transformation
v. Commercial and Residential
vi. Land use and Forestry
II. Roles of Ocean in Climate Change
a. Absorb Co2
b. CO2 solubility decreases with increasing temperature
III. Effects of A Projected Climate Change
a. Increased drought
b. Flooding
c. Rising sea levels
d. Rapid projected temperature increase
e. 2 C inevitable
f. 4 C possible
g. Effects will last for at least 1,000 years
IV. What can we do to slow down climate change?
a. Reduce greenhouse gases emissions
b. Rely on renewable energy resources