CIVIL ENGINEERING

DRAWING

A.K. PURWAR
B. Tech. (Civil Engineering)
M. Tech. (Environmental Engineering)

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY

Vayu Education of India

2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002
Civil Engineering Drawing

Copyright © Vayu Education of India

ISBN: 978-93-83137-91-6

Edition: 2013

120/-

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Published by:

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY

VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA
2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002
Ph.: 91-11-43526600, 41564445
Fax: 91-11-41564440
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
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Table of ConTenTs
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Chapter 1: Terms Used in Drawing as per NBC 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Components of a Building 1
1.2.1 Some Technical Terms 3
1.3 Foundation 4
1.3.1 Types of Foundation 4
1.3.2 Design of Wall Footing 5
1.3.3 Depth of Concrete Block 5
1.4 Open space, Building requirements and Minimum dimensions 7
1.4.1 Drawing Instruments and Equipments 8
1.5 Drawing Board 9
1.6 Drawing Sheets 10
1.6.1 Tracing Paper and Tracing Cloth 11
1.6.2 Drawing Pins, Cello Tape and Clips 11
Exercises 13

Chapter 2: Planning 14
2.1 Basic Principles of Building Planing 14
2.1.1 Building Planning 15
2.1.2 Significance of Building Planning 16
2.1.3 Scope of Building Planning 16
2.2 Design of Building 17
2.2.1 Arrangements of Rooms, their Position and Purposes 18
(vii) Table of Contents

2.3 Object of Drawing in Building Project 23

2.3.1 Design of Building 24
Exercises 24

Chapter 3: Drafting and Detailing 25

3.1 General 25
3.2 Civil Engineering Symbols 27
3.2.1 Electrical Engineering Symbols 29
3.2.2 Elevation of Flush Door & Steel Roof Truss 31
3.3 Louvered Doors 33
3.4 Roof Covering Materials 35
3.5 Asbestos Cement Sheets 40
3.6 Galvanized Iron sheets 41
3.6.1 Design of Building 41
Exercises 42

Chapter 4: Building Drawings-I 43

4.1 Design of Building 43
4.1.1 Drawing Line Plans for Residential and Public Buildings 85
4.2 Line Plans for Public Buildings 88
4.3 Building for Education 89
4.4 Elevation 101
4.5 Site Plan 103
4.6 Location Plan 104
4.7 Foundation Plan 104
4.8 Set of Drawings 106
Exercises 115

Chapter 5: Building Drawings-II 116

5.1 Double Stroke Lettering 121
5.2 Spacing of Lettering 122
5.3 Lettering by Stencils 122
5.4 Pitched Roofing 123
Exercises 143
Index 144-145
CHAPTER 1

Terms Used in Drawing

as per NBC

FOUNDATION AND FLOORING

1.1 Introduction
Every structure consists of two parts i.e. foundation and superstructure. Foundation
distribute the load of super structure and prevents the lateral movement of the support-
ing materials. In this way it provides stability to the structure against many disturbing
forces i.e. wind, rain and earthquake etc.

1.2 Components of a Building

A building, whether residential or non-residential, can be broadly divided into
two parts i.e. sub-structure and super-structure. The part of a building below the
ground level is called sub-structure where as above the ground level is called super-
structure.
The main components of a building are as under:
(i) Foundation (ii) Plinth
(iii) Walls (iv) (a) Pier (b) Columns
(v) Floors (vi) Doors, windows and ventilators.
(vii) Roof (viii) Stairs
(ix) Building finishes (x) Building services
(i) Foundation: The lowest part of a structure below the ground level is called
Foundation. Foundation provides a base for the super-structure and transmits
all the dead, live and other types of loads to the soil on which the structure
rests.
(ii) Plinth: Tne part of the building above the ground level and the floor
immediately above the ground is called Plinth.
The purpose of the plinth is to stop the entry of rain water from ground level
in to the building.
(iii) Walls: An enclosure or a division of floor space in desired pattern to act as
partitions for providing security, privacy and to give protection against sun,
rain and other adverse effects of weathering agencies are called Walls.
2 Civil Engineering Drawing

Walls are constructed of materials like bricks, stone, concrete blocks etc.
(iv) (a) Pier: A vertical load bearing member similar to a column but bonded into
load bearing wall at the sides to form an integral part extending upto full
height of the wall is called an Pier.
Pier resists lateral pressure without buckling and also strengthens the wall
and also increases the stiffness of wall.
A door mainly consists of two components.
(b) Column: An isolated vertical load bearing member whose width is neither
less than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness is called an column.
(v) Floor: A horizontal flat supporting element of a building is called a Floor.
It also divides a building into different levels. Floor provides firm dry platform
to the people.
It is used to place items like furniture and house hold or other equipments.
A floor consists of two parts:
(a) Sub Floor: The structural component of floor which supports all loads is
called Sub-floor.
(b) Flooring: A covering layer of required specifications provided over sub floor
to serve as finishing layer is called Flooring.
Flooring can be of tiles, cement concrete, terrazzo marble etc.
(vi) Doors, Windows, and Ventilators: A barrier provided in an opening in a
wall to provide means of access to a building is called a Door. It may be of
glass, wood, aluminium, or of other material.
(a) Door Frame: A frame permanently held in position and fixed to the
sides of its masonry of the wall opening with help of hold fasts is called
a door frame.
(b) Door Shutter: The moving part of the door provided inside the door
frame is called door shutter. An opening left in a wall for providing
sunlight, ventilation and vision is called a Window.
Window has also a frame and one or more shutters.
An opening provided below and near the main roof for the purpose
ventilation is called Ventilator.
(vii) Roof: An uppermost component of a building which mainly covers the space
below it and acts a protection from rain, snow and sun is called a Roof
Genally, roof consists of following two components:
(a) Roof Decking: The structural component of a roof which supports the roof
covering is called Roof Decking.
The structural component or roof decking in flat roof is slab, for sloping or
Pitched roof and for curved roof is shell or done.
Terms Used in Drawing as per NBC 3

(b) Roof Covering: A layer of varying thickness of different materials like; lime
tile sloping concrete, mud phuska for flat roof and GI Sheets, A.C. sheets,
tiles, slates etc. for sloping roof is called Roof Covering.
In case of flat roofs the roof covering is termed as terracing, which serves the
purpose of providing slopes on the roof for roof drainage of rain water and as
insulation layer for thermal comfort to the user.
(viii) Stair: A structure consisting of a number of steps provided for movement
from one floor to another or connecting one floor to another is called a Stair.
The construction of it should be safe comfortahle for the users. Materials for
stairs can be timber, bricks, reinforced cement concrete, stone or steel etc.
(ix) Building Finishes: Giving appropriate treatment to the surface of components
of a building is called Building Finishes.
Building finishes protect the surface of a building from the adverse effects of
weathering agencies and also it gives decorative effect to the building.
Plastering, pointing, colour washing, white washing, painting, varnishing and
distempering are some of the main building finishes.
(x) Building Services: Water supply, sanitary, electricity, drainage, ventilation,
lighting, heating, acoustics, air conditioning, fire detection and control etc.
are called building services.

1.2.1 Some Technical Terms

Following are some of the technical terms used in planning of a building:
(i) Basement or Cellar: A storey of a building fully or partly below ground
level is called a Basement or Cellar.
(ii) Building Line: The plinth line of a building which may be lawfully extend
upto adjoining a street or extension of street is called Building Line.
(iii) Balcony: Genrally a passage or sitting place in the form of a horizontal
cantilever projection including hand rail is called a Balcony.
(iv) Barsati: A room on the top floor of a building is called a Barsati.
(ix) Stair Cover or Mumti: A structural enclosure with roof covering provided
over a staircase and its landing is called a Mumti or Stair Cover.
(v) Courtyard: An open to sky space enclosed fully or partially by a building is
called a Courtyard.
(vi) Sunshade or Chhajja: An horizontal or inclined structure overhang generally
provided over openings on external walls for the purpose of protection from
rain and sun is called a Chhajja or Sunshade.
(vii) Gallery: An inter-mediate floor projection from a wall of a hall or auditorium
providing extra floor area is called a Gallery.
4 Civil Engineering Drawing

(viii) Front: The portion of a building facing the street from which it has access is
called Front.
(x) Loft. An intermediate floor area created by putting a slab between floor and
ceiling of a room or passage or store is called a Loft. Loft should have maximum
clear height of 1.5 metre and may be used for storage purpose only.
(xi) Porch: A vehicular approach of a building, covered and supported on pillars
or otherwise is called a Porch.
(xii) Mezzanine Floor: An intermediate floor between two floors above ground
floor, having atleast one side as an integral of space floor below is called a
Mezzanine Floor.
(xiii) Ceiling: The underside of roof is called Ceiling.
(xiv) Room Height: Vertical clear height or distance from finished floor surface to
ceiling of a room is called Room Height.
(xv) Service Road or Service Lane: A road or lane provided at the back side of a
Plot or building for service purposes is called a Service Road or Surface
Lane.

1.3 Foundation
The lowest part of structure which is provided below the ground surface and transmits
the load of structure to the ground and to provide a levelled surface.

1.3.1 Types of Foundation

The following are the different types of foundations–
1. Spread foundations
2. Pile foundations
3. Pier foundations
Spread foundations are further classified as–
1. Wall footing
2. Isolated or column footing
3. Combined footing
4. Cantilever footing
5. Continuous footing
6. Grillage footing
7. Raft or Mat footing
8. Stepped foundation
Wall footing: When the width of foundation is more than the wall width it is
economical make the brick flooring stepped over a level concrete bed and simple footing
are provided to carry light loads and have only one projection outside the width of wall
on both sides. Depth of concrete is atleast twice the projections and projection provided
in the footing is 15 cm.
Terms Used in Drawing as per NBC 5

1.3.2 Design of Wall Footing

1. Width of footing: It is obtained by dividing the total load including dead
load, live load and wind load by the allowable bearing capacity of soil.
T
B=
P
B = Width of footing in metre
T = Total load per meter run in kg
P = Safe bearing capacity of soil in kg/m2
2. Depth of footing: The minimum depth of footing is given by Rankine’s
formula is

P
D=
W
P= Safe bearing capacity of soil in kg/m2
W= unit wt. of soil in kg/m3
I= Angle of repose of soil in degrees
D= Minimum depth of footing in metre

By Thumb Rule method

Depth of foundation is generally taken as 3-times the thickness of wall i.e. 3T.

1.3.3 Depth of Concrete Block

5
By thumb rule, the thickness of concrete block may be taken as T . For single storey
6
walls it is taken as 300 mm where T = thickness of wall fig 1.1 (a) shows a foundation
with Plinth Projection as per thumb rule.
Table 1: Angle of Repose of Various Soils
S.No. Kind of Soil Angle of Repose in Degree
1. Loose earth 30 to 45
2. Dry sand 25 to 35
3. Wet sand 15 to 30
4. Moist sand 30 to 45
5. Dry clay 25 to 30
6. Damp or well drained clay 30 to 45
7. Gravel and sand 25 to 30
8. Wet clay 15 to 20
6 Civil Engineering Drawing

Table 2 : Modulus of Rupture of Various Grades of Concrete Mix

S.No. Grades of Concrete Mix kg/mm2 N/mm2

1. Pure lime and surkhi concrete 1.55 0.155

(1 mortar: 3 stone Ballast)
2. Moderately hydraulic lime and sand concrete 1.55 0.155
(1 mortar : 3 stone Ballast)
3. 1 : 4 : 8 Plain cement concrete 2.46 0.246
4. 1: 3 : 6 Plain cement concrete (M1O) 3.52 0.352
5. 1: 2 : 4 Plain cement concrete (M15) 5.27 0.527

Fig. 1.1(a): Foundation with Plinth Projection

Terms Used in Drawing as per NBC 7

Thickness, Depth of foundation and Depth of Concrete block by Thumo Rule

method:
Table 3
Thickness of Wall Depth of foundation Depth of concrete block
= T (mm) = 3T (mm) = T (mm)
200 600 200
300 900 300
400 1200 400
500 1500 500
600 1800 600

1.4 Open space, Building requirements and Minimum dimensions

If the square plots are not conveninetn, then rectangular plots should be formed in the
ratio 2 : 1 for small plot and 1½ : 1 for bigger plots. For residential building the covered
area should be as given below:

Size of Plot Covered Area Space left in metres

Front Rear Sides
Plot less than 66% of sides area 3.00 3.60 1.50
200 sqm

Plot 201 to 500 sqm 50% of site area or 4.50 6.00 2.00
150 sqm whichever
is more

Plot 501 to 40% of site area or 6.00 7.50 3.00

1000 sqm 250 sqm whichever
is more

Plot more than 33% of the site area 9.00 7.50 3.00
1000 sqm or 400 sqm whichever
is more
For Designing Area
Total cost
Total plinth area A = Plinth area rate of locality
Floor area of room and verandah = (A – A/5A)
8 Civil Engineering Drawing

APPROXIMATE AREA, CUBIC SPACE, VERANDAH AREA FOR VARIOUS

TYPES OF BUILDING

Types of Building Floor Area in Cubic space in Verandah Area in

sqm/head cum/head Percentage of Plinth
Area of Building

1. Office Building 2.5 to 3.0 12 to 15 25 to 35

2. School Building 1.0 to 2.0 4.0 10 to 20

3. Hospital Building 8.0 to 10.0 28.5 25 to 35

4. Factory Building 2.5 to 3.0 9 to 11.5 –––

5. Residential 2.5 to 3.0 8.5 10 to 20

Building
Planning Institution/School Building: The planning of Institution/School Building
should be done in such a way, as to get maximum useful area. The floor area may be
taken as 55% to 70% of the plinth area. The room should be arranged on both sides of
the corridor i.e., class-rooms may be provided on one side and laboratories on the other
side of the corridor.

1.4.1 Drawing Instruments and Equipments

The drawings are prepared by the help of various instruments and equipment. These
instruments should be of best quality and accurace as the quality of drawing mainly
depends upon these instruments. Following is the list of drawing instruments and equip-
ments commonly used in the drawing office.

List of Drawing Instruments and Equipments

1. Drawings Board with Tee-square
2. Set Square
3. Drafting Machine/Mini Drafter
4. Set of Engineering Scales
5. Protractor
6. French Curves
7. Drawing Sheets
8. Drawing Pins
9. Cello Tape
10. Tracing Cloth/Tracing Paper
11. Rubber
Terms Used in Drawing as per NBC 9

12. Clinograph
13. Pentagraph
14. Sand paper block
15. Pencil and Pencil Sharpener.
16. Drawing ink
17. Stencil Sets with pens
18. Instrument Box containing large and small size compasses with
interchangeable pencil and pen legs with lengthening arms, large and small
size divider, small bow pen, small bow divider, inking pen, screw divider.
19. Beam compass.
20. Tracing Tables.
21. PC-At for AutoCad with plotter and Dot-Matrix printer (for drawing in
computers).

1.5 Drawing Board

Drawing board is made of well seasoned soft wood. It has a smooth surface at top and
back side is frixed with two battens. On one side of the board a straight ebony edge is
fixed in the groove made for it. The stock of T-square slides on the this ebony side. It is
called the working edge of the board. The standard size of the drawing boards as per
I.S. 962-1967 are given as under:

S. No. Designation Size in mm

1. B0 1500 × 1000
2. B1 1000 × 700
3. B2 700 × 500
4. B3 500 × 350
Fig. 1.2 Shows a drawing board
10 Civil Engineering Drawing

Fig. 1.2
Tee-square: A Tee-square is shown in Fig. 1.2. The name Tee is given to it because
it resembles with the English Word ‘T’. It is made of well seasoned wood or metal. It
consists of a stock and a blade connected rigidly and angle between working edge and
blade is strictly kept as 90°. It slides on the board up and down and is used to draw
horizontal parallel lines.
Set-square: These are made from thick transparent plastic sheets. These are used
to draw angles of 30°, 60°, 45°, 90°. These are in the shape of triangles of 30°-60°, and
45°-45°. These are also used for drawing vertical parallel lines. (Fig. 1.2)
Mini Drafter: A mini drafter is shown in Fig. 1.2. It is fixed on the upper edge of
the board. It is combination of Tee-square, set squares, protractor and scales. Horizontal
and vertical lines are drawn with scales fitted to it. Angles are drawn by the protractor
fitted with the scales. It increases the efficiency of the drawing. Hence it is becoming
more and more popular.
Set of Scales: These scales are made of wood, plastic or metals and are available
in various sizes and shapes. But commonly used are 30 cm long flat plastic scales with
clear markings and bevelled edges.
Protractor: This is also made of transparent plastic sheet of full or half round
shape. These are used for measuring angles. It has marking upto 0.5°.
French Curves: These are used for drawing curves by joining various points.
These are also made of transparent plastic sheets. These are of various sizes and shapes.
These are available in set of various shapel Fig. 1.2.

1.6 Drawing Sheets

Drawing sheets to be used should be pure white or any other colour with uniform
thickness It should be tough and strong. No impression should be left if some line is
Terms Used in Drawing as per NBC 11

rubbed off with eraser. It should produce good drawings. Generally card board sheets
having 30.5 kg per ream weight are used for drawing purposes. Thes drawing sheets
are available in standard sizes. As per IS : 962-1967 the following are the sizes of
drawing sheets:
S.No. Designation Trimmed sizes Untrimmed sizes
in mm in mm

1 A0 841 × 1149 880 × 1230

2 A1 594 × 841 625 × 880

3 A2 420 × 594 450 × 625

4 A3 297 × 420 330 × 450

5 A4 210 × 297 240 × 330

6 A5 148 × 210 165 × 240

1.6.1 Tracing Paper and Tracing Cloth

When it is desired to make out ferro or ammonia prints of a drawing, it is prepared on
the tracing paper or tracing cloth. Tracing paper/cloth is transparent paper/cloth of best
quality. In almost all the drawing offices, the drawings are prepared on the tracing
papers in pencil. Main headings and titles are made in ink. When pennanent record of
drawings is required to be kept, these are prepared on tracing cloth in ink only. Ferro or
Ammonia prints are then made from these drawings. Tracing paper/cloth is available
in 100 cm width of rolls of various lengths.

1.6.2 Drawing Pins, Cello Tape and Clips

All the above three materials are used to fix the drawing sheets/tracing sheets in posi-
tion for making drawings. The pins are least used nowadays because these make holes
in the drawing board which spoil the drawings. As such cello-tapes are most com-
monly used for the purpose.
Pentagraph: It is used for enlarging and reducing the drawings. It has been
described in survey part of this book.
Clinograph: As shown in Fig. 1.2, it is used for drawing parallel lines at any
angle. It is used with T-square and set squares.
Rubber Eraser: A good quality eraser rubber is used for erasing pencil work if
required. It should not leave any impression on the sheet.
Pencil: Pencils are available in various grades with respect to the hardness of lead.
So as such pencils may be hard, soft, or medium. Soft pencils are graded as B, 2B, 3B,
4B, 5B, 6B, 7B and are used for art work medium pencils are graded as HB, F, H, 2H,
3H and are used for drawing work and tracing work. Hard pencils are further divided
Civil Engineering Drawing By A.K. Purwar

Publisher : Vayu Education ISBN : 9789383137916 Author : A.K. Purwar

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