ENGINEER

ELECTRO
NICS ING

LABORATORY
1
Electronics 2
Common Emitter Amplifier

Electronic
Circuits
Analysis and
Design
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

SCORE

Criteria Exceeds Meets Needs Unsatisfactory SCORE

Expectations Expectations Improvement
Completeness and 20 15 10 5
Organization of the Activity
and Laboratory Report
Correctness of the 20 15 10 5
gathered data and/or
answers to questions
Interpretation of the data 20 15 10 5
and discussion and
Conclusion
Presentation, format, and 20 15 10 5
use of language

Timeliness 20 15 10 5

Submitted by: Reyes, Shiela Mae

Mendoza, Anne Justine
Calleja, Angela Paula
Rea, Elmerald Shaine
Albano, Juliana Mie
Section: BSECE 2A
Date Submitted:

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

Experiment No. 1
Common Emitter Amplifier
Objective:
To determine the gain and bandwidth of a CE Amplifier from its frequency response curve.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Multisim

THEORY:
The single stage common emitter amplifier circuit shown above uses what is commonly
called "Voltage Divider Biasing" or “self biasing”. This type of biasing arrangement uses two
resistors as a potential divider network and is commonly used in the design of bipolar transistor
amplifier circuits. This type of biasing arrangement greatly reduces the effects of varying Beta, (β)
by holding the Base bias at a constant steady voltage. This type of biasing produces the greatest
stability.
The Common Emitter Amplifier circuit has a resistor in its Collector circuit. The current
flowing through this resistor produces the voltage output of the amplifier. The value of this resistor is
chosen so that at the amplifiers quiescent operating point, Q-point this output voltage lies half way
along the transistors load line. In Common Emitter Amplifier circuits, capacitors C1 and C2 are used
as Coupling Capacitors to separate the AC signals from the DC biasing voltage. This ensures that the
bias condition set up for the circuit to operate correctly is not affected by any additional amplifier
stages, as the capacitors will only pass AC signals and block any DC component.
The output AC signal is then superimposed on the biasing of the following stages. Also a
bypass capacitor, CE is included in the Emitter leg circuit. This capacitor is an open circuit
component for DC bias meaning that the biasing currents and voltages are not affected by the
addition of the capacitor maintaining a good Q-point stability. However, this bypass capacitor short
circuits the Emitter resistor at high frequency signals and only RL plus a very small internal
resistance acts as the transistors load increasing the voltage gain to its maximum.
Generally, the value of the bypass capacitor, CE is chosen to provide a reactance of at most,
1/10th the value of RE at the lowest operating signal frequency. A single stage Common Emitter
Amplifier is also an "Inverting Amplifier" as an increase in Base voltage causes a decrease in V out
and a decrease in Base voltage produces an increase in Vout. The output signal is 180◦ out of phase
with the input signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Multisim icon in the system.
2. Place all the necessary components required for the design of the CE amplifier circuit i.e.
Resistors, Capacitors, Transistors, Voltage sources, Power sources, Ground etc on the design
window.
3. Connect all the components by proper wiring and also assure that nodes are formed at the
interconnection points.
4. Connect the two channels of the Oscilloscope to input and output of the circuit and by using the
simulation switch and check the input and output waveforms.
5. Assign net numbers to input and output wires by double clicking on the particular wire and
clicking on the show option.
6. To observe the frequency response, go to simulate-----► analysis-----►ac analysis and select the
start and stop frequencies, select vertical scale as decibels, specify the output variables and click
on simulate.
7. A window opens showing the frequency response on the top and phase response at the bottom.
8. From the frequency response, calculate the bandwidth of the Amplifier.
9. To obtain the netlist, go to transfer-----►export netlist and save the netlist in a text file. On
opening the text file from the saved location, a netlist is obtained containing the specifications of
all the used components used in the design of the circuit.

CONSTRUCTED CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM

(insert your answer here)

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Frequency(hz) Output voltage(vo) Voltage gain Gain (db)
(vo/vi) Avf=20 log (vo/vi).
1 50 281.60mV 15.94 24.05

2 50 281.60mV 15.94 24.05

3 200 536.28 mV 30.36 29.65

4 200 536.28 mV 30.36 29.65

5 300 563.9 mV 31.93 30.08

6 300 563.9 mV 31.93 30.08

Graph (Frequency Response)

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

(insert your answer here)

Low Frequency: 84.9342Hz

High Frequency : 1.6394MHz

Input and output waveform of the CE amplifier circuit

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

RED WAVEFORM - INPUT

BLUE WAVEFORM - OUTPUT
Vi =0.15V
Vo = 0.06 V

RESULT:
The maximum gain is 30.086dB and bandwidth is 1.639415066MHz of the CE Amplifier.

DISCUSSION
* Based on the generated waveform, it can be inferred that the input and output waveform have a
phase difference of 180 degrees. Instead of the gain will increase as the frequency increases, at some
frequencies, after the mid-frequency region on the frequency response curve, the gain is decreasing
while the frequency is increasing.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the phase difference between input and output waveform of CE amplifier?
*The phase difference between the input and output waveform of CE amplifier is 180 degree.

2. What type of biasing is used in the given circuit?

*The voltage divider bias is used in the given circuit.

3. If the given transistor is replaced by P-N-P, can we get the output or not?
*Replacing the NPN transistor with a PNP transistor will not get the output. When the transistor
was replaced by a PNP transistor, the input and output waveform doesn't have 180° phase
difference. The amplitude of the input waveform is almost the same with the generated output
waveform based on the oscilloscope. Therefore, it can be inferred that the output was not amplified.

4. What is the effect of emitter bypass capacitor on frequency response?

* When emitter resistance is included in the circuit, the amplification at higher frequencies is
reduced. To prevent this, it is bypassed by a capacitor, which functions as a short circuit for AC
and adds to DC quiescent state stability. This bypass capacitor enables the amplifier's frequency
response to break at a preset cut-off frequency, fc, allowing signal currents to flow to ground and it
increases the gain at high frequency.

5. What is the effect of coupling capacitor?

*The major function of this capacitor is to block DC signals while allowing AC signals to travel
from one circuit to another. These capacitors are employed in circuits where AC signals are
generated, and DC signals are only used to provide power to circuit components but are not output.
Because the coupling capacitor on the input creates a lead circuit with the R in of the amplifier, and

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

the coupling capacitor on the output forms a lead circuit with RL in series with Re, the coupling
capacitors produce a phase shift. They affect the low-frequency response of the amplifier.

6. What is the region of transistor so that it operates as an amplifier?

*For a transistor to operate as an amplifier, it must be operating in the active region.

7. Draw the h-parameter model of CE amplifier.

8. How does transistor act as an amplifier.

*The transistor increases the strength of a weak signal and hence acts as an amplifier. The
transistor is in the active region wherein the emitter-base junction of the transistor is forward
biased, and the collector-base junction is in reverse bias. Since the input circuit has very low
resistance, a small change in signal voltage will produce a change in emitter current when a weak
signal is applied to it.An RC load resistor witha high value is connected to the collector circuit.
When the collector current flows through such a high resistance, the voltage drop across it is
significant. As a result, a weak signal applied to the input circuit is amplified which appears on the
output of the circuit.

9. Mention the characteristics of CE amplifier.

*The base terminal serves as an input, the collector serves as an output, and the emitter serves as a
common terminal for both output and input terminals in the common emitter amplifier
configuration. The characteristics of the common emitter amplifier are its voltage gain and current
gain is high, the power gain is high, the input and output waveform have a phase difference of 180
degrees, and it has moderate input and output resistance.
Exercise Question:

1. Find the frequency response of CE Amplifier by changing the bypass capacitor value.

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

* When the bypass capacitor is equal to 25uF at 10 Hz

*Frequency Response of 25uF

2. Find the frequency response of CE Amplifier by removing the bypass capacitor.

Page 9 of 11
ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

Based on the frequency response generated, changing the value of the bypass capacitor will
affect the gain on the low frequency before the mid- frequency region region, but will not have
much effect on the higher frequency. Whenever the bypass capacitor is connected in parallel
with an emitter resistance, the voltage gain of the CE amplifier increases. If the bypass capacitor
is removed, an extreme degeneration is produced in the amplifier circuit and the voltage gained
will be reduced.

CONCLUSION

The common emitter amplifier is also called an inverting amplifier because there a 180 degrees
phase difference between the input and output waveform. It is commonly used due to its high
voltage gain and high current gain. Based on the conducted experiment, the frequency response
and other characteristics of the common emitter amplifier were shown on the simulation. It can
be inferred that the gain increases as the frequency increases but will stop increasing at certain
point even though the frequency is still increasing. Therefore, in the lower frequency range, the
gain falls due to the coupling capacitors and the bypass capacitor. In the mid-frequency range,
the gain remained the same even when the frequency increases. Beyond the higher cutoff
frequency, the gain decreases with increasing frequency due to the parasitic capacitance. The
calculated bandwidth was 1.639415066MHz, and to get the lower and higher cutoff frequency, 3
dB will be deducted from the maximum gain located on the middle region of the frequency
response curve. When the value of the bypass capacitor was decreased, the gain on the lower
frequency region has also decreased, whereas when the value of the bypass capacitor was
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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic
Province of Laguna
COLLEGE OFUniversity
ENGINEERING

increased, the gain on the lower frequency region was higher. This was proved when the bypass
capacitor was changed to 25 uF and at 10Hz, the gain was 2.8701 dB . At the higher frequency
region, when the value of bypass capacitor was changed, there were no extreme effects or
changes compared to the lower frequency region.

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ECE 3/Electronics 2
Second Semester/ A.Y. 2022-2023