Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Sources  cie endorsed books, website and past papers and Al—Chemist  Faiz Ul Hassan
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*The remaining 12 marks will be allocated across the skills in this grid, and their allocation may vary from
session to session.
Tip You should read a burette to the nearest 0.05 cm3, in other words halfway
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between two of the smallest divisions. You cannot estimate more precisely than this because the smallest
drop a burette can deliver is approximately 0.05 cm3. A common mistake students make is in calculating the
average burette reading used in a titration. This cannot have a greater degree of accuracy than the burette can
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produce. Therefore, the average burette reading has to end in .00 cm3 or .05 cm3 Anything else is wrong and
will be penalised.
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In a titration you need to carry out sufficient repeat titres to establish the ‘correct’ end point. For a titration
with a sharp end point this should be within 0.10 cm3.
Tip Once you have established the approximate end point, say 22.60 cm3, for the accurate titrations, you can
run in 20 cm3, swirling the mixture, before adding a few drops at a time. This will save time. It is important

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

that you always try to pick the same point for determining the end point. If it is a potassium manganate(VII)
titration this is when the mixture just has a permanent pale pink colour. If it is an acid–base titration, the end
point is when the indicator just remains in its acid state on swirling.
Tip Do not add more than two or three drops of indicator unless instructed otherwise. Using more indicator
does not give a more precise end point because all of the indicator has to change to its acid form.
If you are asked to perform a kinetics experiment, read carefully through the instructions before you start.
Make sure that you have everything ready before you start the reaction -reagents measured out, stopwatch
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ready, thermometer in place (if relevant). Being organised is the best way to get good results and to avoid
wasting time.
Tip In a kinetics experiment, if you are adding a quantity of one reagent to another, make sure that you start
the stopwatch at the same point each time. This could be halfway through adding the reagent, or at the point
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when the last of the reagent has been added.

If you are carrying out an enthalpy of reaction experiment you will probably be asked to measure the
temperature of the reaction mixture every 30 seconds or every minute. It is important that you are organised
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and ready to do so.

Tip Stir the mixture continuously with the thermometer to make sure that you are measuring the temperature
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of the whole mixture (this is particularly important if the mixture contains a solid). Get ready by checking
the position of the mercury in the thermometer as you are coming up to the next timed reading.
Observations
In most examinations one specific question involves making careful observations, recording them and then
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drawing conclusions from these observations. If you are to score good marks on this question it is vital that
you make good observations and record these accurately.
To make sure your observations are correct you must be certain that you follow the instructions completely.
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Tip Examples where students make errors include the following:

●● adding excess reagent when told to add a few drops followed by an excess — this often means that an
observation which carries marks is missed
●● adding reagents in the wrong sequence — this can mean that changes which should be observed do not
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happen
●● using too much of the ‘unknown’ or too much reagent — this can mask observations
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●● using a solid ‘unknown’ rather than a solution of the substance —observations may be different or
masked
●● failing to test for a gas produced (lighted splint, glowing splint, indicator paper, smell) — marks will be
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lost because of observations missed

Presentation of data and observations
It is important that, having carried out a practical task, the results are recorded systematically and logically.
In some cases, such as observational exercises, there may be a table printed on the exam paper for you to fill
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in. In other exercises, such as titrations, you may need to draw your own table for the data.
You may also be asked to draw a graph to display the results of an experiment. Here are some tips on what
is needed to score high marks when drawing a graph.
Tip There are a number of key features on a graph that examiners look for:
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●● a title describing what the graph represents

●● both axes labelled, including the correct units
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●● the independent variable plotted on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis
●● use of a sharp pencil for plotting the points and sketching the graph
●● a sensible scale chosen to make the most of the graph paper (at least half in both dimensions)
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●● drawing a line of best fit for data that vary continuously

●● identifying anomalous results (outliers) and not giving these undue weight

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

The diagram below shows how to draw a ‘line of best fit’. The line is placed so that points are equidistant
from the line with equal numbers of points on each side.
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The diagram below shows what is meant by an ‘outlier’ — a result which, for some reason, is clearly not
part of the data set we want to use.
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When an experiment produces qualitative data, it is just as important to represent the data accurately.
Accurate recording of what happened at different stages of an experiment — for example when a few drops
of reagent were added, when more reagent was added and when the reagent was present in an excess — will
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help you
explain what is happening and score the available marks.
Try to use accurate and unambiguous language when describing colours or colour changes. Make sure that it
is clear whether you are referring to a solution or a precipitate in the solution.
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Tip The words you use must be clear to the examiner as well as to yourself.
●● Do not use words such as ‘see-through’ or ‘transparent’ when you mean ‘colourless’. It is perfectly
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possible to ‘see through’ potassium chromate(VI) solution but it is not colourless, and copper(II) sulfate
solution is ‘transparent’, but it is not colourless.
●● Try to be as precise as possible about colours. A simple word like ‘blue’ is rarely enough to describe
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colour changes such as those that take place when aqueous ammonia is progressively added to a solution of
copper(II) ions.

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

●● If a gas is given off remember that the observation is that ‘bubbles are produced’ or ‘effervescence takes
place’, not just that ‘carbon dioxide is evolved’. If the gas is carbon dioxide you also need to say how you
tested for it — for example ‘it turned limewater milky/cloudy’.

Analysis, conclusions and evaluation

Analysis and conclusions
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In order to draw conclusions and evaluate the procedures you have carried out, you first need to analyse the
results of any practical you complete, and then explain what they show. Before reaching a conclusion you
may need to carry out a calculation. If this is the case, you should show the key steps in the calculation so
that it can
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be followed by the examiner who can then check the accuracy. For example, in a titration a series of repeats
is undertaken to ensure accuracy and to identify any anomalous results. When the average titre is calculated,
an anomalous result should be excluded from the calculation.
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You may be asked to draw a graph to display results because this is an excellent way to show trends or
relationships. A straight-line graph passing through the origin shows a directly proportional relationship
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between the dependent and independent variables. Sometimes the graph will be a curve and you may need to
measure the gradient of the curve at different points. When doing this, use large triangles to calculate the
gradient as this gives a more accurate calculation. Remember that a graph provides evidence to support a
conclusion.
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Evaluation
This is one of the hardest skills to develop. It relies on your ability to think critically about the reliability of
the data you have collected and the conclusions drawn. One way to do this is to think about the errors that
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affect results. In any experiment there are two types of error:

●● Random errors cause results to fluctuate around a mean value. The results are made more reliable by
taking a number of readings and averaging them.
●● Systematic errors affect all measurements in the same way, giving values higher or lower than the true
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result. Hence, systematic errors cannot be averaged out.

An example of this is the heat loss in an enthalpy change experiment.
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Remind yourself of these differences by looking back at the diagram on

Tip When you evaluate an experiment you should be able to do the following:
●● suggest improvements to the procedures you used
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●● compare repeated results to judge their reliability

●● identify any anomalous results (outliers)
●● identify variables you need to control
●● estimate uncertainty in measurements
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●● distinguish between random and systematic errors

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Useful Tips
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Don't perform unnecessary titrations, if you did two and got results close to each other then there's no
need for a third one.

Always draw a triangle on the graph to find the gradient, if you are asked to find it.
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Latest salt analysis sections contain a trick with aluminium and lead(II) ions because they have the
same results with ammonia and sodium hydroxide. The test that distinguished them is addition of
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HCL, it will form a precipitate with lead(II) ions but not with aluminum ions. (Lead(II) ions can be
distinguished from aluminium ions by the insolubility of lead(II) chloride.)
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Always heat solutions in a boiling tube and not the test tube.

Make sure the burette is closed before adding solutions to it.

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Don't spend more than 45 mins on Salt Analysis.

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When you write the observation for some gas that is released, always include a confirmatory test. You
should actually never perform these confirmatory tests (to save time) just use your knowledge of
chemistry to find which gas is released but always include the test in the observations. E.g. when a
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carbonate is reacted with an acid, you should write the observation; "Colorless gas released which
turns lime water milky."
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Remember some gases are hard to see when released in a test tube, so where you expect some gases
to be released, look carefully for the observation. A good idea is to use the white tile or if you're not
provided with it then use your paper as the background when looking at the test tube.
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In the exam if you think some solution has some impurity or you put something into it by mistake then
just ask them to replace it, don't use it.
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Remember to not to use the same dropper for two different solutions.

If some solution involves heating and then heating strongly then you really need to heat it strongly so
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don't write no change too fast.

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Always wash the thermometer before using, and make sure its working before using, when not dipped
into any solution, it should give a constant reading of 25-30 °C.
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Try to work in a clean and objective oriented environment, what I mean is when you're working with
1 part of the paper then just keep the solutions needed for that part to yourself and keep the others
away. This helps a lot.

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Always draw tables(similar to how they give you in the questions) to represent results and
observations, don't just write them down in lines.
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Special Gift  Al-Chemist

IMPLEMENTING
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General points: - wear safety glasses

- don’t ask for additional reagents

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Possible implementing exercises:

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1. acid-alkali titration

Don’t forget to:

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- rinse the burette with titre.

- touch surface of liquid with pipette
- empty pipette under gravity( dnt blow)
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- remove funnel before titrating

- add only two drops of indicator
- swirl mixture during titration
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- titrate dropwise near end-point

- read the burette accurately (eyes horizontal, bottom of meniscus)
- record burette reading to 2 decimal places (second 0 or 5)
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Only stop after 2 titrations if the two readings are concordant.

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2. enthalpy change

Don’t forget to:

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- support the polystyrene cup properly

- immerse the bulb in the solution
swirl or stir mixture well
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- don’t push the thermometer through the base of the cup
- record temperature to 1 decimal place
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3. simple chemical tests

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Don’t forget to:

- place the correct amount of solution in the test-tube

- add the correct amount of each reagent
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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

- record observations carefully and using the correct terminology

- record whether it is a precipitate or a solution
- state clearly the colour of the precipitate or the solution
- add a few drops first, then excess, and record whether a precipitate forms initially and whether
it dissolves in excess
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ANALYSING

Don’t forget:
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• Give all your answers to at least three significant figures

• Make your working and terminology clear
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• When determining errors:

- the calculation is error/reading x 100
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- don’t forget to add them up

a) acid-alkali titrations

Possible tasks could include:

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- finding the number of moles of water of crystallisation

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- finding the concentration of an acid

- finding the relative molecular mass of an acid

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- finding the percentage purity of an acid or alkali

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Make sure you only include concordant titrations in your average titre value

Quote your average titre value to two decimal places

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b) enthalpy changes
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Possible tasks could include:

- finding the enthalpy change of a displacement reaction

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- finding the enthalpy change of a neutralisation reaction

- finding the enthalpy change of a solid dissolving in water
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- finding the enthalpy change of combustion of an organic substance

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Make sure you use q = mc∆T correctly

m = mass of solution (not mass of solid)

(in neutralisation reactions the mass of acid and alkali solutions must be added together)

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c = 4.18

Make sure you divide by the right number of moles

If the numbers of moles of the two reactants are different, use the smaller number of moles (ie
the reactant not in excess)
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EVALUATING

1. Comment on the quality of the results

- Were the titre results concordant?

- Are the temperature readings all on a straight line?
2. Calculate the difference between the calculated value and the correct value and
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express this as a percentage of the correct value.

- Give the difference before you express it as a percentage

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3. Comment on value of the answer in (2)

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Either: the percentage difference is less than the apparatus error

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Or: the percentage difference is greater than the apparatus error

4. Suggest how the accuracy of the experiment could be improved and explain how the change
would improve accuracy.
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- Read through the procedure and identify an incorrect procedure, such as

Not including washings when making up a solution or not weighing by difference or
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using a wet weighing bottle (this means that the mass used is less accurately known)

Not using the correct apparatus (this means that the quantity is not being measured
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accurately enough)
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- In an enthalpy change, the biggest error is always heat loss. It can be minised by better
lagging or by using a lid.
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- Look at the percentage errors for the apparatus used. For the apparatus giving the
largest error, suggest a way to make that measurement larger, such as
Using more concentrated solutions
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Using larger volumes

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Using larger masses

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING EXERCISES

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1.water of crystallisation or empirical formula

2. gas syringe (rate of reaction or mole ratio)

3. enthalpy of combustion
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4. enthalpy of solution/displacement/neutralisation

5. simple organic preparation

6. simple inorganic/organic tests (qualitative analysis)

7. titration
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1. water of crystallisation or empirical formula

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Use 3 – 5 g of solid
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- too much and reaction may not proceed to completion

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- not enough and apparatus error will be large

Apparatus – 2dp balance, crucible, Bunsen burner, tripod, clay pipe triangle
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Weigh crucible (m1), add sensible mass and weigh crucible again (m2)

Heat for five minutes, allow to cool, weigh again

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Repeat until mass is constant, record this mass (m3).

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Repeat experiment
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Deduce mass of solid at start of experiment (m2 – m1)

Deduce mass of solid at end of experiment (m3 – m1)

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Deduce mass lost or gained (m3 – m2) or (m2 – m3)

Calculate moles of relevant substances (divide by mr)

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Calculate mole ratio

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Care with hot objects – use tongs

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Compound may be toxic – wear gloves, wash affected areas after spillage

Wear eye protection

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

2. A gas syringe - rate of reaction or mole ratio( for Paper 2 or 1)

Max amount of gas is 100 cm3 – size of syringe

Volumes too small give a large apparatus error

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Use PV = nRT to calculate the moles of gas, and hence moles and mass of reactant

Conical flask, bung, delivery tube, gas syringe

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Weigh out reactants, add them to flask, and replace bung quickly

For mole ratio – wait until reaction is complete and record volume of gas
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For rate of reaction – record volume produced after set time, eg 30 s

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Repeat experiment

or mole ratio:
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Calculate moles of gas produced

Calculate moles of reactant

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Compare ratio
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For rates of reaction:

Divide volume of gas by time taken

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Reactants may be corrosive/toxic/harmful

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Wear gloves/flood affected areas after spillage

Eye protection
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Pipette filler if pipettes used

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3. Determining the molar enthalpy of combustion ( For paper 2)

1. Pour 100 cm3 of water into a copper beaker

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2. Place it above the alcohol burner and clamp it

3. Take the initial temperature
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4. Place the alcohol burner on top of an accurate balance and record the mass, including lid
5. Place screens on either side of the burner to protect it from wind and heat loss
6. Light the alcohol burner
7. Put out the alcohol burner by placing the lid onto it when 2 grams (eg) have been used

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

8. Record the final temperature of the water

9. Repeat the experiment
10. Calculate the heat change (mc∆T) in J
11. Convert to kJ
12. Deduce the number of moles of alcohol used (mass/molar mass)
Divide the heat change by the number of moles
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Fuels are flammable – avoid naked flames

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Eye protection

Fuels are toxic/harmful – wear gloves, flood affected areas after spillage
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4. Enthalpy of solution/displacement/neutralisation

1. Choose volume of solution which can be measured easily

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2. If enthalpy of solution: use 3 – 5 g (more may not dissolve, less gives large error)

If enthalpy of neutralisation: use equal molarities of acid and alkali

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If enthalpy of displacement: use excess solid

3. Pour solution into polystyrene cup, supported in beaker

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4. Measure temperature of solution every minute for three minutes

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(If neutralisation, also take initial temperature of other solution)

5. Add other reactant

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6. Measure temperature every minute for 10 minutes

7. Stir mixture
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8. Ensure bulb of thermometer is immersed in solution

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9. Repeat

Plot graph of temperature against time (sketch a graph)

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Extrapolate back to time at which second reactant was added

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Deduce maximum temperature rise

Q = mc∆T

Convert to kJ
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Divide by number of moles (smaller number if two reactants are involved)

Eye protection

Acids/alkalis toxic – use pipette filler, wear gloves, flood affected areas after spillage
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Solids harmful/irritant – wear gloves, flood affected areas after spillage

5. Carrying out a simple organic reaction (for Paper 2)

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Possible reactions:

- oxidation of an alcohol (partial or complete)

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- hydrolysis of a haloalkane
- elimination of a haloalkane
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- dehydration of an alcohol
You will be given an outline of the experimental procedure so don’t panic
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Just make sure you can describe the

Apparatus
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Draw reflux and distillation apparatus

Draw the apparatus to show an alcohol passing over heated ceramic pieces and being
collected over water.
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Make sure your apparatus is never sealed (ie air must be able to escape)
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Mention condensers and pear-shaped flasks

Reagents Weigh out a few grams of the organic reactant, using a weighing bottle
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Use excess reagent, eg NaOH or K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4

Hazards and safety precautions

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Most organic compounds are flammable so avoid naked flames

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They are also toxic so wear gloves

They are also volatile so use a fume cupboard

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Always wear eye protection

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Here is a step by step guide:

1. Work out the reagents that you need, and choose suitable quantities (remember the reagents
are generally in excess)

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

2. Decide whether the apparatus needs reflux or distillation apparatus

3. Describe the apparatus in detail (eg pear-shaped flask, condenser, bunsen burner with gauze,
dropping funnel) and make a sketch of the apparatus
4. You should be told how long to heat for and what temperature is needed. If the reagents are
flammable don’t use a Bunsen, use a water bath or oil bath.
5. If you used reflux, you then need to switch to distillation to separate out the products. You
should be given the boiling point of the reactants and products. Collect the substance which
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distils off at the temperature close to the boiling point of the desired product.
Give safety precautions (don’t use flame if anything is flammable, wear gloves, clean spillages
immediately etc)
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6. Qualitative analysis    

Although unlikely, you may be asked to plan a simple procedure to identify some simple ions:
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Just be aware of the following:

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- how silver nitrate, nitric acid and ammonia are used to test for halide ions in solution
- how concentrated sulphuric acid can be used to test for halide ions in solid samples
- that magnesium and calcium ions give a precipitate when a few drops of sodium hydroxide
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solution are added

- that barium ions and sulphate ions give a precipitate of barium sulphate
- that alkenes can be identified by their reaction with bromine water
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- that aldehydes can be identified by their reaction with Felling’s or Tollen’s reagent
- that primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and aldehydes turn acidified potassium dichromate
solution from orange to green
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7. Making up a standard solution and titrating (acid-alkali)

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1. Work out how many moles you need for a sensible titration (25 cm3)
2a. If solid:
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- work out the mass you need

- weigh a weighing bottle
- add the correct amount of solid
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- pour the contents of the solid into a beaker

- weigh the bottle again
- dissolve the solid in a little distilled water
- pour the solution into a volumetric flask
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- wash the beaker several times, pouring the washings into the flask
- make up to the mark with distilled water, shaking repeatedly
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2b. If liquid:

pipette the required amount from the stock solution

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- release it under gravity into the volumetric flask
- make up to the mark with distilled water, shaking repeatedly
3. wash out the burette with the acid

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4. Pour the acid into the burette and take the reading

5. Use a pipette to take a sample of the alkali and release it into a conical flask

6. Add a few drops of indicator (phenolphthalein)

7. Add acid to alkali

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8. Add alkali dropwise at the end-point

9. Until colour change from pink  colourless

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10. Record volume in butette

11. Repeat until three concordant results obtained

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find moles of alkali

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moles of acid is the same

either – find concentration of acid (=moles/volume)

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or – scale up to find moles of acid in volumetric flask

Safety issues – eye protection, acids and alkalis are corrosive so wear gloves or flood affected areas
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after spillage, use pipette filler.

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 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

• Tests for simple ions:

Name of
Formula Test Result
ion
Test gas with lime water and turns
Carbonate CO32- • Add dilute HCl(aq) milky
No gas with boiling water.
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Hydrogen • Add to boiling water

HCO3- Turns limewater milky.
carbonate • Test for CO2
• Add few drops of HCl
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(remove unwanted ions) White precipitate

Sulphate (VI) SO42- • Add few drops of Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  BaSO4 (s)
Barium chloride Insoluble in HCl
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solution
• Add dilute HCl.
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Turns dichromate orange to green.

• Test gas with filter paper SO2 is produced.
Sulphite SO32- soaked in acidified
or same test as above but HCl 2nd :
potassium dichromate White ppt. soluble in HCl.
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solution.
• Dissolve the solid in pure White precipitate
water.
Chloride Cl- • Add dilute nitric acid Ag+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl (s)
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(removes other ions)

• Add silver nitrate Dissolves in dilute ammonia
• Dissolve the solid in pure Cream precipitate
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water.
Bromide Br- • Add dilute nitric acid Ag+ (aq) + Br-(aq)  AgBr (s)
(removes other ions)
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• Add silver nitrate Dissolves in conc. ammonia

• Dissolve the solid in pure Yellow precipitate
water.
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Chloride I- • Add dilute nitric acid Ag+ (aq) + I-(aq)  AgI (s)
(removes other ions)
• Add silver nitrate Insoluble in dil. or conc. ammonia
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• Heat solid strongly. With Na or K, solid melts, oxygen

• Test the gas. gas liberated
Nitrate NO3- • In solution, add Al and With Li or G2 metals: brown gas
NaOH  damp red (NO2)+ glowing splint relights
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litmus paper blue (O2)

Ammonia is given off  indicator
•
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Ammonium NH4+ Heat with dilute NaOH

paper blue
• Add dilute NH3 until
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2+ excess
Magnesium Mg White precipitate is formed
• or add NaOH(aq) until
excess

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• Tests for simple gases:

Gas Formula Test Result

Hydrogen H2 • Use a lighted splint Squeaky ‘pop’

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Oxygen O2 • Use a glowing splint Relights

Carbon • Bubble through lime

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CO2 Turns milky

dioxide water
• Use damp red litmus
• Turns red litmus blue
Ammonia NH3 paper
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• Produces white fumes

• Place near HCl
• Blue litmus turns red then
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Use damp blue litmus

Chlorine Cl2
paper bleached
Nitrogen • Use damp blue litmus
NO2 Turns red
dioxide paper
as

Sulphur • Use orange dichromate

SO2 Turns orange to blue/green
dioxide paper
sa
n

• Volumetric analysis:
o Preparing a solution of known concentration (Standard solution):
(A

 Place beaker on balance and weigh between x and y grams of solid (after
checking 0 error).
 Make a note of mass added
 Add about 100 cm3 of distilled water to beaker and dissolve solid with glass
l-C

rod.
 Use a funnel to transfer this to volumetric flask.
 Rinse the beaker and glass rod thoroughly with distilled water into the
volumetric flask .
he

 Use wash bottle to add water to standard flask until bottom of

meniscus is on the 250-cm3 mark on the standard flask.
 Place stopper and make homogeneous by shaking and inverting the
m

flask several times

o Performing a titration:
 Use a rinsed pipette and safety filler to place 25 cm³ of acid or alkali into several conical flasks.
is

 Add a few drops of indicator into the conical flask. Methyl orange if alkali in flask.
Phenolphthalein if acid in flask.
t)

 Rinse and then fill a burette with acid or alkali up to the 0 mark.
 Add the acid or alkali slowly, swirling the flask constantly until indicator turns
(phenolphthalein colourless - pink /methyl orange  orange - red)
 Stop adding the acid or alkali and record the volume of H2SO4 added.
 Repeat the whole experiment until 3 consecutive results within 0.2 cm3 are obtained.

21 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

 Calculate the concentration of the alkali or acid.

o Errors in titrations:
 Percentage error = (actual error / measurement) x 100
 Error in pipette = 0.06 cm³
 Error in burette = 0.1 cm³
 Measurements involving difference: twice the error.
Fa

• Enthalpy change measurements:

o Weigh a spirit lamp (containing a liquid alcohol) using a balance accurate to 3 decimal places. Record the
iz

mass measured.
o Use a measuring cylinder to put 100 cm3 of distilled water into a small beaker and clamps this at a fixed
height above the spirit lamp (about 2 cm).
Record the initial temperature of the water using a thermometer.
U

o
o Light the lamp using a burning splint.
o Heat the water using the spirit lamp until the temperature has gone up by about 10°C. Stir the water
lH

with the thermometer the whole time.

o Put a cap on the spirit to stop the alcohol burning. The lid stops also stops further evaporation of the
liquid alcohol.
Reweigh the spirit lamp and record the mass.
as

o
o Calculate the enthalpy change
sa

Possible sources of error:

• There may be heat loss due to the apparatus used and heat may have dissipated through the insulating
material  should use a polystyrene cup and insulation like a lid.
n

• The specific heat capacity and density of water are used (and not of HCl).
• The masses of solid added to the acid are ignored.
(A

• It is assumed that the specific heat capacity of the polystyrene cup is negligible.
• Some heat is lost when the hydrogen or carbon dioxide are evolved in the reactions.
l-C

• Distillation and heating under reflux:

he

• To check purity of distillate: measure boiling point and compare

with data book.
• Often, under reflux, there are side reactions and reactions do not go
to completion.
m

• Generally reactants are added slowly  exothermic reactions.

• Fractional distillation can only be used when substances have
is

sufficiently different boiling points.

t)

• Organic tests:
o Collect 10 cm³ of the samples.
o Test the samples in the following order
 Alkenes – bromine water  decolourises ? 
alkene

22 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

 Alcohols – Spatula of solid PCl5. Test fumes with damp litmus paper  litmus red? White
fumes near ammonia?  alcohol
 Halogenoalkane – Add NaOH, ethanol as solvent. Shake and warm for 3 minutes. Cool and
add nitric acid + silver nitrate.  white = chloride; cream = bromide; yellow = iodide. 
Confirm with ammonia
 Alkane, the substance left is the alkane.
Fa

• Sulphate solubility
iz

group 2 ion in solution effect of adding a sulfate solution

Mg2+ no precipitate MgSO4 is soluble

U

Ca2+ white precipitate of CaSO4

lH

Sr2+ white precipitate of SrSO4

Ba2+ white precipitate of BaSO4

as
sa

 Hydroxide solubility
n

group 2 ion in solution effect of adding a hydroxide solution

Mg2+ white precipitate of Mg(OH)2

(A

Ca2+ white precipitate of Ca(OH)2

l-C

Sr2+ white precipitate of Sr(OH)2 on standing

Ba2+ no precipitate, Ba(OH)2 is soluble

he

 Heating Carbonates and nitrates:

m
is

Substance effect of heat

lithium and all group 2 carbonates carbon dioxide detected

t)

sodium and potassium carbonates no effect (except water of crystallisation may be given off)

23 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

sodium and potassium nitrates oxygen only gas evolved

lithium and all group 2 nitrates nitrogen dioxide and oxygen evolved

Iodometric Titration
Redox Reaction
Fa

Experiment 1

In this experiment you will determine the ionic manganate(VII) with potassium iodide. Excess potassium iodide
iz

is used and the reaction produces

iodine. The amount of iodine produced is measured by titration with sodium thiosulfate.
–3
FA 1 is 0.0180 mol dm potassium manganate(VII),
U

–3
KMnO4. FA 2 is 1.00 mol dm sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
–3
FA 3 is 0.500 mol dm potassium iodide, KI.
lH

–3
FA 4 is 0.100 mol dm sodium thiosulfate,
Na2S2O3. starch indicator

(a) Method
as

3
● Pipettecm of25FA.10into a conical flask.
3
● Use the measuringcmcylinder ofFA2totheto conicaladd25 flask.
3
●
sa

Use the measuringcmcylinder ofFA3totheto conicaladd20 flask.

● Fill the FAburette4. with
● Carry out a rough titration. When the colour few drops of starch indicator. Then titrate until the
mixture goes colourless.
n

● Record all your burette readings in the spac

(A
l-C

3
The rough titre is ........................ cm .

● Carry out as many accurate titrations as you

he

● Make sure any recorded results show the prec

● Record in a suitable form below allFA 4ofaddedyour in each accurate titration.
m

I
is

II

III
t)

IV

VI

24 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

VII

[7]

(b) From your accurate titration results, obtain a suitable value for the volume of FA 4 to be used
in your calculations.
Show clearly how you have obtained this value.
Fa

3
Volume of FA 4 required is ..................... cm . [1]
iz

(c) Calculations

Show your working and appropriate eachsignificantstepofyour calculations.

U
lH

(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium thiosulfate in the volume of FA 4 calculated in
(b).
as

moles of Na2S2O3 = ............................. mol

sa

(ii) Use the equation below to calculate the number of moles of iodine that reacted with the
sodium thiosulfate in the titration.
n

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

(A

moles of I2 = ............................. mol

l-C

(iii) Use information on page 2 to calculate the number of moles of potassium manganate(VII)
in FA 1 used in the titration.
he

moles of KMnO4 = ............................. mol

m

(iv) From your answers to (ii) and (iii), calculate the number of moles of iodine produced by
is

the reaction of 2.00 moles of potassium manganate(VII) with excess potassium iodide.
t)

moles I2 = ............................. mol

25 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

(v) Using your answer to (iv), put a tick next to the ionic equation that represents the reaction
between FA 1 and FA 3.
Fa
iz
U
lH
as

(vi) Prove that the iodide ion has been oxidised in the equation that you selected in (v).

.............................................................................................................................................
sa

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
n

[5]
(A

3
(d) (i) The error in calibration of the pipette you used is ±0.06 cm .
Calculate the percentage error when measuring FA 1, using the pipette.
l-C

percentage error = ..................... %

he

(ii) A student suggested that the experiment would be more accurate if a pipette was used to measure
solution FA 3.
m

State and explain whether you agree with the student.

.............................................................................................................................................
is

.............................................................................................................................................
t)

....................................................................................................................................... [2][Total: 15]

Dear Students , Do Calculations by using 27.50 cm3 of average titre value( Volume of FA4)
By Al-Chemist .

26 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Rate of Reaction
In this experiment you will investigate how the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate
and hydrochloric acid is affected by the concentration of the acid.
+
When aqueous thiosulfate ions react with hydrogen ions, H , in any acid, a pale yellow
Fa

precipitate of sulfur is formed. The ionic equation for this reaction is given below.
2– +
S2O3 (aq) + 2H (aq) → S(s) + SO2(aq) + H2O(l)
The rate of the reaction can be determined by me of sulfur.
iz

–3
FA 4 is 0.10 mol dm sodium thiosulfate,
U

–3
Na2S2O3. FA 5 is 0.20 mol dm HCl (aq)
(a) Method
lH

Record all your measurements, in an appropriate form, in the space below.

Experiment 1
● Use the larger measuring cylinder to transfer 40 cm3 of FA 4 into the 100 cm3 beaker.
● Rinse the larger measuring cylinder thoroughly with water, then add 30 cm3 of FA 5 to the
as

beaker and start timing immediately.

● Stir the mixture once and place the beaker on top of the printed insert page provided.
● Look down through the solution in the beaker at the print on the insert.
● Stop timing as soon as the precipitate of sulfur makes the print on the insert invisible.
sa

● Record the reaction time to the nearest second.

● Empty and rinse the 100 cm3 beaker.
● Dry the outside of the beaker ready for Experiment 2.
n

Experiment 2
● Rinse the larger measuring cylinder, then use it to transfer 40 cm3 of FA 4 into the 100 cm3
(A

beaker.
● Use the smaller measuring cylinder to add 10 cm3 of distilled water to the beaker.
● Use the same measuring cylinder to add 20 cm3 of FA 5 to the mixture in the beaker and
l-C

start timing immediately.

● Stir the mixture once and place the beaker on top of the printed insert page provided.
● Stop timing as soon as the print on the insert becomes invisible.
● Record the reaction time to the nearest second.
he

● Empty and rinse the 100 cm3 beaker.

● Dry the outside of the beaker ready for Experiment 3.
Experiment 3
● Carry out the reaction using a mixture of 40 cm3 of FA 4, 20 cm3 of distilled water and
m

10 cm3 of FA 5.
● Measure and record the reaction time to the nearest second.
is
t)

27 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

[4]
(b) (i) The ‘rate of reaction’ can be represented by the formula below.
1000
‘rate of reaction’ = reaction time
Fa

Use this formula to calculate the ‘rate of reaction’ for Experiments 1 and 3. Give the
unit.
iz

‘rate of reaction’ for Experiment 1 ............................ unit ..............

U

‘rate of reaction’ for Experiment 3 ............................ unit ..............

(ii) Calculate the initial concentrations of hydrochloric acid in the reaction mixtures in Experiments 1
lH

and 3.
as
sa
n

–3
initial concentration of HCl in Experiment 1 = ............................. mol dm
(A

–3
initial concentration of HCl in Experiment 3 = ............................. mol dm
(iii) How is the ‘rate of reaction’ affected by the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the mixture?
l-C

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(iv) Predict how the reaction time measured in Experiment 1 would have been affected if the
he

–3 –3
experiment had been carried out using 0.20 mol dm sulfuric acid instead of 0.20 mol dm
hydrochloric acid.
Explain your answer.
m

.............................................................................................................................................
is

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
t)

(v) Predict how the reaction time measured in Experiment 3 would have been affected if the
3 3
experiment had been carried out in a 250 cm beaker instead of a 100 cm beaker. Explain your
answer.

28 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[5][Total: 9]
Dear Students , Consider t1 = 45 s t2 = 49 s t3 = 58 s
Qualitative Analysis
Experiment 1
Fa

At each stage of any test you are to record details of the following.

● colour changes seen

●
iz

the formation of any precipitate

● the solubility of such precipitates in an excess of the reagent added

Where gases are released they described should in the appropriate be identify place in your
U

observations.
lH

You should indicate clearly at what stage in a test a change occurs.

No additional tests for ions present should be attempted.

If any solution is warmed, a boiling tube MUST be used.

as

Rinse and reuse test-tubes and boiling tubes where possible.

Where reagents are selected for use in a test, the name or correct
sa

formula of the element or compound must be given.

(a) FA 6 is a sodium compound containing one anion listed on page.

n

3
Dissolve the FA 6 provided in about 15 cm of distilled water in a boiling
tube. Carry out the following tests and record your observations in the table
(A

below.

test observations
l-C

(i) To a 1cm depth of the

solution of FA 6 in a test-
tube, add a few
drops of aqueous barium
he

chloride or aqueous barium

nitrate, then add dilute
m

hydrochloric acid.

(ii) To a 1cm depth of the

is

solution of FA 6 in a test-
tube, add an equal volume
t)

of aqueous hydrogen
peroxide, then
add a few drops of
aqueous barium
chloride or aqueous

29 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

barium nitrate, then

add dilute hydrochloric acid

test observations
Fa

(iii) To a 1 cm depth of the solution of

FA 6 in a boiling tube, add an
equal volume of FA 2, sulfuric
iz

acid, then
heat the mixture gently and
cautiously.
U
lH

(iv) To a 1 cm depth of the solution of

FA 6 in a test-tube, add an equal
volume of aqueous sodium
hydroxide, then
as

add a few drops of FA 1, aqueous potassium

manganate(VII), then
sa

add FA 2, sulfuric acid.

n
(A

(v) Identify the anion in FA 6, and state one piece of evidence for you
l-C

anion ...............................................

evidence ..............................................................................................................................
he

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
m

(vi) Give the chemical equation for the reaction between FA 6 and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, in
is

test (ii). State symbols are not required.

.............................................................................................................................................
t)

[7]
(b) FA 7, FA 8, FA 9 and FA 10 each contain one cation from the list on page.
You will attempt to identify the cations by testing with aqueous sodium hydroxide and
aqueous ammonia.
In each case, use a 1 cm depth of the solution in a test-tube.

30 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

(i) Complete the table below.

Fa

observations
test
FA 7 FA 8 FA 9 FA 10
iz

add
NaOH
U
lH
as

add
aqueous
ammonia
sa
n

(ii) Use your observations to identify, as far as possible, the cation present in each
(A

solution. If alternative identities are possible, state this clearly.

FA 7 cation ....................................................
l-C

FA 8 cation ....................................................

FA 9 cation ....................................................
he

FA 10 cation ..................................................

(iii) Give the ionic equation for the reaction of one of your cations with a few drops of
m

sodium hydroxide. State symbols are not required.

.............................................................................................................................................
is

(iv) The precipitates obtained when alkalis are added to solutions of certain cations are sometimes
t)

difficult to see. Suggest how, us could be repeated in a way that would make these precipitates
more visible.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
31 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007
 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

[9]

[Total: 16]

Dear students By using following Observations, answer above Questions.

Fa

(a) (i) Both observations required

2+
• white precipitate with Ba ion
iz

• Precipitate dissolves / partially dissolves in (excess) HCl

(ii) Both observations required

2+
• white precipitate with Ba ion
U

• precipitate insoluble/ no change with HCl

lH

(iii) When heated, gas produced decolourises KMnO4 paper.

(iv) No change (when NaOH added)/ no ppt / no reaction

and green (solution) formed when KMnO4 added
as

Colourless solution(with acid)

(b) (i) FA 7 FA 8 FA 9 FA 10
sa

NaOH white ppt white ppt white ppt off-white /

buff / beige /
light brown
n

ppt
excess no change no change (ppt) insoluble in
(A

NaOH or or dissolves or excess or

insoluble in insoluble in soluble in ppt darkens
excess excess excess (owtte)
l-C

NH3 no ppt or white ppt white ppt off-white /

no reaction buff / beige /
light brown
ppt
he

excess no change no change insoluble in

NH3 (ignore) or or excess or
insoluble in insoluble in ppt darkens
m

excess excess (owtte)

is
t)

32 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa

Predicted Answers for part a

(v) Anion is sulfite and one piece of evidence

• FA 6 with acid – SO2 / gas which decolourises KMnO4 is formed
iz

or
2+
• FA 6 with Ba – white precipitate / BaSO3 formed which
dissolves in acid / partially soluble in acid
U

(vi) Na2SO3 + H2O2 → Na2SO4 + H2O

lH

Predicted Answers for part b

(ii) Conclusions
as

2+ 2+
• FA 7 – calcium / Ca or barium/Ba
2+
• FA 8 – magnesium / Mg
3+
• FA 9 – aluminium / Al
sa

2+
• FA 10 – manganese(II)/Mn

Four correct = 2 marks

n

Two or three correct = 1 mark

2+ –
(iii) M + 2OH → M(OH)2 (for any divalent cation)
(A

3+ –
or M + 3OH → M(OH)3 (for any trivalent cation)

(iv) Use higher concentration

l-C
he
m
is
t)

33 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa

Find Value of x ( number of water molecules) in Hydrated Compound by Idometric Titration

The formula of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4.xH2O where x is the number of moles of water of
crystallisation in one mole of salt. You will determine the value of x by titration.
When aqueous copper(II) ions react with aqueous iodide ions, I–, iodine is produced.
iz

2Cu2+(aq) + 4I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2CuI(s)

The amount of iodine, I2, produced can be found by titrating it with aqueous thiosulfate ions, S2O32–.
U

2S2O32–(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62–(aq) + 2I–(aq)

lH

FA 1 is aqueous CuSO4.xH2O containing 26.2 g dm–3.

FA 2 is 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3. FA 3
is aqueous potassium iodide, KI.
starch indicator
as

(a) Method
● Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 1 into a conical flask.
● Use the measuring cylinder to add 15 cm3 of FA 3, an excess of KI, to the conical flask.
sa

The solution will turn brown because iodine is formed.

● Fill the burette with FA 2.
● Add FA 2 from the burette until the colour of the mixture changes to pale brown.
n

● Add 10 drops of starch indicator. The mixture will turn blue-black.

● Continue adding FA 2 from the burette until the dark colour suddenly disappears to leave an
(A

off-white solid. This is the end point of the titration.

● Carry out a rough titration and record your burette readings in the space below.
l-C
he
m

The rough titre is ............................. cm3.

● Carry out as many accurate titrations as you think necessary to obtain consistent results.
is

● Make certain any recorded results show the precision of your practical work.
● Record in a suitable form below, all your burette readings and the volume of FA 2 added in
t)

each accurate titration.

34 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa

[7]
(b) From your accurate titration results, obtain a suitable value to be used in your calculations.
Show clearly how you have obtained this value.
iz
U
lH

25.0 cm3 of FA 1 required ............................. cm3 of FA 2. [1]

(c) Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in each step of your calculations.
as

(i) Calculate the number of moles of thiosulfate ions present in the volume of FA 2 you have
calculated in (b).
sa
n

moles of S2O32– = ............................. mol

(A

(ii) Use your answer to (i), and the equations for the reactions involved, to deduce the number of
moles of Cu2+ present in 25.0 cm3 of FA 1.
2Cu2+(aq) + 4I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2CuI(s)
2S2O32–(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62– (aq) + 2I–(aq)
l-C
he

moles of Cu2+ = ............................. mol

m

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the mass of CuSO4.xH2O present in the solution, to calculate
the relative molecular mass, Mr, of CuSO4.xH2O.
is
t)

Mr of CuSO4.xH2O = .............................

35 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

(iv) Determine the value of x.

(Use data from the Periodic Table .)

x = .............................
[6]
Fa

Dear Students , Do Calculations by using 23.80 cm3 of average titre value( Volume of FA2)
By Al-Chemist
Finding percentage purity by using water of crystallization
iz

1 FA 4 is an impure sample of hydrated calcium chloride, CaCl 2.2H2O. On heating, hydrated calcium chloride
loses its water of crystallisation.
U

CaCl 2.2H2O(s) → CaCl 2(s) + 2H2O(g)

lH

You will determine the purity of FA 4 by measuring the loss in mass that occurs when it is heated.
The impurity present in FA 4 is not decomposed on heating.
as

(a) Method
sa

You should read the instructions carefully before starting any practical work and draw a
table for your results in the space below.
n

● Weigh a crucible and record its mass.

(A

● Add between 1.80 g and 2.00 g of FA 4 into the crucible.

● Reweigh the crucible and its contents and record the mass.
● Place the crucible on the pipe-clay triangle and heat gently for 1 minute and then strongly for
l-C

a further 2 minutes.
● Allow the crucible and its contents to cool. Reweigh the crucible and contents and record
the mass.
● Heat the crucible strongly for a further 2 minutes. Allow it to cool. Reweigh the crucible and
he

contents and record the mass.

● Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing until you are satisfied that all the water of
crystallisation has been removed.
● Calculate and record the mass of FA 4 used and the total mass of water lost. [6]
m

(b) Calculations
is

Show your working and appropriate significant figures in the final answer to each stage of your
calculations.
t)

(i) The percentage loss in mass on heating is defined as

the loss in mass on heating

the original mass X 100

36 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Calculate the percentage loss in mass of FA 4.

Fa

percentage loss in mass = ............................. %

(ii) Calculate the percentage loss in mass when pure hydrated calcium chloride, CaCl 2.2H2O, is
iz

heated.
U
lH

percentage loss in mass = ............................. %

(iii) Use your results to (i) and (ii) to calculate the percentage purity of FA 4, impure CaCl 2.2H2O.
as
sa

percentage purity = ............................. % [3]

n

(c) A student carried out this experiment using 2.60 g of FA 4.

(A

Suggest whether this experiment would give a more accurate result for the percentage purity of
FA 4. Explain your answer.
l-C

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
he

(d)In your calculations you assumed that the impurity in FA 4 does not decompose on heating.
State how the percentage purity that you calculated in (b)(iii) would change if the impurity were to
decompose on heating.
Explain your answer.
m

....................................................................................................................................................
is

.......................................................................................................................................[1][Total=11]
t)

Dear Students , Do Calculations by using 1.90 g of FA4 and 0.32g lost on heating )
By Al-Chemist

37 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa
iz
U
lH
as
sa
n
(A

Salt analysis
Qualitative Analysis
l-C

At each stage of any test you are to record details of the following.
● colour changes seen
● the formation of any precipitate
● the solubility of such precipitates in an excess of the reagent added
he

Where gases are released they should be identified by a test, described in the appropriate place in
your observations.

You should indicate clearly at what stage in a test a change occurs.

m

No additional tests for ions present should be attempted.

If any solution is warmed, a boiling tube MUST be used.
is

Rinse and reuse test-tubes and boiling tubes where possible.

Where reagents are selected for use in a test, the name or correct formula of the
t)

element or compound must be given.

(a) (i) FA 5, FA 6 and FA 7 are aqueous solutions each containing one anion and one cation.

38 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Carry out the experiments described below and record your observations for each solution in
the table.

FA 5 FA 6 FA 7
To a 1 cm depth in a
test-tube, add a 1 cm
Fa

depth of aqueous
sodium carbonate.
To a 1 cm depth in a
test-tube, add a 1 cm
iz

depth of aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.
To a 1 cm depth in a
U

test-tube, add a 1 cm
depth of aqueous
lH

barium chloride or
aqueous barium nitrate.

(ii) What ion is present in both FA 6 and FA 7?

as

.............................................................................................................................................
sa

(iii) The anion in FA 5 is one of carbonate, chloride, nitrate or sulfate.

n

Which anion is present in FA 5?

(A

.............................................................................................................................................
l-C

(iv) Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between FA 5 and
aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

.............................................................................................................................................
he

(b) FA 8 contains two anions and two cations .

• To a 5 cm depth of distilled water in a boiling tube, add all the FA 8.
• Shake the boiling tube thoroughly for one minute to make sure that no more of the solid
m

will dissolve.
• Filter the mixture into a clean boiling tube.
• Place the filter funnel in a conical flask and wash the residue with a little distilled water.
is

• Keep both filtrate and residue for tests (i) and (ii) below.
t)

(i) Tests on the filtrate (the solution in the boiling tube)

Carry out the following tests and record your observations in the table below.

39 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

test observations
To a 1 cm depth of the filtrate in a
test-tube, add aqueous sodium
hydroxide, then
Fa

add aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

iz
U

(ii) Tests on the residue

Carry out the following tests and record your observations in the table below.
lH

test observations
Place the funnel containing the
residue into a clean boiling tube. Pour
as

approximately 5 cm3 of dilute nitric acid

onto the residue. Collect a 1 cm depth of
solution in the boiling tube. Remove the
funnel and return it to the conical flask.
sa

To this solution in the boiling tube, add

aqueous sodium hydroxide.
n
(A

(i) Identify two cations present in FA 8.

l-C

cations present .......................... and ..........................

(ii) Identify one anion present in FA 8.

he

anion present ..........................

m

(iii) Suggest what type of reaction is happening when hydrogen peroxide is added in test
(b)(i).
is

.............................................................................................................................................[8][Total: 15]
t)

40 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Dear students By using following Observations, answer above Questions.

FA 5 FA 6 FA 7

+ no effervescence / effervescence
Na2CO reactio bubbling / fizzing / bubbling /
3
n or gas turns fizzing or gas
Fa

limewater turns
milky / cloudy limewater
white / white ppt milky / cloudy
white / white
iz

ppt

+ CuSO4 blue ppt no reaction / no reaction /

U

(not dark no change / no change /

blue) no ppt / pale or no ppt / pale or
lH

light blue light blue

(solution) (solution)
(not ‘–‘ or (not ‘–‘ or
‘no ‘no
as

+ BaCl2 / white ppt white ppt no reaction /

Ba(NO3)2 no change /
no ppt
sa
n
(A
l-C
he
m
is
t)

41 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Percentage Purity
a)Titration Method You are required to find the percentage purity of a sample of sodium carbonate,
Na2CO3.
FA 1 contains 4.50 g dm–3 of the impure sodium carbonate.
Fa

FA 2 is 0.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.

(a) Dilution of FA 2
By using a burette, measure between 33.00 cm3 and 34.00 cm3 of FA 2 into the 250 cm3 graduated flask
iz

labelled FA 3.
Record your burette readings and the volume of FA 2 added to the flask in the space below.
U
lH
as

Make up the contents of the flask to the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water. Place the stopper in the flask and
mix the contents thoroughly by slowly inverting the flask a number of times.
Titration
sa

Fill a second burette with FA 3, the diluted solution of hydrochloric acid. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 1 into a
conical flask. Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with FA 3.
n

Perform a rough (trial) titration and sufficient further titrations to obtain accurate results.
Record your titration results in the space below. Make certain that your recorded results show the precision of your
working.
(A
l-C
he
m
is

[6]
t)

(b) From your titration results obtain a suitable volume of FA 3 to be used in your calculations.
Show clearly how you obtained this volume.

42 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

[1]
Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in all of your calculations.
(c) Calculate how many moles of HCl are contained in the FA 2 run into the graduated flask.

............................mol of HCl were run into the graduated flask.

Calculate how many moles of HCl are contained in the volume of FA 3 which reacted with 25.0 cm3 of FA
Fa

1.

............................mol of HCl reacted with 25.0 cm3 of FA 1.

iz

Use this answer to calculate how many moles of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, are present in 1.00 dm3 of FA
1.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
U
lH

............................mol of Na2CO3 are present in 1.00 dm3 of FA 1.

Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 in 1.00 dm3 of FA 1. [Ar: C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]

FA 1 is ............................g dm–3 of Na2CO3.

as

Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the percentage purity of the sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, dissolved in FA
1.
sa

The percentage purity of the sodium carbonate dissolved in FA 1 is ............................%.[5]

n

(d) Look at the scale on the 25 cm3 measuring cylinder provided. Record the smallest scale division on the
measuring cylinder and estimate the error in reading the scale.
(A

smallest division = ........................ cm3 estimated error = ± ...................... cm3

If 25 cm3 of FA 1 is measured with a measuring cylinder, calculate the estimated percentage error.
l-C

The estimated error is ...................................................%.

Your pipette is calibrated with an error of ±0.06 cm3.
Calculate the percentage error when measuring 25.0 cm3 of solution with this pipette.
he

The error is ..................................................%.[2]

(e) Use the measuring cylinder to place 25 cm3 of FA 1 into a conical flask. Add methyl orange indicator as
m

before and titrate with FA 3. Repeat the titration once using the measuring cylinder. Record your results
below.
is

Would you expect to be able to obtain consistent titres using a measuring cylinder? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
t)

..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) A student suspects that the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide affects the end-point of the titration.

43 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Suggest a simple modification to the experimental technique to eliminate the dissolved carbon dioxide as the
titration is performed.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1] [Total: 16]
Dear Students  use 33.50 cm3 of FA2 in part (a) to prepare 250 cm3 of FA3 .
Fa

25cm3 of FA1 required 15.60cm3 of FA3.  Al-Chemist

Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan
b)Thermometric Method: The percentage purity of the sodium carbonate can also be determined by
iz

measuring the temperature change when a weighed sample of the solid carbonate reacts with an excess of
hydrochloric acid and the following information is used.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = –37.0 kJ mol–1
U

You are provided with the following.

FA 4, impure solid sodium carbonate FA 5, 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
lH

Measurement of temperature change

(a) Follow the instructions below to determine the percentage purity of the sodium carbonate.
You will carry out the experiment twice.
• Weigh the empty weighing bottle. • Reweigh the bottle with between 4.00 g and 4.50 g of FA 4.
as

• Support the plastic cup in the 250 cm3 beaker and add to it, from a measuring cylinder, 50 cm3 of FA 5.
• Measure and record the steady temperature of the FA 5 in the plastic cup.
• Add the FA 4 from the weighing bottle to the plastic cup, a little at a time to prevent acid spray. Stir and
sa

record the highest temperature reached.

• Reweigh the empty weighing bottle. In an appropriate format in the space below, record
• all measurements of mass and temperature, • the mass of FA 4 used, m, • the temperature rise, ΔT.
n

Empty and rinse the plastic cup. Repeat the experiment.

Results
(A
l-C

[4]
Calculations
he
m
is
t)

44 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa
iz
U
lH
as
sa

(c) Is one repeat of the experiment sufficient or should it be repeated again? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
n

......................................................................................................................................[1]
(A
l-C
he

Dear students  use 4.35 g of Solid and rise in temperature is 13.5 Co For Calculations  Al-Chemist
m

Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan

is

Enthalpy of Reaction
t)

You are required to determine the enthalpy change when citric acid reacts with an excess of sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
Citric acid, found in citrus fruit such as lemons and limes, is
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid.

45 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

FB 4 is 0.8 mol dm–3 citric acid.

FB 5 is solid sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3.
Fa

(a) Citric acid is a triprotic (tribasic) acid – one mole of the acid reacts with three moles of sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
Calculate the minimum mass of NaHCO that will react with all of the acid in 50.0 cm3 of FB 4.
iz

[Ar: Na, 23.0; H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0]

U
lH

mass of NaHCO3 = ........................ g [1]

(b) Method
Follow the instructions below to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction.
You will carry out the experiment twice.
as

• Weigh the empty weighing bottle.

• Weigh the bottle with between 11.5 g and 12.0 g, an excess, of FB 5.
• Support the plastic cup in the 250 cm3 beaker and pipette into it 50.0 cm3 of FB 4.
sa

• Measure and record the steady temperature of the FB 4 in the plastic cup.
• Add the FB 5 from the weighing bottle, a little at a time, to the plastic cup.
• Stir and record the lowest temperature reached.
• Reweigh the empty weighing bottle.
n

In an appropriate form at the top of the next page record

• all measurements of mass and temperature,
• the temperature fall, ΔT.
(A

Empty and rinse the plastic cup. Repeat the experiment and calculate the mean value of ΔT.
Results
l-C
he

The mean value of ΔT is ........................ °C.[6]

m

(c) Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction using the following expression.
ΔHreaction = mean ΔT × 4.3 kJ mol–1
is

Your answer should include the appropriate sign.

t)

ΔHreaction = ........................ kJ mol–1 [1][Total: 8]

Dear Students , use 11.65 g of solid and maximum rise in temperature as 9.5 C0.  Al-Chemist
46 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007
 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan

Redox Titration
You are required to determine the concentration in g dm–3 of hydrated ammonium iron(II) sulphate,
(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O, in the solution FB 1.
FB 1 contains hydrated ammonium iron(II) sulphate.
Fa

FB 2 is 0.0120 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.

(a) Dilution of FB 1
By using a burette measure between 36.00 cm3 and 37.00 cm3 of FB 1 into the 250 cm3 graduated flask
labelled FB 3.
iz

Record your burette readings and the volume of FB 1 added to the flask in the space below.
U
lH

Make up the contents of the flask to the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water. Place the stopper in the flask and
as

mix the contents thoroughly by slowly inverting the flask a number of times.
Titration
Fill a second burette with FB 2.
sa

Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FB 3 into a conical flask. Use a measuring cylinder to add approximately 10 cm3 of 1.0
mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, and titrate with FB 2 until the first permanent pink colour remains in the
solution.
n

Perform one rough (trial) titration and sufficient further titrations to obtain accurate results.
Record your titration results in the space below. Make certain that your recorded results show the precision
of your working.
(A
l-C
he
m
is

[6]
(b) From your titration results obtain a suitable volume of FB 2 to be used in your calculations.
t)

Show clearly how you obtained this volume.

[1]

47 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in all of your calculations.
(c) Calculate how many moles of KMnO4 were run from the burette during the titration.

........................ mol of KMnO4 were run from the burette.

2+
Calculate how many moles of Fe ions reacted with the KMnO4 run from the burette.
Fa
iz

........................ mol of Fe2+ reacted with the KMnO4 run from the burette.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Fe2+ in FB 3.
U
lH

Concentration of Fe2+ in FB 3 = ........................ mol

–3
dm .
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of Fe2+ in FB 1. –3
as

Concentration of Fe2+ in FB 1 = ........................ mol dm–3.

Calculate, to 4 significant figures, the concentration (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O in FB 1 in g dm–3 .
sa

[Ar: Fe, 55.8; H, 1.0; N, 14.0; O, 16.0; S, 32.1]

n

FB 1 contains ........................ g dm–3 of (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O.[5]

(d) A student learns that the solution of the iron(II) salt has been prepared by dissolving the solid in distilled
(A

water that has absorbed air from the laboratory.

Suggest a way in which the distilled water can be prepared and stored in the laboratory to ensure that it
l-C

contains a minimum of dissolved air.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
he

(e) Estimate the error in reading a volume from a burette.

smallest division on burette scale = ........................ cm3
estimated error in reading a volume = ± ........................ cm3 [1]
m

(f) A titre value is obtained by the difference between final and initial burette readings.
What is the maximum possible error in obtaining a titre reading?
is

estimated maximum error in the titre = ± ........................ cm3 [1]

t)

(g) During one titration a student reads the burette twice.

Each reading has an error but the titre has no error. Explain how this can happen.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1][Total: 16]
48 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007
 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Dear Students , Use 36.50 cm3 of FB1 and 19.65 cm3 of FB3  Al-Chemist
Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan

Iodometric Titration
You are required to find the concentration in mol dm–3 of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3, in solution FB 1.
FB 1 contains sodium thiosulphate.
FB 2 is potassium manganate(VII) containing 28.44 g dm–3 KMnO4.
Fa

FB 3 is 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

FB 4 is 10% potassium iodide containing 100 g dm–3 KI.
You are also provided with starch indicator.
iz

Dilution of FB 2
(a) By using a burette measure between 41.00 cm3 and 42.00 cm3 of FB 2 into the 250 cm3 graduated
(volumetric) flask labelled FB 5.
U

Record your burette readings and the volume of FB 2 added to the flask in the space below.
lH

Make up the contents of the flask to the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water. Place the stopper in the flask and
mix the contents thoroughly by slowly inverting the flask a number of times.
as

Titration
Fill a second burette with FB 1, the solution containing sodium thiosulphate.
Use a measuring cylinder to transfer 10 cm3 of FB 3 and 10 cm3 of FB 4 into a conical flask. Pipette 25.0
cm3 of FB 5 into the conical flask containing the mixture of FB 3 and FB 4.
sa

The potassium manganate(VII) oxidises potassium iodide to iodine, I2. Titrate the liberated iodine with FB 1
as follows. Run the solution from the burette into the conical flask until the initial red/brown colour of the
iodine becomes pale yellow.
n

Then add 1 cm3 of the starch indicator and continue to add FB 1 drop by drop until the blue/black colour of
the starch/iodine complex disappears, leaving a colourless solution. This is the end-point of the titration.
(A

Perform a rough (trial) titration and sufficient further titrations to obtain accurate results.
Record your titration results in the space below. Make certain that your recorded results
show the precision of your working.
l-C
he

[6]
m

(b) From your titration results obtain a volume of FB 1 to be used in your calculations.
Show clearly how you obtained this volume.
is

The volume of FB 1 is …………….. cm3. [1]

t)

Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in all of your calculations.
(c) Calculate how many moles of KMnO4 are contained in the FB 2 run into the graduated flask.
[A r: K, 39.1; O, 16.0; Mn, 54.9]

49 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

………………….. mol of KMnO4 are run into the graduated flask.

Calculate how many moles of KMnO4 are then pipetted from the 250 cm3 graduated flask into the titration
flask.

………………….. mol of KMnO4 are pipetted into the titration flask.

Fa

Use this answer to calculate how many moles of iodine molecules, I2, are formed when the manganate(VII)
ions react with an excess of iodide ions in the titration flask.
iz

………………….. mol of iodine molecules, I2, are formed in the reaction.

Use this answer to calculate how many moles of sodium thiosulphate will react with the iodine molecules
U

formed.
lH
as

………………….. mol of thiosulphate ions react with the iodine molecules formed in the reaction.
Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the concentration in mol dm–3 of the sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3, in FB
1.
sa

The concentration of sodium thiosulphate in FB 1 is ……………….. mol dm–3.[5][Total: 12]

Dear students use 41.60 cm3 of FA2 in dilution step and 21.60 cm3 FA1 in titration .  Al-Chemist
Remember in your prayers  Faiz –Ul-Hassan
n

Acid Base of Titration

(A

You are to determine the relative molecular mass, Mr, of the acid and deduce its molecular formula.
You are provided with the following.
FA 1, the aqueous acid, containing 38.68 g dm–3 RCO2H
FA 2, aqueous sodium hydroxide containing 3.40 g dm–3 NaOH
l-C

Phenolphthalein indicator.
(a) Dilution of FA 1
By using a burette measure between 38.00 cm3 and 39.00 cm3 of FA 1 into the 250 cm3 graduated
he

(volumetric) flask labelled FA 3.

Record your burette readings and the volume of FA 1 added to the flask in the space below.
m
is

Make up the contents of the flask to the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water. Place the stopper in the flask and
t)

mix the contents thoroughly by slowly inverting the flask a number of times.

Titration
Fill a second burette with FA 3, the diluted solution containing RCO2H.
50 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007
 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 2 into the conical flask and add 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Titrate the sodium hydroxide in the flask with FA 3 until the solution just turns colourless.
Perform a rough (trial) titration and sufficient further titrations to obtain accurate results.
Record your titration results in the space below. Make certain that your recorded results
show the precision of your working.
Fa
iz
U

[6]
lH
as
sa

(b) From your titration results obtain a volume of FA 3 to be used in your calculations. Show clearly how
n

you obtained this volume.

[1]
(A

Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in all of your calculations.
(c) Calculate how many moles of NaOH have been pipetted into the conical flask.[Ar: H, 1.0; O, 16.0; Na,
l-C

23.0]

…………………. mol of NaOH were pipetted into the conical flask.

he

Use your titre volume in (b) and the answer above to calculate how many moles of RCO2H are contained in
250 cm3 of the diluted acid FA 3.

250 cm3 of FA 3 contains …………………. mol of RCO2H.

m

Use this answer to calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the undiluted acid in FA 1. The concentration
of
is
t)

RCO2H in FA 1 is …………………. mol dm–3.

Use this answer to calculate, correct to 3 significant figures, the relative molecular mass, Mr, of RCO2H.

The relative molecular mass, Mr , of RCO2H is ……………………. .

Use this answer to deduce the formula of the acid RCO2H.

51 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

The formula of RCO2H is ……………………. .[5][Total: 12]

Dear Students, consider 38.50 cm3 of FA1 for dilution and 26.30 cm3 of FA3 during titration  Al-Chemist
Remember in your prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan .
Water of Crystallization
a) By Heat  determination of water of crystallization by heating
You are required to find the percentage by mass of water of crystallisation in FA 4, hydrated magnesium
Fa

sulphate, MgSO4.xH2O.
The water contained in the crystals can be removed by heating the crystals.
Method
(a) Follow the instructions below to determine the mass of water driven off when heating magnesium
iz

sulphate crystals.
• Weigh the empty hard glass boiling-tube.
• Tip the contents of the tube labelled FA 4 into the boiling-tube.
U

• Reweigh the boiling-tube and FA 4.

• Hold the boiling-tube in the holder provided and heat gently at first, then strongly for several minutes.
lH

• Leave the boiling-tube to cool on a heat-proof mat.

• Carry on with other parts of the paper, e.g. question 3, while the boiling-tube cools.
• When cool weigh the boiling-tube and its contents.
• Continue the heating, cooling and weighing until you are satisfied that all of the water of crystallisation has
as

been driven from the crystals.

In an appropriate form record below
• all measurements of mass, • the final mass of the residue and the mass of water driven off.
sa

Results
n
(A
l-C

[7]
Calculations
(b) Calculate the percentage by mass of water of crystallisation in the crystals.
he

Hydrated magnesium sulphate crystals contain …………… % of water by mass. [1]

m

(c) Use the relative molecular mass information provided to complete the table below.
[Mr: MgSO4, 120.4; H2O, 18.0]
is
t)

52 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa
iz
U
lH
as

Use your answer in (b) and the information in the table to find the experimental value of x in the formula
sa

MgSO4.xH2O.

…………….. is the value of x in MgSO4.xH2O. [2]

n

(d) A student is instructed to repeat the whole experiment to ensure reliability of results. Explain how
repeating the experiment would lead to greater reliability in the experimental results.
(A

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
l-C

(e) On a balance weighing to 1 decimal place assume the maximum error is ±0.1 g. What mass would
have to be weighed out on this balance to result in an error of 0.04%?
he

The mass is ………………………. g.[1][Total: 12]

Dear students consider 4.92 g of hydrated compound and 2.40 g of residue ( anhydrous )  Al-Chemist
Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan
m

b) By titration method
FA 1 is an aqueous solution containing 38.10 g dm–3of borax crystals. Borax has the formula,
is

Na2B4O7.xH2O.
FA 2 is 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
t)

You are also provided with an indicator suitable for the titration of a strong acid and a weak base.
The indicator provided is ..............................................................

Borax reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation.

53 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

(a) Method
Dilution
• Fill the burette with FA 2.
• Run between 44.50 cm3and 45.50 cm3of FA 2 from the burette into the 250 cm3
graduated (volumetric) flask, labelled FA 3.
Fa

• Make the solution up to the mark with distilled water.

• Shake the flask to mix the solution of FA 3.
In the space below record your burette readings and the volume of FA 2 added to the graduated flask.
iz
U
lH

Titration
as

• Fill a second burette with FA 3, the diluted hydrochloric acid.

• Pipette 25.0 cm3of FA 1 into a conical flask.
• Add to the flask a few drops of the indicator provided.
sa

• Titrate the borax in the flask with FA 3 until the appropriate colour change isobserved for the end-point.
You should perform a rough titration.
In the space below record your burette readings for this rough titration.
n
(A
l-C
he

The rough titre is ………………. cm3.

m

• Carry out as many accurate titrations as you think necessary to obtain consistent results.
• Make certain any recorded results show the precision of your practical work.
is

• Record in a suitable form below all of your burette readings and the volume of FA 3 added in each
accurate titration.
t)

54 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist
Fa
iz
U
lH

[7]

(b) From your accurate titration results obtain a suitable value to be used in your calculations.
Show clearly how you have obtained this value.
as

25.0 cm3of FA 1 required ………….. cm3of FA 3.

[1]
sa

(c) Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in the final answer to each step of your calculations.
(i) Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid, in mol dm–3, in the diluted solution, FA 3.
n
(A

The concentration of HCl in FA 3 was …………………… mol dm-3.

l-C

(ii) Calculate how many moles of HCl were present in the volume of FA 3 calculated in (b).
he

……………….. mol of HCl

m

(iii) Calculate how many moles of Na2B4O7 reacted with the HCl in (ii).
is
t)

The HCl run from the burette reacted with ………………….. mol of Na2B4O7.

55 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

(iv) Calculate the concentration, in g dm–3, of Na2B4O7 in FA 1.[Ar: B, 10.8; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]

The concentration of Na2B4O7 in FA 1 is …………………. g

dm–3
Fa

(v) Use your answer to (iv) and the information at the start of question 1 to calculate
the percentage by mass of water in the borax crystals, Na2B4O7.xH2O.[Ar: H, 1.0; B, 10.8; O, 16.0; Na,
23.0]
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Borax crystals contain ……………. % water.[6]

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(d) The maximum error for a 25 cm pipette commonly used in schools is ±0.06 cm3.
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The maximum error in any single burette reading is ±0.05 cm3.

Calculate the maximum percentage error in each of the following.
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(i) The volume of FA 1 pipetted into the conical flask.

maximum percentage error in the pipetted volume = ……………………. %.

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(ii) The titre volume calculated in (b).

maximum percentage error in titre volume = ……………………. %.[1][Total: 15]

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Dear Students, consider 45 cm3 of FA2 during dilution and 23.50 cm3 of FA3 for calculations.  Al-
Chemist
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Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan

Back Titration
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Determine the percentage purity of a sample of calcium carbonate.

This experiment involves three steps.
In step one, you will react the impure calcium carbonate with an excess of acid.
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In step two, you will carry out a titration to find the amount of acid you used in step one.
In step three, you will carry out a second titration to find how much (excess) acid remained
following the reaction in step one.
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Finally, you will use the values found in the three steps to calculate the percentage purity of the calcium
carbonate.
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Assume the impurity in the calcium carbonate will not react with acid or alkali.
FA 1 is 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
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FA 2 is approximately 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.

FA 3 is FA 2 diluted by a factor of 10, approximately 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
FA 4 is a sample of impure calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
methyl orange indicator
Read through the whole method before starting any practical work.
56 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007
 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

(a) Method
Step 1
● Fill the burette labelled FA 2 with FA 2.
● Run 50.00 cm3 of FA 2 into a 250 cm3 beaker.
● Weigh the tube containing the impure calcium carbonate, FA 4.
● Tip the contents of the tube, in small portions, into the acid to avoid acid spray. Stir
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the mixture and leave the stirring rod in the beaker.

● Reweigh the tube containing any residue.
● Record the weighings and the mass of FA 4 added in a suitable form below.
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Step 2
● Fill the burette labelled FA 1 with FA 1.
● Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 3 into a conical flask.
● Add methyl orange indicator.
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● Perform a rough titration and record your burette readings in the space below.
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The rough titre is ...................... cm3.

● Carry out as many accurate titrations as you think necessary to obtain consistent results.
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● Make certain any recorded results show the precision of your practical work.
● Record in a suitable form below all of your burette readings and the volume of FA 1
added in each accurate titration.
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Step 3

57 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

● Stir the mixture from Step 1 again to ensure that all the solid has dissolved.
● Transfer the solution to the 250 cm3 graduated (volumetric) flask labelled FA 5.
● Rinse the beaker twice with a little distilled water and add the washings to the graduated flask.
● Make the solution up to 250 cm3 with distilled water. Ensure that the contents of the
flask are thoroughly mixed.
● Transfer 25.0 cm3 of this solution, FA 5, into a second conical flask using a second pipette.
● Perform a rough titration and record your burette readings in the space below.
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The rough titre is ...................... cm3.

● Carry out as many accurate titrations as you think necessary to obtain consistent results.
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● Make certain any recorded results show the precision of your practical work.
● Record in a suitable form below all of your burette readings and the volume of FA 1 added in each
accurate titration.
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[12]
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Calculations
Show your working and appropriate significant figures in the final answer to each step of your calculations.
The equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is shown below.
NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
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(b) (i) From your accurate titration results in Step 2, obtain a suitable value to be used in
your calculations. Show clearly how you have obtained this value.
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25.0 cm3 of FA 3 required ………….. cm3 of FA 1.

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(ii) Use your answer from (i) to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide,
FA 1, required to react with 25.0 cm3 of FA 3 in Step 2.
t)

moles of NaOH = ......................... mol

(iii) Use your answer from (ii) to determine the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in 25.0 cm3 of FA 3.

58 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

moles of HCl in 25.0 cm3 of FA 3 = ......................... mol

(iv) FA 3 was produced by diluting FA 2. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in 50.00 cm3
of FA 2.
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moles of HCl in 50.00 cm3 of FA 2 = ......................... mol [2]

(c) (i) From your accurate titration results in Step 3, obtain a suitable value to be used in
your calculations. Show clearly how you have obtained this value.
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25.0 cm3 of FA 5 required ………….. cm3 of FA 1.

(ii) Use your answer from (i) to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide, FA 1, required to react
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with 25.0 cm3 of FA 5 in Step 3.

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moles of NaOH = ......................... mol

(iii) Use your answer from (ii) to determine the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in
25.0 cm3 of FA 5.
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moles of HCl in 25.0 cm3 of FA 5 = ......................... mol

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(iv) Use your answer from (iii) to determine the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in
250 cm3 of FA 5.
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moles of HCl in 250 cm3 of FA 5 = ......................... mol [4]

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(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
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(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with calcium
carbonate in FA 4 using the following expression.
m
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moles of HCl = (b)(iv) – (c)(iv)= ........................ mol

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(iii) Use your answers from (i) and (ii) to calculate the mass of CaCO3 in FA 4.[Ar: C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Ca,
40.1]
(If you were unable to answer (d)(ii), you may assume that the number of moles of
hydrochloric acid that reacted with calcium carbonate was 0.0351 mol.)

59 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

mass of CaCO3 in FA 4 = .......................... g

(iv) Calculate the percentage purity by mass of the calcium carbonate in FA 4.
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The percentage purity by mass of calcium carbonate is ........................... % [4]

(e) (i) What is the maximum error in a single burette reading?

maximum error in a burette reading = ................... cm3

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(ii) Calculate the maximum percentage error for one of your accurate titres in Step 3.
Show your working.
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maximum percentage error = ........................ %[2]

(f) A student decided to use a larger mass of FA 4. State and explain whether this alteration
will improve the accuracy of the percentage purity obtained.
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...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [1][Total: 25]

Dear students consider 25 cm3 of FA1 required for 25 cm3 of FA3.
2 g of CaCO3 is used, and 20.30 cm3 FA1 required for 25 cm3 of FA5.  Al-Chemist
Remember in your Prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan
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60 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS

Accuracy A measure of the closeness of agreement between an individual result and the
accepted value. An accurate result is in close agreement with the accepted value.

Error The difference between an individual measurement and the true value (or
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accepted reference value) of the quantity being measured.

Precision The closeness of agreement between independent measurements obtained under

the same conditions. It depends only on the distribution of random errors (i.e. the
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spread of measurements) and does not relate to the true value.

Uncertainty An estimate attached to a measurement which characterises the range of values

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within which the true value is said to lie. It is written, for example, as 44.0 ± 0.4.
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Reliability The opposite of uncertainty; high uncertainty = not very reliable measurement

Accuracy of measurements
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Uncertainty is often taken to be half a division on either side of the smallest unit on the scale.
However, the accuracy of measurements also depends on the quality of the apparatus used
Dear Students , This booklet is not complete yet, so kindly check my class notes ( practical notes) and feel
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free to ask any further help.

Reading values
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Digital • top pan balance or pH meter

• record all the digits shown
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67.36 67.356

2-places 3-places
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Non-digital • burette, measuring cylinder

• record all the figures that are known for certain
• read to half a division
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• for a burette, record values to two decimal places ending in a 5 or a 0

26.0 2.0 2.0

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27.0 3.0 3.0

3 3 3
26.50 cm 3.00 cm 2.45 cm

61 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007

 Resource Pack By Faiz Paper 3 Practice Notes  Al-Chemist

Maximum errors
3
Burette • graduated in divisions every 0.1 cm
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• maximum error is half a division i.e. ± 0.05 cm
3
• burettes are read twice, so the overall maximum error is 2 x 0.05 = ± 0.1 cm
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3 3
Pipette • a 25 cm pipette has a maximum error of 0.06 cm
• like all volumetric equipment it must be used properly
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Dear Students , this practical booklet is not complete yet so use my class lectures (notes ) too.

Feel free to ask any question (Past papers, from My AS chemistry booklet  497 pages only or course book etc)
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Remember me in your prayers  Faiz Ul Hassan

Keep Calm and study Hard  Alchemist
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62 Faiz Ul Hassan Khan (Al-Chemist) )0321-9070007