Ministry of Justice of the Republic of

Uzbekistan
Tashkent State Law Institute

T. K. Sattarov

ENGLISH
for
Law Students
(third edition)

Tashkent–2005
 T.K.Sattarov. English for Law Students

The textbook English for Law Students has been approved and
recommended as a textbook for law students by the Ministry of Higher and
Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

English for Law Students is for students studying law. It consists of 16

units based on legal topics. The selected topics have been designed so as to
progress from generally introductory matters to the constitutions, legislative,
executive and judicial bodies of Uzbekistan, the UK and the USA.
Each unit contains linguistic material, conversational phrases, texts for both
skimming and scanning, exercises and topical vocabulary.
The textbook teaches four basic skills of language: listening, speaking,
reading and writing.

 Tashkent State Law Institute 2005.

 3
Preface

English is widely used in the legal profession. The people in legal

professions use English for study, for work (present and future), for promotion and
for recreation. They have to use it in speaking, listening comprehension, skimming
and scanning, writing and translating activities in various official and nonofficial
situations.
This book is a part of the production of the author‟s project English for
Law Students sponsored by the Morley foundation at the English Language
Institute, the University of Michigan.
The book consists of 16 units each which are based on special topics.
These units have been designed so as to progress from general
introductory matters (About myself, Our Institute, The Republic of Uzbekistan) to
the Constitution, legal, executive and judicial bodies of Uzbekistan, the UK and the
USA. In topic selections special attention has been paid to interdisciplinary
connections. Law and its variations are designed to be studied in the second year of
study. Much attention has been paid to comparative study of the native country of
the students with the UK and the USA, their legislative, executive and judicial
bodies which motivates the learners to speak and to read.
The book English for Law Students has been produced using English-
language texts compiled by the author or taken from various published sources. For
each text the writer or source is identified. The texts have been selected to reflect a
wide range of subject matters and a wide range of styles in English.
English for Law Students teaches four basic skills of language: listening,
speaking, reading and writing.
Each unit contains linguistic material, conversational phrases and texts.
Linguistic material: Phonetic drills are aimed at improving
pronunciation skills of the students. In this section peculiar features of English
vowels are designed to be taught as they cause more difficulties than other phonetic
phenomenon.
Vocabulary section includes two groups of lexicon – topical words and
newspaper words. The first group represents the professional topic which is studied
in this or that unit and the second group consists of key words of newspaper articles
presented for skimming.
Word-building section is aimed at developing students‟ skills to form
words with suffixes, prefixes and conversion. Every unit contains at least one way
of forming words and exercises for practice.
Grammar section consists of exercises for improving grammar skills of
students. Keeping in mind the methodological provision that grammar is not a
4
purpose but it is a means of teaching four skills of speech activity the section
doesn‟t contain theoretical material on the use of grammatical phenomenon.
Exercises of this section are designed to train only those grammatical phenomenon
which cause difficulties.
Conversational phrases are situation-based, the emphasis on realism and
naturalness to the extent that these are possible within the limitations imposed by a
short, self-contained text.
Each unit contains a number of texts, which may be divided into three
groups: a) texts on the topic of the unit , b) newspaper articles, c) texts on problem
solving.
Topical texts contain information on the government construction of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, the UK, the USA and their legistative, executive and
judicial bodies. The texts are arranged so as to create for students to learn the topics
in a comparative way.
The newspaper articles taken from the US press are closely connected with
professional topics. They contain information on the procedure of law adoption,
description of various wrong-doings, misdemeanors, criminal cases, activity of law
authorities, law protecting bodies, court cases.
The texts on problem solving are based on legal problems existing in
everyday life and the ways how they should be solved in accordance with the
acting law.
Every unit ends with the exercise on writing an essay. The essay topics
suggested in this exercise cover all the subject matters studied in the unit. So the
students may choose any topic they wish. The exercises on writing an essay are
recommended as homework.
This book is further supported by separate books on Reference
Grammar, Home-reading, by tests and by visual aids.
 5
Acknowledgements
The book was thoroughly reviewed by a group of professionals. I wish to
express my heartfelt thanks to professors John Swales, Christine Feak, Joan
Morley, Carolyn Madden from the University of Michigan (USA), professors
Jamol Jalolov, Khurram Rahimov (Tashkent State Pedagogical University)
Urinboy Khoshimov (University of World Languages, Tashkent) and J.Chester
(The Global SourceNet in Uzbekistan) for their valuable comments, suggestions on
the structure, contents of English for Law Students.
I wish to express special thanks to the instructors – V. Normuratova, N.
Khismatullina - senior teachers of the Department of Foreign Languages of
Tashkent State Law Institute for their job they did in reviewing the manuscript, in
preparing it for the publication.

Tojimat Sattarov

 Тошкент Давлат юридик институти, 2005 й.

6
UNIT 1

Topic: 1. About myself.

2. Uzbekistan – Milestones of its History.
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Peculiarities of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1.Topical words,
2.The words with the suffixes – er, -or;
Grammar: Noun: plural form;
Pronouns: personal, possessive;
To be in Present Indefinite;
Word-formation: the suffixes –er, - or.
Conversational phrases: Greetings.
Texts: 1.About myself, 2. Uzbekistan – Milestones of its History.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:

kid – Kate did - date pip - pipe

men -man tell - tale life - lift
fad - fed hen – hint red - ran
did - dad bit - bite bed - bad
pet - pat plane – plan mate - mad

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

1.Pleased to meet you. 6.A sailor went to sea,
2.Greek meets Greek. To see what he could see,
3.Pete eats chiefly meat. And all he could see
4.Steve is eager to please the teacher. Was sea, sea, sea.
5.Steven Green made a long speech
at the meeting.
Conversational phrases: Greetings.
Ex.3. Try to memorize the phrases:
How do you do? Cheer oh!
Hallo (Hullo, Hello)! Evening!
Good morning! Hi!
Morning! Glad to meet you!
 7
Good afternoon! Nice to meet (see) you!
Good evening! Pleased to meet you.

Ex.4. Read the dialogues:

1 3
- How do you do, Mr.Brown? - Good evening! - Good evening.
- How do you do, Mr.Shorish? - Hi! - Hi.
2 - How are you? - I‟m fine. Thanks, and
- Good morning! - Morning. you?
- Good afternoon! - Hi. - O.K. Thank you
Ex.5. Respond to the greeting of your friend:
-Hallo, Otabek! - Cheer-oh, Rano!
- …………….. - ………………
- How do you do? - Good morning!
- ………………. - …………….
Ex.6. Compose short dialogues using the appropriate greeting forms between:
1) a teacher and a student, 4) a husband and a wife,
2) a young man and an old man, 5) a teenager and an old woman,
3) peerage young couple, 6) a child and a parent.
Ex.7. Learn the vocabulary and make your own sentences:
First name - Rustam
Surname - Ahmedov
Last name - Ahmedov
Middle name - Karimovich
Patronymic - Karimovich
Nationality - Uzbek
Date of birth - April 12, 1985
Place of birth - Kokand, Ferghana valley, Uzbekistan
Citizenship - Uzbekistan
Position - Student
Languages spoken - Uzbek, Russian, English
Skills - Dancing, drawing, computer
Hobbies - Fishing
Sport activity - Football, tennis.
Ex.8. Make a statement about yourself using the text below:
8
About myself
My first name is Rustam. My last (sur) name is Karimov. My
middle name (patronymic) is Zokirovich. I am Uzbek. I am 18 years old. I
was born in 19 … in Samarkand. I finished school last year. Now I am a
first year student at Tashkent State Law Institute. I want to become a
lawyer. I can speak Uzbek, Russian, Tajik and English. I am fond of sport. I
like swimming, playing chess and football. My hobby is to read detective
stories. I like listening to music.
Ex.9. Fill in the questionnaire below:
First name …
Surname …
Middle name …
Date of birth …
Nationality …
School finished …
Languages spoken ..
Favourite subjects …
Position …
Future profession …
Hobbies …
Ex.10. Interview your classmate to know him/her better. Use
the following interview form:
1. Classmate‟s name _________
2. Date of birth ___________
3. School finished ___________
4. Languages studied a)______
b)______
c)________
5. English language proficiency:
a) listening:
b) speaking:
c) reading:
d) writing:
6.Favourite school subjects________________
7.Hobbies______________________________
8.Learning styles he/she prefers: a) individual work______
 9
b) group work__________
c) pair work _________ __
9.Sport activity_______________________________________
10.Future profession___________________________________
11.Other information___________________________________
Ex.11. Introduce yourself to a foreign student.

Ex.12. Write down as much information as possible about your friend.

Ex.13.You want to submit an application for junior visiting fellowship to

Central European University.Fill in the following application form:
Application Form
For junior visiting fellowship
Eligibility:
Candidate for Junior Fellowship should be a first year Academic
Departments and programmes at CEU are actively involved in the
Fellowship and Mobility Grants. Therefore, we may accept requests or
applications in the following discipline areas: Sociology, Political Science,
Legal Studies, International Relations and European Studies, Education
Policy.
Host Department at CEU:__________________________________________
Duration of visit (from 1 to 6 months, please specify the dates of your
preference):_____________________________________
Contact Information
Date of birth_________________ Sex: Female____Male____
Home address:________________ Tel:_________________________
E-mail:______________________
Fax:_________________________
Work Information
University/Institution:__________________
Department:__________________________
Position:_____________________________
Tel:_________________________________
E-mail:______________________________
Fax:________________________________
University Address:_________________________________
10
Name of a Contact Person at Home Institution:___________________________
Position:_____________________________
Tel:_________________________________
E-mail:______________________________
Fax:________________________________
L e t t e r s of R e f e r e n c e
Name of Recommender 1:____________________________
Institution:____________________________
Position:______________________________
Address:______________________________
Tel:__________________________________
E-mail:_______________________________
Fax:_________________________________
Name of Recommender 2:____________________________
Institution:____________________________
Position:______________________________
Address:______________________________
Tel:__________________________________
E-mail:_______________________________
Fax:_________________________________
Ex.14. Look through the application of your friend and define his/her
chances to be chosen for the grant.

Ex.15. Do you know how to write a letter to the English speaking

countries?
Here is a letter from professor John Swales, director of the English Language
Institute at the University of Michigan addressed to Tojimat Sattarov, professor of
Tashkent State Law Institute. Look at the envelope and pay attention how the
address is written and read the letter and note the peculiar features of writing letters
in English.

How the envelope looks like:

 11

John Swales stamp

ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3004 North University Building
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 – 1057

Tojimat Sattarov
Foreign Languages Department
Tashkent State law Institute
35 Sailgoh Street
Tashkent UZBEKISTAN

The text of the letter:

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48109 – 1057
May 3, 2003
Tojimat Sattarov
Foreign Languages Department
Tashkent State Law Institute
35 Sailgoh Street
Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Dear Professor Sattarov,

Thank you for your latest e-mail communication dated May 1, 2003.
I am delighted to hear that you will be visiting Morley Scholar in the English
Language Institute this summer, and I welcome you, as Director, to Ann Arbor in
July and August in order to continue your research in legal discourse. I also issue an
invitation to your wife, Yuldasheva Fotima Tolipovna.
Best wishes,
John M.Swales
Director of ELI, Chair of
Morley Scholarship Committee
12
cc: Chris Feak
Susan Reinhart

Ex.16.You have received a letter from an American student who studies at a law
school. In his letter he is interested in your patronymic, age, nationality,
skills, hobbies, education and your plan for the future. Write a letter to him. In your
letter ask him to write about his full name, date and place of birth, schools
attended, academic grades, favourite subjects, hobbies and plans for the future.
Ex.17. Study the word-formation. The suffixes - er, -or.
work - worker teach – teacher invest - investor
educate –educator sing – singer dance - dancer
investigate-investigator rob -robber offend – offender
hijack - hijacker prison – prisoner bail - bailer

Ex.18. Form derivative nouns by means of the suffixes – or, - er and comment
on their meaning:

direct buy cash hold employ drive

win joke write advice arbitrate violate
interrogate kill prosecute obligate petition debt
murder cry counsel legislate assault own

Ex.19. Give the Uzbek (Russian) equivalents of the following

terms using the descriptions:
arbitrator - a neutral person chosen to resolve disputes
between parties by means of formal arbitration;
assaulter - a person who assaults another;
auditor - person or firm, usually an accountant or accounting
firm, who formally examines an individual‟s or
entity‟s financial records or status;
bailer - one who provides bail as a surety for a criminal
defendant‟s release;
barter - exchange of one commodity for another without the
use of money;
chancellor –a judge serving at a court of chancery;
 13
coroner – a public official whose duty is to investigate the causes and
circumstances of any death that occurs suddenly, suspiciously, or
violently;
creditor – one to whom a debt is owed; one who gives credit
for money or goods;
dealer - a person who purchases goods or property for sale to others;
debtor - one who owes an obligation to another;
executioner - one who puts another to death in satisfaction of a
death sentence;
interrogator – one who interrogates another;
legislator - one who makes laws within a given jurisdiction; a member of a
legislative body;
manslaughter – the unlawful killing of a human being without malice
aforethought;
offender – a person who has committed a crime;
owner - one who has the right to possess, use and to convey something; a
proprietor;
petitioner - a party who presents a petition to a court or other official body,
especially when seeking relief on appeal;
prosecutor –a legal officer who represents the government in criminal
proceedings;
solicitor - 1) a person who seeks business or contributions from others;
2) a person who conducts matters on another‟s behalf;
3) the chief law officer of a governmental body;
4) in England, a legal adviser who consults with clients and
prepares legal documents but is not heard in court;
supervisor - one having authority over others; a manager or overseer;

Ex.20. Match the terms and their definitions or explanations:

robber - a legal officer who represents government in criminal proceedings;
coroner - a person who directs a commission;
prosecutor - a public official whose duty is to investigate the causes and
circumstances of any death that occurs suddenly, suspiciously, or
violently;
commissioner - a person who steals one‟s property;
bailer - one who makes laws within a given jurisdiction;
legislator – one who delivers personal property to another as bailment;
manslaughter – one who puts another to death in satisfaction of a death
14
sentence;
executioner – the unlawful killing of a human being without malice
aforethought.

Ex.21. Complete the sentences using the prompts given in brackets

below:
Model: A person who represents the government in criminal proceedings is
called…
A person who represents the government in criminal proceedings is called a
prosecutor.
1. A person who studies law is called …
2. A person who is from abroad is called …
3. A person who writes stories, novels … is called …
4. People who travel are called…
5. A person who interrogates another is called …
6. A diplomatic officer of the highest rank, usually designated by a
government as its resident in a foreign state is called …
7. A central person chosen to resolve disputes between parties,
especially by means of formal arbitration is called …
8. A person who assaults another is called …
9. A person who violates (breaks and dishonours ) the law is called…
10. In England a lawyer who is admitted to plead at the bar and who may try or
argue cases in superior courts is called …
(a barrister, an assaulter , an arbitrator, a law violator, an ambassador, a lawyer, an
interrogator, travelers, a writer, a foreigner).

Ex.22. Explain the meaning of the following words:

a miner a reader a butcher
a farmer a passenger a tailor
a leader a hair-dresser a weaver
a fighter a barber an engineer

Ex.23. Complete the chart with the name of the profession and the person (or
people) in the profession using the suffixes –er, -or. The first has been done for
you.
 15
Profession / area of work Person /people
Law Lawyer
Killing
Probation
Wrongdoing
Malefaction
Legislation
Prison
Execution
Employment
Murder
Prosecution
Trespassing
Slander
Offending
Violation
Petition
Robbing
Hijacking
Housebreaking
Instigating
Interrogation
Jail
Kidnapping

Ex.24. Read the newspaper article and define the type of the case:
Man tells police of street robbery
A 25-year-old Detroit man told Ypsilanti Police he was robbed at
gunpoint at about 8 a.m. Saturday while waiting in his vehicle at the corner of
Harriet and Hamilton streets. The man said he just made a delivery to Oakwood
Hospital - Buyer Center and was returning to I – 94 when two men approached his
stopped vehicle, pointed guns through the window and demanded money.
The victim gave the robbers $10 and they fled, the report said. Police
searched for the suspects but found no one matching the descriptions
given by the victim. (AAN, 8/10/99)
16
Ex.25. Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions:
1.How was the man robbed?
2.Do you think that the robbers will be found?
Grammar
Plural form of nouns:
an apple - apples a book - books a friend - friends
a judge - judges a lawyer – lawyers a pen - pens
Note:
a man - men a woman – women a child - children
an ox - oxen a tooth – teeth a goose - geese
mouse - mice a louse - lice
Ex.26. Give the plural forms of the following nouns:
a sailor, a lawyer, a judge, a prosecutor, an attorney, a barrister, a fish, a mouse, a
child, a man, a woman, a sheep, an apple, a case, a crime, a defendant, a prison.
Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns

Nomina- Objec- Nomina- Objec- my - mine our - ours

tive case tive case tive case tive case his - his your - yours
I me we us her – hers their – theirs
He him you you its - its
She her they them

Ex.27. Insert the appropriate pronouns in the space provided:

Model: My sister is a pupil…. goes to school. … name is Barno.
My sister is a pupil. She goes to school. Her name is Barno.
1. …am a student. …mother is a doctor. … works at a hospital. … father
is an engineer. …works at a plant.
2. …is at home. … are at work. … am at the lesson.
3.I want … to answer … question.
4. Toscanini came to see Dr. Smith. But … could not find…
5. Where is the hen? - … is sitting on … nest.
6. Whose pen is it? It is….Is this … book? - No, … is not … .It is… .
7. …. aunt is an English teacher. … works at school.
8. I have four uncles. … are farmers.
 17
Ex.28. Insert the appropriate pronouns in the space provided :
1. I have a brother .… is 25. ... has a wife…is 23 ….name is Rano.
2. Ahmad is a lawyer. … works at a big company. … children go to school.
3. I saw Ahmad the other day. Did you see… too? – No, I haven‟t seen…for
ages.
4. It is my book. It is not …
Ex.29. Change the following sentences as in the model.
Model: This is my book.- This book is mine.
1.This is my purse.2.This is your scarf. 3.These are your seats.
4.This is her watch. 5.These are my note-books. 6.This is my coat.

Ex.30. Before you read the text discuss the following questions:
1. To what period do the first relics proving that men lived in Central Asia date
back?
2. By whom had the territory of present Uzbekistan been occupied?

Ex.31. Read the text and divide it into logical groups:

Uzbekistan-Milestones of its History
The first relics proving that men lived in Central Asia including the
territory of what today is Uzbekistan, date back roughly to the middle of the first
millennium BC. Early farming communities organized in a state – like pattern
appeared in the fertile oases of Bactria, Chorasmi, Sogdiana and Parthia. In the 6th
century BC, Central Asia came under the rule of the Persians; these were defeated
in the 4th century by Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia.
In the further course of history, the territory of present Uzbekistan was
absorbed completely or only in parts by the great states of the classical world: after
Alexander the Great, by the Seleucid Kingdom, the Graeco – Bactrian Kingdom
and the powerful Central Asian – Indian Empire of the Kushans. Vast irrigation
systems were constructed in that period, agriculture was improved in fertile oases
and cities grew up forming prosperous centres of industry and trade. Architecture
and the arts flourished in ancient Central Asia, above all during the time of the
Kushans. Rich local traditions mixed with the traditional arts of the ancient Orient,
India and East Turkestan. Central Asia adopted many achievements of the world
civilizations of the times and in turn influenced its neighbouring regions and
countries.
18
In the 8th century AD, the territory of Uzbekistan was invaded by the
Arabs and annexed to the Abbasid Caliphate. This period saw the rise of Islam.
At the end of the 9th century, local dynasties took over the power from the
Arabs. The Kingdom of the Samanids emerged with Bukhara as the capital. This
was a climax of economy and culture, a time which brought forth such outstanding
scholars as Muhammed Choresmi, Ahmed Fergani, Abu Ali Ibn –Sina (Avicenna),
Abu-Reichan Beruniy and others.
From 1219-1221 Chenghis Khan conquered the territory of Uzbekistan.
Cities and oases were looted and a greater part of the population forced into
slavery.
State power soon passed into the hands of the nomadic warrior aristocracy
of mainly Turkic-mongolian tribes. Brief periods of political centralism alternated
with long feudal wars. The time when feudalism was at its height and economy and
culture restored with the reign of Amur Timur (Tamerlane) and his successors
during the first half of the 14th – 15th century. Timur brought immense treasures,
skilled craftsmen, architects and artists to Samarkand which he made his capital.
Part of the structures dating from that period have been preserved to this very
day.This includes part of the astronomical observatory which was built by one of
the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages, Mirso Ulughbek.
At the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries, the Kingdom of Timur‟s
descendants was conquered by Sheibani-Khan who had rallied several nomadic
tribes called collectively the Uzbeks. These Uzbeks had maintained economic and
cultural bonds with the oases in the Central Asian interfluvial land and as they
settled down, mixed with the local Turkic population. The name “Uzbeks” was
transferred to the Turkic peoples long before the nomadic Uzbeks who spoke
almost the same language adopted and settled form of existence. Therefore, the
Uzbek nationality is older than its name.
For about 4 centuries, starting from the 16th century until Central Asia was
annexed to Russia during the second half of the 19th century, the peoples of
Uzbekistan lived under the rule of the Khans: the Khanate of Bukhara ( since the
mid 18th century an emirate), the Khanate of Khiva and the Khanate of Kokand.
As a result of Russia‟s expansion in 1860-1870, a large part of Central
Asia including an important part of Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian
Empire. The Governor-Generalship Turkestan was formed. But the administration
of the previous rulers was preserved albeit under the protectorate of Russia.
Between 1922 and 1991, Uzbekistan was one of the 15 member republics
of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics.
The processes of democratization under Soviet rule, the disintegration of the USSR
led to Uzbekistan obtaining full independence and sovereignty in 1991.
 19
In December 1991, Islom Karimov was elected first President of independent
Uzbekistan in a direct election by the people.
(I.Karimov. Steers Uzbekistan on its own way, p.56)
Vocabulary notes:
relic – smth that has survived from the past and that serves to keep memories alive;
date back – have existed since;
community – the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a
whole;
appear – come into view, become visible;
defeat – win a victory over; overcome;
mix - put different things together;
ancient – belonging to times long past, very old;
adopt – take an idea or custom and use; accept smth;
achievement – gain or reach by effort;
influence – power to affect smb‟s character;
neighbouring – being near; living near each other;
invade - enter a country with armed forces in order to attack;
annex – take possession of territory;
power – ability to do; strength, force; energy of force; right;
emerge – come into view, appear;
conquer – defeat enemies; take possession of by force;
loot – private property taken away unlawfully and by force;
tribe – racial group of people united by language and customs, living as a
community under one or more chiefs;
coincide – two or more correspond in area and outline;
reign – period of sovereignty, rule‟ dominance;
successor – person or thing that succeeds another;
treasure – store of gold and silver, jewels, etc; wealth;
oases – fertile place, with water and trees, in a desert;
nomadic – member of a tribe that wanders from place to place, with no fixed home.

Ex.32. Language competition. A Duty Letter. Look through the text and
copy out the words beginning with the letters “A” and “P” as many as
possible.
Model: annex-noun, to take possession of territory.
Who will write the most number of words?
20
Ex.33. Read the text again and find the answers to the following questions:
1. Where did early farming communities appear?
2. Who invaded Central Asia in the 6th century BC?
3. Who made the Persians withdraw from Central Asia?
4. What was the influence of occupation on Central Asia‟s civilization?
5. When did the Arabs occupy Central Asia?
6. When did the Samanids appear?
7. Who were the outstanding scholars mentioned in the text?
8. When did Chenghis Khan conquer the territory of Uzbekistan?
9. What period did A. Temur and his successors reign?
10. Who conquered the Kingdom of Timur‟s descendants?
11. What do you know about the term “ Uzbeks”?
12. How long was the territory of Uzbekistan under the occupation of Russia?
13. When did Uzbekistan become independent?
14. When was I. Karimov elected President of independent Uzbekistan?
Ex.34. Discuss the following:
1. Milestones of Uzbekistan‟s History.
2. Outstanding scholars of the Past.
3. The occupation of Central Asia by Chenghis Khan.
4. The astronomical observatory built by M.Ulughbek.

Ex.35.Questions:
1.You have met a foreign student. You want to know about him/her as much as
possible. What questions would you like to ask?
2.What is the origin of the name “Uzbeks”?
Ex.36. As you read the case below define the legal terms and write them down:
The Case of the Snow – Covered Stairs
On a snowy January afternoon, Sarah was climbing the stairs to a second-
floor gift shop when she lost her footing and fell. She filed a lawsuit against the
owner of the business to recover for her injuries, claiming that the owner had been
negligent in failing to keep the steps free of snow.
The court disagreed. In handing down the decision, the judge pointed out
that a shopkeeper cannot be expected to keep an outside stairway snow-free at all
times, especially swept the stairs and had not allowed a significant amount of snow
to accumulate, the court ruled that she was not negligent in failing to remove the
freshly fallen snow Sarah had slipped on.(Legal Problem Solver, p.13).
 21
Ex.36. Re- read the text and say what the text is about.
Ex.37. Write a statement about yourself:
Names, date and place of birth, nationality, schools attended, language spoken,
favourite subjects, hobbies, future profession.

Ex.38.Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. The flourishing of Amir Temur‟s state.
2. The occupation of Uzbekistan by Russia.
3. Democratic changes in the period of independence of Uzbekistan.

Glossary
absorb поглощать, впитывать singdirmoq, jalb qilmoq
accumulate накапливать, скопляться to'plamoq
achievement достижение muvaffaqiyat, yutiq
administration администрация ma'muriyat
albeit хотя …ga qaramasdan
allow разрешать ruxsat bermoq
ambassador посол elchi
amount количество miqdor
ancient старинный, древний qadimgi
annex присоединять, прилагать birlashtirmoq,
ilova qilmoq
arbitrator третейский судья, арбитр hakamlar sud'yasi
assaulter нападающая сторона hujum qiluvchi tomon,
zo'rlik qiluvchi
auditor ревизор отчетности hisobot tekshiruvchisi
barrister юрист,адвокат maxsus advokat
barter товарообмен tovar almashtirish
case судебное дело sud ishi
chancellor канцлер kantsler ( ba'zi
mamlakatlarda oliy martabali
amaldorlar unvoni )
claim предъявлять иск da'vo qilmoq
climax кульминационный пункт eng yuqoriga nuqta
climb подниматься yuqoriga chiqmoq
commissioner мировой судья kelishtiruvchi sud'ya
conquer завоевать egallab olmoq
22
coroner следователь по рассле- tergovchi
дованию дел, связанных с
насильственной или скоро
постижной смертью, коронер
craftsman ремесленник hunarmand, kosib
creditor кредитор kreditor, qarz beruvchi
date back датировать, восходить sanasi boshlanmoq,
dealer торговец, агент savdogar, vakil
debtor дебитор, должник qarzdor
defeat наносить поражение mag‟lubiyatga uchratmoq
delivery поставка, разноска, доставка yetkazib berish,
eltib berish
descendant потомок nasl, urug'
description описание tasvir
dicision решение qaror_
direct руководить, управлять rahbarlik qilmoq
disintegration разрушение, разделение bo'linish, parchalanish
elect выбирать saylamoq
eligibility обладание правом huquqga ega bo'lish
emerge появляться, возникать paydo bo‟lmoq
empire империя imperya(tepasida
imperator turadigan
monarxiyali davlat)
especially особенно ayniqsa, xususan
essay сочинение insho
executioner палач jallod
existence существование hayot, mavjudlik
expansion расширение kengayish
expect ожидать kutmoq
fall падать yiqilmoq
favourite любимый sevimli
fertile плодородный serhosil, hosildorlik
file регистратор, дело, досье ro'yxat, ish, ma'lumot
flourish процветать gullab yashnamoq
footing скольжение sirg'anib ketish
following следующий quyidagi
force сила kuch
gift shop подарочный магазин sovg'alar do'koni
gunpoint прицелиться qurolni nishonga olish
 23
hijacking воздушное пиратство havo qaroqchiligi
house breaking взлом eshikni qulfini buzib
o'g'irlik qilish
include включать, содержать в себе ichiga olmoq,
ega bo'lmoq
incorporate объединенный birlashgan, qo'shma
independence независимость mustaqillik
influence влияние ta'sir
injury телесное повреждение badanga yetkazilgan
jarohat
instigate подстрекать qutirmoq;qiziqtirmoq
interrogator следователь tergovchi
invade посягать, оккупировать tajavuz qilmoq
irrigation орошение, ирригация sug'orish
jail тюрьма qamoqxona
judge судья sud'ya
kidnapping похищение кого-либо odam o'g'irlash
killing убийство o'ldirish
kingdom королевство qirollik
land земля yer
lawsuit иск, судебное дело da'vo, sud ishi
lawyer юрист, адвокат qonunshunos
legislator законадатель; член qonun chiqaruvchi, qonun
законодательного органа chiqaruvchi organ a'zosi
loot грабить talamoq, olib ketmoq
lose терять, утрачивать yo'qotmoq
maintain возбуждать иск, утверждать da'vo qilmoq,
tasdiqlamoq,arz qilmoq
malefaction преступление jinoyat,qonunni buzish
manslaughter непредумышленное убийство maqsadsiz odam 'ldirish
matching подходящий muvofiq keluvchi
miner шахтер shaxtyor
negligent небрежный ehtiyotsiz
neighboring соседный qo'shni, atrof
nomadic кочевой ko'chmanchi
obtain приобретать ega bo'lmoq, muyassar
bo'lmoq
oases оазис voha
occupy завоевать egallamoq
24
offending нарушение закона qonunni buzish
origin происхождение paydo bo'lish
outstanding знаменитый mashhur
owner владелец egasi
period период muddat
petition прошение; ходатайство arzrnoma; rasmiy iltimos
petitioner истец da'vogar
point out указать ko'rsatmoq
population население aholi
position должность lavozim
preserve сохранять saqlamoq
prison тюрьма qamoqxona
proficiency опытность;умение mohirlik; malaka
prosecutor лицо, возбуждающее и sud ishini qo'zg'atiayotgan
осуществляющее преследование va jinoiyta'qibni
amalga оshirayotgan shaxs
protectorate протекторат protektorat
prove доказать isbot qilmoq
rally восстановление сил; kuchni qayta tiklash;
объединение; собрание birlashish; majlis
reign господствовать hukumronlik qilmoq
relic след; пережиток; реликвия eskilik qoldig'i,
yodgorlik
restore восстановить qayta tiklamoq
robber грабитель talonchi, o'g'iri
ruler правитель yurtboshi; hukmdor
search обыскивать tintuv qilmoq
settle down поселиться; обосноваться joylashmoq, o'rnashmoq
scholar ученый olim
significant значительный ulkan; muhim
shopkeeper продавец sotuvchi
skilled квалифицированный malakali; mohir
slander клеватать устно og'zaki tuhmat qilmoq
slaver работоторговец qul sotuvchi
solicitor солиситор; поверенный (ishonchli vakil sifatida) quyi
(готовящий дело для баррис- sudlov idoralari majlisida
тера и выступающий только ishtirok etuvchi huquqshunos
в низших судах )
solve решать yechmoq, hal qilmoq
 25
sovereignty суверенитет mustaqillik
stair ступенька zinapoya
submit подчиняться bo'ysinmoq
successor преемник voris,davom ettiruvchi
superviser инспектор; надзиратель nazoratchi; kuzatuvchi
suspect подозреваемое лицо gumon etiluvchi shaxs
trade торговля savdo
transfer переносить, переводить o'tkazmoq
traveler путешественник sayohatchi
treasure сокровище qimmat baho narsa
trespassing правонарушение qonunni buzmoq
tribe племя qabila
topic тема mavzu
vehicle перевозочное средство yuk, odam tashuvchi
vosita (avtomobil, vagon)
victim потерпевший; жертва jabrlanuvchi
violation нарушение (право, закон) huquq, qonunni buzish
war война urush
warrior воин; боец jangchi, askar
26
UNIT 2
Topic: 1.The Republic of Uzbekistan.
2. Tashkent.
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words,
2.The words with the suffix –tion,
Grammar: 1.The Article;
2. Pronoun-Demonstrative;
3. «To have» in Present Indefinite;
Word formation: the suffix –tion;
Conversational phrases:How to get acquainted.
Texts: 1. The Changing American family, 2. The Republic of Uzbekistan,
3. Tashkent.
Exercises

Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:

not – note not – nut hunt – duke
hot – hole put – but pig – page
stop – stone up – tube send – sand
hob- home cut – mute lump – lamp
Ex.2. Listen and repeat:
1. Is Mickey in ? - Yes, he is.
2. Kiev is a big city.
3. I think he is a good singer.
4.Kittie is a little кid.
5.Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers where is the peck of pickled
peppers?
- Is there any meat?
- There is only tinned meat.
- Is it beef?
- It is chicken.
- Is it ready to eat?
- Well, you have to cook it before you eat it.
Conversational phrases: How to get acquainted.
 27
Ex.3. Try to memorize the phrases:
- What is your first name?
- My first name is Ahmad.
- What is your last name?
- My last name is Zokirov.
- What is your middle name?
- My middle name is Omonovich.
My first name is Robert, Bob for short. Let me introduce to you my brother (friend,
niece, nephew, wife, husband … )
This is Mr. Jackson.
- How do you do, Mr, Jackson?
- How do you do, Mr. Zokirov?
- Glad to meet you (Nice to meet you).
- Pleasеd to meet you.
Ex.4. Fill in the blanks:
My …name is Akbar
My …name is Shokirov
My …name is Karimovich
Ex.5. Make a dialogue asking your names.
Ex.6. Introduce your brother ( sister, niece, nephew…) to your friend.
Ex.7. Introduce your friend to one of your relatives.
Ex.8. Give the equivalents of the following in your mother tongue:
aunt daughter father-in-law sister
bride girl mother sister-in-law
bridegroom grandmother mother-in-law son
brother grandfather nephew son-in-law
cousin grandchild niece uncle
child grandparents husband
children father wife
Ex.9. Answer the questions:
1.What do we call a person who is the father of your father?
2.What do we call our sister‟s or brother‟ son?
3.What do we call father‟s or mother‟s sister?
4.How do you call your father‟s brother?
28
5.What do you call your wife‟s father (mother)?
6.What is your relation to your father (mother, grandfather, niece, nephew)?
Ex.10. Read and then tell who is who in your family.
The Family
Your father and your mother are your parents. You are their son or
daughter. Your mother‟s father and your father‟s father are your grandfathers. Your
mother‟s mother and your father‟s mother are your grandmother.
Your grandmother‟s or grandfather‟s mother is your great – grandmother.
Your grandfather‟s or grandmother‟s father is your great – grandfather.
Your mother‟s or your father‟s sister is your aunt. Your father‟s or your
mother‟s brother is your uncle. Your aunt‟s or your uncle‟s children are your
cousins. The child of a brother or a sister is a niece or a nephew. Girls are
nieces, boys are nephews.
Ex.11 Look through the following family tree. Write about yourself and your
family.
My grandfather My grandmother
Name…… ….
Date of birth…… ….
Place of birth….. ….
My father My grandfather

Name…… ….
Date of birth…… ….
Place of birth… … ….
My sister My great-grandmother
…… ….
…… ….
…… ….
My brother My great-grandfather
 29
Ex.12.Look at the following picture and say whom you see in the family:

Ex.13.As you read the text note the changes in American family.
The changing American family
The American family has undergone dramatic changes during the past 90
years. One of these changes has been a reduction in size. In 1900, the average
family size was 5.7 persons. By 1991, the average family had shrunk to 2.63
persons. Today, couples have fewer children or, in some cases, no children at all.
Families have also changed because women‟s roles have changed. During the
early part of this century, most married women did not work outside their homes.
Today, however, 55% of all married women hold jobs outside their homes.
The increase in single – parent families also illustrates how families are
changing. Although most families still include two parents, the number of one-
parent families has doubled in the past decade. There are two reasons for this. First,
divorces are at an all-time high. Second, the number of unmarried parents has
increased. These and other changes have caused problems and conflicts, which
often involve the law. Nevertheless, the family no doubt will continue to adapt.

Changes in American Families, 1970 – 1991

Table
30
1970 1991 Percentage
Increase
/Decrease
Marriages performed 2,159,000 2,448,000 + 13
Divorces granted 708,000 1,175,000 +66
Married couples 44,728,000 50,708,000 +13
Married couples with children 25,541,000 24,552,000 -4
Children living with two parents 58,926,000 46,658,000 -21

Children living with one parent 8,230,000 16,624,000 +102

Average size of household 3,3 2,63 -20
Families with both parents working 20,327,000 25,144,000 +24
Source: Bureau of the Census, 1992

Ex.14.Read the figures in the Table above.

Ex.15. Look through the figures in the table above and discuss the
quantitative differences in the changes in American families for the
period of 1870 – 1991.

Model: 1970 1991 Difference

Marriage 2,159,000 2,448,000 259.000
performed
Ex.16. Discuss the following questions:
a. Look at the table above. What do you think are the most significant
changes in American families since 1970? In your opinion, why have these
changes occurred?
b. How many children did your grandparents have? How many children do
your parents have? How many children would you like to have?
c. Where did your grandparents live? Where do your parents live? How
often did they move during their lives?
d. Did both your grandparents hold jobs outside the home? Do both your
parents hold jobs outside the home?
e. What do you think families will be like in the future?
 31
Grammar
The Article
The indefinite article: a, an The definite article: the
Ex.17.Insert the appropriate articles in the spaces provided:
Model: This is a pen-knife . The pen-knife is sharp.
1.This is – lamp.-lamp hangs over the table.
2.This is -ink-stand.–ink-stand is on my table.
3.This is – vase. – vase is full of flowers.
4.This is – apple.– apple is ripe.
5.- summer lasts for three months.
6.- London is – capital of England.
7.Which do you like: - coffee or -tea?
8. We have – breakfast at 8 , - dinner at 2 and – supper at 7.
9. – March, -April and – May are spring months.
10. – book is on -table.
Demonstrative pronouns
this- This is a pen. This is a book.
that – That is a pencil. That is a note – book.
these – These are pins. These are badges.
those – Those are shops. Those are booths.
(the) same – The same to you. It is just the same book.
such – It is such an exciting trip.
Ex.18. Translate the sentences:
This is a table. That is a chair. These are maps. Those are pictures.
This is the same newspaper.
-A Happy New Year!-The same to you.
It is such a wonderful day.
Ex.19. Insert the appropriate pronouns in the spaces provided:
1. This is a French book and … is an English one.
2. These are grapes and … are apricots.
3. That is not your book … is yours.
4. Is … a book? – No, … is a note – book.
5. A Happy New Year! - … to you.
4. He is … man whom we saw at the circus.
The verb “ to have” in Present Indefinite
32

to have

have has

I have an uncle We have a car

He has four children You have a garden
She has a husband They have a plant
It has two hands
Ex.20. Insert the appropriate forms of “to have “ in the space provided:
1.My brother ….a bike. 5. We …a new flat.
2. His uncle…a gun. 6. My nephew …a kite.
3.My sister …a ring. 7.My nieces…dolls.
4.They …pen-friends8.The dog …a kennel.
Ex.21.Tell us about your relatives.
Ex.22. Compose ten sentences using the verb “to have”.
Ex.23. Name the terms of your relationship:
Model: Your father‟s brother is …
My father‟s brother is called an uncle.
1.Your mother‟s sister is …2.Your father‟s father is …3.Your mother‟s mother is
… 4.The parents of your parents are … 5.The son of your sister ( brother ) is …
6.The daughter of your sister (brother ) is …7.The woman to whom you are
married is …8.The man to whom you are married is …
9.Your wife‟s ( husband‟s ) mother is … 10.Your wife‟s (husband‟s)father is
…11.Your wife‟s (husband‟s ) sisters are … 12.Your wife‟s ( husband‟s ) brothers
are …
Ex.24. Draw your family tree.
Ex.25.Match the figures and the words on the right:
1.500 a. forty eight square metres.
2.1999 b. plus fifty five degrees.
3.2004 c. fifteenth.
 33
4.+35 d. five hundred.
5.15 th e. nineteen ninety nine.
6.48 m.2 f. six times seven equals forty two.
7.7.40 a.m. g. two thousand and four.
8.2.561 i.twenty minutes to eight in the morning.
9.133.82.27 j.two point five six one.
10. 6x7=42 h.one three three eight two two seven.
Ex.26.Finish the sentences:
1.My telephone number is …
2.My friend‟s telephone number is …
3.The telephone number of the Ambulance is …
4.The telephone number of the Fire brigade is …
5.The telephone number of the police is …
6.The number of students in our group (department, University) is…
7.The average temperature in July(January) is …
8.The population of our city (country) is …
9.The average rate of a small flat is … per month.
10.The cost of a kilogram of sugar (meat, sausage…) is …
Ex.27.Read the names of the days of the week:
Monday Wednesday Friday Sunday
Tuesday Thursday Saturday
Ex.28. Read the names of the months:
January April July October
February May August November
March June September December
Ex.29.Learn to tell the time:
8.0- It is eight (a.m./p.m.)
8.05- It is five minutes past eight.
8.15- It is fifteen minutes past eight.
It is a quarter past eight.
8.30 .- It is half past eight.
It is eight thirty.
8.40 - It is twenty minutes to eight.
8.50 - It is ten minutes to nine.
9.00 - It is nine.
34
Ex.30. Tell the time:
5.00 5.20 5.50 11.00. 13.00 14.00
5.05 5.30 5.55 11.20 13.20 14.15
5.10 5.40 6.00 11.40 13.30 14.45
5.15 5.45 6.30 12.00 13.50 15.00
Ex.31. Practise speaking about the time, the date and the day:
-What time is it?-It is five.
-What date is it today?-Today is September 10, 2002
-What day is it today? -Today is Monday.
Ex.32.Make up short dialogues asking the time, the day and the date.
Model:- Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?
- Oh, yes. It is 10.40.
- Thank you.
- Never mind.
Ex.33. Read the newspaper article and tell what it discusses:
Car-truck collision leaves one dead
One person was reported killed this morning when a Chevrolet S10 pickup
truck collided with a semi tractor – trailer on Mason Road at Truhn Road west of
Howell. Livingston County Sheriff‟s deputies said Mason Road was still closed at 8
a.m. today, a little more than an hour after the 6:50 a.m. crash. No other details were
available since police were still on the scene. (AAN, 8/12/99)
Ex.34. Study the word formation. The suffix-tion
act – action celebrate-celebration
elect – election compete - competition
except – exception constitute – constitution
translate – translation exhibit - exhibition
object- objection protect- protection
Ex.35. Form derivative nouns with the suffix-tion and comment on their
meaning:
add communicate
administrate composite
attribute congratulate
aviate construct
 35
contribute describe
distract instruct
elaborate examine
inscrib eviolate
pollute introduce
proclaim invent
transit react
transcript relate
trade resolute
state interrupt
Ex.36.Learn the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
action - 1) a civil or criminal judicial proceeding;
2) the process of doing something;
3) the thing done; assumption-a fact or statement taken for granted;
conviction-1) the act or process ofjudiciallyfindingsomeone guilty of a
crime; the state of being proved guilty;
2) the judgement ( as by a jury verdict ) that a person is guilty ofa crime;
correction - the punishment and treatment of a criminal offender through a
programme of imprisonment, parole and probation;
detention-the act or fact of holding a person in custody; confinement or
compulsory delay;
election-the process of selecting a person to occupy a position or office,
usuallya public office;
emigration -the act of departing or exiting from one country in the hope of
settling inanother; exemption -freedom from a duty, liability, or other requirement;
execution-the act of carrying out or putting into effect (as an action or an order);
injunction -a court order commanding or preventing authority, usually a
government; interposition – the act of submitting something ( such as a pleading or
motion ) as defense to an opponent‟s claim;
jurisdiction –
1) a government‟s general power to exercise authority over all persons and
things within its territory;
2) a court‟s power to decide a case or issue a decree;
petition-a formal written request presented to a court or other governmental
or official body; some states of America use this term in place of“complaint “ when
referring to a lawsuit‟s first pleading; sanction- a recognized authority‟s official
approval or confirmation of an action;
proscription -the act of prohibiting; the state of being prohibited.
36
Ex.37.Explain the meaning of the following words using a dictionary:
Model: addition is an act of adding something to something.
pollution inspection
tradition instruction
station introduction
composition invention
construction resolution
description interruption
election destruction
Ex.38.Match the terms and their definitions or explanations:
arbitrator- a law office employee who delivers papers between offices and
files papers in court;
legislator -a lawyer lacking in education, ability, sound judgement, or
common sense;
offender- a legal officer who represents the government in criminal
proceedings;
pettifogger- a neutral person chosen to resolve disputes between parties by
means of formal arbitration;
prosecutor- one who grants a license to another;
petition- freedom from a duty, liability, or other requirement;
insurrection – the act or fact of holding a person in custody;
exemption -a violent revolt against an oppressive authority, usually a
government;
runner-a person who has committed a crime;
detention-a formal written request presented to a court or other governmental
or official body.
Ex.39. Complete the sentences using the prompts:
Model: A civil or criminal judicial proceeding is called …
A civil or criminal judicial proceeding is called an action. The prompts: a crier, an
offender, jurisdiction, injunction, trial, prosecutor, execution, insurrection.
1. A criminal proceeding in which an accused person is tried means …
2.A legal officer who represents the government in criminal proceedings is called
…
3. A government‟s general power to exercise authority over all persons and things
within its territory is …
4. A person who has committed a crime is called…
 37
5. A violent revolt against an oppressive authority, usually government is …
6. The act of carrying out or putting in to effect ( as an action or an order ) …
7. A court order commanding or preventing an action …
8. An officer of the court who makes public pronouncements as required by the
court …
Ex.40.Pronounce the roots of the following words and translate them into
your mother tongue:
аction exception correction assumption
protection detention auction competition
conviction pollution exemption addition
execution election proclamation arbitration
Ex.41.Classify the words into legal and nonlegal groups:
action sanction interruption auction
exception composition construction execution
assumption resolution arbitration protection
Ex.42.Use the words below in sentences of your own:
proclamation congratulation constitution instruction
contribution objection detention jurisdiction
protection election examination pollution
Ex.43.Explain the meaning of the following words:
constitution arbitration conviction action
attention mention interpretation relation
Ex.44. As you read the text below write the words with the suffix –tion
and translate them into your mother tongue:
The Republic of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is situated in Central Asia. Its area is 447.400 square
kilometers. In the south Uzbekistan borders on Afganistan, Tajikistan and
Turkmenistan. In the east it borders on Tajikistan, Kirghistan, in the west and north
it borders on Kazaкhstan.
The republic of Uzbekistan is one of the most favourable regions in terms
of natural and geographic conditions. It is situated in the central part of the Central
Asian economic region and it is watered by the large rivers of the Amudarya and
Sirdarya. The length of the republic„s territory from west to east is 1425 km, and
38
from north to south 930 km. The size of Uzbekistan‟s territory is greater than the
UK, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland and Austria taken together.
Uzbekistan has a great variety of geographical features. Lying in the desert
zone of the moderate belt, the Republic has a hot, dry climate. There is plenty of
warmth and sunshine, but very little water; therefore all economic activity is
directly connected with irrigation constructions.
There are mountains and rivers in Uzbekistan. The Sirdarya is the biggest
river. It is used for watering fields and for fishing.
The Republic of Uzbekistan consists of the Republic of Karakalpakstan,
12 regions, 226 cities and districts. It ranks third among the CIS in terms of the total
amount of population yielding only to Russia and the Ukraine. The total number of
the republic‟s population is about 25 million people. The representatives of more
than 120 nationalities and ethnic groups live and work in the territory of
Uzbekistan.
The engineering industry, chemistry, metallurgy, radio and electronic
industry, light industry have been given wide scope of development.
More than 50% of Central Asia‟s energy capacities fall to the share of Uzbekistan.
The length of railroads exceeds 6.700 km; and that of the highways 80.000 km;
airway communications have been established with more than 30 countries.
Uzbekistan has the world‟s fourth largest reserves of gold and the tenth
largest reserves of copper. The annual gold output is about 70 tons.
The republic produces 1,3 million tons of cotton fibre, 5 million tons of
fruit and vegetables, 20.000 tons of raw silk and 1,5 million of astrakhans annually.
Uzbekistan is rich in fuel and power resources. Gas reserves total 5 trillion
cubic metres, the reserves of oil 4 billion tons, the reserves of coal are 2 billion tons.
The representatives of international financial and banking institutions
such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development and others are successfully operating in the
Republic.
Vocabulary notes:
be situated – be placed; be located
area – region of the earth‟s surface
desert zone – barren land, waterless, treeless area
moderate – not extreme; limited
capacity – ability
reserve – store
fuel – material for producing heat or energy
power – strength, force, authority.
 39
Ex.45. Language competition. Look through the text and make a list of
derivative and compound words and translate them into your mother
tongue.
Ex.46. Re-read the text and divide it into logical parts.
Ex.47. Read the text again and find the answers to the questions below:
1. Uzbekistan is located in: a) Europe, b) Asia, c) Central Asia, d) America.
2. Uzbekistan is landlocked. It means:
a) it is bordered by 5 countries, b) it has no coast,
c) it has no rivers, d) it has mountains.
3. Uzbekistan rates …… among the CIS by the amount of population:
a) first, b) second, c) third,d) fourth.
4. More than 50% of Central Asia‟s energy capacities fall to the share of:
a) Tajikistan, b) Kazakhstan,c) Uzbekistan, d) Kirghistan.
5. Gold deposit rates the …… place in the world.
a) first, b) second, c) third, d) fourth.
6. Uzbekistan is rich in:
a) zink, b) water, c) fuel and power, d) iron
Ex.48. Discuss the following questions:
1. The location of Uzbekistan. 2. Ancient cities and towns in Uzbekistan. 3. Joint
ventures operating in Uzbekistan. 4. Natural resources in Uzbekistan.
Ex.49.As you read the text below note the main facts:
Tashkent
Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan. It is the largest city in Central Asia.
It is situated in the northern part of the country. Its population is more than two
million people.
There are many factories, plants in Tashkent. They produce different kinds
of goods.
Tashkent is popular as a centre of education. There are many universities,
institutes, colleges, lyceums, secondary and vocational schools. They train teachers,
doctors, engineers, agronomists, lawyers and many other experts. The Academy of
Sciences plays a great role in the development of industry, agriculture, medicine,
technology, education, culture and other spheres of Uzbekistan.
Tashkent is a beautiful garden city. In 1966 a strong earthquake destroyed
many buildings. Many new houses, shops, offices were rebuilt after the earthquake.
The streets are wide, straight and clean. There are many high buildings, shops,
restaurants, markets, the Circus, the Zoo, monuments, squares, hotels, museums,
 40
theatres, cinemas, libraries, stadiums in Tashkent. One of the oldest buildings is the
Kukeldash madrasah. It was built in the 16th century.
Tashkent has sister-cities in 7 countries. They are Karachi, Marrakesh,
Patiala, Seattle, Skoplje, Tripoli and Tunis.
The Peace Park in Tashkent was built by people from Tashkent and
Seattle. 300 Uzbek people and 175 Americans worked together in the construction
of the park.
There is a metro in Tashkent. It was built in 1977. At present it has more
than 30 stations.
The climate is dry. It is hot in summer and it is cold in winter. It snows in
winter and it often rains in autumn and spring.
Ex.50. Re-read the text and speak on:
1. The location of Tashkent.
2. Its size and population.
3. Tashkent as an administrative, industrial, educational, cultural centre.
4. The climate and the weather in Tashkent.
Ex.51.Fill in the following chart comparing big cities in Uzbekistan:

Cities location size population age industrial cultural educationa famous

centres centres l centres people
Tashkent

Samarkand

Bukhara

Kokand

Andijon

Ex.52.Choose the appropriate sentences to complete the dialogue:

A: This is great! I have heard and read so much about Tashkent. It is a big city, isn‟t
it?
B: ……………….
A: I have always wanted to visit it.
B: ……………….
 41
A: Oh, I‟ll be only two days.
B: …………………………
A: I‟ll try to see only the main historical places. What would you suggest visiting
first?
B: ………………
A: Oh, that‟s great. I‟ll follow your advice. Thank you.
B: ………………
Prompts: (1) Yes, it is the largest city in Central Asia, (2)How long are you going to
stay in Tashkent?, (3) It‟s a pity. You will not be able to see all the sights of
Tashkent, (4) There are many ancient buildings. Perhaps you begin going
sightseeing from the Kukeldash madrasah, (5) You are welcome.
Ex.53.Complete the dialogue using the prompts given below.
At a tourist information office.
Jack: Hello. Could you give us some information about Tashkent‟s most famous
sights?
Clerk: ………………..
Jack: We have not seen anything yet. We have only just come.
Clerk: ………………..
Jack: Let‟s start with a Tashkent sightseeing tour on a bus.
Clerk: ………………..
Prompts: (1) Oh, that is great. There is a bus station over there. The bus is leaving
in a few minutes, (2) What have you already seen in Tashkent?, (3) Have a look at
the leaflets over there and take what you like.
Ex.54.Look through the text and answer the questions given below:
The Independence of Uzbekistan
The Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan on its special session
announced the declaration of Independence of Uzbekistan on the 1st of September
1991. Uzbekistan was solemnly proclaimed as a sovereign democratic Republic.
Karakalpak Republic is a separate body within the borders of Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan has no claims to other states and is the owner of its territory, natural
resources and deposits.
The owners of state power are the common people of Uzbekis-
tan.Uzbekistan has its own system of governing, a national state, and official bodies
of ruling.
The Republic of Uzbekistan provides equal political and social, economic,
cultural opportunities to all nationalities living in its territory.
42
Uzbekistan recognizes all international laws and degrees functioning in
other states. Today Uzbekistan is recognized as the independent State by many
other states and it is paving its way towards independence and freedom.
Uzbekistan has opened its embassies in a number of countries and many
embassies are functioning in Tashkent today.
The 1st of September was announced as the Independence Day of Uzbekistan
and is celebrated as a holiday. (Uzbekistan and Uzbeks, p.20)
1. The Independence of Uzbekistan, what does it mean to you?
2. When may a country be recognized as independent?
Ex.55.Read the text below and find the answers to the questions:
National symbols
National symbols usually include the national emblem, national flag and
national anthem (hymn).
On August 31, 1991 the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of
Uzbekistan was adopted and the new flag of the Republic was introduced. About
20 versions of the flag had been offered for discussion. Only 3 had been chosen to
be presented at the session of the Supreme Council of the Republic. It was declared
that the version adopted, along with its symbols, displays the succession with the
state once existed on the territory of the present day Uzbekistan, its national,
cultural and climatic conditions. (Uzbekistan and Uzbeks, p.20)
1. What is the role of symbols in the life of the country?
2. On what basis is the symbol of the country created? Does it take into
account the national, cultural and climatic conditions of the country?
Ex.56.Look through the text below and discuss the questions:
The Flag
The flag consists of 5 stripes: three of them are equal –
blue, white and green, and two narrow red ones
separate the blue and green stripes from the white one.
In the left corner of the upper stripe one can see the crescent and twelve stars,
placed in three rows of three, four and five correspondingly.
The blue colour is the symbol of the eternal sky and water as one of the
main sources of life. It is just the colour of Amir Timur‟s state flag.
The white stripe is the traditional symbol of peace, yearning for moral
purity of actions and thoughts of wishing well.
The green stripe symbolizes nature, new life and fertility in the countries
whose population is represented mainly by Muslims. It is also reminiscent of the
 43
close historical links with the present-day movement of “Green Peace” which
fights for the ecological purity of our environment.
The red lines stand for the vital force flowing within living organisms and
binding our kind, innocent thoughts to the eternal skies and our earthly activities.
(Uzbekistan and Uzbeks, p.21)
1. What do colours usually symbolize in flags? Compare the colours in flags
of different countries?
2. Does the white colour always symbolize peace and the moral purity of
actions
and thoughts?
3. What is the connotation of the red colour? Is it the symbol of vital force?
Ex.57.Look through the text and discuss the questions:
The Symbol of Crescent
Young crescent bound to historical traditions can be
simultaneously considered to be the symbol of the Republic‟s
newly born independence.
Stars stand for the symbols of the cloudless sky. There are
twelve stars on the State flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
that is again directly connected with the historical traditions with our solar calendar
beginning with Navruz. The months‟ names in this calendar at the same time are
the names of the constellations. According to Ulugbek‟s catalogue the Sun‟s
movement in the sky is determined by the movement of these constellations. This
solar cycle in Uzbekistan is called “muchal”. Life proves it to be true that the period
of snake (serpent) brings drought, while Dragon brings rain. Scientists apply this to
solar activity that has been taken into consideration by our ancestors. (Uzbekistan
and Uzbeks, p.21-22)
The Questions:
1. Young crescent is the one of the symbols in the flag of Uzbekistan. What
other countries have the same symbol?
2. What is the meaning of Navruz to the Uzbek people? When and how is it
celebrated?
3. On what principle did Ulugbek construct his catalogue?
4. In old days in Uzbekistan the age of people was counted by “muchal” (12
years) and the year when a person was born. For example, the year of monkey
or rabbit, or fish, etc. So people‟s age could be two muchal (24 years), three
muchal (36 years), four muchal (48 years old), etc. How many muchals are
you?
44
Ex.58. Read the text below and answer the questions:
The Symbol of Numerals
Oriental philosophers considered the
figure “12” to be the figure of unanimity and
perfection as our world consists of four
elements (earth, air, water, and fire) that
reveal themselves in the variety of forms at
three levels: on the earth, in the sky and
between the earth and sky. Four elements
multiplied by three levels make twelve, covering the whole creation where our life
goes on.
If we go back to our history we shall see that the figure 12 stands for 12
rules or principles which were laid as fundamental ones for ruling this country.
These principles include sincerity, fairness, tolerance of opponents, morality, valour
(heroism), devotion and other endless human features. Therefore, we can say this
symbol arising from the solar calendar of the beloved Navruz, rooted in the
centuries‟ history and explained by the scientists calls up to perfection by acquiring
virtues necessary for the State‟s success and security of its citizens. (Uzbekistan and
Uzbeks, p.22-23)

The Questions:
1. What is your favourite figure? Do you believe that figures have their
meanings?
2. Why is it important to connect the present life with our history?
3. How is this connection reflected in the national flag of Uzbekistan?
Ex.59. Read the text and draw the state emblem with the help of the
escription.

The State Emblem

The New State Emblem of Uzbekistan
comprises the life experience of many centuries
of Uzbeks.
It reflects a flowering valley and the shining
Sun, on the wheat ears and on the left – white cotton
cloves. All these are designed on the garland.
On the top of the Emblem you can see an eight
– angled star which symbolizes the unity of the
 45
Republic. Inside this star there is a (young) crescent and a star – which is the
sacred symbol of Muslims.
In the centre of the Emblem you can see the legendary sacred bird
(Khumo) with spreading wings. It is the symbol of nobility, generosity and
devotion. These symbols show the long way of the Uzbeks to peace, stability,
goodness, happiness and well-being. At the bottom of the Emblem there is a small
frame of the flag within which the name of the country “Uzbekistan” is
written.(Uzbekistan and Uzbeks, p.23)
Ex.60.Read the text and answer the questions:
Tamga
Traditionally the State Emblem
(coat of arms) symbolizes property, power,
wealth, frontiers, etc.which pass from
generation to generation, or are inherited by
ancestors.
25 centuries ago the ancient turkish
Khan Uguzkhan – the ruler of the state, the
borders of which went far from Iran to Altai
– was the first who introduced the state emblem.
The prominent historian of the X111th century Dashiddin Khamodoni
wrote in his famous book “The Selected Histories” that Uguzkhan had divided his
huge state into small parts and distributed it among his sons. All of these states had
their own tamga. (Uzbekistan and Uzbeks, p.24)

The Questions:
1. Have you ever seen any State emblems other than the Uzbek State
emblem? What symbols do they reflect?
2. What is the State Emblem of Russia, Great Britain, the USA? Can you
interpret the signs and symbols of these emblems?
3. What symbol would you use, if you were to make your own emblem?
Ex.61.Read and translate the letter of thanks into your mother tongue:
Letter of Thanks to a Speaker
Mr. Gleb P. Feak May 27, 2002
46

Supervisory Import Specialist

United States Customs Service
610 S. Canal Street, Room 450 A
Chicago, IL 60607
Dear Mr. Feak:
I enjoyed your presentation yesterday on customs law and its procedure in
the United States. Thank you for coming to speak at the law school and for staying
after class to answer additional questions about how the United States Customs
Service enforces trademarks and other intellectual property rights. I was especially
interested in your explanation of how Customs Service has no authority to prevent
the importation of goods that violate a patent unless directed to do so by an
exclusion order issued by the U.S. International Trade Commission. I confess that I
am often confused about which governmental agencies have responsibilities in
these matters. Your explanation of the exclusion orders issued by the Commission
made this easier for me to understand.
Thank you also for bringing the brochures discussing import quotas,
foreign trade zones, and customs duty drawback. I look forward to reading these
brochures and learning more about these issues.
Thank you again for coming to the school. You were very gracious with
your time.
Sincerely, Mark Sipper
Ex.62. Read the following information and state what clauses of the rules are
in effect in our country:
Lost or damaged luggage
Many of the complaints about air travel concern lost or damaged luggage.
An airline „s responsibility to compensate you for luggage is limited. At present,
airlines do not have to pay you more than $ 1, 250 for luggage lost on domestic
flights and $ 9, 07 per pound for international flights, even if your luggage is worth
more than that.
Moreover, an airline will reimburse you only for the depreciated value of
your luggage and its contents. For example, if you bought a suitcase for $ 125 and
used it for a year, you might get only half that amount from the airline.
Some airlines limit their liability even further. For example, one airline
refuses to take responsibility for damage to soft luggage or for the loss of wheels
from suitcases. The same airline demands that passengers file a written claim
within 4 hours of arrival, and provide written documentation of the contents of lost
 47
baggage within 45 days. People who do not follow these rules forfeit any claims
for reimbursement.
The way to protect yourself against baggage losses is to pack your luggage
so that you can carry it on board or to buy some form of insurance. You may buy
“excess valuation” insurance policy may provide “ off- premises” coverage for lost
or damaged items. In addition, some credit card companies provide baggage
insurance if you use their card to purchase your ticket.(Legal Problem Solver, p.26)
Ex.63. Look through the text again and retell it.
Ex.64. Discuss the following:
1.How often you travel by airlines.
2.How much luggage you usually take while travelling and what steps you take for the
safety of your luggage.
Ex.65. Imagine you visited the Law school at the University of Michigan. A
student from the Law school showed you the whole building of the school,
classrooms, the library, the computer centre and so on. Besides he told many
interesting and useful things about the classes, the library which made a deep
impression on you. Write a letter of thanks to him.
Ex.66. Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. Ancient cities and towns in Uzbekistan.
2. The agriculture of Uzbekistan.
3. Uzbekistan‟s economic relations with the USA.
4. Joint ventures operating in Uzbekistan.
Glossary
according to в соответствии с… bo‟yicha
acquire приобретать olmoq, ega bo'lmoq,
action действие, поступок sud ishi
activity деятельность, активность faoliyat
adapt приспособляться moslashmoq
addition прибaвление, дополнение qo'shimcha
adopt принимать (закон, резолюцию) (qonunni,
qarorni) qabul qilmoq
age возраст yosh
agriculture сельское хозяйство qishloq xo'jaligi
although хотя …ga qaramasdan
airtravel воздушное путешествие samoliyot bilan borish
48
airway воздушная трасса havo yo'li
among среди orasida, o'rtasida
ancestor предок ota – bobolar
announce объявлять e'lon qilmoq
annual годовой yillik
anthem гимн madhiya
apply применять(ся) , ходайствовать, qo'llanmoq, tavsiya
обращаться заявлять, qilmoq, bayon bermoq,
murojaat qilmoq
area площадь maydon
arise возникать, появляться paydo bo'lmoq
assumption принятие на себя ma'suliyatni o'z
(ответственности), zimmasiga olish,
предположение tasavvur qilmoq
astrakhan каракуль, каракулевый qorako'l
attention внимательность diqqatchanlik
auction аукцион, торг kim oshdi savdosi
authority власть hokimiyat, huquq, vakolat
available доступный, наличный ixtiyoridagi, qo'l ostidagi,
naqd
average средне число, средняя величина o'rtacha
basis основание, база asos
beloved любимий sevgi
bind задерживать, обязывать majbur etmoq
bird птица qush, parranda
birth рождение tug'ilish
border on граничить chegaralanmoq
сapacity способность, компетенция qobiliyat, omilkorlik
car вагон, автомашина vagon, yengil avtomobil
celebrate праздновать, прословлять nishonlamoq
census перепись aholini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish
century столетиe, век asr
character feature характер xarakter; tabiat; fe'l, fe'l – atvor
chemistry химия kimyo
CIS – Common- Cодружество независимых стран Mustaqil
wealth of Independent States davlatlar hamkorligi
сlaim требование, иск, предъявлять иск talab, da‟vo, da‟vo qilmoq
clause статья, пункт modda, band
climate климат iqlim
 49
cloudless безоблачный, ясный bulutsiz
coat of arms герб gerb, tamg'a
collision противоречие qarama - qarshilik
colour цвет rang
communication сообщение, средство xabar,
сообщения aloqa vositasi
compensate возмещать tovon to'lamoq
competition конкуренция, соревнование musobaqa
complaint претензия, жалобы shikoyat qilmoq, ariza bermoq
comprise включать, заключать в себе o'zida mujassam
etmoq,tarkibida bo'lmoq
composition состав tarkib
condition условие shart, sharoyit
confess признаваться tan olmoq
conflict быть в конфликте majaroda, to'qnashuvda
bo'lmoq
confuse приводить в замешательство dovdiratib qo'ymoq
connect связывать bog'lamoq
connotation дополнительное, сопуствующее qo'shimcha
значение ma'no
consist of состоять из iborat bo'lmoq
consider рассматривать, обсуждать ko'rib chiqmoq,
muhokama qilmoq
constellation плеяда bir sohada, bir davrda yashab
turgan atoqli kishilar guruhi
continue откладывать слушание дела sud ishini ko'rilishini
to'xtatmoq
contribute содействовать, способствовать yordamlashmoq,
conviction обвинительный приговор ayblov hukmi
copper медь mis
correction исправление, наказание tuzatish, jazolash
cotton хлопок paxta
council совет kengash
couple пара juft
coverage охват jalb etish, qamrab olish
create творить yaratmoq
credit card карточка доверия ishonch guvohnomasi
crescent полумесяц yarim oy
customs law томоженное право bojxona huquqi
50
cycle цикл davr
damage убытка zarar
decade десятилетие o'n yil
declaration исковое заявление, декларация bayonot
decrease уменьшать (ся) kamaymoq
decree декрет farmon
deep глубокий chuqur
demand требование talab
deposit вклад, хранилище omonat, hissa, ulush
depreciate унижаать jabr – zulim qilmoq
desсribe описать tasvirlamoq
desert пустыня sahro
destroy разрущать buzmoq
determine определять aniqlamoq
detail подробность mufassallik
detention арест, задержание qamoqqa olish
devotion преданность sodiqlik
difference отличие farq
discuss обсуждать muhokama qilmoq
display показывать ko'rsatmoq
distribute распределить taqsimlamoq
distract отвлекать, расстраивать diqqatini bo'lmoq, ziyon
etkazmoq
divorce развод nikohni bekor qilish
domestic домашний ichki, xonaki
drawback препятствие to'siq
drought засуха qurg'oqchilik
dry сушить (ся) quritmoq
during в течение davomida
earthly земной yerga xos, yer ustida
earthquake землетресение yer qimirlash
east восток sharq
education образование ma'lumot
elaborate тщательно разработать sinchiklab ishlab chiqmoq
election выборы saylov
embassy посольство elchixona
emigration переселение, эмиграция ko'chib kelish
endless беcконечный cheksiz
enforce проводить законы в жизнь qonunni hayotga tatbiq
 51
etmoq
environment окружение atrof
equalize уравнивать tenglamoq
establish установить barpo etmoq
eternal вечный abadiy, mangu
event событие voqea
example, for example например masalan
exceed превышать oshirmoq, oshirib yubormoq
exception исключение mustasno
excess valuation превышение oshib ketish, oshirib yuborish
exclusion исключение chiqarib tashlash
exemption освобождение ozod qilish
fairness справедливость adolat, odillik
fall падать yiqilmoq, qulab tushmoq
favourable благоприятный ma'qul, qulay
ferfility плодородие serhosillik
fibre волокно tola
fight бороться kurashmoq
file подавать документ xujjat topshirmoq
flight полет uchish
flow течение oqim
force насилие kuch, zo'ravonlik
forfeit лишаться, терять, mahrum bo'lmoq
утрачивать, yo'qotmoq, musodara
конфисковать, qilmoq
form of insurance форма страхования sug'urta shakli
freedom свобода ozodlik
fuel топливо yonilg'i
function функция vazifa
further продвигать, способствовать imkon bermoq
garland венок gulchambar
generation покoление avlod
generosity благородность muruvvat
goodnesss доброта yaxshilik
goods товар tovar
gracious добрый saxiy
grant грант grant (yo'llanma)
high высокий baland
highway большая дорога katta yo'l
52
hold a job иметь работу ishga ega bo'lmoq
hot горячий issiq
huge огромный katta
human человеческий insonga xos
illustrate иллюстрировать misollar bilan tushuntirmoq
(rasmlar bilan bezamoq)
importation ввоз, импортирование mamlakatga narsa olib
kirish
impression впечатление ta'surot
increase возрастание, увеличение, ko'payish
independence независимость mustaqillik
in effect в действии kuchga kirgan, amalda
information информация ma'lumot
inherit наследовать meros qilib olmoq
innocent невиновный ayibsiz
inscribe надписывать ustiga yozmoq
inspection инспекция nazorat
instruct указать ko'rsatma bermoq
interrupt прерывать, препятствовать suhbatni bo'lmoq, halaqit
bermoq
interpretation толкование sharhlash, izohlash
interposition нахождение между o‟rtasida bo‟lmoq
introduce вводить, познакомить kiritmoq, tanishtirmoq
invent изобретать kashf etmoq
involve вовлекать qamrab olmoq
issue выпуск nashr
item пункт, параграф bo'lim, qism
joint venture совместное предприятие qo'shma korxona
jurisdiction юрисдикция qonun tasarrufi
kill убивать o'ldirmoq
law закон, право qonun, huquq
leaflet тонкая брошюра kitobcha
leave оставлять qoldirib ketmoq
legendary легендарный afsonaviy
legislator законодательная власть qonun chiqaruvchi
hokimiyat
length длина uzunlik
liability ответственность javobgarlik, ma'suliyat
life experience жизненный опыт hayot
 53
like похожий o'xshash
limit граница chegara
link соединять birlashtirmoq
location расположение joylashish o'rni
marriage брак nikoh
meaning значение ma'no
mean означать ma'no anglatmoq
mention упоминать ta'kidlamoq
moderate умеренный o'rtacha
morality мораль axloq
moreover сверх того, кроме того buning ustiga
movement перемещение boshqa joyga o'tqazish
multiply увеличивать ko'paytirmoq
nephew племянник o'g'il jiyan
nevertheless несмотря на, однако …ga qaramasdan, biroq
newly заново, вновь yangi
niece племянница qiz jiyan
nobility дворянство, благородство oliyjanoblik
occur cлучаться sodir bo'lmoq
offender правонарушитель qonunbuzar, jinoyatchi
offer предлагать taklif qilmoq
off – premises выпроводить chiqarib yubormoq
oil масло yog'
opinion , in my opinion мнение, по моему мнению fikr, mening
fikrimcha
opponent оппонент, противник raqib
opportunity возможность imkoniyat
oriental восточный sharq
output продукция mahsul, natija
pack упаковывать joylashtirmoq
pave the way подготовлять почву zamin yaratmoq
pay платить to'lamoq
peace мир tinchlik
percentage процент foiz
perform исполнять ijro etmoq
pettifogger крючкотвор, кляузник tuhmatchi, ig'vogar
petition подавать заявление в суд, прошение sudga ariza
bermoq, talabnoma
plenty обильный, многочисленный ko'p
54
pollute загрязнять ifloslantirmoq
power власть hokimiyat
presentation презентация taqdim etish
prevent предотвращать,предохранять oldini olmoq, oldindan
proclaim обнародовать, провозглашать e'lon qilmoq
produce предъявлять (документы) ko'rsatmoq, taqdim etmoq
prominent известный mashhur
property собственность mulk
proscription объявление вне закона noqonuniy deb e'lon qilish
protect защищать himoya qilmoq
provide обеспечивать ta'minlamoq
purchase покупка xarid
purity чисто таsoflik
railroad железная дорога temir yo'l
rate норма, тариф tarif, me'yor
reason причина, основание sabab, asos
recognize признавать, узнавать tan olmoq, tanimoq
reduction сокрашение kamaytirish, qisqartirish
reflect отражать aks ettirmoq
refuse отказываться rad qilmoq
relation отношение, связь munosabat, aloqa
reminiscent воспоминание esdalik
report отчет hisobot
representative представитель vakil
representation представление taqdim etish, vakolat
reserve запас zahira
resolute решительный qat'iy
resource ресурсы manbaa
responsibility ответственность javobgarlik
reveal разоблачать, открывать fosh qilmoq, oshkor qilmoq
root корень o'zak
ruler правитель hukmdor, hokim
qualitative количественный miqdoriy
sacred священный muqaddas
safety безопасность xavfsizlik, muhofaza
sanction санкция, санкционировать sanksiya, qonunga
(tartibga) bo'ysunishga majbur
etuvchibuyruq
scene место проишествие hodisa (voqea) yuz bergan joy
 55
separate отделяться ajralmoq
serpent коварный человек, злой makkor odam
share доля ulush
sight зрение ko'rinish
sightseeing осмотр достопримечательностей diqqatga sazovor
simultaneously одновременно bir paytda
sincerity искренность samimiylik
sincerely искреннo samimiy
situate располагаться joylashmoq
soft мягкий yumshoq
solar солнечный quyoshli
solemnly торжественно tantanali
source источник manba
south юг janub
sovereign монарх monarx
suitcase чемодан chemodan
stability стабильность barqarorlik
stand for предстать перед судом sud oldida hozir bo'lmoq
state заявлять, утверждать o'zining dalil – isbotlarini
bayon qilmoq
still тишина jimlik
stripe полоса yo'l – yo'l
successfully успешно muvaffaqiyat
succession последовательность izchillik
supreme верховный oliy
sunshine солнечный свет quyosh yorug'ligi
symbolize символировать ramzini bildirmoq
take account учитывать hisobga olmoq
therefore следовательно shuning uchun
thought мысль fikr
ticket билет chipta
tolerance терпеливость chidamlilik
tour путешествие sayohat
trade занятие, розничная торговля kasb, savdo
trade mark фабричная марка ishlab chiqarish markazi
trailer автоприцеп ulov, arava
train обучать o'qitmoq
transcript копия nusxa
transit прохождение o'tish
56
truck грузовой автомобиль yuk avtomobili
unanimity единодушие yakdillik
undergo подвергаться yo'liqmoq
unmarried неженатый uylanmagan
unity единство, согласие birdamlik
valley долина vodiy
valour доблесть botirlik
value ценность qimmat, narx, bebaho
variety разнообразие harxillik
violate нарушать (право, закон) (huquqni, qonunni)
buzmoq
virtue добродетель saxovatli
vital жизненный muhim
vocational профессиональный kasbiy
wealth богатство boylik
well–being здоровье, благополучие eson - omonlik
west запад g'arb
wheel колесо g'ildirak
wing крыло qanot
within в пределах, внутри ichida
worth стоящий, заслуживающий аrziydigan
yearn томиться qiynalmoq
yield приносить (плоды) hosil keltirmoq
zone зона ma'lum hudud
 57
UNIT 3
Topic: 1.Principles of State Policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
2.The Need for Law.
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels,
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words;
2.The words with the suffix –sion;
Grammar: 1. Prepositions of Place and Direction;
2.The Pronoun: one;
3. Present Indefinite;
Word formation: the suffix- sion;
Conversational phrases: Words of Farewell.
Texts:1.From the History of Legal Education; 2.Tashkent State Law
Institute; 3.The Principles of a State Policy of Uzbekistan; 4.The
Need for Law; 5. Law and Values.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
in pit Pete – pit no – not
is bid deed -did vote-hot
it pig read –rid rode -rod
if pin feel-fill hope – pot
ink wig steal – still note- nod
ill did tea-tin robe- rob
Ex.2.Listen and repeat:
1. Tom and Bob got a strong dog.
2. Can‟t you see three?
3. I can see the beach and the sea and two people - Eve and Peter.
4. I repeat: You must not eat meat for at least a week.
5. He speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease.
6. How about meeting me at three?
Conversational phrases: Words of farewell
Ex.3. Read the phrases:
Good - bye. Good - bye for the present!
Bye – bye! Bye!
„Cheerio! So long!
58
See you later! See you tomorrow!
I hope I‟ll see you more! Good night!
Remember me to…
More official phrases of Parting
Good morning! Good afternoon!
Good day! Good evening!
Ex.4. Respond to the words of parting:
- Well, I‟ll be getting on. Good bye for the present, Martin.
- ……………..
- Come as early as you like. I‟ll be looking forward to a chat.
- So am I.
I‟ll be round about three. Will you please remember me to your parents?
- ………………..
- Good bye, Jan.
- ………………..
- Cheerio, Jan. See you again soon.
- ……………………………..
- I must be off. It‟s too late. Good night.
- ………………………..
- I‟m sorry. I must leave. See you later.
- …………………….
Ex.5. Make short dialogues based on situations of parting.
Model:
-Thank you for a pleasant evening, Alijon. Good bye.
- Cheerio, Kosim. See you next Sunday.
Ex.6. Find the appropriate equivalents of words of parting in your mother
tongue:
See you tomorrow! Good night! See you later!
Good bye! Good bye for the present! Good night!
Bye-bye! Cheerio! Remember me to your …
So long.
 59
Grammar
Prepositions – Prepositions of Place
Ex.7. Use the following prepositions in sentences of your own:
above- above the table
across- across the river
among - among the trees
at- at home, at the station, at the wall
behind- behind the shop
below- below the text
beside - beside the market
between - between two windows
by- by the table
in- in the room, in the bag
in front of- in front of the house
in the middle of - in the middle of the yard
near - near the office
next to- next to the shop
on - on the table
over - over the river
under- under the table
Prepositions of Direction
Ex.8.Use the prepositions below in sentences of your own:
from -from school, from work
into -into the room
out of -out of the room
through - through the window
to - to school, to the lesson, to his friend
Ex.9. Translate the prepositional word combinations and sentences into
your mother tongue:
a) by the door at the wall
between two tables in the bank
in front of my house on her face
behind the school beside the fire
below the first line in his hand
at home near the round table
60
at the plant through the door
to the plant under the car
into the room out of the room
next to the girl above their house
on the map across the street
among the students
b)1. My nephew is in the garden.
2. Their house is among the offices.
3. My niece‟s ball is under the table.
4. The note is below the text.
5. His grandfather likes to sit beside the fire in cold weather.
6.Go out of the room.
7. The car is behind the house.
8. Sit down next to her, please.
9. My books are in the bag.
10.The lamp is above the table.
Ex.10. Insert prepositions in the blanks provided:
1. Translate the text…English… Uzbek. 2. He is … Moscow now.
3. The pencil is… desk.4. I have breakfast … home.
5. The students are … the garden now.6. The school is… the station.
7. The cat is… the table.8. The garden is …the house
9. The circus is ... to the shop. 10.The flowers are … the vase.
Ex.11. Use prepositions in, at, on with expressions of time:
1. –July 9. -May 10th 17. -night
2. -1999 10.-the morning 18. -lunchtime
3. - Saturday morning 11.-the weekend 19. -ten
4. – the spring 12. -Sunday night 20. -the end of June
5. -the 1990s 13. -the afternoon 21. -Christmas
6. –earlyAugust 14. -five 22. -a weekly basis
7. -the middle of 15. -the right time 23. -Sunday June 4
the week 16. –summer 24. -Easter Monday
8. -Easter
Ex.12.Choose the appropriate prepositions: before, into, of , with:
1. He is being kept… custody.
2. He was sentenced … five years.
3. She got a sentence … six months.
 61
4. He was accused … murder.
5. She has been charged … theft.
6. He appeared … court … handcuffs.
7. They were brought … the judge.
8. The judge reached a verdict … guilty.
Indefinite Pronouns: some, any, no, every and their derivatives
Pronouns Derivatives
______________________________________________________________
- thing - body -one - where
some something somebody someone somewhere
any anything anybody anyone anywhere
no nothing nobody no one nowhere
every everything everybody everyone everywhere
Notes: 1. some and its derivatives are used in affirmative forms.
2. any and its derivatives are used in negative and interrogative forms.
3. no and its derivatives are used in negative forms.
4. any and its derivatives are used in affirmative forms in the meaning of
“hohlagan, har qanday”.
5. The pronoun one is used as a substitute for the noun both in singular and
plural. For example, I don‟t like this book, give me another one. Why don‟t
you take these pens? -I want some better ones.

Ex.13. Answer your partner’s questions both in affirmative and negative.

Model 1. A: Have you got any interesting books?
B: Yes, I have got some / No, I have not got any.
Prompts: you – red pens, he – good ideas, she - fine dresses, her sister-
money, they – relatives in Kokand, you – questions, she – an umbrella
Model 2. A: Do you know anything about I.Newton?
B: Yes, I do. I know something about him /No, I don‟t know anything
about him.
Prompts: you – to speak a foreign language, she – to remember about the film, he –
to bring with him, she – to know about her husband‟s plans, he – to understand
grammar rules.
62
Model 3.A: Do you know anybody here?
B: Yes, I do. I know somebody here / No, I don‟t. I don‟t know anybody
here.
Prompts: he – to visit the country, you-to hear, they-to see in the room, she – to
read, he- to buy.
Model 4.A: Do you go anywhere in the morning?
B: Yes, I do. In the morning I go to the Institute / No, I don‟t. I don‟t go
anywhere in the morning.
Prompts: you – to read a book, she – to do in the evening.
Ex.14.Fill in the blanks with“such” or“(the) same”:
1. Don‟t say … things again. 2. Don‟t ask me one and … question two times.
3. He told me just…. 4. She gave me … answer. 5. He doesn‟t like …things.
6. They work at one and …office.
Ex.15. Read the sentences using the appropriate forms of the verbs.
Model: It often (to rain) in England. It often rains in England.
1. The sun(to rise) in the East.
2. Tom and Bob (to go) to school.
3. Rustam‟s sister (to play) the piano well.
4. My grandfather (to remember) many things about World War.
5. Akmal (to go) in for sport.
6. We (to buy) vegetables and fruit at the market.
7. Rano (to get up) at 6 every morning.
8. They(to work) at a plant.
9. I (to be) a first year student.
10. My brother(to be) a lawyer.
11. Ch. Dickens and E.Voynich(to be) English writers.
12. We (to be) citizens of Uzbekistan.
Negative form

to do

do does

I do not (don‟t) work at a factory.

He does not (doesn‟t) study at the lyceum.
 63
She does not(doesn‟t) go in for sport.
It does not (doesn‟t) snow in summer in Uzbekistan.
We do not (don‟t) get up early on Sunday.
You do not (don‟t) like ice- cream.
They do not (don‟t) plant trees in summer.
Ex.16. Transform the sentences into the negative:
Model: I usually get up at 6.
I usually don‟t get up at 6.
1. Our lesson begins at 8.
2. Ahmad wants to become a driver.
3. We leave home at 7.30 every morning.
4. The sun rises in the East.
5. Dilbar speaks Russian very well.
6. I swim in the river on Sunday.
7. My uncle teaches French at school.
8. His sister spends her summer vacations in the country.
Ex.17. Make up negative sentences using the prompts:
Model: We -to live in France
We don‟t live in France.
Prompts:
He -to run fast. They-to sell fruit at the market
She -to sing well. We-to study at the University
My uncle-to drive a bus. Anvar-to understand German
Water-to freeze at zero. They-to build houses

Interrogative form
General question
-Do you speak English? -Yes, I do / No, I don‟t
-Does he draw pictures? - Yes, he does / No, he doesn‟t
-Does she sweep the floor every day? -Yes, she does / No, she doesn‟t
-Does your lesson begin at 9? -Yes, it does / No, it doesn‟t
-Do they work at a factory? -Yes, they do / No, they don‟t
Answer the questions:
1. Do you get up at 6 every day?
2. Do you go to the University by bus?
3. Do you go in for sport?
64
4. Do you play tennis?
5. Does your friend study at the University?
6. Does he / she speak English?
7. Does he / she sing songs?
8. Does he / she sleep much?

Ex.18. Ask each other general questions about your class activity.
Ex.19. Make up questions corresponding to the given responses:
Model: -Yes, I do
Do you play chess?
1.-Yes, we do 5.-Yes, she does
2.-No, we do not 6.-No, she doesn‟t
3.-Yes, he does 7.-Yes, they do
4.-No, he doesn‟t 8.-No, they do not
Disjunctive questions
You get up at 6 every day, don‟t you?
- Yes, I do / No, I don‟t
He likes music, doesn‟t he?
- Yes, he does / No, he doesn‟t
She dances well, doesn‟t she?
- Yes, she does / No, she doesn‟t
They grow vegetables in their garden, don‟t they?
- Yes, they do / No, they don‟t.
Ex.20. Answer the questions:
You drive a car, don‟t you?
Your father works at an office, doesn‟t he?
Your mother teaches English, doesn‟t she?
Your uncle fishes on Sunday, doesn‟t he?
Your aunt lives in Russia, doesn‟t she ?
Your friends congratulate you on your birthday, don‟t they?
Ex.21. Ask each other disjunctive questions about your class activity.
Alternative questions
-Do you get up at 6 or at 7? - I get up at 6.
-Does your brother work at school or at a hospital?
 65
-My brother works at school.
-Does your sister study at school or at the University?
-My sister studies at school.
Ex.22. Answer the questions:
1. Do you go to the University by bus or by metro?
2. Do you study in the morning or in the afternoon?
3. Do you have dinner at home or at the canteen?
4. Does your lesson begin at 8 or at 9?
5. Does your brother work or study?
6. Does your sister speak Russian or English?
7. Does your uncle live in Tashkent or in Kokand?
8. Do your parents read English or Uzbek books?
Ex.23. Ask each other alternative questions about your class activity.
Ex.24. Write questions that correspond to the following answers.
Model: I go to the University on foot.
Do you go to the University on foot or by bus?
1. At the lesson we speak English. 5. We write sentences on the board.
2. We swim in the river. 6. Our teacher shows pictures.
3. We buy bread at the baker‟s. 7. My father works at a factory.
4. My mother teaches English at school. 8. It often snows in winter.
Special questions
-When do you usually get up? -I usually get up at 6.
-What do you usually have for breakfast? - For my breakfast I have bread,
tea or coffee, sugar and butter.
-Where do you live? -I live in Tashkent.
-Where does your uncle live? -My uncle lives in Namangan.
Ex.25. Answer the questions:
1. How old are you? 6. What are you?
2. What is your future profession? 7. What year student are you?
3. What subjects do you study? 8. What is your favourite subject?
4. What languages do you speak? 9. How many lessons do you study
every day?
5. How long do you work privately 10. When do you usually go to
every day? bed?
66
Ex.26. Ask each other special questions about your daily activity.
Ex.27. Make up 4 types of questions for the following sentences:
1. My sister gets up at 6 o‟clock.
2. His parents usually stay at home on week-ends.
3. Tohir‟s sister plays the piano well.
4. Harry works in an office in London.
Ex.28. Read the text and divide it into logical groups:
From the History of Legal Education in Uzbekistan
The development of legal education in Uzbekistan has a long and interesting
history.
In prerevolutionary period in Turkestan there was no secular legal
education. The madrassahs and schools gave theological juridical
education, they taught muslim law.
Originally short – term courses were established for the training of the court
staff, prosecution, state government, militia bodies. These courses made a great
contribution to the development of justice in the region.
On April 21, 1918 Turkestan Public University was established. It contained
the faculty of social-economics with a legal department which started the higher
legal education in Uzbekistan.
The only faculty could not meet the needs of justice and state bodies in
juridical specialists. So young people of native nationality were sent to study at
Law Universities of Russia.Additionally legal courses with a term of two years
were established inTashkent and Samarkand.In 1929-30 these courses were
reformed and became technical schools with the term of 3 years.
Later lawyers‟ training was realized at Central Asian University which was
established in 1930.
In 1931 the Research Institute of Construction and Law was established. A
year later the Training Institute of Construction was organized. In 1937 these two
Institutes were joined into one and on its foundation Tashkent State Law Institute
was formed.
In 1947 the law faculty was opened at Central Asian University. Its aim was
to train legal researchers. In 1955 Tashkent State Law Institute was transformed
into the Law Faculty of Central Asian University which has been existing up to
now.
In 1974 the Law Faculty at Samarkand State University, the Law
Department at Nukus State University were set up. In 1971 the courses of
 67
continuing legal education of personnel of the Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan
and in 1977 Tashkent Law school were established.
In 1991 Tashkent State Law Institute was established.
At present there are departments training lawyers at Nukus, Samarkand,
Tashkent and Namangan State Universities. (Azamkhodjaev, p.10-15).
Ex.29. Give the words with similar meaning from the text to the following:
militia branch, to satisfy the needs, were organized, established in1930, the only
faculty, were combined, goal, to prepare.
Ex.30. Discuss the meaning of the following words and word-combinations
from the text:
development, education, was set up, secular education, short-termed courses,
aim, was established, training, transform.
Ex.31. Tell your classmates what you have learned from the text above.
Ex.32. Tell your classmates other information about the history of legal
education in Uzbekistan.
Ex.33. As you read the text below note the main facts about Tashkent State
Law Institute:
Tashkent State Law Institute
Tashkent State Law Institute (TSLI) was founded in 1991 on the basis of
the Law faculty of Tashkent State University.
The Institute trains lawyers of bachelor and magistrate (graduate) levels.
The academic term for the bachelor‟s degree is four years and for the
magistrate‟s is two years in addition to bachelor‟s degree.
At the magistrate‟s level lawyers are trained in various directions of law
such as property law, international law, public law, financial and tax law, criminal
law, ecological law and the bar.
More than 3.000 students are enrolled in classes at the faculties of Law –
1, Law – 2, Law – 3, at the faculty of external students and at the magistrate
(graduate coureses) departament.
There are 14 professional and 6 social chairs in which more than two
hundred teachers practise legal training. Among them are academicians of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, Honoured Lawyers, professors, doctors of sciences,
docents, candidates of sciences, instructors.
Alongside with the academic workload much attention is paid to research
work. Textbooks, monographs, training appliances, articles are published.
68
The Institute publishes its own journal “State and Law” and the
newspaper “ Legal Education”.
There aisve a specialized scientific Counsels at the Institute which are
empowered to give doctor‟s and candidate‟s degrees in sevevat areas of
jurisprudence.
The Institute library has more than 300.000 books in various fields of law,
public sciences and fiction.
The Centre for students on human rights and humanitarian law is working
at the Institute.
The library is full of books, manuals, journals on various spheres of law. It
has an electronic catalogue, news from electronic sources, the Internet service for
its readers.
In realizing its activity the Institute collaborates with the law protecting
bodies, The Ministry of public education, The Ministry of higher and special
secondary education, Academy of sciences and other public associations.
Since the 1998 / 99 academic year under the Institute the lyceum of legal
direction has been operating where more than 400 pupils are enrolled in the
academic study.
In the 1999/2000 academic year the judicial clinic was established. Under
the supervision of the Institute experts students have been rendering free legal
assistance to the public. The clinic is a branch of the joint project of TSLI and the
American Bur Association. The clinic is provided with computers, e-mail, and
Internet and fax services.
The staff of the clinic continues their education at the legal clinics of
Poland, Hungary, Russia and other countries.
There is a dormitory at the Institnte. There are all conveniences at the
hostel: living rooms, a library, sorts hall, a drawing - room, a bathroom, kitchens,
etc. Concerts, evening parties, meetings with famous people and workshops are
often held at the dormitory.
The Institute has relations with embassies of foreign countries and
international organizations in Uzbekistan. The cooperative ties of the Institute with
the representation of the UN have been broadening. The Institute has joint projects
with the international programmes of TACIS, IREX, DAAD, COLPI, ACCELS,
France Alliance, CAFÉ, Istedod, ABA and other organizations.
Students from Turkey, Vietnam, China, Jordan and other countries study
at the Institute.
Teachers and students of the Institute continue their education at
Universities in Great Britain, Italy, France, the USA, Switzerland, Hungary,
Germany, Poland, Japan, China and other countries.
 69
The Institute has scientific relations with famous universities and
research organizations of many countries.
Ex.34. Look through the text again and tell what you have learned from it.
Ex.35. Tell your classmates other information you know about
Tashkent State Law Institute.
Ex.36.Study the word formation. The suffix-sion:
decide-decision miss-mission
depress-depression divide-division
conclude-conclusion concise-concision
possess-possession dissuade -dissuasion
accede-accession effuse-effusion
confess –confession confuse-confusion
Ex.37. Form derivative nouns by means of the suffix-sion and give their
translation. Model: apprehend-apprehension
collude incur invade inverse convert
discuss compress divert success miss
exclude revise pass comprehend erase
express suspend expand permit extend
Ex.38. Make up sentences using the following words:
mission, impression, revision, invasion, permission, diversion.

Ex.39. Learn the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:

accession – the act of acceding or agreeing (the family‟saccessions to the
kidnapper‟s demands);
collusion – an agreement between two or more persons to defraud
another or to obtain something forbidden by law;
compulsion - 1) the act of compelling,
2) an uncontrollable inclination to do something,
3) objective necessity;
concession -1) a government grant for specific privileges,
2) the voluntary yielding to a demand for the sake of a settlement;
confession – a criminal suspect‟s acknowledgement of guilt, usually written
and often including a disclosure of details about the crime;
70
conversion - the act of changing from one form to another; the process of
being exchanged;
diversion - 1) a deviation or alternation form the of natural course of things,
2) a distraction or past time;
expulsion - an ejectment or banishment, either through depriving one a
benefit or by forcibly evicting one;
intrusion – a person„s entering without permission.
Ex.40. Discuss the meaning of the following words.
Model: depression - a period of economic stress that persists over an extended
period of time, accompanied by poor business conditions and high unemployment.

decision division succession

possession concision extension
mission dissuasion expansion
impression permission suspension
Ex.41. Match the terms and their definitions or explanations:
inversion - a deviation or alternation from the natural course of things;
passion - entering, occupying somebody‟s territory without permission, by force;
incursion - understanding someone or something;
invasion - speech constructions, conveying a thought;
revision - the act of travelling;
evasion - strong will, enthusiasm of somebody;
expression - the act of changing the normal order;
diversion - enroachment on somebody‟s rights;
comprehension - review, retrial, reconsideration;
excursion - refusal of doing something.
Ex.42. Complete the sentences:
Model: Discussion is an act of …
Discussion is an act of debating, disputing questions.
1. A confusion is a state of …
2. An impression is a state of…
3. A provision is the act of…
4. A mission is a group of…
5. A suspension is the act of…
6. Diversion is the act of …
7. Revision is the act of…
 71
8. Invasion is the act of…
Ex.43. Read and discuss each principle of Uzbekistan’s internal and foreign
policy.
A. Five Basic Principles of State Policy:
1. Economic policy has priority over politics,
2. The state is the leader of reforms,
3. The rule of law prevails,
4. The state underlines the importance of strong social protection,
5. The market reforms are to be continued.
B. The Basic Principles of our Country’s Foreign Policy:
The following principles are considered to be of prime importance in the
country‟s foreign policy:
First. Overall consideration of mutual interests, the supremacy of national
and state interests provided. “Our independent state,” Karimov speaks out “has no
intention of falling under the control of another power. Uzbekistan became
independent not to submit, once again, to someone else.”
Second. Due to the priority of the universal human values in the relationship
between both peoples and states, the Republic will speak out in the international
arena for strengthening of peace and security and for the peaceful settlement of
conflicts. Uzbekistan is committed to remain a nuclear-free zone, and will never
take part in aggressive military pacts and alliances.
Third. The Republic‟s foreign policy rests on the principles of equality,
mutual benefit and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other states.
Fourth. Realization of the principle of openness in foreign policy irrespective
of ideological attitudes will promote the establishment of relations with all peace-
loving states.
Fifth. Newly independent Uzbekistan, through the creation of its national
legislation system, recognized the supremacy of international law over domestic
law.
Sixth. Uzbekistan stands for establishing both bilateral and multilateral
relations with other countries based on complete confidence, for intensifying
cooperation within the frame work of international organizations.
(I.Karimov. Steers Uzbekistan on its own way, p.84-85).
Ex.44. Language competition. Who will finish writing the words fastest? Make
sure that you should add only three letters to each word:
72
follow... inter… prior… importa… coun…
princi.. ba… fore… pol… lea…
ref… prev… under… protect… mar…
consi… mut… suprem… independ… intent…
Ex.45. As you read the following newspaper article copy the legal words
and translate them:
Attempted murder suspect surrenders
A 26 year old Superior Township man is being held in the Washtenaw
County Jail facing an arraignment on charges of attempted murder.
The victim, Emanuel Jessie Rhodes, of Superior Township, is in critical
condition today at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital following the attack Monday night in
which he was allegedly stabbed four times with a pocket knife following an
argument with the suspect.
The suspect turned himself in on Wednesday. The stabbing occurred at
10:26 p.m. Monday in the 8700 block of Mc Arthur Boulevard. After the victim
was able to drive home, his family took him to the hospital where it was
determined he had a collapsed lung.

Ex.46. Re-read the newspaper article and find the answers to the questions
below:
1. Why was a 26 year old man facing an arraignment?
2. Who was the victim?
3. What had happened to the victim?
4. Who was the suspect?
5. What is the future of the case?
Ex.47. Read the text and find the answers to the questions at the end:
The Need for Law
What is law? From the beginning of civilisation, scholars have attempted
to answer this question so far without securing unanimous, or even widespread,
support.
The Roman jurist Celsus is considered to be the author of the first
definition of law: jus est bono et aequi – law is the art of goodness and justice. The
Emperor Justinian included this definition in the Corpus Juris Civilis and St.
 73
Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica. For centuries law students have
been taught how to find the way to a just decision.
Since the end of the 19th century the material understanding of law has
been subordinated to its formal definition so that the validity of law is viewed as
relating to the way it is created more than to its content. This type of formalism,
with concern for the process of law making, is referred to as positive law. In this
century there has arisen the pure law doctrine, which is scientifically based and free
of policy considerations.
These two concepts, while apparently contradictory, are in fact
interrelated. Law may be depicted as a vessel which has to be filled with material,
from whatever source, providing “just solutions at the right time and in the right
place”.
The legal order of Europe developed through the means of positive law
action of legislatures, supplemented by the natural law principles based on divine
revelation or the essential goodness of human nature. Democratic states have tried
to give effect to natural law principles through positive law means, particularly in
their constitutions. The Uzbekistan legal order has, for example, placed human
rights and fundamental freedoms in its constitution.
Freedom in a democratic state involves observance of the law; and there
can be no real freedom where the law is ignored. However, this requires that people
know the law. Law is not simply a social phenomenon existing in a nationally
organized society; it is an inseparable part of human culture.
It is the duty of practising lawyers to have the highest legal knowledge,
extending beyond the boundaries of one state to embrace the legal family in which
the national law is grounded.
Law provides general and understandable rules of behaviounr by which
people can order their lives. Legal norms are to be understood as rules of behaviour
for everyone and not simply as the means by which a judge can decide a particular
case. (Just English, pp.7-9)

The Questions:
1. What are the definitions of law?
2. Who makes laws?
3. Is there need for law in every aspect of daily life?
4. How would you explain the need for law in the organization of a working day?
5. What are the rules that regulate people‟s conduct?
6. Comment on “written laws” and “unwritten laws”.
Ex.48. Work in pairs. Agree or disagree with the statements given below.
74
Use the following phrases: That‟s right. I hold a similar view about…
There‟s no point in denying that…. There‟s no denying that….
It‟s most unlikely that…. The assumption that…….. seems questionable.
I suppose it‟s too much to say that….

1. Law was first defined by the Roman jurist Celsus who considered law to be the
art of goodness and justice.
2. Since the end of the 19th century the validity of law is seen as relating to its
content.
3. The pure law doctrine which is free of policy and scientifically grounded was
begun at the end of the 20th century.
4. Law may be depicted as a vessel which has to be filled with material, from
whatever source, providing just solutions at the right time and place.
5. The natural law principles are based on divine revelation and the essential
goodness of human nature.
6. Natural law principles are reflected in the constitutions of democratic states.
7. Real freedom can be there where law is ignored.
8. A lawyer must only learn concepts and categories.
9. Legal norms are rules of behaviour for everyone.
Ex.49. Fill in the table showing time regulations for each activity of your
working day.
Daily activities rules, regulations, laws
1 Getting up
2 Eating
3 Going to the University
4 Classes at the University
5 Going in for sport
6 Doing homework
7 Having an entertainment
(Listening to music, watching TV…)
8 Going to sleep
Ex.50. Discuss time regulations for each activity of your working day.
Ex.51. Read the text and point out the values of laws for the society.
 75
Law and Values
Our legal system is influenced by our society‟s traditional ideas of right and
wrong. We expect our legal system to achieve many goals. These include: 1)
protecting basic human rights,2) promoting fairness, 3) helping resolve conflicts, 4)
promoting order and stability, 5) protecting the environment, 6) representing the
will of the majority, and 7) protecting the rights of minorities.
Laws can be based on moral, economic, political, or social values. As
values change so can laws. Moral values deal with fundamental questions of right
and wrong. For example, laws against killing promote society‟s primary moral
value – the protection of life. Economic values deal with the accumulation,
preservation, use and, distribution of wealth. Many laws promote economic values
by encouraging certain economic decisions and discouraging others. Laws against
shoplifting protect property and discourage stealing by enforcing a criminal
penalty.
Political values reflect the relationship between government and individuals.
Social values concern issues that are important to society. For example, free
education to people and pension.
Many laws combine moral, economic, political and social values. For
example, laws against theft deal with the moral issue of stealing,the economic issue
of protection of property; the political issue of how government punishes those who
violate criminal statutes, and the social issue of respecting the property of others.
(Street Law, p.4-6)
Ex.52.Answer the questions:
1. What do moral values deal with?
2. What are the economic values of laws?
3. What are the social values of laws?
4. What do political values deal with?
Ex.53. Discuss the following questions:
1. What is the legal system influenced by?
2. What are our expectations of a legal system?
3. How do you understand:
a) protect human rights?
b) promote fairness?
c) help resolve conflicts?
d) promote order and stability?
e) protect the environment?
76
f) represent the will of majorities?
g) protect the rights of minorities?
4. What are the values on which laws can be based?
5. What are the moral values of shoplifting?
6. What are the political values of a murdering?
7. What are the social values of selling alcohol to teenagers?
8. What are the economical values of robbing?
Ex.54. Explain what values are involved in the following laws:
1. A drunken driver is prohibited to drive.
2. People must not smoke in offices, hospitals, schools.
3. All citizens have a right to vote at the age of eighteen.
4. At state Universities students are entitled to stipends.
5. Tobacco, alcoholic goods must have quality certificates.
6. The Ombudsman is entitled to protect the individuals‟ rights against
the arbitrary rules of the administration.
Ex.55. As you read the newspaper article copy out the proper names:
Mother tells police she didn’t want son
Cornell Simpson spent his last moments alive in the arms of a mother who
told police she never wanted him in the first place. Police say the boy, 3, was
thrown into the Saginaw River the night of July 14 after his mother, Christina Mae
Simpson, 25, held him until he fell asleep. Simpson is being held without bond in
the Bay County Jail. She faces a preliminary examination July 28 in Bay County
District Court on an open charge of murder. The details of Cornell‟s death were
included in affidavit for a search warrant written by Officer Michael Charter of the
Bay City Police Department .Charter requested a warrant of Simpson‟s apartment
to requested a warrant of Simpson „s apartment to search for items that may have
played a role in Cornell „s death. On July 15, Simpson told officers she had thrown
Cornell into the water ,Charter wrote. Simpson also said she never wanted the child
and “wanted to get an abortion,” Charter wrote. (AAN, 7/25,99)
Ex.56. Re-read the text above and identify what issues are involved in the case.
Ex.57. Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions
below:
1. What was Christina Simpson charged with?
2. How did she kill her son?
3. Why had she thrown her son into the water?
 77
4. What punishment do you think should be given to Ch.Simpson?
Ex.58. Look through the letter below and write an invitation to D.P.Egalite on
behalf of Chief Judge Gregory Carman:
Supreme Court of the Republic of Edelmania
Feb.15, 2000
The Honorable
Chief Judge Gregory Carman
U.S. Court of International Trade
One Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10007 USA
Dear Judge Carman,
I am a judge on the Supreme Court of the Republic of Edelmania. I will be
visiting New York in July in connection with a meeting at the United Nations
Headquarters. I would be most grateful if I could stop by your court when I am in
New York. I would like to learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of
establishing a special court for international trade and customs law issues. As you
may know, the national legislature in my country is presently considering the
merits of establishing a special commercial law court with an emphasis on
profitable international trade and foreign investment disputes. I am certain that my
visit to your court would be very enlightening.

I look forward to your reply.

Very truly yours,

D.P. Egalite
Chief Justice
P.S. I would also like to see the library facilities at your court, especially the
collections on international trade and customs law issues.(Street Law, p.50)
Ex.59. Discuss the following questions in your group:
1. What are the democratic principles of the government?
2. Explain the principle “the rule of law prevails“.
3. Comment on the rights of human beings to education.
4. Do you think that citizens are legally educated enough? Could you give some
examples to prove that people don‟t have enough legal knowledge?
78
5. What is being done in your academic group, department, University for
protecting human rights?
Ex.60. As you read the case below define its main idea:
The Case of the Bumped Businessman
Bill bought plane ticket to Richmond, Virginia, with the understanding that it
could not be refunded or exchanged. When he got to the airport, Bill learned that
the airline had substituted a much smaller plane for the one originally scheduled
and alternative flight, but it would not arrive until 6 hours after the first flight, and at
another airport. As far as the airline was concerned, it had fulfilled its duty.
But Bill refused the alternate flight and rescheduled his trip for 2 weeks later. He
also sued the airline in state court, charging it with bad faith. He claimed that the
nonrefundable ticket limited his right to change his plans but did not prevent the airline
from making changes without informing ticket holders. Bill eventually won his case
and was given a significant award by the court. (Legal Problem Solver, p.26)
Ex.61. Read the text again and translate the following and use them in
sentences of your own:
to refund, to exchange, to substitute, to shedule, alternative flight, to fulfill one‫ ׳‬s duty,
to charge with, award, bumped passenger, compensation, under unusual
circumstances.
Ex.62. Look through the text again and retell it on Bill’s behalf.
Ex.63. Discuss the following:
1. Was it difficult for Bill to win the case? Why?
2. Have you had any similar adventure in your life?
Ex.64.Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. The rule of law should prevail.
3. Newly independent Uzbekistan, through the creation of its national legislation
system, recognizes the supremacy of international law over domestic law.
Glossary
abortion аборт abort (bola oldirish)
academic term учебный семестр o'quv smestri
accession пополнение; вступление to'lg'azish;
в должность mansabga o'tirish
additionally дополнительно qo'shimcha
 79
adventure приключение sarguzasht
affidavit письменное показание, o'asam bilan berilgan
подтвержденное присягой yozma guvohlik
aim цель maqsad
allegedly инкриминируемое bo'yniga qo'yilgan, to'nkalgan
alliance союз ittifoq
arbitrary дискреционный; munozarali,
произвольный o'zboshimchalik bilan qilingan

arraignment предъявление обвинения ayblov e'lon qilinishi

art исскуство san'at
attack нападение hujum
attempted – murder покушение;совершение преступления qotillikka
urinish
attitude отношение munosabat
award присуждение taqdirlash
basic основной asosiy
behavior поведение hulq
benefit выгода foyda
bilateral двусторонний ikki taraflama
body орган tashkilot
broaden расширять kengaytirmoq
charge обвинение ayblov
circumstance обстоятельство holat, vaziyat
civilization цивилизация madaniyat
collaborate сотрудничать hamkorlik qilmoq
collapse рушиться qulab tushmoq, barbod
bo'lmoq
collusion сговор (в ущерб третьей (sudga yoki uchinchi bir
стороне или в целях обмана tomonga qarshi) ikki
суда ) tomonning til biriktirishi

compensation компенсация biror narsa uchun

to'lanadigan haq
comprehension понимание tushunish
compression компрессия; сжатие bosim, qism
compulsion принуждение majburiylik
concept понятие, идея tushuncha, g'oya
concession уступка yon berish
80
concision краткость qisqalik
conclusion заключение xulosa
conduct проводить, поведение o'tkazmoq, xulq
confidence доверие ishonch
confusion смущение; беспорядок; tartibsizlik,
путаница chalkash
consider считать hisoblamoq; ko'rib chiqmoq
continuе продолжать davom ettirmoq
contradictory противоречевый qarama- qarshi
сonvenience удобство qulaylik
court суд sud
definition определение ta'rif
deny отказать rad etmoq
depict описать tasvirlamoq
depression угнетенное состояние siqilgan, ezilgan holat
determine определять aniqlamoq
development развитие taraqqiy etish
disadvantage невыгодное положение noqulay ahvol
discourage обескураживать gangitib qo'ymoq
dissuasion разубеждение fikridan qaytarish
diversion отклонение; отвлечение chetga toyish,
внимания diqqatni chalg'itish
division деление bo'linish
doctrine доктрина ta'limot
domestic affair внутреннее дело ichki ish
due должное; надлежащий; qarz, shart, kerakli, tufayli
обязанный
effusion излияние quyilishi
embrace охватывать; qamrab olmoq,
воспользоваться foydalanmoq
empower уполномочивать vakolat bermoq
encourage поощрять rag'batlantirmoq
enlightening просвещение ma'rifat
enroll вносить в список, ro'yxatda qayd etmoq
регистровать
enough достаточно kifoya
equality равенство tenglik
essential существенный muhim, kerakli
evasion уклонение chetga olish, mavzudan chetlash
 81
eventually в конечном счете natijada, nihoyat
exchange обменивать almashtirmoq
expert специалист mutaxassis
expulsion изгнание badarg'a qilish
external внешный tashqi
facility удобство qulaylik
faith вера ishonch
fast быстрый tez
fiction художественная badiy adabiyot
литература
felony тяжкое преступление og'ir jinoyat
foundation основа, фонд jamg'arma, asos
frame – work корпус, рамки, строй miqiyosi, сhegarasi, qurilish
free свободный bo'sh, ozod, bepul
fulfill выполнять bajarmoq
goal цель maqsad
ground (v) основывать asoslamoq
headquarters штаб shtab
honoured почетный faxriy
hostel общежитие yotoqxona
ignore игнорировать e'tiborsiz qoldirmoq
incursion вторжение bostirib kirmoq
influence влияние, дейсвие, ta'sir
воздействие
inhabit населять yashamoq
inseparable неотделимый ajralmas
intention намерение , стремление maqsad, harakat
intrusion вторжение bostirib kirmoq
inversion перевертывание ag'darilish, aylanish
irrespective независимый qat'iy nazar
justice справедливость adolat
just decision справедливое решение haqqoniy, odilona qaror
leader руководитель rahbar
legal правовой, законный huquqiy, qonuniy
legislature законодательная власть qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat
lyceum лицей litsey
majority большинство ko'pchilik, aksariyat
merit заслуга, достоинство xizmat, xislat, afzallik
minority меньшинство ozchilik, kamchilik
82
mission миссия topshiriq, vazifa
mutual взаимный ikki tomonlama
need нужда, необходимостьzaruriyat, muhtojlik
non-interference невмешательство birovning ishiga
aralashmaslik
nonrefundable невозвращаемый qaytib berilmaydigan pul
observance соблюдение rioya qilish
occur встречаться uchramoq
openness откровенность samimiylik, rostgo'ylik
original оригинальный asli, haqiqiy
overall всеобщий, полностью umumiy, hammasi
passion страсть zavq, havas; qo'rquv
penalty штраф jarima
permission разрешение ruxsat
personnel личный состав shaxsiy sostav (tashkilot,
idora jamoasi)
phenomenon явление hodisa
possession владение, обладание, ega bo'lish, mulk
собственность
prerevolutiouary дореволюционный inqilobdan oldin
presently в настоящее время ayni damlarda
prevail преобладать ustun kelmoq
prime главный bosh
priority приоритет birlamchilik huquqi
prohibit запрещать man' etmoq
promote способствовать imkon yaratmoq
property собственность mulk, mulkchilik
prosecution судебное, преследование ayblov,
обвинение javobgarlikka tortmoq
protection защита himoya qilmoq, muhofaza qilmoq
provision обеспечение, условие ta'minlash; shartnoma
qoidasi, sharti
punish наказать jazolamoq
punishment наказание jazo
reflect отражать aks ettirmoq
reform реформ islohat
refuse отказать rad etmoq
render оказывать amalga oshirmoq
request просьба iltimos
 83
require требовать talab qilmoq
reschedule заново составлять jadvalni qayta tuzmoq
расписание
research научное исследование ilmiy tadqiqot
researcher научный исследователь ilmiy tadgigotchi
revision повторение takrorlash
satisfy удовлетворять qoniqtirmoq
secular светский dunyoviy
security безопасность xavfsizlik
sell продавать sotmoq
set up воздвигать, учреждать qurmoq, ta'sis etmoq
schedule составить расписание jadval tuzmoq
scientific counsel научный совет ilmiy kengash
settlement поселение, ko'chib kelish, hal etish
урегулирование
shoplift обкрадывание магазинов do'konlarni o'g'irlash
short – termed краткосрочный qisqa muddatli
society общество jamiyat
solution решение qaror
stab наносить удар o'tkir kuchli
колющим оружием qurol bilan zarba bermoq
staff служебный персонал iroda (tashkilot) xodimlari
stealing хищение o'g'irlash
stipend стипендия stipendiya
strengthen усиливать mustahkamlamoq, kuchaytirmoq
strong сильный kuchli
substitute заменять almashtirish
subordinate подчиненный tobe
supremacy вeрховенство, rahbarlik, ustunlik,
превосходство ustvorlik
surrender капитуляция, отказ yengilish, rad etish, voz
kechish
suspension приостановление harakatdan to'xtalish
supervision надзор; наблюдение nazorat, kuzatuv
support поддержка qo'llab – quvvatlash
tax налог soliq
teenager подросток (до 20 лет) o'smir
theft кража, воровство o'g'irlik
throw бросать, кидать otib yubormoq
84
transform превращать o'zgartmoq
unanimous единодушный yakdillik
underline подчеркивать tagini chizmoq, ta'kidlamoq
unrelated несвязанный bog'liq bo'lmagan
unwritten law неписаный закон yozilmagan qonun
validity действительный, haqiqiy, amaldagi
имеющий силу
value ценность qimmatbaho narsa, ,baho
various разный turli xil
vessel судно;самолѐт кеmа ; samolyot
victim жертва jabrlanuvchi
vote голосовать ovoz bermoq
widespread широко keng yoyilgan
распространенный
will завещание vasiyat
written law писаный закон yozilgan qonun
 85
UNIT 4
Topic: Constitutions. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Linguistic material: Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words;
2. Words with the suffix -ation.
Grammar: 1. The Construction “ There + to be“;
2. Pronouns: many, much …;
3. Imperative sentences;
Word formation: the suffix - ation;
Conversationa phrases: How to arrest someone‟s attention;
Texts: The Constitution of Uzbekistan.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
men - man main - men Pete - pit
pen - pan pane - pen teen - tin
hen - hat late - let sea - sit
set - sat hate - hen heat - hit
bed - bad rate - red read - rid
pet - Pat wait - wet deed - did
ten - tan bade - bed peak - pick
Ex.2. Listen and repeat:
1. Well said. 5. Get better.
2. Ted‟ll get wet. 6. The engine went dead.
3. Nell‟s never felt better. 7. Meg‟s getting very deaf.
4. Len said he slept well.
Ex.3. Listen and repeat the dialogue:
- Ben?
- Yes, Betty?
- Did you empty the bin?
- Yes, I did empty the bin.
- Did you send the letters?
- Umm.
- And did you finish the fence?
- I did everything, Betty, … everything.
- But did you remember to …?
86
- Good night, Betty.
Conversational phrases: How to arrest someone’s attention
Ex.4. Read the phrases:
Excuse me Pardon me
Sorry to (intrude, interrupt, interfere, etc.) but….. Look here!
Just a minute! I say… (Say…)
Hi! Hey!
Notes: 1) Hi! Hey! are used only among intimate friends, both young and old;
2) the first three formulas are usually used in relation to a perfect stranger,
an elderly person, or a person of higher rank or position.
Possible Replies
Yes? What is it?
Well? What can I do for you? (1) What do you want? (1)
What? (2) Hmm?
Notes: 1) The reply “What can I do for you?“ is rather formal and “What do you
want“ is a bit rude;
2) “What? “ is used in informal speech and mostly among friends.
Ex.5. Read the examples and note how to arrest someone’s attention:
1. - Excuse me, Mr. Dixon, have you got a minute to spare?
- Yes. Mr.Morley?
2. - Pardon me.
- What is it?
3. - Hi! Stop a minute, will you? He shouted.
- I‟ve dropped my hat overboard!
4. - But look here, Karl, you don‟t mean I ought to take it seriously, do you?
Ex.6. Use the appropriate phrases of address and answers to them in
the following situations:
1. You are at the railway station and need a porter. You see one, but
he is hurrying past you.
2. You want to ask the station- master or some other railway official
about the train time.
3. You are at the restaurant. You want to attract the waiter‟s attention.
4. An elderly person is passing by. Ask him the time.
5.You see your friend is hurrying past you. You try to stop him.
 87
Ex.7. Think of some situations in which you could use the following
phrases:
Pardon me, Excuse me, Look here, I say and replies to them.
Ex.8.Use the phrases in the following dialogues:
A: …Could you tell me which way the Circus is?
B: Yes, it is that way. You go two blocks, then turn left.
x x x
A: …I wonder if you can help me.
B: …What is it?
A: I want to go to a barber shop.
B: Come on. I‟ll show you.
GRAMMAR
The Construction there + to be in Present Indefinite
There is a book on the table
There are 5 books on the table
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Form form form
There is a map on the There isn‟t a map on Is there a map on the wall?
wall. There are 10 tables the wall. Are there 10 tables in the
in the classroom There aren‟t 10 tables classroom?
in the classroom
Ex.9. Describe your classroom, bedroom, kitchen and sitting room.
Ex.10. Make up dialogues based on the description of your classroom,
bedroom, kitchen and sitting-room.
The Pronouns: many, much, few, little, a few, a little
Pronouns Meaning Notes Examples
many plural form used with many books
few countables few books
much used with much water
little uncountables little water
a few a few friends
a little a little water
Note: Much and many are often substituted by a lot of …, lots
of …, plenty of … in affirmative sentences with both coun-
 88
table and uncountable nouns.

Ex.11. Check the columns to show which combinations of words are

acceptable. If you think it is acceptable to say many eggs, then tick that
column. If you thank it is unacceptable, leave the column blank. The first line
has already been done for you.
Table A.
Words many these most my a little the a a lot a few both

information + + + + +
eggs
luggage
questions
furniture
defendant
money
advice
news
progress
Table B
Plenty enough few a little some every all ten those less
Cows
Clothes
Hair
Laugh
Experience
Laughter
Police
Intelligence
Strength
Book

Imperative Sentences
Affirmative form Negative form notes
Sit down! Don‟t sit down! for the 2- nd person
Meet Pete, please Don‟t be late!
 89
Let me do it
Let us do it for the 1-st and
Let Tom do it 3 rd person
Let him do it Don‟t let him do it
Ex.12. Compose sentences using the words given below:
1. Him, tell, please 5. Bring, them, child, their.
2. Give, her the, not, do 6. Sit, don‟t down
3. Him, let, it do 7. Please, up, stand.
4. Us, bring, his, let, book 8. Do, let, not, her, do
Ex.13. Ask your partner to perform 4 actions: 2 actions in the affirmative,
and 2 actions in the negative:
Model: Open the window, please
Don‟t be late.
Ex.14. You are a teacher. Ask the students to do different activities using
the given prompts:
Prompts: to open the window, to clean the board, to bring a piece
of chalk, to switch off the light, to water the flowers, to
fasten the map on the wall, to get ready for the lesson,
to write the date on the board, etc.

Ex.15. Express in the negative form what you asked students to do in the
previous exercise.

Model: Alisher, open the window, please.

Alisher, don‟t open the window, please.

Ex.16.You have received your master’s degree in a foreign country and your
friend is going abroad to study at a University. Tell him what he should
and should not do using imperatives.
Model: Do not smoke at campus, Do not be late for the cinema; Try to make
presenations on the topics of your area, Try to be sociable, etc.
Ex.17. Prohibit someone to do something according to the models:
Model 1: Don‟t sit down!
Prompts: to speak English, to take that book, to be late for
90
the lesson, to go fast, to cross the street, to give
false evidence.
Model 2: Don‟t let him come in.
Prompts: he - to come home late, children - to play in the
street, students - to make noise in the library, he -
to help his brother do homework.

Ex.18. Say that something belongs to another person.

Model: A: This is my book
B: Oh, no. This is Jane‟s book
Prompts: his car - Jim, his book - my daughter,
our plan - Sam, her wristwatch - Ann,
their notes - our friends, my message - Rashid.

Ex.19. Give the corresponding nouns of the following verbs and translate
them into your mother tongue:
Model: to defend- defence; to accuse-accusation
to accept to conclude to perform
to divide to govern to offer
to promise to withdraw to rob
to defend to determine to marry
to sign to prohibit to establish
to employ to define to consider
Ex.20. Choose the appropriate auxiliary verbs to form the following
questions:
Auxiliaries: do, does, is, are, shall, will, have, has, would.
1. …we have a break? 11….I bring you back later?
2….you take sugar? 12….he done his homework?
3….she speak English? 13….you ever seen before?
4….you had a good trip? 14….we meet at the entrance?
5…. he have a quick word? 15….it snowed much?
6….it convenient? 16….you finished your work?
7….you tell me where he is? 17….you wait a little?
8….you want coffee? 18….you like to go to bed?
9….you study at the University? 19….you mind closing the door?
10….we get there in time? 20…you mind holding the bag?
 91
Ex.21. Match the answers with the questions:
1.Would you mind if I smoke? a. Yes, that‟s right.
2.Have you got a pen I could borrow? b. By no means, it‟s free.
3.May I borrow your ruler? c. Yes, here you are.
4.It was 4.50%, wasn‟t it? d. No, I wouldn‟t think so.
5.Can I sit here? e. Not at all.Just go when you need to.
6.Could I call in a few minutes? f. Certainly, I‟ll be here all day.
7. Do you mind if I leave early? g. No, I haven‟t got one on me.

Ex.22. Insert the appropriate words in the spaces provided and answer the
questions. The words you need: how much, how far, how long, how
many.
1….students study at your University?
2….time do you spend on the phone each day?
3….do you have to travel to your University everyday?
4….does your travel to your University usually take?
5….languages does your teacher know?
6….have you been learning English (Russian)?
7….is your dormitory from the city centre?
8….work do you normally take home at the week-end?

Ex.23. Match a verb to a noun to make collocations:

1.answer a. a staff meeting
2.book b. the sales figures
3.attend c. a couple of letters
4.check d. the printer
5.order e. the phone
6.post f. a visitor
7.repair g. a hotel room
8.greet h. some photocopy paper
Ex.24. Make sentences with the above collocations.
Ex.25. Read the newspaper article and define the type of a case.
Police arrest 2 after burglary call
92
Ypsilanti Police arrested two Detroit men, ages 19 and 20, after being
called to a burglary in progress at about 11 a.m. Tuesday in the 100 block of South
Prospect Street.
Police were met by a man with a key to the apartment, who said the
occupants did not belong there.
Inside, police found the two men and 38 rocks of crack cocaine.
Police had received tips, the building being used to sell crack, the report
said.
Neither of the two men rented the apartment.
The 20 – year- old man was held for burglary and drug charges. The 19 –
year–old man was released pending review of the case by
prosecutors.(AAN,8/15/99)
Ex.26. Look through the text again and summerize it.
Ex.27. As you read the text below note when Muslim law appeared and
how it developed.
On the Peculiarities of Muslim Law
Muslim law is based on the principles of the Islamic religion, which was
formed in the Arabic Khalifat in the V11-V111 centuries. It was formed under the
influence of not only Islam, but other ancient religious trends too. One of the
features of Muslim law was that only Muslim people were entitled to enjoy civil
rights. People of other faith such as Christianity or Judaism came into contact with
Muslim law only in cases when they committed crimes or entered into contracts
with Muslims.
Until the second half of the X1X century Muslim law had remained
unchanged and it had been used only among true believers (the orthodox).
Muslim law in its present form is a doctrine.
In Muslim countries Muslim law is sanctioned by the government and as
other law is state law. At the same time it is the law of the Islamic religion and
that‟s why it does not cover the people of other religions.
The peculiarity of Arabic society was that it didn‟t have such a form as
European countries did. Muslim law did not regulate rights and privileges
exercised by the representatives of the ruling class-feudal lords. Another feature of
the Arabic society was the distinction of Muslim and nonmuslim peoples‟ rights.
Muslim law originated in Arabic assumed its application in the territory of
Uzbekistan and was in practice then in for more than 12 centuries. Muslim law
system has a long and rich history of development.
 93
Muslim law is mainly empirical. Guidelines in force on Muslim law do
not contain general theory. They investigate various precedents by non
substantiated principles. The basis of Muslim legal science is the casuistic method
or case examination.
Motives and intentions of an individual are never taken into account. All
psychological elements are consciously excluded from consideration. Muslim
lawyers investigate the objects of the law, but not the subjects of the law. As the
medieval lawyers of the west they regard the objects to be the decisive element in
the sphere of legal relations.
The law as regarded in the West does not exist in Islamic legal thought.
Theoretically only Allah has legislative power. In reality the only source for
Muslim law is the work of lawyers and researchers.
Legal science, but not the state plays the role of the legislator; the
textbooks have the power of law.
In case of an examination the judge never refers to the Koran or Sunna.
Instead he refers to the founder of the school to which he belongs.
In Muslim law the rules of behaviour occupy an important place in
accordance with the religion.
At present every Muslim country has its modern Constitution, according
to which state bodies have a quite new structure not based on Muslim law.
People are subject to corporal punishments for six crimes: murder,
fornication, false accusation of fornication, theft, use of alcohol, armed robbery
and rioting.
The Muslim court system was characterized by its simplicity. In every
court only one judge undertook the case examination. As a matter of principle he
examined all the cases. In Muslim countries there was no hierarchy of courts.
Witnesses gave mainly oral testimony. Since the second half of the 19th century
the states of Muslim law have undergone serious changes. Developed Muslim
countries began to prefer the legislative system of western European models
instead of Muslim one. (Saidov A., pp.15-49)

Ex.27. Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions
below:
1.What is Muslim law based on?
2.What is the most peculiarity of Muslim law?
3.How long has Muslim law been in practice in the territory of Uzbekistan?
4.What is the basis of Muslim law?
5.Are the psychological factors taken into consideration in case examinations?
94
6.What are the crimes for which people are subject to corporal punishments?
7.Explain the simplicity of the Muslim court system.
8.When did the states of Muslim law undergo serious changes?

Ex.28. Discuss the following questions:

1.The existence of Muslim law on the territory of Uzbekistan.
2.The main features of Muslim law.

Ex.29. Study the word formation. The suffix –ation.

dictate - dictation communicate - communication
translate - translation administrate - administration
congratulate - congratulation condemn - condemnation

Ex.30. Make 5 sentences using the following words: cooperation,

arbitration, codification, declaration, celebration.
Ex.31. Learn the legal vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
allegation - 1) the act of declaring something to be true;
2) something declared or asserted as a matter of fact, especially in a legal
pleading;
collation - the comparison of a copy with its original to ascertain its
correctness; the report of the officer who made the comparison;
consolidation -the act or process of uniting; the state of being united;
denationalization -the act of depriving a person of national rights or status;
declaration - a formal statement, proclamation, or announcement, especially
one embodied in an instrument;
discrimination - the effect of a statute or established practice that confers
privileges on a certain class or that denies privileges to another class because of
age, race, sex, nationality, religion, or handicap;
deportation - the act or an instance of removing a person to another country;
especially, the expulsion or transfer of an alien from a country;
intoxication - a diminished ability to act with full mental or physical
capabilities because of alcohol or drug consumption;
interrogation - the formal or systematic questioning of a person; especially,
intensive questioning by the police, usually of a person arrested for or
suspected of committing a crime;
facilitation - the act or an instance of aiding or helping; especially, in
criminal
 95
law, the act of making it easier for another person;
mediation - a method of dispute resolution involving a neutral third party
who
tries to help the disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable solution but
whose decision is not binding;
litigation – 1) the process of carrying on a lawsuit; 2) a lawsuit itself;
ratification – confirmation and acceptance of a previous act, thereby making
the act valid from the moment it was done;
revocation – an annulment, conciliation, or reversal, usually of an act or
power;
solicitation – 1) the act or an instance of requesting or seeking to obtain
something; entreaty or petition;
2) the act or an instance of urging, advising, commanding, or otherwise
enticing or inciting another to commit a crime;
solicitation is an inchoate offense distinct from the solicited crime.
Ex.32. Discuss the meaning of the following words:
Model: separation is an agreement whereby a married couple lives apart from each
other while remaining married, either by mutual consent or judicial decree.
stipulation, taxation, violation, representation, legislation, modification,
unification, consideration, qualification, attestation, cohabitation.

Ex.33. Match the terms and their derivatives or explanations:

1. collation a. the effort of a statute or established practice that
confers privileges on a certain class or that denies
privileges to another class because of age, race,
sex, nationality, religion, or handicap,
2. discrimination b. the act of declaring something to be true,
3. allegation c. the act of requesting or seeking to obtain
something; entreaty or petition,
4. litigation d. the formal or systematic questioning of a person,
5. mediation e. a formal statement, proclamation, or announcement,
especially one embodied in an instrument,
6. solicitation f. a method of dispute resolution involving a neutral
third party who tries to help the disputing parties reach a
mutually agreeable solution but whose decision is not
binding,
7. declaration g. the act or process of uniting; the state of
96
being united,
8. interrogation h. 1) the process of carrying on a lawsuit; 2) a
lawsuit itself,
9. consolidation i. the comparison of a copy with its original
to ascertain its correctness; the report of the
officer who made comparison.
Ex.34. All the nouns in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete
the sentences and translate them.

allegation arbitration deliberations interrogation

litigation consideration condemnation allocution

1. He has … with the county council.

2. The…of the complaint are sufficient to state a cause of the complaint for
malpractice.
3. The … began at 10 a.m. They chose Anvar Rasulov … their dispute.
4. The city acquired the parking lot by …. at a cost of $ 16 per square foot.
5. The accused admitted six other offences and asked for them to be taken into ….
6. He confessed to the crime during his …
7. The result of the committee‟s … was passed to the newspapers.
8. Having found the defendant guilty the judge asked him … before sentence was
passed.

Ex.35. Complete the sentences:

Model: the act or an instance of making a previously legal act criminal,
usually a statute is called… The act or an instance of making a previously legal act
criminal, usually a statute is called criminalization.
1. The formal questioning of witness by the party opposed to the party who
called the witness to testify is …
2. The process of classifying material property as either separate or
community property is …
3. A gathering of people for a common purpose; the persons so joined…
4. The act of deliberately killing someone, especially a public figure,
usually for hire or for political reasons …
5. Claiming or taking something without the right to do so …
6. The exercise of control over property; taking of possession …
 97
7. A note that explains or criticized (usually a case), especially to give, to
condensed form, some indication of the law as deduced from cases and statutes, as
well as to point out where similar cases can be found is called …
8. The act of combining or uniting …
9. The management or performance of the executive duties of a government,
institution or business…
10.A pledge equivalent to an oath but without reference to a supreme being
or to “ swearing “.
Prompts: assassination, characterization, cross - examination, annotation,
amalgamation, administration, affirmation, association, appropriation, arrogation.

Ex.36. As you read the text below note the importance of the Constitution:

The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan

A person is entitled to know and should know his rights.
Among a great number of legal acts of each state there is one law which is
generally acknowledged as the fundamental and main law of the country.
That law is the Constitution, which unlike other laws and basic principles,
determines the rights and freedoms of citizens, the character of the state structure,
the policy pursued by the state, the organization of state power, and its
administration.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has such a law. The acting Constitution of the
Republic was adopted in 1991, when state sovereignty was achieved, and when
Uzbekistan faced the urgent problem of establishing the course of its further
development.
Having chosen the path of democratic reformation and the creation of a
lawful state with a social economy, Uzbekistan got down to the development of its
fundamental law, which was to become the solid legal basis for future social
changes.
The 8th December 1992 has entered the history of the country as the day of
adoption and implementation of the first Constitution of sovereign Uzbekistan.
In defining the rights and freedoms of its citizens, the Constitution of the
Republic of Uzbekistan is based on the ideas of social justice and equality for
everybody before the law, regardless of his social origin, nationality, language or
religion.
The principles stated by the Constitution have created a new type of
relationship between the state and its citizens based on mutual collaboration and
reciprocal responsibility, and on the secure protection of every citizen‟s rights and
98
freedom irrespective of nationality. There are 6 parts, 26 chapters and 128 articles
in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
One of the most important issues in the Constitution is the separation of
lawmaking power among the three branches of the government: the executive, the
legislative and the judicial. The three branches are independent, but each has the
power to restrain the other branches in a system of checks and balances. (Human
Rights. Your Constitutional Rights, p.3).

Ex.37. Language competition. Who has alert eyes and a good memory? Look
through the text ”The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan“ and
write down all the words beginning with the letters “A”, “B”, “C”, “D” in
columns.
Model:
A B C D
among become Constitution determine

Ex.38. Read the text again and find the answers to the questions below:
1. What is a Constitution? What does it express?
1. When was the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted?
2. What does the Constitution protect?
3. Does Karakalpakstan have its own Constitution?
4. Comment on the phrase “The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall
have an absolute supremacy“.
5. What is the relationship of your community with the Constitution?
6. In what case shall the Constitution be amended?

Ex.39. As you read the case below write all the compound and derivative
words and translate them:
Model: Compound words Derivative words
A roommate – hamxona robbery – o`g`irlik

The Case of the Roommate Robber

Calvin and William were roommates when the police came to the door of
their boarding house. William was a suspect in a robbery case, and the police asked
Calvin for permission to search the room he and William shared. Sure of his
innocence, Calvin consented, and the police found money taken in the robbery
hidden in a closet.
 99
At William‟s trial, his attorney objected to the use of the recovered
money as evidence. The police did not have a warrant when they searched his
room. And though Calvin had consented to the search, the lawyer argued, the room
where the money was found was William‟s room as well, so his permission would
have been needed to conduct the search without a warrant.
The court disagreed. It held that when more than one person legally occupies a
residence, any one of them can voluntarily consent to a police search, and the evidence
found can be used against any of the other occupants. William‟s objection was
overruled, the evidence was admitted, and William was convicted of the robbery.
(Legal Problem Solver, p.452)
Ex.40. Re-read the text and tell what the text deals with.
Ex.41. Look through the text again and define whether the following
statements are true or false.
Model: Calvin and William were classmates -F (false)
They shared a room in the boardinghouse –T (true)
1. Calvin was suspected of having robbed his roommate‟s money.
2. The police asked Calvin for permission to search the room he and William shared.
3. Calvin disagreed. So the police did not search.
4. The stolen money was found in a closet.
5. William was charged with robbery.
6. At William‟s trial his attorney argued that the police did not have a right to search
without a warrant.
7. The police was right to conduct the search without a warrant.
9. William‟s objection was supported by the court and nobody was convicted of the
robbery.
Ex.42. Act out the roles of William and Calvin as roommates.
Ex.43. Discuss the following problems in your group:
1. What rights are guaranteed to citizens by the Constitution in the area of
education?
2. Do all citizens have a right to free medical service according to with the
Constitution? How do you explain the existence of private and state hospitals?
3. Do the students have to pay for their tuition at a University according to the
Constitution?
4. What rights are guaranteed to women in Uzbekistan?
100
Ex.44. Write a personal fact sheet or curriculum vitae (c.v.), adapting
this model to suit your own requirements in order to apply for a job in a
foreign firm.

Curriculum Vitae

Name ………………………………………………………………………
Address……………………………………………………………………..
Telephone …………………………………………………………………..
Date of Birth …………………..……………………………………………
Schools attended ……………………………………………………………
(Name and town) From to (dates ) ………………….………………
Colleges attended ……………………………………………………………
(Name and town) From to (dates) ……………….………………….
Qualifications ………………….……………………………………………
(Name of examination: subject, grade. Include all school and college examinations
which you have passed and any other relevant qualifications or achievements in the
fields like sports and music)
Work experience ……………………………………………………………
(with the most recent job first!)
Interests and activities ……………………………………………………….
(your hobbies, interests - especially social ones, try to project yourself as an
individual here).
Future education plans …………………………………………………….
(Any subjects you are currently studying or courses you plan to take).
References ………………………………………………………………….
(Names, addresses, telephone numbers of head - teachers or ex - employers
who may be approached for references )

Ex.45. Write an essay on the following topics:

1. Need for Constitution.
2. Citizens‟ rights in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
3. Responsibilities of citizens in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
4. Women‟s rights in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Glossary
accusation обвинительный акт ayblov hujjati
 101
acknowledge признавать tan olmoq
act действовать biror ish yoki harakat qilmoq
admit допускать yo'l qo'ymoq
adoption принятие qabul qilish
alert тревога xavfni bildiruvchi signal
amalgamation слияние birlashish
amend вносить поправки tuzatish kiritish
annotation аннотация kitobning qisqa mazmuni
application применение, заявление qo'llash, ariza
appropriation присвоение, назначение egallab olish, berish
armed robbery вооружѐнное воровство qurol ishlatib o'girlik qilish
arrogation присваивать o'zlashtirmoq
assassination убийство, xoinona qilingan
террористический акт qotillik
assume присваивать себе o'ziga olmoq
attestation свидетельское показание guvohlik ko'rsatmasi
belong принадлежать qaram bo'lmoq
boarding house пансионат pansionat
borrow заимствовать qarz olmoq
by chance случайно tasodifan
case examination анализ дела ishni tahlil qilish
casuistic method казуистический метод ilmoqli metod
civil rights гражданские права fuqorolik huquqlar
cohabitation сожительство birga yashash
collation сравнивание qiyoslash
condemn осуждать, jazoga hukm qilmoq,
приговаривать hukm qilmoq
condemnation осуждение aybdor deb tan
olmoq(belgilamoq)
consent согласие rozilik
consolidation укрепление mustahkamlanish
convict признавать виновным aybdor deb e'lon
qilmoq
corporal телесный jismoniy
cow запугивать, qo'rqitmoq, dahshat
терроризировать solmoq
cross examination подвергать har
перекрѐстному допросу tomonlama tergov qilmoq
currently текущий, действующий hozirgi, joriy, amaldagi
102
defend защищать в суде sudda himoya qilmoq
defendant ответчик ayblanuvchi, javobgar,
sudlanuvchi
denationationalization денационализация davlatga o'tgan mulkni o'z
egasiga qaytarmoq
deportation высылка, изгнание, депортация deportatsiya (shaxsning
majburan davlatdan
chiqarib yubormog
derivative производный yasama
dormitory общежитие yotoqxona
drug charge обвинять в употреблении norkotik moddani
наркотиков ist'emol qilishda ayblanmoq
distinction различнaя, отличительная farq, farq qiluvchi xususiyat
особенность
enjoy обладать правом, осуществлять huquqqa ega bo'lmoq;
право, пользоваться huquqdan foydalanmoq
equality равенство, равенство tenglik, qonun
перед законом и судом va sud oldida tenglik
evidence служить доказательством, isbot xizmatini
доказывать bajarmoq
exercise осуществлять, пользоваться amalga oshirmoq,
(правами) (huquqdan) foydalanmoq
experience опыт tajriba
external fact внешний факт tashqi omil
faith вера ishonch
facilitation облегчение, помощь yengillashtirish; yordam
false ложноe утверждение, soхta tasdiqlash
feature особенность, характерная черта xususiyat
fee плата за учение ta'lim uchun to'lanadigan pul
field отрасль soha
formulate формулировать tuzmoq
founder учредитель asoschi
furniture мебель uy jihozlari
fornication прелюбодеяние buzuqlik, fahshlik
gathering собрание yig'ilish
guilty виновный aybdor, gunohkor
hair волосы soch
hierarchy иерархия ierarhiya (quyi
mansabdorlarning yuqori
 103
mansabdorlarga
bo'ysinish
tartibi)
immutability непреложность buzilmas
intelligence ум aql
interrelation взаимоотношение o'zaro aloqa
interrogation допрос so'roq, tergov
instead вместо, взамен o'rniga
intoxication опьянение zaharlanish, mast bo'lish
investigate расследовать tekshirish, tergov qilish ,
judicial судебный qonun tasarrufi
laughter смех, хохот kulgi
lead вести, руководить olib bormoq, boshqarmoq,
rahbarlik qilmoq
legislative законодательный qonun chiqaruvchi
litigation судебный процесс, тяжба sud jarayoni, talashish
majburan davlatdan,
huquqdan, chiqarib
yuborilishi), quvg'in, badarg'a
qilinishi
malpractice противозаконное действие noqonuniy harakat
management управление boshqarish
mediation посредник dallol
medieval средневековый o'rta asrlar
modification видоизменение, изменение turlanish, shakli o'zgarish
nonsubstituted необоснованный asoslanmagan
notion понятие tushuncha
oath присяга qasam, qasamyod
object возражать qarshilik qilmoq
occupant оккупант bosib oluvchi
offence посягательство tartibbuzarlik
oppose возражать qarshi bo'lmoq
oral устный og'zaki
orthodox ортодоксальный sodiq
overrule отменять bekor qilmoq
parking lot место стоянки автотранспорта avtomobillarni qo'yish joyi
path тропинка so'qmoq
peculiarity специфичность xususiyat
pending незаконченный tugallanmagan
104
pledge залог garov
porter носильщик yukchi
postulate постулат, принимать без (haqiqatligi ayon bo‟lmasa ham,
доказательства isbotsiz qilib olinadigan qoida)
precedent прецедент bo'lib o'tgan
previous предыдущий oldingi, dastlabki
privilege предпочитать afzal ko'rmoq
qualification квалификация kvalifikatsiya, (malaka,
kasb, ixtisos, mahorat)
ratification утверждение, tasdiqlash
ратификация
reality действительность haqiqiy
reciprocal взаимнообязующий o'zaro
refer отослать havola qilmoq
regulate регулировать, muvofiqlashtirmoq
приспосабливать
relevant уместный, относящийся o'rinli
к делу
remain оставаться qolmoq
rent наѐм, прокат ijara
repair ремонт tamirlash
release освобождать ozod qilmoq
residence местожительство yashash joyi
restrain ограничивать cheklamoq, ta'qiqlamoq
revocation отмена, аннулирование bekor qilish, kuchdan qoldirish
rioting бунт, нарушение qo'zg'alon,
общественной va tartibini buzish jamoat
тишины и порядка tinchligini
rock скала qoya
separation отделение, разделение bo'lim, bo'linish
simplicity простота oddiy, soddalik
solicitation настойчивая просьба qat'iy iltimos
staff meeting собрание служебного jamoa yig'ilishi
персонала
stipulation обусловливание, shart bo'lish
условие
strength сила kuch
sufficient существенный muhim
swear заявлять под присягой qasam ostida bayon qilmoq
 105
switch off выключать o'chirmoq
switch on включать yondirmoq
taxation облажение налогом soliq solish
testify давать показание ko'rsatma bermoq
testimony показание, данное в qasamyod qilib
устной форме berilgan og'zaki guvohlik
though хотя, несмотря на …ga qaramasdan
trend направление yonalish
trial судебное разбирательство sud muhokamasi
true подлинный asl, chin, haqqoniy
tuition плата за обучение oqish uchun to'lanadigan pul
undertake предпринимать, брать на oziga ma'lum
себя определѐнные обстоятельства majburiyat olmoq
unification объединение birlashtirish
unlike в отличие от farqli ravishda
voluntarily добровольно o'z xohishi, bo'yicha
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UNIT 5
Topic : The British Constitution
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1.Topical words:
2.The words with the suffixes -man, - ian;
Grammar: 1. The Adjective, the Adverb: Degrees of Comparison,
Modal verbs;
Word formation: the suffixes –man, - ian;
Conversational phrases: Introducing People;
Texts: 1.The British Constitution, 2.A civil case.
Exercises
Ex.1.Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
bed - bad not - note cup - cap
set - sat got - goat but - bat
men - man rod - rode hut - hat
pen - pan pot - vote mud - mad
get - gap pond - home sum - Sam
Ted - tag dot - wrote run - ran
met - mat nod - nose bug - bag
pet - Pat hot - drown up - map

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

A fat cat sat on a mat and ate a black rat. What a fat cat!
He that hatches matches hatches catches.

Conversational phrases: Introducing People

Ex.3. Read the phrases:
May I introduce Mr. Bouton?
Allow me to introduce to you Mr. Sipper.
Allow me to introduce you to my friend, Mr. Smith.
Allow me to introduce myself, I am Robert, Bob for short.
Please, introduce me to your friend.
Let me introduce you to Dr. Feak.
 107
Meet my friend. He is Dr. Richardson.
I‟d like you to meet Dr. Hilton.
Mrs. Green, this is Mr. Mansfield.

Possible Replies
How do you do? Hallo!
Glad to meet you. Pleased to meet you
Nice to meet you

Ex.4 . Respond to the following:

1. - Allow me to introduce to you my friend. He is Mr. Sipper.
- …
2. - Allow me to introduce myself. I am John.
-…
1. - Meet my friend. He is Mr. Morley.
-…
2. - Mr.Eggly, this is Mrs. Feak.
- …

Ex.5. Respond to the following:

1. …
2.Hallo. My name is Ahad. Glad to meet you.
1. …
2.Meet my friend. This is Mr.Swales .
1. …
2.Nice to meet you.

Ex.6.Compose short dialogues introducing:

1.A fellow -worker to a professor from another country;

2.Your friend to your parents;
3.Your close friend to your girl/boy-friend;
4.Yourself to the teacher you have come to work under.

Ex.7.Express the meaning of the following in one word using the prompts
given below:
108
1. Part of a house or a flat. 2. Not cold. 3. About thirty days, about four weeks. 4. A
boy child. 5. A girl. 6. Not here. 7. Very nice.8. Not low. 9.Land which is not the
town or city. 10. Not in front of. 11. A country and its people. 12. Seven days. 13.
Twelve months. 14. The lines of words in a book.
Prompts: hot, a son, fine, a daughter, a country, a room, there,
a month, people, high, a state, a text, behind, a week

Grammar
The Adjective and the Adverb. Degrees of comparison.
The Adjective Positive Comparative Superlative
The Adverb degree degree degree
monosyllabic long longer the longest
adjectives and soon sooner the soonest
adverbs
polysyllabic difficult more the most
difficult difficult
correctly more the most correctly correctly
Note: much more the most
many more the most
little less the least
good better the best
well better the best
bad worse the worst
badly worse the worst
Ex.8. Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following
adjectives and adverbs:
nice hot tasty fast
beautiful warm pleasant quick
pretty cold democratic slow
brutal cool interesting deep
far rainy dull shallow
near dry boring thin
Ex.9. Form the comparative and superlative degrees of the following
adjectives and adverbs:
good high great important
 109
large interesting warm bad
small difficult beautiful little
short easy pleasant hard
early highly well badly
Ex.10.Translate the following adjectives and adverbs:
big - bigger - the biggest
old - older - the oldest
near - nearer - the nearest
difficult - more difficult - the most difficult
interesting - more interesting - the most interesting
beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
good - better - the best
bad - worse - the worst
many } - more - the most
much
few } - less - the least
little

Ex.11. Compare the objects in Classroom N1 with the objects in

Classroom N2.
Use the conjunctions as…as, than, not so…as.
Model: A: The map in Classroom N1 is bigger than the map in
Classroom N2.
B: You are wrong. The map in Classroom N2 is as big as the map in
Classroom N2.
The objects: a board, a window, desks, pictures, a bookcase, a flower, etc.
Ex.12. Say the following adjectives in the comparative and superlative
degrees:
large thick comfortable short
long thin pleasant clean
easy low industrious dirty
young high important busy
bright tall capable fresh
rich dear urgent shallow
poor heavy compete fast
easy deep popular slow
110
great close splendid quiet

Ex.13. Answer the questions:

1. Which is larger: a sea or a lake?
2. Which gives brighter light: an electric lamp or an oil lamp?
3. Which animal is stronger: an elephant or a camel?
4. Which animal is more cunning : a fox or a wolf?
5. Which is more pleasant: a sunny day or a rainy day?
6. Which city is bigger: Tashkent or Samarkand?
7. In what season of the year are the days longer: in summer or in autumn?
8. Which is warmer: a coat or a raincoat?
9. Which sport is the most dangerous?
10. Where is the highest building in the world?
11. Where is the biggest clock in England?
12. Which city is the most ancient in Uzbekistan?
13. What is the coldest (hottest) point on the globe?
14. What is the highest mountain peak in the world?
15. What is the longest river in the world?
16. What is the smallest country in the world ?
17. What is the largest country in Europe?
18. What country is the richest in oil?

Ex.14. Compose sentences according to the model.

Model: Russian is more difficult than English.
This summer is hotter than last year.
Prompts: The theory of state and law - difficult than the Constitutional law;
“Dombey and Son“ - interesting than “The Gadfly“; Our teacher - busy today
than yesterday; There are many people on Sayilgoh street than last Sunday…
Ex.15. Competition: “who has the best knowledge“.
The teacher asks 10 questions and the students will answer them in
written form as quickly as possible. The one who answers all the questions
correctly will be the winner. After announcing the results discuss some questions
and their answers which you think to be interesting.
Sample questions:
1. Where is the highest building in the world?
2. What is the highest waterfall in the world?
3. Which city is the most densely populated?
 111
4. Which Parliament is the oldest in the world?
5. Which state is the largest in America?
6. Which state is the smallest in America?
7. What is the longest river in the world?
8. What is the deepest lake in the world?
9. What is the largest library in the world?
10. What is the highest mountain in the world?

Ex.16. Discuss any questions out of the previous exercise which you think to
be interesting. In your discussion point out whether you have been
there or read some information about it.

Ex.17. Ask each other ten questions about the most exciting things in the
world.
Ex.18.Respond to the statements according to the model:
Model 1: A: I always read books in the evening.
B: So do I.
Prompts: Ann- to eat meat for dinner; he- to walk in the garden in the evening; I -
to go home after work; father - to do shopping; mother - to cook dinner, I - to get up
later that usual on Sundays; I -to like English; she - to play the piano well.

Model 2: A: I do not get up early on Sundays.

B: Neither do I.
Prompts: Karl-not to play soccer; Angel-not to cook pies; Khalil-not to drive a car;
Chris-not to like detective stories; Gleb- not to go to the country at week-ends.

Ex.19.As you read the text notice the main features of Great Britain.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland consists of England, Wales, Scotland
and Northern Ireland. The principal part of Great Britain
is England. London is the capital both of England and
Great Britain.
The territory of Great Britain is 244.000 square kilometers, and its
population is 54.744.000. It is one of the densely populated countries in the world.
The population of Great Britain speaks English.
England and Wales form the southern part of the island of Great Britain.
112
England has a gently sloping surface, but in some parts there are mountains
and lofty hills.
The principal rivers in England are the Thames, the Tyne, the Trent, the
Severn, the Wye and some others.
England is rich in minerals. The most important ones are coal and iron.
The climate is not the same in all parts of England. The western side is
warmer than the eastern side. There is much moisture in the air of England. Britain
is well known as a foggy island. The mean temperature in London is about eight
degrees above zero. There are big cities in England such as London, Oxford,
Manchester, Birmingham, Cambridge, Bristol and others.
London has about 8,5 million inhabitants. The main sightseeings in London
are: the City – the oldest part of London, Whitehall, Big Ben, Downing Street,
West Minister Abbey, the Tower of London, St. Paul‟s Cathedral, the Law Courts,
the British Museum, the National Gallery, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of
Parliament, the bridges over the River Thames, and parks.
Ex.20. Read the text and divide it into logical parts:
Scotland
Scotland falls into three main regions: the Border
region, a pastoral area with low hills, Lowlands and the
Highlands.
In the middle ages there were many bloody conflicts
and battles. Since 1707 England and Scotland have been
united into one government. The Border is undefined nowadays. The Lowlands
area contains three-quarters of the whole population and all the towns are situated
in it. The Highlands are among the oldest mountains in the world. Ben Nevis is the
highest peak which is 4,406 feet.
The population is more than 5 million. The language is mainly English.
There are some areas where very few people speak Gaelic.
Edinburgh is a city of opposites-beautiful and ugly, culture-loving and
philistine. Edinburgh is no longer the political capital of Scotland, nor is it the
largest city. It is surpassed by Glasgow which has a population of over one million.
Edinburgh has been the home of men of letters and scientists for many
centuries. Robert Burns and Walter Scott lived and worked in this city.
Glasgow is the largest city and the principal port. Here are ship-building
yards, engineering, iron and chemical works, extensive docks and textile factories.
The Glasgow university was founded in 1450.
Ex.21. Look through the texts below and summerize them:
 113
Wales
Wales is a country of rugged mountains and
deep valleys. About two million people live in there.
English and Welsh are spoken in the country.
England and Wales are administered as a unit and
Wales does not have a local government Act.
The welsh people are fond of singing. Wherever
they meet they sing.
The capital is Cardiff with a population of 256,270.
Ex.22.Read the text and note the main features of Ireland:
Ireland

Northern Ireland is divided into six counties. It

has a population of about 1,425,400.
The history of Ireland has been the history of
the hard struggle of the Irish people for national
freedom.
English and Gaelic are spoken in the country.
Belfast is the capital and the principal seaport and industrial centre with a
population of over 444,000.
Dublin has been the principal city of Ireland for a thousand years.
Since 1922 Northern Ireland has been a part of the UK of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland. This country has a Governor and a Parliament consisting of a
Senate and a House of Commons which legislates for its own area except for
matters of imperial concern.
Ex.23. Answer the questions:
1. What countries does the UK of Great Britain consist of?
2. What is your opinion of the climate in Great Britain?
3.What is the average temperature?
4.What are the historical places in London?
5.What are the big cities of the country?
6.In what part of the UK is Scotland situated?
7.What are the main cities of Scotland?
8.What are the Scotish people remarkable for?
9.What is the population of Wales?
10.What is the state emblem of Wales?
114
11.What is the population of Northern Ireland?
12.How long has Northern Ireland been a part of the UK of Great Britain?
Ex.24. Fill in the table. The first one has been done for you.
Country most people language capital population
1. Uzbekistan Uzbek Uzbek Tashkent more than
25 million.
2. Wales
3. French
4. Moscow
5. more than 1 million
6. Tokyo
7. Germany
8. German Brussels
9.
10. Washington
11. Scotch
12. London

Ex.25. Describe the location of:

a) England,
b) Wales,
c) Scotland,
d) Northern Ireland.

Ex.26. Speak about the most remarkable features of:

England, Scotland, Uzbekistan.

Ex.27. Compare London and Tashkent according to the following criteria:

foundation, geographical position, weather and climate, population,
historical places, as political, cultural, educational centres.
Ex.28. Answer the questions using the prompts given below:
1.What does the climate of a country depend on?
2.What is the mild climate of England due to?
3.What are the British Isles surrounded by?
4.What do the seas round about England abound in?
5.What is the Thames suitable for?
 115
6.What is woolen material manufactured from?
7.What is the Scottish land famous for?
8.What is the most remarkable feature of the Scottish people?
Prompts: wool, to sing songs, navigation, fish, beautiful scenery, the sea, the
position of the country.

Ex.29. Discuss the rivers in Uzbekistan and in England. Characterize them by

their features:
length, width, deepness, navigability, importance for economy, etc.

Ex.30. Speak as if you were giving impressions of your first visit to London.
Say what struck you most as unusual and why.

Ex.31.Speak as if you were an English student visiting Tashkent (or some

other city) for the first time. Compare the things you have seen here
with those in London and say what seems unusual to you.
Grammar
Modal verbs: can, may, must, should, need,
can (could) expresses ability to resulting from knowledge, skill, physical strength
and circumstances:
He can speak French (knowledge, skill); She can lift this suitcase (physical
strength); You can borrow my pen (circumstances);
may (might) expresses possibility of performing an action, asking permission,
giving or denying permission:
It may rain this afternoon (possibility of an action); He may come at any time
(possibility of action); May I come in? (asking permission); You may go out for a
walk as soon as you finish your homework (giving permission).
must (had to) expresses certainty, strong likelihood, supposion, obligation,
absolute necessity with no freedom of choice, necessity arising out of
circumstances:
We must do the lesson obligation); In order to graduate from the University you
must pass your exams (absolute necessity with no freedom of choice);
should expresses weakened necessity to the sense of advice:
You should work hard at your English:
need expresses necessity, absence of necessity:
Need I come tomorrow? (necessity); -No, you needn‟t. You need not come
tomorrow (absence of necessity).
116

Ex.32. Put the appropriate modal verbs in the space provided:

1. … you drive a car? - No, I don‟t have a license.
2. She … be at home now. She called me 5minites ago. There are many clouds in
the sky It… rain today. So I…take my umbrella.
3. I… not close my bag. You… not close it in such a way. You … do it in this
way.
4. I say, Jack, we have run short of food products. I … go shopping today. - Oh,
no, you are too busy. You … not worry. I shall do it myself.

Ex.33.Comment on the meaning of the modal verbs in the following

sentences and translate them into your mother tongue:
1. The students must work at their English every day.
2. You can and you must do this work.
3. I can show you an interesting picture.
4. There will be no meeting after classes.
5. May I take this book home? - I‟m afraid, not.
6. You needn‟t take a bus. You can get to the club on foot.
7. We must not read in the dark.
8. Must he come here tomorrow? - No, he needn‟t. He may stay at home.

Ex.34. Answer the questions:

1.Can you swim in the river?
2.Can you read and write French?
3.Must you come to the lessons on time?
4.Must you speak English at the English lesson?
5.Must you help your friends?
6.May I smoke in this room?
7.Which book may I take home?
8.Must you get up early on the weekend?

Ex.35. Insert can or may in the spaces provided:

1. … you come to the meeting on Saturday?
- I‟m sorry, I… not tell you today. … I phone you on Wednesday? - Certainly.
2. You … think what you like, but I … be present at the hearing of this case. -
But why?
- … I not tell you just now? - It‟s up to you.
 117

Ex.36. Answer the questions according to the model:

Model: A: Can Nick do this?
B: I‟m sure, he can (I‟m afraid, he can‟t).
Prompts: Mobin - to come here, Sam and Ben - to come together, Joe -to water the
flowers, Susan - to give me that book, Ruth - to help her brother.

Ex.37.State that you can not do what is being asked by your partner. Advise
him to ask somebody else.
Model: A: You must visit grandparents.
B: I can‟t visit. Let Dilbar visit them.
Prompts: to water the trees-they, to close the door-he, to bring letters -Salim, to
show the quests the city - Davron, to do shopping - elder brother.
Ex.38. React according to the model:
Model 1: A: Must I bring water?
B: No, you needn‟t
Prompts: Nick-to come back, Ann -to cook dinner, Mary - to iron a shirt, John-pick
you up,
Ahmad -to wake Rustam up, we -to air the room, the teacher-to explain the
theory.
Don‟t let your partner do what he is asking.
Model 2: A: May I take this book?
B: No, you mustn‟t.
Prompts: to close the door, to see her, to work at an office, to stay after classes, to
sleep longer, to play cricket.

Ex.39.Navigating documents. Legal adverbs. Most of them are

formed using “ here “ and “ there “.
“There “ means that document-the one that person is reading, has read or will read.
Some adverbs with “ there “ are listed below. Match them to the correct definitions.
The first one has been done as an example.

1. thereafter a. accompanying that document

2. thereby b. appearing somewhere in that document
3. therefore c. following that document
118
4. therein d. for that reason or purpose
5. thereinafter e. from the production of that document until now
6. thereinbefore f. in the before period that document was produced
7. thereinunder g. listed later in that document
8. thereof h. mentioned in that section of that document
9. thereto i. mentioned previously in that document
10. theretofore j. relating to that document
11. therewith k. resulting from that document or decision.
Ex.40. Insert the appropriate words in the blanks provided. The first has
been done for you.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C
A
S
E

1. A civil. . . is regarded at a civil court.

2. Take it with your right . . .
3. The lamp hangs . . . the table.
4. I have few English books, but I have . . . Russian books.
5. . . . falls in winter.
6. We . . . in Russia.
7. It is cold now, put on your . . .
8. Go to the right first, then turn to the . . .
9. You may go in, the door is . . .
10. We wear shoes on our . . .
11. My father and mother . . . at the factory.
12. …is a systematic collection of laws, rules or regulations.
Ex.41. Read the dialogue and then act it out:
Detective: Where were you last night at exactly 9.20 p.m.?
Jack: 9.20 p.m.? I couldn‟t say. I can‟t remember.
Detective: Are you sure you can‟t remember?
Jack: Absolutely certain (Quite sure).
Detective: Were you in or out? Can you remember that?
Jack: I‟m not sure. I think I went out at about half past nine.
But I‟m not certain.
Detective: Did you see anyone coming into the block of flats?
 119
Jack: No, I didn‟t.
Detective: Sure?
Jack: Quite sure. There‟ s no doubt about it.
Ex.42.Study the word formation. The suffixes- man, - ian.
camera - cameraman Bulgaria - Bulgarian
sale - salesman Hungary - Hungarian
shop - shopman agrar - agrarian
watch - watchman Dracon - Draconian
congress - congressman music - musician
English - Englishman Russ - Russian
Ex.43. Form derivative nouns and adjectives by means of the suffixes –
man, - ian and explain their meaning:
news bails alder ombuds bonds police
railway jury taxi Scots sports academic
veterinary techniques Asia mathematics politics physics
Ex.44. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
alderman - a member of a city council or other local governing body;
bailsman - one who provides bails as a surety for a criminal defendant‟s
release; also termed as bailor, bailer, bail bondsman;
chairman - the person who presides over the meeting of a committee,
convention, or assembly, or over the gathering of any other
deliberative body. Also termed chairwoman, chair;
foreman - the juror who chairs during deliberations and speaks for the jury
in court by announcing the verdict. Also termed as foreperson,
presiding juror;
newsman - the person who works for the newspaper or a journal as a
journalist. Also termed correspondent, journalist;
ombudsman- 1) an official appointed to receive, investigate, and report on
private citizens‟ complaints about the government; 2) a
similar appointee in a nongovernmental organization;
postman - a person who carries mails;
yes-man - the person who is toady, lickspittle, sycophant;
draconian – relating to Dracon, severe;
vegetarian - one who lives on vegetables;
veterinarian - a specialist who treats animals;
parliamentarian - a member of Parliament;
120
academician - a scientist and a member of Academy of sciences.
Ex.45.Match the terms and their definitions or explanations:
watchman - a person who works at the railway;
railwayman -a person who is a member of the Congress (the USA);
pressman - a member of the city council or other local governing body;
congressman - a person who works for the newspaper or as a reporter;
alderman - one who works as a guard at night;
politician - the people who live in Italy;
physician - one who treats human beings;
Italian - one who is involved in policy.
Ex.46.Complete the sentences:
1.A technician is a specialist in… 2.A newsman is a person who…
3.A bailsman is a person who… 4.A foreman is a juror who…
5.A parliamentarian is a member of… 6.An academician is a member of …
7.A veterinarian is one who treats … 8.An ombudsman is one who is
appointed to…
Ex.47.Answer the questions:
1.Where does a salesman work? 6.What does a bailsman do?
2.What does a chairman do? 7.What do we call a person who
3.Whom do we call a yes-man? is involved in policy?
4.What does a postman do? 8.What does a physician do?
5.Whom do we call a sandwichman? 9.What do we call people who
live in Asia?

Ex.48.All the verbs in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete
the sentences and translate.

obligate arbitrate stipulate confiscate

declare interrogate violate declare

1.The judgement was to … defendant‟s property.

2.Representitives of two farms have agreed to… their dispute.
3.I … under penalty of prejury that …
4.The traffic rule … all the drives to stop on the red light.
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5.The police inspector … a suspect for ten minutes.
6.The action of the government … the international treaty on commercial
shipping.
7.We offer … that there was one prior.
8.The company … its twelfth quarterly dividend.
Ex.49. Language competition. How well do you know the names of parts of a
human body? One of the students leads the game. He/ she asks the students in
turn to express their agreement or disagreement what he/she says.
Model: Pointing at his nose the leader says:
This is my ear.
Student A: No, that is wrong. That is your nose. The student who doesn‟t
remember the right answer or makes a mistake will be out of game. The
winner is the student who doesn‟t make a mistake, and gives right answers until
the end of the game.
Ex.50 Read the newspaper article and explain what happened to the woman.
Woman punched over pack of cigarettes
A 19-year-old Ypsilanti woman told Ypsilanti Police she was walking at
about 4:36 a.m. Thursday in the 500 block Washtenaw Avenue when a man
approached and asked for a cigarette. The woman said she gave him one, but
refused when he asked for another. As she began to walk away, the man punched
her in the face, grabbed her pack of cigarettes and fled south on Ballard Street, the
woman said. She described her attacker as about 30 years old. Police checked the
area but could not locate the suspect.
(AAN, 8/15/99)

Ex.51. As you read the text note the most remarkable features of the English
legal system:

The British Constitution

Unlike most other countries, Britain does not have a written constitution
set out in a single document. Instead, the constitution, which has evolved over
many centuries, is made of Acts of Parliament, common law and conventions. The
constitution can be altered by Act of Parliament, or by a general agreement to
change a convention. It can thus adopt readily to suit changing circumstances.
To understand English constitutional law one must study numerous
documents, including constitutional treaties like the Bill of Rights, various statutes
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and judicial decisions and others. But the whole of the Constitution of Britain will
not be found in many of these documents. The English constitution is considered to
be flexible because Parliament can “make or unmake” any law by the same
procedure and with the same ease.
The Constitution is not the source of the law, but the law gives birth to the
Constitution. Though the King (Queen) is the nominal Sovereign, any particular
Parliament during the period of its existence is legally supreme.
In England the rights of the subject are mostly deduced from actual
decisions in which remedies have been afforded for their invasion. Thus it is
sometimes said that under the English Constitution the remedy precedes the right.
The English legal system possesses one remarkable feature which
distinguishes it from the legal systems of nearly all other countries: an important
part of the law has never been considered, debated or approved by any Parliament.
But it is of primary importance that most of English laws should be contained in the
reports of the cases decided by judges of the High Court , Court of Appeal and
House of Lords.
The practice of recording the decisions of the royal judges is of ancient
origin known as “precedent”. It means that when one judge has decided a point of
law, any judge who is subsequently confronted with a similar set of facts must
apply the law declared in the earlier judgement. Such reported cases are known as
“common law” which is also used in many countries of the world. Common law
got its name because this law was common to all of England as compared to
different legal systems that had existed in different areas of England before
common law originated.
In administering the judges enjoy little arbitrary power. The law which
they administer is defined by statutes and other documents having statutory validity
and by judicial precedents.
Theory and practice concerning English constitutional law are divergent,
as it is seen from the following illustrations:
1.In theory the Sovereign is to be an active party to the making laws, but in practice
he has a shadowy veto;
2.In theory every Lord of Parliament is a Judge of the House of Lords, entitled to
take part in appeals from the lower Courts; in practice he always absents himself
unless qualified by statute to sit there as one of the quorum;
3.In theory certain persons (e.g. Lord Mayor) are invested with judicial powers as
trials in the Central Criminal Court, but in practice they don‟t take part in judicial
work there;
 123
4.In theory certain public departments are supposed to be controlled by boards
consisting of various high officials (e.g. the Board of Trade), but the real head is a
single Minister of the Crown (e.g. the President of the Board of Trade);
5.Finally, Legislature and Executive are joined together by a connecting chain – the
Cabinet.
Certain important Conventions control the entire working of the
Constitution. These Conventions relate to the duties of the King as a person, the
duties of the Ministers of the Crown and so on.(British Democracy in Action,
pp.3-8)
Ex.52. Re-read the text and explain the following statements:
1.The English Constitution is considered to be flexible.
2.The rights of the subject are mostly deduced from actual decisions.
3.Under the English Constitution the remedy precedes the right.
4.The practice of recording the decisions of the royal judges is of ancient
origin known as “precedent”.
5.In administering the Judges enjoy little arbitrary power.
6.Theory and practice concerning English constitutional law are divergent.
Ex.53. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1.What is necessary to do in order to understand English Constitutional law?
2.Why is the English Constitution to be regarded as „unwritten‟ from the standpoint
of constitutional lawyers?
3.Is the English Constitution rigid or flexible?
4.The Constitution is the source of the law, isn‟t it?
5.What power do the judges enjoy in administering justice?
6.What laws do the judges administer?
7.What can you say about the theory and practice concerning English
Constitutional law?
8.In what way are the Legislature and Executive joined together?
Ex.54.Agree or disagree with the following statements using the suggested
phrases:
Phrases: Quite so…, Right you are…, I agree with you…, or I am afraid not…, I
don‟t agree with you…, I‟m afraid you are wrong…, Excuse me but…, On the
contrary…
1. Like other countries Great Britain has a written constitution, which was adopted
many centuries ago.
124
2. The British Constitution is made up of Acts of Parliament, common law and
Conventions.
3. The Constitution is not the source of the law, but the law gives birth to the
Constitution.
4. In administering justice the Judges enjoy little arbitrary power.
5. Theory and practice concerning English constitutional law are inseparable,
they enrich each other.
6. Legislative and Executive bodies are joined together by a connecting chain – the
Cabinet.
7. Both in theory and practice every Lord of Parliament is a Judge of the House of
Lords.
8. There are more than hundred countries which possess hereditary legislators.
Ex.55.Read the case and define the values involved in it.
Swallowed watch “Not returned”
A schoolgirl of 13, accused of stealing a wristwatch was said at Castle
Eden juvenile court to have swallowed it accidentally when a teacher made
inquiries. Hospital X-rays showed it inside her. But later there was no sign of the
watch and it had not been returned. The girl was put on one year‟s probation and
was ordered to pay compensation. (AAN, 8/11/99)

Ex.56.Look through the text again and discuss the following questions:
1. Do you think that the court verdict was fair? What would you have decided in
the judge‟s place?
2. Have you ever heard or met a case similar to the described above?
Ex.57. As you read the case below copy out the derivative words and state what
part of speech they are.
Model: an employer- a noun.
The Case of the Holiday Host
When Harold left his employer‟s Christmas party, he was obviously
drunk. While driving home he ran a red light and knocked down a pedestrian,
whose leg was broken in the accident. She decided to sue Harold‟s employer.
The employer argued that under his state‟s law, the host of a social
gathering is not responsible for the actions of a guest who drinks too much at his
party. But the fact emerged that in this case the employer was not merely hosting a
social gathering; he was also using the party to advance his business, and therefore
 125
had the same responsibilities as bar or restaurant to stop serving alcohol to
Harold after he was noticeably drunk.
Courts in some other states would not have ruled against the employer,
but keep in mind that it is wise to err on the side of caution when serving people
alcohol. (Legal Problem Solving, p.28)

Ex.58. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. What happened to Harold while driving home?
2. Why did the victim sue Harold‟s employer?
3. How did the employer argue against the lawsuit?
4. Did the court find employer guilty or not guilty? Why?
5. What is the conclusion on this case?

Ex.59. Look through the text again and retell it on behalf of: a) Harold, b) the
victim, c) the employer
Ex.60. Discuss the use of alcohol by drivers.
Ex.61.Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. Characteristics of the British Constitution.
2. Differences between the British Constitution and the Constitution of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
Glossary
absent отсутствующий hozir bo'lmoq
accident несчастный случай, авария baxtsiz hodisa, falokat
advance продвижение вперѐд olg'a siljimoq
afford позволять, допускать imkon (imkoniyat)
bermoq, ruxsat bermoq
alter изменять(ся) o'zgartirmoq, tuzatmoq
alderman олдермен ma'muriy yoki sud ishlari
oqsoqoli, mansabdor,
(Angliyada) shahar hokimi
muovini
approve oдобрять ma'qullamoq
approach приближение aqinlashmoq
bailsman поручитель afil
battle битва ang
bill of rights «билль о правах» Huquqlar to'g'risida qonun
126
loyihasi» (bill')
bloody кровопролитие otillik, qon to'kish
both оба ar ikkisi
caution осторожность htiyotlik
chain цепь anjir
check проверка ekshirish
chairman председатель ais
coal уголь o'mir
common law общее право mumiy huquq
conclusion умозаключение ulosa
confiscate конфисковать usodara qilmoq
confront cтоять лицом к лицу uzma-yuz turmoq
county графство raflik
court of appeal аппеляционный суд peliatsiya (shikoyat, norozilik)
udi
convention собрание ig'ilish
debate дискуссия unozara
deduce выводить ulosa chiqarish
divergent расходящийся arq qiluvchi
distinguish различить arqlamoq
employer предприниматель, наниматель (ishga) yollovchi
entire полный o'liq
err ошибаться, заблуждаться yanglishmoq, xato
o'ylamoq , dashmoq
evolve развивать araqqiy ettirmoq
flee бежать, исчезнуть ochmoq
flexible гибкий giluvchan
foggy туманный umanli
foreman старшина akamlar oqsoqoli
found основывать sos solmoq
freedom свобода zodlik
gently мягко hista
grab схватывать shlab olmoq
hereditary наследственный eros bo'lib qolmoq
high court Высший суд liy sud
hill холм alandlik
host хозяин y egasi
House of Lords Палата лордов ordlar palatasi
inhabitant житель ashovchi
 127
inquiry опрос, расследование ergov, tergov qilish
invest вкладывать деньги ul qo'ymoq
iron жeлезо emir
island остров rol
judgement судебное решение ukm, sud qarori
juvenile court суд несовершеннолетних oyaga ( balog'atga)
yetmaganlar sudi
keep in mind не забыть unutmaslik
lickspittle льстец, подхалим ushomadgo'y
local местный ahalliy
man of letters писатель, учѐный ozuvchi, olim
mean temperature средняя температура 'rtacha harorat
mineral минерал foydali qazilma
moisture влажность namlik
mountain гора og'
necessary необходимый arur
newsman корреспондент uxbir
nowadays наше время, в ozirgi paytda
настоящее время
numerous многочисленный ko'p, ko'p sonli
obviously очевидный, явный aniq , ravshan
order приказ, предписание buyruq,topshiriq, tartib
порядок
originate происходить paydo bo'lmoq
pastoral пастушеский podachi
peak пик cho'qqi
pedestrian пешеходный piyoda
philistine филистѐр o'ziga bino qoygan, tor fikr
yuritadiganlar
possess обладать ega bo'lmoq
postman почтальон xat tashuvchi
probation испытание sinov
precede предшествовать oldinda bo'lib o'tmoq
pressman журналист muxbir
procedure процедура, порядок, prosedura (bajariladigan ish
судопроизводство tartibi)
punch over удар кулаком mushtum bilan urmoq
quorum кворум kvorum (majlis, kengash va
sh.k.ning
128
qarorlari qonuniy bo'lishi
uchun ishtirokchilarning
ustavga ko'ra yetarli
hisoblanadigan miqdori)
railwayman железнодорожник temir yo'l ishchisi
record записывать yozmoq, bayonnoma
протоколировать (qaydnoma, majlis bayonoti)
tuzmoq
remarkable знаменательный ajoyib
rigid жесткий qattiq
rugged суровый, трудный qattiq, qiyin
sandwichman человек – реклама odam – reklama
set out начинать boshlamoq
severe строгий qattiq
ship – building судостроение kemasozlik
yard
shipping загружение kemaga yuk ortish
similar подобный, сходный o'xshash
sloping наклон, склон nishob, qiya
standpoint точка зрения nuqtai nazar
subject субъект,предмет sub‟ekt, predmet
subsequently впоследствии natijada
suit иск, судебное дело da'vo, sud majorasi
supreme верховный oliy
surface поверхность yuz qismi
surpass превосходить; перегонять oshib ketmoq
swallow глоток, прожорливость yutum
sycophant льстец, подхалим tilyog'lamachi
thus таким образом shunday qilib
toady подхалим, лизоблюд xushomadgo'y
treaty договор, соглашение bitim, shartnoma, kelis
ugly уродливый xunuk, badburush
unite соединять(ся), объединять(ся) birlashmoq
unless если не, за исключением agar…masa
validity срок действия yaroqlilik muddati, qonuniy
kuchga egalik muddati
watchman ночной сторож tungi qorovul
whole целое bir butun
wristwatch часы qo'l soat
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X- ray рентген rentgen
yes-man подхалим xushomadgo'y
UNIT 6

Topic: The Constitution of the USA

Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Grammar: Past Indefinite;
Vocabulary: 1.Topical words,
2.The words with the suffixes- able, - ible;
Word formation: the suffixes -able, -ible;
Conversational phrases: How to express thanks;
Texts: 1. How Rustam spent his last week-end,
2. The Constitution as Supreme Law.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
art garden sort taught
arm party port bought
army dark torn caught
car pardon form thought
far harm born horse
farm sharp corn morning
Ex.2. Listen and repeat:
park - pork harm - horn art - ought
farm - form card - cord path - author
cart - court sharp - short barn - born
car - core bark - born carman - foreman
part - port party - forty part - port
Ex.3. Listen and repeat:
1. In a year William knew Italian well.
2. Now allow me to say a few words about my native town.
3. Is the weather bad today?
4. We found the founder of the houses.

Conversational phrases: How to express thanks.

130
Ex.4. Try to memorize the following:
Thank you (very much). Thanks.
Thanks a lot. Thank you ever so much.
Thank you for…(doing it, coming, telling me about it, a wonderful evening).
More official forms of thanks:
Much obliged to you. I am very much obliged to you.
I am very grateful to you. How good of you.
I am deeply indebted to you.
Replies
You‟re welcome. Don‟t mention it.
Not at all. I am the one who ought to thank you.
No trouble at all. That was a pleasure.
That‟s all right. That‟s really nothing.
Ex.5. Memorize the dialogues:
- Thank you for a wonderful evening. That was a pleasure.
- I‟m glad you liked it.
x
- Thank you for taking me out.
- I‟m the one who ought to thank you.
x
- I‟m afraid I haven‟t been of great help to you.
- Thank you, anyway.
x
- You‟ve done me a favour. Thank you for the trouble you‟ve taken.
- No trouble at all.
Ex.6. In answering the sentences given below use one of the following:
You‟re welcome. Don‟t mention it.
You‟re always welcome. Not at all.

1. Thank you, you‟ve been very helpful.

2. Thank you for telling me about it.
3. Thank you for reminding me.
4. It was very kind of you to drop us. Thank you very much.
5. I‟m so much obliged to you. I don‟t know how to thank you.
 131
6. It was very kind of you to keep us out of trouble. Thank you..
Ex.7. Express your gratitude in the following situations:
a) when someone has taken the trouble of doing something for you,
b) when leaving a party someone has given,
c) when someone has helped you,
d) when someone , though willing to help you, has failed to do so,
e) when asking someone to do something.
Grammar
Past Indefinite ( yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (month,
year ), 5 days ( weeks, months, years ) ago ).

Verbs

Regular Irregular
-d, -ed

live - lived break - broke - broken

work - worked speak - spoke - spoken
study – studied write - wrote - written
help - helped bring - brought - brought
Affirmative form
I lived in Kokand last year.
He lived in Bukhara 2 years ago.
She lived in Andijon 5 years ago.
It lived in the field last week.
We bought a car last year.
You worked at a plant 10 years ago.
They studied at the University 3 years ago.
Negative form
I did not (didn‟t) go to the cinema last Sunday.
He didn‟t play football last Saturday.
132
She didn‟t read a newspaper yesterday.
It didn‟t bite the man as it was not wicked.
We didn‟t buy vegetables at the market yesterday.
You didn‟t come to the party last Monday.
They didn‟t help us with our work last week.
Interrogative form
Did you get up early yesterday? Yes, I did / No, I didn‟t
You got up early yesterday, didn‟t you? Yes, I did / No, I didn‟t.
Did you get up early or late yesterday? I got up early yesterday.
When did you get up yesterday? I got up early yesterday.
Ex.8. Memorize the past forms of the following irregular verbs:
be - was, were do - did
become - became drink - drank
begin - began drive -drove
break – broke eat - ate
bring - brought fall - fell
build - built feel - felt
buy - bought fight - fought
catch - caught find - found
choose - chose forget - forgot
come - came get - got
go - went give - gave
have - had send - sent
hear - heard show - showed
keep - kept sing - sang
know - knew sit - sat
leave - left sleep - slept
make - made speak - spoke
meet - met spend - spent
put - put stand - stood
ring - rang take - took
say - said tell - told
see - saw think - thought
Ex.9. Answer the questions:
1. Did you go shopping yesterday?
2. You went shopping yesterday, didn‟t you?
 133
3. Did you do shopping or go to the cinema yesterday?
4. What did you do yesterday?
Ex.10. Respond to the statement of your partner according to the model.
Model: A: I went to Moscow last month.
B: Oh, did you? So did I.
Prompts: he - to return home last week; I - to hear this story yesterday; we - to have
a good chance; I - to leave Samarkand two days ago; they - to live in Andijon last
year.
Ex.11. Respond to the questions according to the model.
Model: A: Did you see him yesterday?
B: Yes, I did. I saw him yesterday (No, I didn‟t. I didn‟t see him
yesterday).
Prompts: the court - to hear the case, the offender to stand the trial, the prosecutor -
to ask the defendant questions, you -to attend the trial, the robber- to be sent to
prison, he – to give evidence.
Ex.12. As you read the text write the irregular verbs.
How Rustam Spent his Last Week-End
Rustam is a first year student. He usually gets up early as his classes begin
at 8 a.m. On Sundays he does not get up early.
Last Sunday he got up at 9 a.m. He did his morning exercises, washed his
hands and face. Then he had breakfast. For breakfast he had some bread, two eggs
and tea with sugar. After breakfast he went to the market to do shopping. He
bought meat, vegetables and fruit. At 11 a.m. he came home. Then he worked in
the garden. At 1 p.m. he had dinner. For dinner he had cabbage soup, beefsteaks
and a cup of fruit juice. After dinner he went to the stadium to play football with his
friends. He returned home at about 4 p.m. Then he worked in his study. He did his
homework on English, History and other subjects. At 7 p.m. he had supper. For
supper he had his favourite dish - palov. After supper he watched TV a
programme. At 10 p.m. he went to bed.
Ex.13. Ask your classmate six questions about his last week-end.
Ex.14. Answer the questions:
1. Do you get up early or late on Sundays?
2. When did you get up last Sunday?
3. What did you do when you got up?
134
4. Did you have breakfast at home last Sunday?
5. What did you have for your breakfast?
6. What did you do after breakfast?
7. When and where did you have dinner?
8. What did you do in the afternoon?
9. Did you go anywhere ( cinema, theatre, stadium, library )last Sunday?
10. When did you have supper?
11. What did you do after supper?
12. When did you go to bed?
Ex.15. Make up a dialogue about the last week-end.
Ex.16. Tell the class how you spent your last week-end.
Ex.17. Read the dialogue and then act it out:
Mr. Brown was stopped by the police because he was driving too fast on
a London road.
Police: Why didn‟t you stop when we first signaled?
Driver: Did you signal more than once , then?
Police: What do you think? Of course. we did. Only you didn‟t see us because you
were speeding. That‟s why.
Driver: Was I? I‟m sorry about that. What‟s the limit speed on this road?
Police: Don‟t you know? 60 kph.
Driver: Was I doing more than that, then?
Police: What do you think? Of course, you were. You were doing more than 80
kph.
Driver: Was I? I‟m sorry about that.
Police: I‟m afraid I shall have to charge you with an offence under the Road Traffic
Act.
Driver: Will I have to pay a fine? Will I have my license endorsed?
Police: That‟s for the Court to decide.
Ex.18. As you read the text note the location, population, rivers, mountains
and the big cities of the USA.

The USA
The USA is the fourth largest nation in the
world (behind Russia, Canada and China). It
consists of 50 states with a land mass of 1,477, 887
square kilometers. Alaska is nearly 400 times the
 135
size of Rhode Island, which is the smallest state; but Alaska, with 250,000
people, has half the population of Rhode Island.
America is a land of physical contrasts. The southern parts of the country
have warm temperatures year round. The northern parts have extremely cold
winters.
The USA is also a land of bountiful rivers and lakes. The state of
Minnesota is known as the land of 10,000 lakes. The Mississippi River runs 5,969
kilometers. It is the world‟s third longest river after the Nile and the Amazon.
The USA is rich in minerals: gold, silver, natural gas, clays, phosphates,
lead and iron and petroleum.
Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of the country. More
than 1,214 million hectares of land are under cultivation. Farmers plant spring
wheat in the cold western plains; raise corn, wheat and fine beef cattle in the
Midwest, and rice in the damp heat of Louisiana. Florida and California are famous
for their vegetable and fruit production, and the cool, rainy Northwestern states are
known for apples, pears, berries and vegetables.
Population of the country: 243, 400,000; 51,4 percent female, 48,6 percent
male; average annual growth rate – 0,9 percent.
Family size – 3,19 persons; median age – 32,1. Life expectancy at birth –
71,5 (male), 78,3 (female); 7,5 percent are under age five; 12,3 percent are over age
65; density – 26,6 persons per square km.
Largest cities:
New York – 18,054.000 (population); Los Angeles – 13,471,000;
Chicago – 8,147,000; San Francisco – 5,953,000; Philadelphia –
5,891,000.
Ethnic composition: 78 percent white; 12 percent black, 8 percent
Hispanic, 2 percent Asian, American, Indian, Eskimo and Aleut.
Religion: Total membership in religious bodies – 142,800,000; Protestant
– 78,991,000; Roman Catholic-52,893,000; Jewish – 3,980,000; other religions –
6,936,000.
Language: predominately English with a sizable Spanish speaking
minority.
Health care: 75.1 percent of population is covered by Private Health
Insurance; 202 physicians per 100,000 persons; 6,841 hospitals; 5,4 beds per 1.000
persons.
Today, 80 percent of the population lives in or near cities, and only two
percent of the population live on farms. There are 30 metropolitan areas of over one
million people and 182 cities with 100,000 or more people.
136
The nation‟s capital, Washington, D.C., which has more than 3,4 million
people, is the 10th largest metropolitan area in the country. Americans live in a
variety of housing that includes single detached homes (71 percent), apartments,
(3,6 percent) town houses and mobile homes. Unemployment in the USA is 6
percent. The government provides short-term unemployment compensation to
replace wages lost between jobs. Over 80 percent of all wage and salary earners are
covered by unemployment insurance.
Over 58 million students are enrolled in American schools. America‟s first
college, Harvard, was founded in 1636, the second, William and Mary, was
established in Virginia in 1693.
About 85 percent of American students are enrolled in public schools and
the other 15 percent choose to attend private schools. (“Profile” distributed by
USIA).

Ex.19. Re-read the text “The USA” and identify the main features of the
USA.

Ex.20. Look through the text again and explain the sentence “America is a
land of physical contrasts”.

Ex.21. Discuss the following:

1. The population of the USA.
2. Any branch of American industry (car production, agricultural
machinery, electronics, etc.).

Ex.22. Point out the differences between the location, population, languages,
physical features, minerals, health care, the capitals of the USA and
the Republic of Uzbekistan.
 137

Ex.23. How well do you know these symbols?

Ex.24. Study the word formation. The suffixes - able, -ible.

pay - payable suit - suitable
reason – reasonable eat - eatable
honor – honorable change - changeable
account - accountable define - definable
138
 139
Ex.25. Form derivative adjectives by means of the suffix - able,-ible.
response read wear advise
amend teach believe agree
remark choose cover allow
drink break adjust wash
fashion understand adore bear

Ex.26. Learn the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:

culpable - 1) guilty; blameworthy; 2) involving the breach of a duty;
immovable - property that cannot move itself or be moved by another; an
object so firmly attached to land that is regarded as part of the land;
irrefragable - unanswerable; not to be controverted; impossible to refute;
irrevocable - unalterable, committed beyond recall;
issuable - 1) capable of being issued; 2) open to dispute or contention;
larcenable - subject to larceny;
liable - one who is responsible, subject for ( to ) something;
movable - property that can be moved or displaced, such as personal goods;
ratable - 1) capable of being estimated, appraised, or apportioned; 2) taxable;
salable - fit for sale in the usual course of trade at the usual selling price;
statutable - 1) prescribed or authorized by statute,
2) confirmed to the legislative requirements for quality, size,
amount or the like;
3) punishable by law;
suable - 1) capable of being sued; 2) capable of being enforced;
arsonable - (of property) of such a nature as to give rise to a charge of arson
if maliciously burned (only read property, and not personal property, is
arsonable).
Ex.27. Comment on the meaning of the following words:
tax - taxable merchant - merchantable
amend - amendable break - breakable
response - responsible adjust - adjustable
adore - adorable account - accountable

Ex.28. All the adjectives in the box relate to legal matters. Use them
to complete the sentences and translate them.
140
liable responsible reasonable punishable culpable payable

1. The nine - women, three- men Circuit jury convicted J.R. Espie, 17, of one
count each of first-degree premeditated murder and felony murder, both … by
mandatory life in prison.
2. He was found by the judge to be … for the accident.
3. In many situations the parents are … for their children‟s misconduct.
4. The number of … negligence cases has been increasing lately.
5. According to the contract the tenant is … for all repairs to the building.
6. The police inspector was very … when I explained that I had forgotten to fasten
seat belts.
7. The landlord said that electricity, gas, telephone charges were … by the tenant.

Ex.29. Match the words with opposite meanings and write them in the
table.
acquit tenant confirm plaintiff
punish enforce violate cancel
defendant deny landlord convict
release imprison confess innocent
guilty prosecutor lawyer encourage

Ex.30. Finish the sentences:

1. Constable is a …
2. Immovable is a property that …
3. Irrefragable is a quality which is …
4. Salable is a quality which fits …
5. Liable is a duty of a person, organization who is …
6. Ratable is a quality …
Ex.31. Language competition “Relay-race”. The teacher will name the topic
and suggest that the students should pronounce the topical words. For example,
the topic “Profession” is suggested. Student A (Karim) pronounces the name of
one of the professions (driver) and the name of one of his classmates (Ahmad).
Student B (Ahmad) having heard his name being mentioned reacts to the
statement of student A (Karim). Student B (Ahmad) pronounces the name of
another profession (lawyer) and the name of student C (Rano).The student who
 141
will be at a loss will be out of game. The winner is the student who is able to
give the names of professions distinctly without hesitation.

Ex.32. Look through the newspaper article and tell what it is about:

Robber makes off with bank‟s cash Ann Arbor police are searching
for a man who robbed a Great Lakes National Bank Monday afternoon and
escaped with an undisclosed amount of cash.
The suspect walked into the bank at 2400 S. Huron Parkway at 2:08 p.m.
and handed a teller a note demanding money, said Sgt. Greg O‟Dell of the Ann
Arbor Police Department. No weapon was implied or seen. The suspect fled
eastbound on foot, but a police dog was unable to track the suspect.
O‟Dell said the suspect may be the same man who robbed the Gags &
Gifts shop at 3430 Washtenaw Ave. Sunday afternoon while displaying a knife.
“We‟re really not sure if this is the same suspect,” said O‟Dell. “The
description is similar, but at this point, we‟re not certain .”
The suspect is described as a tall white male in his 40‟s with a thin build
and dark, greying hair. He was wearing a blue fishing cap and a white T - shirt.
Anyone with any information on the suspect is asked to call Det. Joe
Wesolowski at (734) 996- 3297 or the AAPD at (734) 994 – 2878. (AAN,
7/15/99)

Ex.33. Re-read the text and retell it.

Ex.34. As you read the text note the characteristics of the American
Constitution.

“We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,
establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common Defense,
promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and
our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
America”.
(The Preamble to the US Constitution of 1789)
American Constitution
The U.S. Constitution calls itself the “ supreme law of the land”. This
clause is taken to mean that when state constitutions or laws passed by state
legislatures or the national Congress are found to conflict with the federal
Constitution, they have no force. Decisions handed down by the Supreme Court
142
over the course of two centuries have confirmed and strengthened this doctrine of
constitutional supremacy.
Final authority is vested in the American people, who can change the
fundamental law, if they wish, by amending the Constitution or - in theory, at least -
drafting a new one. The people do not exercise their authority directly, however.
They delegate the day - to -day business of government to public officials, both
elected and appointed. The power of public officials is limited. Their public actions
must conform to the Constitution and to the laws made in accord with the
Constitution. Elected officials must stand for re - election at periodic intervals,
when their records are subject to intensive public scrutiny. Appointed officials
serve at the pleasure of the person or authority who appointed them, and may be
removed. Then their performance is unsatisfactory. The exception to this practice is
the lifetime appointment by the president of justices of the Supreme Court and
other federal judges, so that they may be free of political obligations or influence.
Most commonly, the American people express their will through the ballot
box. The Constitution, however, does make provision for the removal of a public
official from office, in cases of extreme misconduct or malfeasance, by the process
of impeachment. Article 11, Section 4 reads:
The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Impeachment is a charge of misconduct brought against a government official by
legislative body. It does not, as is commonly thought, refer to conviction on such
charges. As set forth in the Constitution, the House of Representatives must bring
charges of misconduct by voting a bill of impeachment. The accused official is then
tried in the Senate, with the chief justice of the Supreme Court president at the trial.
Impeachment is considered a drastic measure, one that has used on only
rare occasions in the United States. The House of Representatives has voted articles
of impeachment just 17 times in the history of the country. Thirteen of the 17
persons who have been impeached were federal judges, as were all seven
individuals convicted by the Senate.
In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached over issues relating to
the improper treatment of the defeated Confederate states following the Civil War.
The Senate, however, fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority necessary for
conviction, and Johnson completed his full term in office. In 1974, as a result of the
Watergate affair, President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the Judiciary
Committee of the House recommended impeachment, but before the full House of
Representatives could vote on a bill of impeachment.
 143
State officials are similarly subject to impeachment by the legislatures
of their respective states. In 1998, for example, the Arizona state legislature
impeached its governor and removed him from office. (US Government, pp.20-21)
Ex.35. Re-read the text and translate the Preamble, and the paragraphs
related with the description of impeachment.
Ex.36. Look through the text again and explain the following statements:
1. Final authority is vested in the American people.
2. The power of public officials is limited.
3. The justices of of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President.
4. The Constitution makes provision for the removal of a public official from office
in certain cases.
5. Impeachment is a charge of misconduct brought against a government by
legislative body.
Ex.37. Find the answers to the questions below:
1. What is the supremacy of the U.S. Constitution?
2. How can people change the Constitution?
3. How do you understand “public elected officials“ and “appointed officials“?
4. Who gets a lifetime appointment by the president?
5. Comment on the term “impeachment”.
6. What does Article 11, Section 4 of the US Constitution read?
7. What is the procedure of impeachment?
8. Is impeachment often seen in the history of the USA? What impeachment do
you know?
9. When was the US Constitution adopted?
10. How many amendments have been introduced to the US Constitution?
144
Ex.38. Look at the picture and identify who they are. Tell the class about the
contributions they made.

Ex.39. Discuss the following in your group:

1. The history of the US Constitution (authors, how long it took to write, where it
was declared, adopted…).
2. Why was President Andrew Johnson not impeached though the Senate tried to
remove him from the office?
3. What do you know about Bill Clinton‟s case with Monica Lewinsky?
Ex.40. Read and explain each amendment to the US Constitution:
Rights and Responsibilities
The Constitution provides the federal government with the authority to
achieve the goals set forth in the preamble: “to establish justice, insure domestic
tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty” for all citizens. The constitution‟s first 10
amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, enumerate certain “unalienable” rights
that belong to every person, among them freedom of religion, of speech and of the
press.
The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution and their Purpose Protections
give fundamental rights and freedoms.
 145
Amendment 1:Freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; the
right to petition the government. Protections against arbitrary military action.
Amendment 2: Right to bear arms and maintain state militias. (National
Guard).
Amendment 3: Troops may not be quartered in homes in peacetime.
Protection against arbitrary police and court action.
Amendment 4: No unreasonable searches or seizures.
Amendment 5: Grand jury indictment required to prosecute a person for a
serious crime. No “double jeopardy” – being tried twice for the same offense.
Forcing a person to testify against himself or herself prohibited. No loss of life,
liberty or property without due process.
Amendment 6: Right to speedy, public, impartial trial with defense counsel,
and right to cross – examine witnesses.
Amendment 7: Jury trials in civil suits where value exceeds 20 dollars.
Amendment 8: No excessive bail or fines, no cruel and unusual punishment.
Protections of states‟ rights and unnamed rights of the people.
Amendment 9: Unlisted rights are not necessary denied.
Amendment 10: Powers not delegated to the United States or denied to
states are reserved to the states or to the people.
The Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791, but its application was broadened
significantly by the 14th Amendment – “ nor shall any state deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, within due process of law” – has been interpreted by the
Supreme Court as forbidding the states from violating most of the rights and
freedom protected by the Bill of Rights. (American Government, p.44)

Ex.41. Explain the following questions:

1. In what article of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan has

Amendment 1 of the Constitution of the USA found its expression?
2. What is your opinion of Amendment 2 of the US Constitution?
Does the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan give a right to bear arms?
3. Compare other Amendments of the US Constitution with the Constitution of the
Republic of Uzbekistan and say if there are similar provisions in the latter.

Ex.42. As you read the text note the main characteristics of legal education in
the USA.
Legal Education in the USA
146
Three stages of development are distinguished in the history of legal
education in the USA.
Apprentice training – the first stage was held either in the office of practicing
lawyer or in a law school organized as an expanded law office and applying office
methods of instruction.
The second stage – college training began after the adoption of the
Constitution. Apprentice training could not meet the new demands –to investigate
each item of the common law of England according to the conditions in the New
World. It became necessary for textbooks to guide the courts in the new branches
of law.
In the third stage – scientific study of jurisprudence there is scientific study
of the legal system of English –speaking countries on the basis of the sources. An
analytical and a historical method, as methods of a general science of law, are
applied to the sources, and thus system is put into each branch of the law.
At present more than 120,000 students are enrolled in 177 law schools in the
USA.
One of the features of legal education in the USA is you can become a
student of a law school after graduating from college, i.e. if you want to become a
lawyer you should study four years at a college after a secondary education and
then to enter and study three years at a law school.(Хижняк С.П.Учебник…,
рр.180-185)

Ex.43. Re-read the text again and describe the progress in the history of legal
education in the USA.
Ex.44. Discuss the following questions:
1. The admission system to law schools in Uzbekistan and in the USA.
2. The structure of legal training in Uzbekistan and in the USA.
Ex.45. Read the text and point out the main features of the University of
Michigan:
The University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is one of the greatest universities in the world
with a long and distinguished history. It was founded in 1817 when the state was
still part of the Northwest Territory.
As a state, Michigan provided a home to freed slaves and later led the nation
in passing civil rights laws. It was among the first states to institute an
Environmental Protection Act. This act, later adopted widely as a model by other
 147
states, was the first to extend to private citizens the right to bring suit to stop
environmental damage. It should be noted that the act was the work of a member of
the University‟s law faculty.
The University of Michigan was the largest public university in America in
the 19th century and by a comfortable margin the most generously supported. It was
among the leaders in establishing graduate education along the lines that have now
been universally adopted. Until 1931, the Regents, who were and are still publicly
elected, had the power to finance the activities of the University through taxation.
Since 1931, the University has been supported by legislative appropriations and,
increasingly, by generous private donations and tuition. It is a public institution,
committed to public education and proud of it, but like all great education
institutions of the present day it must rely on a
combination of state, national, and private resources for its support.
The Law School
The University of Michigan Law School was founded in 1859 and is one of
the oldest in the nation. Among its original faculty and for many years the dean was
Thomas M. Cooley, one of the great minds of the 19th century, who also served as
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan and as the first chairman of the
Interstate Commerce Commission. Cooley was the author of a definitive treatise on
American Constitutional Law, but in the best tradition of mid-19th century
America, he was also accomplished as a musician, an inventor, and a social
scientist.
From its inception, Michigan, unlike other distinguished law schools of the
time, was not restricted to the wealthy. Nor was it a local institution. It drew
students from many parts of the East, from all over the Middle West, and from
states of the Great Plains. The School, which had never excluded students on the
grounds of race, admitted its first African American student, Gabriel Franklin
Hargo of Adrian, Michigan in 1868, and with his graduation in 1870 became the
second American University to confer a law degree on an African American. By
1870, the admission of women was accomplished, and in 1871 Sarah Killgore of
Crawfordsville, Indiana, graduated from the School, the first woman in the English-
speaking world to receive a university law degree. By 1894, the Law School had
enrolled its first Mexican American students. An early member of this group, J.T.
Canales, achieved prominence in the Texas state government.
Like other law schools of the 1870s, Michigan at first offered a two- year
program of lectures, open to all students with high school diplomas. However, in
keeping with the University‟s leadership in graduate education generally, Michigan
became one of the first law schools to extend its program to three years, to adopt
148
the “case method,” and to require previous undergraduate training. It was also
among the first to offer post-graduate instruction in law, to create joint degree
programs, and to establish offerings in clinical law.
Today, Michigan offers a curriculum that prepares its students for legal
practice anywhere in the United States and throughout much of the world. (The
University of Michigan Bulletin, Vol 27, №10, P.8-9).

Ex.46. Discuss the following questions:

1. What are the similarities between Tashkent State Law Institute and the Law
School at the University of Michigan?
2. What are the differences between Tashkent State Law Institute and the Law
School at the University of Michigan?
3. Have you ever visited other Universities? If yes, try to compare your Institute
with the one you have visited. Use the following criteria for comparison: the
date of foundation, location, buildings where the Universities are located,
classrooms, libraries, other facilities, professors,
teachers, and other factors
Ex.47. Read and translate the text:
What to do if you are arrested
If you are a solid citizen, being arrested is probably the least of your worries.
But in the unlikely event that you are arrested, here are a few things to remember:
Do not resist arrest.
You do not have the right to resist a lawful arrest. Resisting arrest is a
criminal offense in itself and will only make things worse. Even if you are
ultimately acquitted of the charge that prompted the arrest, you may still be
convicted of resisting arrest.
Ask for a copy of the arrest warrant , or ask what charges have been filed
against you.
If there is a warrant for your arrest, the police officer should have it with
him. The warrant states the charges against you, and you are entitled to a copy of it.
If you are being arrested without a warrant, the police officer must tell you what
crime he is arresting you for.
Identify yourself.
The police officer will ask for your name and address. If you refuse to
identify yourself, you will not be able to make bail and will be kept in custody until
your trial.
Do not make any other statements to the police until you speak to a lawyer.
 149
You have the right to remain silent. Your natural impulse may be to tell
your side of the story, and you may even believe that remaining silent gives the
impression that you have something to hide. This is not the case. Resist the
temptation to defend yourself by speaking up, because you may inadvertently
implicate yourself in a crime.
If the police attempt to question you, tell them you want to speak with a
lawyer before making any comment. You will then be allowed to call your lawyer,
or you will be given one, but this could take several days. In the meantime,
continue to remain silent.
Call a friend, relative, or lawyer to help you put up bond.
You will probably be able to be released until trial by “making bail,” or
“putting up bond.” The bail or bond is money you provide to ensure that you show
up at the trial. After you appear, the money will be returned to you.
You may not have to put up cash or property for a bond, however. You may
be allowed to sign a recognizance bond, which is a written promise to appear.If you
are told to put up cash but do not have it, you may hire a bondsman to post the
bond.
Obey all conditions of your bond.

A bond is a conditional release. The condition might be that you abstain

from alcohol or stay away from certain individuals until your trial. Follow the
conditions to the letter, or your bond could be revoked, and you will have to await
your trial in jail. (Legal Problem Solver, p.38)

Ex.48. Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. History of the US Constitution.

2. Democratic principles of the Government outlined in the US Constitution.
3. Amendments to the US Constitution and their essence.
4. Federal and State Constitutions.
5. Differences between the US Constitution and the Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.

Glossary

abstain воздерживаться betaraf qolmoq (ovoz berishda)

accomplish выполнять bajarmoq, amalga oshirmoq
accountable ответственный ma'sul
acquit оправдывать, объявлять oqlamoq, jinoyat sodir
150
невиновным в совершении qilishda aybdor emas
преступления deb e'lon qilmoq
admission допуск, признание факта yo‟l qo‟yish, faktni tan
olish
appoint назначать tayinlanmoq
apprentice начальная подготовка boshlang'ich ta'lim
training
amendment поправка tuzatish
arrest арестовывать qamamoq, qamoqqa (hibsga)
olmoq,
assembly законодательное собрание qonun chiqaruvchi
(chiqaradigan) majlis
await ждать kutmoq
bail брать на поруки kafillikka olmoq,
ballot box избирательная урна saylov qog'ozini tashlash
qutisi
bear arms носить оружие qurol saqlamoq
beef говядина mol go'shti
blessing благословение duo, fotiha
bondsman поручитель kafil
bountiful щедрый saxiy, qimmatbaho
build строить qurmoq
cash наличные деньги naqd pul
cattle рогатый скот poda
clay глина loy
complete совершенный to'liq
confer присваивать, обсуждать o'zlashtirib olmoq,
muhokama qilmoq
confirm подтверждать tasdiqlamoq
conform сообразовать muvofiqlashmoq
constable констебль, полицейский sud ijrochisi
(амер) судебный пристав
contrast противоположность qarama- qarshilik
conviction обвинительный приговор ayblov hukmi
copy экземпляр, копия nusxa
corn зерно g'alla
course курс kurs, oqim
cruel жестокий rahmsiz
culpable виновный, преступный aybdor, gunohkor
 151
custody охрана, содержание под стражей himoya, vasiylik,
qamoqda saqlash, tutib olish
damp сырость namlik
delegate делегат, представитель vakil
density густота zichlik
deprive лишать mahrum qilmoq
display показ, выставка ko'rgazma
donation денежное пожертвование pul shaklidagi sadaqa
double jeopardy запрещение повторного bir ish yuzasidan qayta
преследования по одному и ta'qib qilishni taqiqlash
тому же делу
draw рисовать chizmoq
ensure обеспечивать, гарантировать ta'minlamoq,
kafolatlamoq, garantiyalamoq
enumerate перечислять sanab o'tmoq
escape бегство qochib qutilish
exceed превышать ortib ketmoq
exclude исключать, не допускать, istisno qilmoq, yol
удалять qo'ymaslik, chiqarib tashlamoq
express выражать ifodalamoq
extremely чрезвычайно, крайне juda, haddan tashqari
female женщина ayol
fine штраф, налагать штраф jarima, jarima solmoq
forbid запрещать ta'qiqlamoq, man qilmoq
freed slaves освобожденные рабы ozod bo;lgan qullar
governor правитель, губернатор hokim
graduate выпускник выcшего oliy
учебного заведения o‟quv yurtini tamomlamoq
grand jury большое жюри, присяжные katta juyri, sud
maslahatchilari
gratitude благодарность minnatdorchilik
growth рост taraqqiyot
heat жара jazirama issiq
health care здрвоохранение sog'liqni saqlash
honorable почетный fahrli, sharafli
identify устонавливать подлинность tanib olmoq, o'xshatmoq,
aslini aniqlamoq
immovable недвижимый, недвижимое ko'chmas mulk
имущество
152
impartial беспристрастный beg'araz, haqqoniy
impeachment порицание, импичмент yuqori mansabdorlarni ayblab
jinoiy javobgarlikka tortmoq
imply заключать в себе o'zida aks ettirmoq
implicate вовлекать jalb etmoq
impulse толчок, побуждение turtki
inception начало boshlanish
indictment обвинительный акт ayblov akti
insurance страхование sug'urta
irrevocable неотменяемый qoldirib bo‟lmaydigan
lake озеро ko'l
larceny воровство birovning mulkini o‟girlash
latter последний keyingi
lawful законный, правомерный qonuniy, haqqoniy
lead руководить olib bormoq,boshqarmoq,
rahbarlik qilmoq, boshchilik
qilmoq
least наименьший eng kam
liable ответственный, подлежащий javobgar, lozim bo'lgan
liberty свобода ozodlik, erkinlik
life expectancy средняя продолжительность o'rtacha hayot
жизни davomi
male мужчина erkak
malfeasance совершение неправомерного noqonuniy harakat sodir
действия etmoq
meantime тем временем, между тем o'sha paytda, vaholanki
measure мера chora
metropolitan столичный poytaxtga xos
mind разум aql
misconduct неправомерное поведение tartibbuzarlik
misdemeanor судебно наказуемый проступок, jinoyat
преступление
obey подчиняться bo'ysunmoq, itoat qilmoq
obligation объязательство, обязанность majburiyat, vazifa
occasion случай, обстоятельство ahvol, munosabat
offering предложение taklif qilish
official должностное лицо mansabdor shaxs
ordain предопределять, предписывать aniqlamoq,
yozma buyruq bermoq
 153
payable подлежащий уплате, доходный to'lanadigan
peacetime мирное время tinchlik payt
petroleum нефть neft
post – graduate аспирант aspirant
posterity потомство, последующее kelajak avlod
поколение
preamble преамбула, предисловие kirish so'zi
probably вероятный, возможный ehtimol tutilgan, amalga
oshiriladian
quarter четверть, квартал chorak, kvartal (yilning
to'rtdan bir qismi, uch oy)
race состязание в беге yugirish bo'yicha musobaqa
raise поднимать ko'tarmoq
rare редкий kamdan-kam
reasonable справедливый, разумный, haqqoniy, oqilona,
соответствующий adolatli,
receive получать, принимать olmoq, qabul qilmoq
remain оставаться qolmoq
remove устранять, перемещать olib tashlamoq, yo'qotmoq,
joyini(o'rnini) o'zgartirmoq
resign уходить в отставку istefoga chiqmoq
restrict ограничивать cheklamoq
resist сопротивляться qarshilik qilmoq (ko'rsatmoq)
revoke отменять, аннулировать qoldirmoq, bekor
(закон, приказ) qilmoq
road traffic act закон о правилах движения yo'l harakatlari haqida
qonun
salable пользующийся спросом ehtiyoji baland bo'lmoq
salary оклад ish haqi
show up доказывать isbotlamoq
silent безмолвный gapirmaslik
sizable порядочного размера katta hajm
solid твердый qattiq
speedy быстрый tez
stage этап bosqich
statement заявление, утверждение ariza, tasdiq, bayon
stand for терпеть, стоять за chidamoq; anglatmoq
structure строение tuzilish
suable ответственный перед sudga
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судом, подсудный tortiladigan, sud hukmiga
havola etiladigan
suitable подходящий muvofiq
support поддержка qo'llab-quvvatlash
temptation искушение, соблазн vasvasa, ig'vo
term срок, период, время muddat, davr, vaqt
track след iz
tranquillity спокойствие xotirjamlik
treason измена, государственное davlatga
преступление nisbatan qilingan xoinlik,
xoinlik
troop войскa qo'shin, askar
try привлекать к судебной sudlamoq, sud
ответственности javobgarligiga tortmoq
undergraduate подготовка студента – bakalavr-talaba
бакалавра training tayorlash
unenemployment безработица ishsizlik
unusual необычайный g'ayri tabiy
vest облекать, наделять (huquqlarga, hokimiyatga)
(правами, властью); ega bo'lmoq, qaralishli
wage зарплата maosh
wealthy богатый boy
weapon оружие qurol
wheat зерно bug'doy
worry беспокоиться tashvishlanmoq
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UNIT 7
Topic: The Government of Uzbekistan
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of vowels;
Grammar: Comparative construction as…as, not so …as;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words;
2. The words with the suffix – ment;
Word formation: the suffix – ment;
Conversational phrases: Congratulations and wishes;
Texts: 1. My future profession; 2. The Government of Uzbekistan; 3. From the
history of legal education in Uzbekistan.

Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
nerve merlin fur surface
perch merger burn surgeon
term merman lurch murphy
verse perfect lurk murder
verb permit Turk Thursday
firm birth work worth
bird mirth worm worse
girl mirk word worker
thirty virgin world workday

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

more - moon fee - fit bed - bad
door - did Pete - pit set - sat
road - round fourteen - forty men - man
tower - tour fifteen - fifty shot - shoot
poor - cure sixteen - sixty spot - sport
dare - dear seventeen -seventy cut - caught

Conversational phrases: Congratulations and Wishes

Ex.3. Read the phrases:
Congratulations! My (best) congratulations to you on …
Many happy returns (of the day)! (A) Happy New Year
156
Best wishes for … My best wishes to you!
May all dreams come true! I wish you all the happiness in the world!
I wish you luck! Good luck!
All the best! A very enjoyable holiday to you!
Happy birthday to you! Merry Christmas!
Have a nice holiday. A happy weekend ( to you )!
Have a good time! Have a comfortable journey!
Have a good crossing! Happy landing!

Notes: “ Congratulations” is a most general expression used on any occasion but

the New Year. The main answer to “ A Happy New Year” is to repeat the wish.
The answer to the other phrases of congratulation and wishes is“ Thank you,
Thank you very much, or Thanks, or Thank you, the same to you “.

Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:

- Leaving? - Are you flying to Moscow?
-Yes, in an hour. - We are.
-Have a comfortable journey. - Happy landing.
-Thank you. - Thank you.
x x x
- When are you sailing off? - We are going to a party.
- In a few hours. - Are you? Have a good time.
x x x
- Happy New Year! - Merry Christmas!
- Happy New Year! - Merry Christmas!
x x x
- I hear you have won the competition.
- Yes, I have.
- My congratulations. - Jane, Happy birthday!
- Thank you. - Thank you.
Ex.5. Respond to the following:
1. - A Happy weekend! - …
2. - Merry Christmas! - …
3. - Happy New Year! - …
 157
4. - Are you going there by sea?
- We are.
-…
5. - … - Happy landing!
6. - … - Have a good time.
7. – May all dreams come true! - …
8. - My best wishes to you! - …
9. - Congratulations to you! - …
10. - I wish you good luck! - …

Grammar
Comparative constructions as…as, not so…as.

as …as - My house is as big as his

He is as tall as his brother
not so … as - My house is not so big as his
He is not so tall as his brother

Ex.6. Translate the sentences:

1. The police‟s job is as difficult as that of the military officers‟.
2. London is as big as Moscow.
3. The river Thames is not so long as the river Sir-Darya.
4. The building of the Oliy Majlis is not so big as the Westminister Abbey.
5. The Empire Building was not so tall as the Sears Tower.
6. German is not so easy as English.
Ex.7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the comparative
constructions as…as, not so …as:
1. My house is as big as his. 2. He is as tall as his brother.
3. Samarkand is as old as Khujand. 4. Apples are as tasty as pears.
5. Anvar is as lazy as his brother. 6. Navoiy city is not so far as Bukhara.
7. Sugar is not so sweet as honey. 8. Wood is not so heavy as stone.
9. The fur of a squirrel is not so expensive as the fur of a fox.
10. Iron wire is not so flexible as copper wire.
Ex.8. Compare the objects according to the model.
Model: A raincoat - a winter coat (warm)
A raincoat is not so warm as a winter coat.
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A winter coat is warmer than a raincoat.
1. An orange - a lemon (sour).
2. The Baltic Sea - the Black Sea (beautiful).
3. The French language- the Chinese language (difficult).
4. A street - a lane (narrow).
5. A sapphire -a diamond (valuable).
6. Water - oil (light).
Ex.9. Qualify 5 objects in comparison with your friend’s.
Model: 1. My car is as big as Karim‟s.
2. My knowledge is not so poor as Rustam‟s.
3. My tie is brighter than Ahmad‟s.
Ex.10. Answer the questions:
1. Is Tashkent as old as Bukhara?
2. Baikal is deeper than Balkhash, isn‟t it?
3. Samarkand is not so big as Tashkent, is it?
4. Do you like English as much as Russian?
5. Is the Constitution of Uzbekistan as old as the Constitution of the USA?
6. Are there as many amendments in the Constitution of Uzbekistan as in the
Constitution of the USA?
Ex.11.Ask your groupmate five questions using the conjunctions as…as,
not so… as.
Ex.12. Language competition. “What is there on the table (in the classroom)?”
The class will be divided into two teams. Students of each team mention the names of
the things which are on the table (classroom ) or might be.
Student1 from team A: a plate.
Student from team B: a knife
Student 2 from team A: a spoon…
If a student doesn‟t know the name of a thing or is at a loss his/her team looses
a point. The winner is the team which makes the least mistakes.

Ex.13. As you read the text note the kinds of professions:

My future profession
A profession is the work which a person chooses for himself/herself for
his/her life. There are many kinds of profession: a worker, a farmer, an engineer, a
driver, a musician, a pilot, a carpenter, a physician, a writer, a lawyer, a teacher, an
 159
accountant and many others. I think every profession has its merits and
difficulties. Workers, farmers, builders spend a lot of time in the open air. They
work physically. It helps them to be strong and healthy. Doctors treat patients. They
bear the responsibility for the health of people. So it is one of the most difficult
professions. As for me, I made my choice long ago. I want to become a lawyer.
In a newly independent republic the strategy of rebuilding a new law-
governed state has been developed. Uzbekistan has been establishing relations with
many foreign countries. Thousands of joint ventures have been established and day
by day their number is growing. Different kinds and types of properties are
becoming privatized.
Uzbekistan has become an equal member of many international
organizations.
A lawyer, in broad sense, is someone whose principal occupation is related
both to the making and administration of the law, and who has a sufficiently wide
education, distinguishing him from minor administrative officials. So the practice
of civil law consists of several co-ordinate professions of constituting a career in
itself. Such are for example the professions of a judge, diplomat, higher civil
servant, law teacher and scholar.

Ex.14. Re-read the text and find the words with a similar meaning in it:
a trade; a person who practices law; a doctor; a person whose work is to keep and
examine business accounts; duty; connection; rule, control; to be the components
of.

Ex.15. Answer the questions:

1. What professions do you know?
2. What are the professions of your relatives?
3. Which profession do you think to be the most difficult? Why?
4. Why have you chosen lawyer‟s profession?
5. What is the lawyer‟s profession related to?
6. What are the branches of a lawyer?

Ex.16. Complete the sentences using the appropriate words:

1. I want to become…
2. My brother wants to become …
3. My sister wants to become …
4. My friend wants to become …
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5. My uncle wants to become …
6. My aunt wants to become …
7. John wants to become…
8. My cousin wants to become …
9. My nephew wants to become …
10. My niece wants to become …
11. My brother -in-law doesn‟t want to become …
12. My sister-in-law does not want to become…

Ex.17. Answer the questions:

1. What does your father do? 2. What is the occupation of your mother?
3. What does your brother do? 4. What is your sister‟s (future)
profession? 5. What is your uncle‟s job? 6. Where does your aunt work?
7. What profession does your cousin like? 8. What does your nephew want to be?
9. What does your niece want to become? 10. What is your friend‟s future
profession?
Ex.18. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

Model. 1: -Ahad‟s uncle is a judge. He works as judge in a regional court.

-I think you are mistaken. Ahad‟s uncle is not a judge. He is a police
inspector.
2. -Rano‟s brother has graduated from the University of Diplomacy.
Now he is working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
-Yes, you are right. He is a diplomat. He works at the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
1. I think the legal system is the same all over the world.
2. Having studied law you will be able to work in various spheres.
3. Out of 43 presidents of the USA 29 were lawyers.
4. You needn‟t look for the Constitution of Great Britain in one document; it is
not compiled as a whole in any particular document.
5. The English Constitution is flexible because Parliament can make or unmake
any law by the same procedure and with the same case.
6. Driving on the road one can see many cases of violations of traffic rules. I
think traffic rules are not working properly.
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Ex.19. Look through the report below and define what it is about.
Ypsilanti man arrested after chase
Ypsilanti police arrested a 35 year old man Monday night after he failed to
pull over for a traffic violation and led officers on a car chase through several
streets on the city‟s south side.
The chase ended up in the parking lot of the Greater Love Church of God in
Christ, 565 Monroe St. where the fleeing vehicle hit three other cars and scattered
about 20 people.
Police caught the suspect, who is from Ypsilanti, near Perry and Harriet
streets after a foot chase. (AAN, 8/3/99)

Ex.20. Explain why police arrested a 35 year old man.

Ex.21. Study the word formation. The suffix –ment.

move - movement establish - establishment
achieve - achievement govern - government
manage – management judge - judgement

Ex.22. Form derivative nouns with the suffix – ment

bail state judge better commit amend

confine contain agree arrange appoint settle

Ex.23. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:

apportionment - division into proportionate shares;

arbitrament - the act of deciding or settling a dispute that has been referred to
arbitration;
intendment - a decision-maker‟s inference about the true meaning or intention
of a legal instrument;
incitement - the act of persuading another to commit a crime;
impressment - 1) the act of forcibly taking (something) for public service, 2) a
court‟s imposition of a constructive trust on equitable grounds;
impeachment - the act of removing the official from office by
president a written charge (accusation of a crime);
impairment - the act or state of being damaged, weakened, or diminished;
enjoyment - 1) possession and use, especially of rights or property, 2) the
162
exercise of a right;
entrapment - a law -enforcement officer‟s inducement of a person to commit a
crime, for the purpose of bringing a criminal prosecution against that
person;
engagement - 1) a contract or agreement involving mutual promises,
2) an agreement to marry; the period after which a couple has
agreed to marry before they do so;
endorsement -the act of signing one‟s name on the back of a negotiable instrument
in order to transfer it someone else;
infringement - violation of another‟s right or privilege;
encroachment -an infringement of another‟s rights or intrusion on another‟s
property;
enactment - the action or process of making into law;
disbursement - the act of paying out money, commonly from a fund or in
settlement of a debt or account payable;
disbarment - the action of expelling a lawyer from the bar or from the practice of
law, usually because of some disciplinary violation;
detriment - any loss or harm suffered by person or property;
settlement - 1) the process of coming to a political or financial agreement,
2) payment, satisfaction, or final adjustment;
endowment - a gift of money or property to an institution for a specific purpose.

Ex.24. Define the meaning of the following words:

government employment enlargement enablement

enlistment payment requirement investment
enrollment argument establishment amendment

Ex.25. Finish the sentences:

An amendment is a legislative change…

Advancement is a payment or gift …
A supplement is an addition to …
Retirement is a state of …
Presentment - is an act of presenting …
An appointment is an act of designating a person …
Punishment is a sanction - such as a fine …
A judgement is a court‟s final …
Imprisonment is an act of confining a person …
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Harassment - is a state of emotional distress as the result of …

Ex.26. All the nouns in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete
the sentences and translate them:

impeachment infringement commitment argument

imprisonment encroachment detriment

1.Stricklen was involved in an … with several people in Matthew‟s a apartment

before the killing.
2. The President said that he would veto the House bill “in order to protest the
nation‟s … to smaller classes and better schools”.
3.In 1999 the Supreme Court of the USA considered the case of … of B. Clinton.
4.The defendant was sentenced to four years of …
5.Their … started a year ago and now they have occupied a huge territory.
6…. is regarded as a violation of copyright. He was fined $ 2.000 for infringement.
7..The driver of the car was entitled to recover the … suffered.

Ex.27. As you read the text note the basic features of the Government of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.

The Government of Uzbekistan

The Republic of Uzbekistan was under the control of Russia until 1991.On
August 31, 1991 its independence was declared.
According to the Constitution adopted on December 8, 1992 the
Government of Uzbekistan is composed of three branches: the legislative, the
executive and the judicial.
The legislative power belongs to the Oliy Majlis. There are 250 members in
the Oliy Majlis who are elected for a term of five years each. According to the
Articles 76 and 77 of the Constitution of Uzbekistan, the Oliy Majlis is the highest
representative body. It exercises legislative power. All citizens of the Republic of
Uzbekistan who have reached the age of 25 by election day shall be eligible to be
elected to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Requirements for
candidates to be elected shall be determined by law.
The executive power in Uzbekistan is vested in the President of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, who is elected for a term of five years. The President of Uzbekistan
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must be a native-born citizen, a resident in the country for ten years, and at least 35
years old.
The judicial branch consists of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, the
Higher Economic Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Supreme Court and
Arbitration Courts of Karakalpakistan. These courts of the judicial branch also
include regional, district, town, city and Tashkent city civil, criminal and arbitration
courts appointed for a term of five years. Organization and procedure for the
operation of the courts is specified by law.
The Constitutional Court hears cases relating to the constitutionality of acts
passed by the legislative and executive branches.
The Constitutional Court is elected from political and legal scholars and
consists of a Chairman, Vice Chairman and judges that include a representative of
Karakalpakistan.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body of civil, criminal and
administrative law.
Any economic and management disputes that may arise between
enterpreneurs, enterprises, institutes and organizations based on different forms of
ownership shall be settled by the Higher Arbitration Court. All legal proceedings
shall be conducted in the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. Any defendant has the
right to a defense. The right to legal assistance shall be guaranteed at any stage of
the investigation and judicial proceedings. Legal assistance to citizens, enterprises,
institutions and organizations shall be given by the lawyer‟s association.
(Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, pp.25, 32).

Ex.28. Re-read the text and identify the functions of the three branches of the
Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Ex.29. Look through the text again and explain the cases that various types of
courts deal with.

Ex.30. Find the answers to the following questions from the text above :

1. When did the Republic of Uzbekistan become independent?

2. How many viloyats are there in Uzbekistan?
3. What branches does the Government of Uzbekistan consist of?
4. Who is the head of the Government?
5. What requirements must meet the President candidacy of the Republic of
Uzbekistan?
6. What is the Oliy Majlis?
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7. What are the political parties in the Republic of Uzbekistan?

Ex.31. Discuss the following questions in your group:

1. How were civil and criminal cases settled in the history?

2. What would you outline in the history of legal education in Uzbekistan?
3. Where are lawyers trained at present?
4. What prominent lawyers do you know?

Ex.32. Translate Chapter 21 (Articles 99-105) of the Constitution of the

Republic of Uzbekistan.
Ex.33. As you read the text copy out the derivative words and translate them.
Model: unavoidable – muquarrar, turgan gap

Automobile Accidents
Some automobile accidents are unavoidable, and no one can be blamed. But
when the owner or operator of a motor vehicle is negligent, he will be held
liable, or legally responsible for any damages resulting from the accident.
What negligence means
With regard to automobile accidents, negligence means the failure to use
ordinary or reasonable care in operating a vehicle. Under ordinary conditions, just
obeying all traffic and safety laws would constitute ordinary care. But sometimes
obeying the law is not enough. For example, when the roads are wet or icy, extra
caution is required. The same is true when someone drives through a residential
area or a school zone.
Shared responsibility
Suppose an accident is due to the negligence of both drivers. For example,
Jane backs out of her driveway carelessly and runs into Judy, who has just run a red
light. While both drivers are at fault. Judy is more at fault than Jane. Because of
situations like this, all states have what are called comparative-fault laws, which
166
relate the amount of money a person can receive to the degree to which he was at
fault. In this instance, Jane receives more compensation than Judy, because the
court figured her to be only 25 percent at fault, in contrast to Judy‟s 75 percent.

Ex.34. Look trough the text again and comment on the meaning of the
following words:
Unavoidable, to blame, vehicle, to obey traffic and safety laws, extra caution, a
residential area, negligence, to run a red light, to be at fault.

Ex.35. Re-read the text and try to summerize the case from the perspective of
a police inspector, Judy and Jane.

Ex.36.Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. Rights of citizens in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

2. Legal education in Uzbekistan.

Glossary
accountant бухгалтер hisobchi
advancement продвижение oldinga siljish
appointment назначение на должность mansabga tayinlash
argument аргумент, довод dalil, asos, dalil
(доказательство) (isbot)
arrangement соглашение, мероприятие bitim, chora-tadbir
audit проверять, ревизовать hisobotni taftish
отчетность (reviziya ) qilmoq, tekshirmoq
back out уклоняться o'zini chetga olmoq
bailment освобождение на поруки kafillikka berish uchin
jazodan ozod qilish
betterment улучшение takomillashish
blame считать виновным ayibdor deb topmoq
carpenter плотник duradgor
catch ловить ushlamoq
caution осторожно ehtiyot
chase гнаться quvmoq
commitment заключение под стражу, арест, hibisga olish,jinoyat sodir
совершение преступления qilish
совершение преступления
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compose составлять tuzmoq
conduct проводить o'tkazmoq
confinement лишение свободы ozodlikdan mahrum etish
constitute составлять tarkib topmoq
containment сдержание в себе o'zida mujjassam etish
copyright авторскoе право mualliflik huquqi
determine определять aniqlamoq
disbarment лишение адвокатского звания advokat unvonidan
mahrum etish
eligible имеющий право huquqqa ega bo'lgan
enactment (изданиe, принятие) закона, qonunni nashr etish,
законодательный акт qonun akti
encroachment посягательство tajovuz
endorsement подпись на обороте документа hujjatning orqa
tomonidagi imzo
endowment пожертвование sadaqa
engagement занятие; обязательство mashg'ulot, majburiyat
enlargement расширение kengayish
enjoyment удовольствие rohatlanish
enrollment регистрация ro'yhatda qayd etish
enterprise предприятие tashkilot
entrepreneur предпринимательство tadbirkorlik
entrapment обман aldash
extra сверх qo'shimcha, ortiqcha
fault – to be at потерять след izini yo'qotmoq
fault
figure (v) цифра raqam
icy ледяной muzlagan
impairment ухудшение, повреждение yomonlashuv, zarar ko'rish
imprisonment заключение тюремное ozodlikdan mahrum etish
incitement подстрекательство jinoyatga yetaklash
infringement нарушение (закона, обещания,) buzish, rioya qilmaslik
instance пример, случай misol, holat
interior внутренняя сторона ichki tomon
law – governed управляемый по закону qonun bilan boshqaraladigan
merit заслуга xizmati, ijobiy tomoni
negligent небрежный ehtiyotsiz
occupation занятие kasb, mashg'ulot
operator оператор operator
168
ordinary обычный odatdagi
ownership право собственности mulkchilik huquqi
payment оплата to'lash
physician врач duxtur
proceeding иск, судебное разбирательство da'vo, sud muhokamasi
proof доказательство isbot
protest протест e'tiroz
retirement отставка iste'foga chiqish
requirement требование talab
scatter разгонять haydab yubormoq, tarqatib
yubormoq
sentence (v) приговаривать hukm etmoq
specify устанавливать belgilamoq
statement заявление bayonot
suffer страдать qiynalmoq
supplement приложение ilova
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UNIT 8
Topic: The British Government
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Grammar : 1. Present Continuous,
2. Future Indefinite;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words,
2. The words with the suffixes – ance, - ence;.
Word formation: the suffixes – ance, -ence;
Conversational phrases: Meeting people.
Texts: 1. About English Meals, 2. A criminal case, 3. The British Government,
4. Local Government, 5. The Sovereign, 6. How well do you know the
Queen of the UK?

Exercises

Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:

head eight learn tire law

dead weight earn fire saw
bread freight pearl hire dawn
ready neigh early wire pawn
dread weigh heard mire maw

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

seat - sit bed - bad much - march

sheep - ship set - sat duck - dark
leave - live men - man hut - heart
deed - did met - mat cut - cart

Conversational phrases: What we say when meeting people.

Ex.3. Read the phrases aloud:

How are you? How are you getting on?

How are things ( with you )? How is everybody at home?
How is your wife? Anything wrong with…?
What‟s the matter? It‟s a long time since we met last.
170
I‟m glad you‟re back. It‟s good to see you.
I was missing you badly.
Possible replies
Fine, thank you. I‟m all right, thank you.
Not bad. Not too well.
So, so. Very well, thank you.
Getting better ( worse). He‟s doing fine.
I don‟t know. I don‟t see much of him.

Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:

- How are you getting on?
- Fine , thank you. And how are you?
- Not too well.
- Why, what‟s the matter?
x x x
- It‟s a long time since we met last.
- Yes, very.
- I‟m glad you‟re back. I was missing you badly.
- Oh, thank you. So was I.
x x x
- How is Jack getting on? - How is John?
- He is doing fine. - Very much the same.

Ex.5. Answer the questions:

1. How are you? 2. How is your father?
3. How are things with your aunt? I hear she was ill. What was the matter with her?
4. How are you getting on with your new job? 5. How is everybody at home ?
6. How is your mother feeling? 7. Is anything wrong with James?
Ex.6. Ask questions which correspond with the following answers:
1. Fine, thank you. 5. He‟s doing well, thank you.
2. Not too well, I‟m afraid. 6. Everybody‟s fine.
3. Getting better. 7. It‟s a long time since we met last.
4. I‟m finishing it, thank you.
 171
Ex.7. Make up dialogues:
1) you‟ve met your friend whom you hadn‟t seen for a long time;
2) you‟ve met your uncle who lives in another city,
3) you‟ve met your brother who has his own family,
4) you‟ve met your friend from your group who had been ill for a week and
hadn‟t attended classes.

Grammar
Present Continuous
to be + V + ing
Affirmative form
I am studying law now.
He (she) is driving a car now.
It is raining now.
We (you, they) are having an English lesson now.
Negative form
I am not studying mathematics now.
She is not singing a song now.
They are not working in the garden now.
Interrogative form
1.Is he reading a newspaper now? Yes, he is / No, he is not
2. He is reading a newspaper now, isn‟t he? Yes, he is / No, he is not
3. Is he reading a newspaper or a magazine now? He is reading a newspaper now.
4. What is he reading now? He is reading a newspaper now.
Ex.8. Answer the questions:
1. Are you having an English lesson now?
2. Are you sitting at the table?
3. Are you listening to the teacher?
4. Is your deskmate writing now?
5. Is your deskmate drawing now?
6. Is the teacher standing?
7. Is the teacher explaining the homework?
8. Are the students listening to the teacher now?
172
9. You are looking at the board now, aren‟t you?
10. You are working hard at your English, aren‟t you?
11. Your deskmate is reading a text now, isn‟t he?
12. Your teacher is commenting on students‟ answers, isn‟t he ?
13. The students are answering the teacher‟s questions, aren‟t they?
14. Are you having an English or Russian lesson now?
15. Is your deskmate writing or reading?
16. Is the teacher sitting or standing?
17. Are the students looking at the board or reading a text?
18. What are you doing now ?
19. What is your classmate doing now ?
20. What are the students doing now?

Ex.9. Imagine it is about 8 p.m. now. All the members of your family are
at home. Describe the activity of each member of your family.
Ex.10. Describe the picture using Present Continuous.
 173
Future Indefinite
( tomorrow next week ( month, year, Sunday…) after (in) two weeks)

shall / will + verb

Affirmative form
I ( we ) shall graduate from the University in four years.
He will (she, you, they) be 18 years old next month.
It will rain tomorrow.
Negative form
I shall not be at home tomorrow.
He will not swim in the river next weekend.
Interrogative form
She will work at school next year.
Will she work at a hospital next year? - Yes, she will / No, she
will not.
She will work at a hospital next year, won‟t she? - Yes, she will / No, she
will not.
Will she work at a hospital or a plant next year? - She will work at a
hospital next year.
Where will she work next year? - She will work at a
hospital next year.

Ex.11. Tell what you will do tomorrow.

Ex.12. Describe what your brother / sister or friend will do tomorrow

( next Sunday ).
Ex.13. You and your friend discuss your plans for tomorrow.
Say what you will do if the weather is warm ( not fine, rainy,
windy, snowy, cold).
Model: A: What will you do if the weather is bad?
B: If the weather is bad, I shall stay at home.
Prompts: to go for a walk, to go to the country, to watch TV, to
visit friends, to read books at home, to go in for sports, to
water the garden.
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Ex.14. Express the following in one word:

to have no longer to get something which somebody gives,
new information a fight between two or more countries
in a short time up to this or that time
Prompts: war, to receive, soon, to lose, until, news.

Ex.15. Finish the sentences:

1. A man who kills people is a …
2. A person who fights is a …
3. A person who presides the trial is a …
4. A person who steals something at the shop is a …
5. A person who robs one‟s property is a …
Ex.16. As you read the text copy all the words pertaining to meals:
About English Meals
The English people are very particular about their meals and strictly keep to
their meal times.
Breakfast is from any time until 9 a.m., lunch is between 11 and 12 o‟clock,
dinner at 4 p.m. and supper between 7 and 9 p.m.
For breakfast they usually have a small glass of orange or grape juice, a
small plateful of corn flakes sprinkled with sugar and milk, a fried egg with a tiny
slice of fried bacon. Most people drink tea or coffee with toast and marmalade,
which is a kind of an orange jam.
Other meals have greater variety. Lunch is more like our dinner. For the first
course they usually have soup. For the second course they prefer to have meat or
fish and a sweet dish (a pudding or fruit).
At the end of the meal they serve different kinds of cheese. The midday
meal is the main meal of the day. Most people have their lunch at a café, a
restaurant, or a factory canteen. They never miss a meal or put it off until a more
convenient time. Even in the train if one travels for only two hours and it is lunch
time, he/she goes to the dinning car to have a meal.
Dinner is much the same as lunch, but they do not often eat soup at dinner.
When they have guests, dinner is the biggest meal and they may have some
roast meat, fish, potatoes, vegetables and fruit.
Supper usually means a very small evening meal. For supper they usually
have either an omelette, or sausages, sometimes bacon and eggs and
 175
sometimes just bread and cheese and a cup of tea or coffee.
Ex.17. Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions
below:
1. When do English people have breakfast?
2. When do they have lunch (dinner, supper)?
3. What do they have for breakfast (lunch, dinner, supper)?
4. Which of the English meals is the largest?
5. Do the English people like strong or weak coffee?
6. Do they miss their meal off or put it off?
Ex.18. Re-read the text and define the most peculiar features of the British
people’s meals.
Ex.19. Discuss the following questions in your group:
1. What do you usually have for breakfast?
2. What will you have for breakfast tomorrow?
3. What do you usually have for dinner?
4. What do you usually have for supper?
5. What is your substantial meal?
6. Do you like tea or coffee?, Weak or strong?
7. How often do you have your meals at a canteen, or at a restaurant?
8. Does the service at canteens, restaurants meet the public needs? What would you
recommend to improve restaurant service?
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of food sold on the streets? Do you
think that there are rules regulating them?
10. Have you ever been to a canteen or a restaurant in a foreign country? What are
the differences between food srevices in our country and foreign countries?

Ex.20. Read the following and choose the best answer:

A tourism official tells the story of a French visitor who felt insulted
when an American waiter followed him to the door, handed him the dollar
he had left on the table as a tip and told him: “I think you need this dollar
more than I do. Take it.” The French visitor assumed that the tip had
already been included in the bill.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
a) Tipping in the USA. b) Tipping in France c) Lunch in a Restaurant
d) Visitor‟s Insult e) Misunderstanding
176
Ex.21. Look through the text in Ex. 20 again and discuss the custom
of tipping in our country.

Ex.22. How well do you know food and health?

With your partner take turns to ask and answer the questions below.
Make note of each other‟s answers.
1. Which of the following contains more vitamin A than others?
a. beef b. liver c. ham d. chicken;
2. Which of the following helps you to quench your thirst?
a. tea b. coffee c. lemonade d. grape juice;
3. Which of the following gives us the most energy?
a. water-melon b. melon c. figs d. cucumbers;
4. Which of these is the most effective for losing weight?
a. eating too much bread b. drinking a lot of fruit juice c. keeping to a
diet d. eating everything;
5. Which food provides us with the most vitamin C?
a. alcohol b. fruit c. pizza d. hamburger;
6. Which is the most fattening?
a. eggs b. sausage c. bread d. milk

Ex.23. Read the recipe below for Uzbek soup (boiled soup, shurva) and note
how to cook it:
Ingredients
1. Fresh mutton - 1000 gr. 7. Green pepper - 20 gr.
2. Fat tail of a sheep - 100 gr. 8. Capsicum - 0,5 gr.
3. Potatoes - 300 gr. 9. Salt - 0,5 gr.
4. Carrots - 400 gr. 10. Caraway (zira) - 0,5 gr.
5. Tomatoes - 50 gr. 11. Water - 4,0 litres
6. Garlic - 20 gr. 12. Seasoning (greens) - 10,0 gr.
Directions
1. Pour the water into the kettle.
2. Put the fresh mutton into the kettle.
3. Put the kettle on the gas and light it.
4. Crumble the fat tail and put it into the kettle.
5. Put the salt into the kettle.
6. Put the peeled carrots into the kettle.
7. Crumble the bulgarian pepper and put it into the kettle.
 177
8. Put the crumbled onions into the kettle.
9. Put the crumbled tomatoes into the kettle.
10. Put the peeled garlic into the kettle.
11. Put the washed capsicum into the kettle.
12. Boil the water in the kettle.
13. Lower the gas as soon as the water in the kettle boils.
14. Skim the surface of the water in the kettle.
15. Let the water in the kettle boil slowly for thirty – thirty five
minutes.
16. Crumble the greens.
17. Pour a portion of soup (shurva) into the bowls for each person separately.
18. Put the crumbled greens on the surface of shurva in the bowls and enjoy it.

Ex.24. Writing task: A Recipe for a National Dish.

An English friend who was recently in Uzbekistan has written to you
asking for the recipe of Uzbek palov which he had particularly enjoyed. Write out
the ingredients and complete instructions on how to prepare it.

Ex.25. Study the word formation. The suffixes -ance, - ence.

assist-assistance depend-dependence
avoid-avoidance deter-deterrence
convey-conveyance concur-concurrence
maintain-maintenance jurisprudent - jurisprudence
Ex.26. Form derivative nouns with the suffixes –ance, -ence:
clear assure present penitent guide
suffer ambulant observe ordinary clear
affirm occur insure appear perform
obedient maintain evident innocent differ

Ex.27. Language competition. “Who can write more?”

This competition may be conducted between two students or two teams or
among the whole group. The participants of the competition should write as many
words finishing with the letter “E ” as many as possible. The winner is the student
(team) who writes the most number of words from the texts studied in this Unit.

Ex.28. Read the newspaper article and define the guilt of each side involved in
178
the case:
Bus driver claims assault by passenger
An Ann Arbor Transportation Authority driver told Ann Arbor police he
was assaulted by an intoxicated passenger Monday night.
The 31 year old victim said the suspect, a 46-year-old-Ann Arbor man, and
a female passenger were intoxicated and using profanity when he asked them to get
off the bus. In response, he said the suspect hit him in the head with his backpack.
The driver said he then hit the victim in the face and forcibly removed him from the
bus.
When questioned by police called to the scene, the suspect-who had a
broken upper lip-said the driver hit him in the mouth before he hit him with his
backpack.
An investigation is continuing.(AAN, 8/17/99).
Ex.29. Retell the case described in the article.
Ex.30. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
avoidance - the act of evading or escaping,
concurrence - a vote cast by a judge in favour of the judgement reached of
ten on grounds differing from those expressed in the majority opinion
explaining the judgement,
conveyance – the transfer of interest in real property from one living person
to another, by means of instrument such as a deed,
insurance – an agreement by which one party commits to do something of
value for another party upon the occurrence of some specified contingency,
jurisprudence -1) knowledge of or practical skill in the law, 2) the
philosophy or science of law, legal theory or study,
maintenance – assistance in prosecuting or defending a lawsuit given to a
litigant by someone who has no bona fide interest in the case,
ordinance – a statute or regulation, especially one established by a municipal
government,
affirmance – the formal approval by an appellate court of a lower court‟s
judgement, order, or decree,
assurance – something that gives confidence; the state of being confident or
secure,
independence – a nation‟s right to manage all its affairs, whether external or
internal, without control from other nations,
 179
sufferance – 1) toleration, passive consent, 2) a license implied from the
omission to enforce a right,
grievance - an injury, injustice, or wrong that gives ground for a complaint,
deterrence – the act or process of discouraging certain behaviour,
particularly by fear; especially as a goal of criminal law, the prevention of criminal
behaviour by fear of punishment,
appearance – a coming into court as a party or interested person, or as a
lawyer on behalf of a party or interested person.
Ex.31. Make up 5 sentences using the words in Ex. 28.
Ex.32. Define the meaning of the following words:
guidance resistance observance dependence attendance
conference significance correspondence resemblance distance
difference influence preference patience innocence
Ex.33. All the nouns in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete
the sentences and translate them.

ordinance grievance negligence evidence

nuisance insurance innocence sufferance

1. Supenski said that a heavy rain may have washed away physical …
2.Being worried about the cluster of suspicious barn and grass fires the farmer
increased the … protection for one of two barns.
3. Bruder declined to say whether she thought of her son‟s …
4. One of the duties of the police is to keep the … in the community.
5. While making tea Kate poured hot water on her sister‟s hand by …
6. At the result of a … Mike brought a lawsuit against his neighbour.
7. Misconduct of the head of the department amounted to an annoyance,
rather than a …
8. The tenants have been allowed to live in the house on … after the
expiration of term of the contract.
Ex.34. Form new parts of speech with the given words by adding one or more
of the suffixes : -tion, - ive, - er(or), - ory, -ous, - able.

verb noun adjective noun

execute execution executive executor
legislate
180
impress
benefit
interrogate
murder
notify
identify
specify
equity
defense
consider

Ex.35. Read the text below and state whether the pieces of advice presented
here should be taken into consideration in our life:
Steps to take if you are in an accident
It is not easy to think clearly right after an auto accident. But if you
remember these steps, you may avoid trouble later on:
1. Do not move injured people until medical help arrives. Moving them can make
their injuries worse.
2. If no one is injured, move the cars out of traffic to prevent another accident.
3. Call the police. They will make out a report describing how the accident
happened.
4. Get the other driver‟s name, address, phone number, license number and the
name of his insurance company.
5. Get the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of witnesses.
6. Do not say anything to the other driver about how the accident happened, such a
statement may not be true, and more important, it may be used against you in court.
7. If the other driver offers to give you a check for the damages to your car in
exchange for your not telling the police, say no. The amount offered may not cover
the damages, or the check may bounce. In addition, by keeping silent you may be
breaking a state law requiring damages over a specified amount to be reported.
8. Call your insurance agent. He will start processing your claim, and if you are out
of town he may be able to get you a rental car and a place to stay.
9. If you are injured, do not sign anything until the full extent of your injuries is
known. Some serious injuries do not show up until later. (Legal Problem Solver,
p.44)

Ex.36. Re-read the text and comment on the following words:

 181
an accident, to blame, negligent, liable, responsible, condition, traffic law, icy,
residential area, run a red light, at fault, in this instance.

Ex.37. Translate the part of the text describing the steps to take if you are in an
accident.

Ex.38. Discuss the following:

1. What is ”a driver‟s license”? Who is eligible?
2. What traffic rules do you know which prevent from accidents?
3. Have you ever seen an accident?
4. What must be done to decrease the number of accidents?
Ex.39. As you read the following newspaper article note where and when the
robbery took place.
Gunman flees with pharmacy’s cash
A lone gunman robbed a Rite Aid pharmacy at 2781 Plymouth Road
Sunday afternoon. The clerk told Ann Arbor police the suspect entered the store
and asked for cigarettes just before 5 p.m. As the clerk turned around with the
cigarettes, the suspect had partially pulled out a black handgun from his green bag.
He ordered her to open the drawer, then said to give him all the money. He put the
gun and money in the bag and left with about $230.
The suspect is described as a white man about 40 years old; 6 – foot –2, 180
pounds, with brown hair and a mustache. The clerk described him as “ very quiet
spoken.” He was last seen wearing a green baseball cap, a white T-
shirt, blue jeans and circular sunglasses. (AAN, 7/22/99).
Ex.40. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. What did a lone gunman rob?
2. What did the suspect order the clerk to do?
3. How much money did he take?
4. What did the suspect look like?
5. What clothes did he wear?
Ex.41. Discuss the following:
1. What values are involved in the case?
2. Is the case civil or criminal? Try to prove it.
3. Do you think that the suspect will be found?
4. What punishment would be given to him if he were tried at the court?
182
Ex.42. The statements below are all taken from cases. They were made orally
during the investigation of the case. Read them and say whom these
statements were made by.
1. If Gnida is convicted, his license will be suspended for five years because it
would be his third driving related conviction. Gnida‟s license was revoked in
January 1996 following two drunken driving convictions. He got it back April 19, a
month after he was released from jail.
2. An attorney for Dr. Jack Kevorkion said he wants his client transferred to a
different prison. ” We are trying to figure out what is going on. This is punishing
him beyond punishment. He‟s being treated like he is a serial knife murderer”.
3. I find you to be in contempt of this court. You are hereby fined the sum of $
300.00 for that outburst which is entirely unnecessary.
4. Do you want anything? It is customary to fulfill the prisoner‟s last wish. Maybe a
glass of fine wine? -No, I don‟t want any. I want to learn English.
5. What were you doing when there was a knock at the door?
- I didn‟t hear a knock at the door as I don‟t hear very well.
Ex.43. As you read the text note the words you do not know, copy them into
your vocabulary note-book, translate them with the help of a
dictionary:
The British Government
The executive branch of power in Great Britain is represented by the Cabinet
and other ministers of the Crown and Government departments, local authorities
and statutory boards.
Her Majesty‟s Government is the body of ministers charged with the
administration of national affairs. Framing the foreign and home policies is one of
the main functions of the government. In recent years the scope of governmental
functions has become wider. Now it is also responsible for supervising finance,
different social services, etc.
The leader of the party that has a majority in the House of Commons is
appointed Prime Minister (PM) by the Sovereign. All affairs of the state are
conducted in the name of the Queen (King).But really, the PM is responsible for
every matter submitted to Parliament. He is a virtual ruler of the country. Informing
the Sovereign of the general business of the Government is what the PM does as
well. He also presides over the meetings of the Cabinet, which are always secret.
The Cabinet has no legal existence beyond the powers of the Minister of the
Crown. It is simply a committee for carrying out the business of the Government.
The PM is the chairman of this committee. It is he who appoints its members,
summons it and can dissolve it.
 183
Ministers in charge of Government departments are known as
“Secretaries of state” or “Ministers” or may have a traditional title.
Who usually constitutes the Cabinet are the PM the Chancellor of the
Exchequer (who is in charge of the Treasury), the Foreign Secretary, the lord
Chancellor, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of State for Home Department, the
Secretary of State for Education and Science, etc. (British Democracy in Action,
p.3)

Ex.44. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. Who is responsible for the executive branch of the British Government?
2. What are the functions of the Government?
3. Who may be a Prime Minister, and what are his / her functions?
4. What is the Cabinet charged with?
5. What state secretaries do you know?
Ex.45. Study the chart “The System of the British Government” and state
the structure of it.
The System of the British Government

Sovereign
The Queen is head of government, she makes laws
with Parliament and she is head of the courts

GOVERNMENT PARLIAMENT

Cabinet House of Lords House of Commons

Chairman: Prime Chairman: Lord Chairman: Speaker

Minister Chancellor

Ministers Treasury Lords MP‟s

(650 MP‟s)
Foreign Office
Law Lords (20
Home Office Lords) Temporal

etc.
Spiritual
(24 bishops)
184

Ex.46. Read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
Some more facts about the British Government

The heart of British Government is the Prime Minister and the policymaking
cabinet of around 20 ministers, nearly all of whom are Commons members. They
inroduce policies to deal with social, economic and foreign policy questions.
Before they can become law, proposals for legislation must be approved by both
Houses of Parliament - the elected House of Commons and the House of
Lords.They consist of hereditary peers and life peers, together with senior Church
of England bishops.
Because the Government is accountable to Parliament, the monarch no
longer exercises political power. The Queen is a constitutional monarch who acts
on the advice of ministers. She has the right to be informed about government
policies, has a weekly meeting with the Prime Minister and receives important
government papers. Her role as the Head of State is largely ceremonial. A major
example is the annual opening of Parliament by the Queen, when she delivers a
speech setting out her Government‟s plans for the coming year. Similarly, state
appointments are made in her name and she gives the Royal Assent to laws passed
by Parliament. (British Democracy in Action, p.3).

The Questions:
1. Who is head of the government?
2. Who is head of the courts?
3. What are the functions of Cabinet of Ministers?
4. Is the system of the British Government similar to the system of the Government
of Uzbekistan?

Ex.47. As you read the text note the levels of local government in the UK.
Local Government
Because central government cannot administer everything from London, the
people also elect representatives to local councils, which provide services such as
education, public housing, personal social services, police and fire brigades.
Currently there are several levels of local government, each meeting
different needs. The top level is the county or regional council elected to deal with
the main services such as education, social services and the police. The district
 185
council collects local taxes, enforces laws on environmental health, and is
responsible for public housing and a weekly rubbish collection.
Parish and community councils are closest to the people but have little
power. They may provide and manage local facilities such as allotments and village
halls, street lighting and bus shelters. They also provide a forum for discussing local
issues.
The Government is reviewing the structure of local government with the
aim of providing effective and convenient local government, which takes account
of community identities. It believes that in many areas the establishment of a single
tier of local government, under which unitary authorities would be responsible for
providing all services, would provide the best form of local government although
there is no national blueprint. Legislation to introduce single tier councils for Wales
and for Scotland was passed in 1994. (British Democracy in Action, p.7)

Ex.48. Re-read the text and define what each level of government deals with.
Ex.49. As you read the text note the traditions connected with the Queen.
The Sovereign
“Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth the Second by the Grace of God, of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other
Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth. Defender of the
Faith.”
The Queen is the official Head of the State and, for many people, a symbol
of the unity of the nation. For a thousand years England (and later the whole of the
United Kingdom) has been united in one sovereign, a continuity broken only after
the Civil War, by the republic of 1649 to 1660. The hereditary principle still
operates and the Crown is passed on to the sovereign‟s eldest son (or daughter if
there are no sons).
The Queen has a central role in state affairs, not only through her
ceremonial functions, such as opening Parliament, but also because she meets the
Prime Minister every week and receives copies of all Cabinet papers. However, she
is expected to be impartial or “ above politics”, and any advice she may offer the
Prime Minister is kept secret.
Functions of the Sovereign:
-opening and closing Parliament;
-approving the appointment of the Prime Minister;
-giving her Royal Assent to bills;
-giving honours such as peerages, knighthoods and medals;
-Head of the Commonwealth;
186
-Head of the Church of England;
-Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. (Passing Legislation in Britain, p.5)

Ex.50. Discuss the functions of the Queen.

Ex.51. As you read the text note how familiar you are wth the Queen of the
UK.
Here are some facts about the Queen and her family.
The Queen meets thousands of people every year. She has to shake hands with
each of them, and she has to find something interesting to say. If you meet the
Queen you should call her “Your Majesty”, then “Ma‟am”. The other Princes and
Princesses are “Your Highness”, then “Sir” or “Madam”. When she wants to end a
conversation, she takes a half step backwards, smiling broadly, then moves on.
Ten things the Queen can do by using the royal prerogative:
1. Dismiss the Government, 2. Declare war,
3. Disband the Army, 4. Sell all the ships in the Navy,
5. Dismiss the Civil Service, 6. Give territory away to a foreign–power,
7. Make everyone a peer, 8. Declare a State of Emergency,
9. Pardon all offenders, 10. Create universities in every parish in the UK.
(Just English, p.68)

Ex.52. Translate the following:

Eleven things the Queen takes on journeys:
1. Her feather pillows, 2. Her hot water bottle,
3. Her favourite China tea, 4. Cases of Malvern water,
5. Barley sugar, 6. Cameras,
7. Her monogrammed electric kettle, 8. Her toilet soap,
9. A special white kid lavatory seat,
10. Jewellery associated with the countries she is visiting,
11. Mourning clothes and black-edged writing paper in case of bereavements.
(Just English, p.69)

Ex.53. List the things you usually take on journeys.

Ex.54. Discuss the things which people take on journeys.
Ex.55. As you read the following note which of them you like and do not like:
 187
The Queen’s particular likes:
1. Horse racing, 2. Scottish country dancing,
3. Jigsaw puzzles, 4. Long- stemmed, deep-pink carnations.
5. Champagne, 6. Deerstalking,
7. Crossword puzzles, 8. Bright red dresses,
9. The Beatles film “Yellow Submarine”, 10. Sandringham.
11. Quiet evenings at home watching television with her supper on a tray.
(Just English, p.69)
Ex.56. Ask your friend which of the Queen’s particular likes he/she follows.

Ex.57. As you read the following note how your tastes differ from the
Queen’s. Dislikes of the Queen:
1. Ivy, 2. Snails,
3. Tennis, including Wimbledon, 4. Milk pudding,
5. The cold, 6. Grouse,
7. Any talk of Edward VIII, 8. Charles Dickens,
9. Dictating letters, 10. Cigar smoke,
11. Sailing, 12. Listening to after- dinner speeches.
(Just English, p.69)
Ex.58. State your dislikes.
Ex.59. Interview your friend in order to learn whether he/she follows the
Queen’s dislikes.
Ex.60. Discuss the following questions in your group:
Are there any differences between the functions of Prime-Ministers of Great
Britain and Uzbekistan? If, yes, what are the differences?
What are the functions of Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan and Great Britain?
Discuss government departments or ministries in Great Britain and Uzbekistan.
Point out if there are similar departments.
Discuss the powers of the Queen.
Ex.61. Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. The functions of the local government in Uzbekistan and in the UK.
2. Functions of the Prime Minister of the British Government and the
Government of Uzbekistan.
188
3.Differences between the Government of Uzbekistan and the British
Government.
Glossary
advice совет maslahat
allotment распределениe; доля taqsimlash, qism
annoyance раздражение g'azablanish
appearance появление paydo bo'lish
assault грозить физическим jismoniy kuch
насилием bilan qo'rqitmoq

assurance уверенность ishonch

attendance посещение qatnashish
bacon копченая свиная dudlangan cho'chqa go'shti
грудина
backpack рюкзак ryukzak
barn сарай, коровник molxona
beyond сверх, выше yuqori, …dan tashqari
blueprint наметка, план reja, loyiha
bounce подпрыгивать, хвастать irg'imoq, maqtanmoq
bring forward привести keltirmoq
bus shelter автобусный парк avtobus parki
capsicum стручковый перец garmdori
caraway тмин zira
carnation гвоздика qizil chinnigul
carrot морковь sabzi
ceremonial обрядовый marosimda qilinadigan
cheese сыр pishloq
chicken цыплята jo'ja
claim иск ; претензия da'vo
clearance очистка tozalash
cluster кисть, гроздь; скопление bir shingil, bir bosh, to'planish
civil war гражданская война fuqorolik urushi
concurrence стечение обстоятельств; mavjud ahvol, rozilik
согласие
contempt презрение nafrat
continuity продолжительность davom etish
conversation беседа suhbat
conveyance перевозка; передача eltib berish,
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(имущества) mulkni o'tkazish
cook повар oshpaz
correspondence соответствие; muvofiq kelish,
корреспонденция korrespondensiya (xatlar)
crumble раздроблять maydalamoq
cucumbers огурцы bodring
deal with рассматривать ko'rmoq, tegishli bo'lmoq
decline отклонить qoldirmoq
defeasance аннулирование, отмена bekor qilish
deerstalking oхoта на оленей kiyik ovlash
deliver a speech произнести речь nutq so'zlamoq
dependence зависимость bog'liqlik
disadvantage невыгодное положение noqulay ahvol
disband расформировать tarqatib
dismiss распускать tarqatib yubormor
dissolve аннулироать, распускать bekor qilmoq, tarqatib yubormoq
drawer ящик yashiq
enforce a law приводить закон в жизнь qonunni hayotga kiritmoq
enjoy получать удовольствие, rohatlanmoq, foydalanmoq
equity спрaведливость adolat
evidence доказательство, улика isbot, guvohlik berish
exchequer казначейство; казна xazinaxona
expiration истечение срока muddatning tugashi
extent степень daraja
fat tail курдючный жир dumba yog'i
fattening приводящий к ожирению semirtiradigan
feather перо par, pat
fig инжир anjir
fire brigade пожарная команда o't o'chituvchi komanda
fried жареный qovurilgan
garlic чеснок sarimsoq piyoz
grape juice виноградный сок uzum sharbati
grievance обида; жалоба xafachilik, shikoyat
grouse шотландская куропатка shotlandiya kakligi
guidance руководство ko'rsatma
gunman человек с оружием qurolli kishi
ham ветчина son go'shti
handgun ручное оружие qo'l quroli
hereby этим, настоящим bu bilan
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honour честь sharaf
horse racing гонка ot chopar, ot poygasi
identify тождественность; o'xshashlik, haqiqiylik
подлинность
ingredients составная часть tarkibiy qismi
injured обиженный; оскорбленный haqoratlangan
instruction инструкция ko'rsatma
insurance компания страхования sug'urta kompaniyasi
company
intoxicated пьяный mast
investigation исследование tadqiqot
ivy плющ (обыкновенный) pechakgul
jam варенье murabbo
jewelers ювелирный zargarlik
jigsawpuzzle составная картинка – загадка tarkibi rasmdan iborat
topishmoq
journey путешествие sayohat
keep держать, соблюдать tutmoq, kuzatmoq
keep to a diet cоблюдать диету parhez saqlamoq
kid обман; ребенок aldash, bola
knighthood рыцарство ritsarlar, fidokorlik
lavatory seat туалет tualet o'tirg'ichi
liver печень, печенка jigarli ovqat
lose weight худеть ozmoq
majesty величeство janobi oliy
maintenance поддержание; содержание saqlab turish, ta'minot
monarch монарх podshoh
monogram монограмма monogramma
mourning трaур asiyat
moustache усы mo'ylab
mutton баранина qo'y goshti
navy морской флот dengiz floti
neighbor сосед qo'shni
nuisance нюанс nozik tomon, farq
offender правонарушитель tartibbuzar
omelet омлет tuxum bilan sutdan qilingan
quymoq
ordinance указ, закон farmon, qaror
outburst взрыв, вспышка birdan avj olish
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pardon прощение, помилование avf etish
parish council окружной совет okrug kengashi
partially частично qisman
participant участник ishtirokchi
particular особенно xususan
passed проходить o'tmoq
patience терпение chidash
peel снимать корку artmoq, po'stini olmoq
peer ровня, равный tengdosh
peerage сословие пэров,книга пэров perlar tabaqasi, perlar
kitobi, (per-Angliya va
Fransiyada oliy dvoryanlik
unvoni)
pharmacy фармация, аптека dorivorshunoslik, dorixona
pillow подушка yostiq
policymaking создающий политику siyosat tuzuvchi
prerogative прерогатива huquq, imtiyoz
preside осуществлять руководство rahbarlik qilmoq
process процесс jarayon
profanity богохульство kofirlik
proposal предложение taklif
pudding пудинг puding (taom nomi)
quiet тихий yuvosh
realm королевство, царство, сферa qirollik, soha
recipe рецепт retsrpt (dori nomi
yozilganqog'oz;ko'rsatma
relevance уместность o'rinli
resemblance сходство o'xshashlik
resistance сопротивление qarshilik ko'rsatish
review обзор, просмотр,рецензия ko'rib chiqish, taqriz
roast meat жареное мясо qovurilgan go'sht
Royal Assent Королевская санкция Qirolicha tomonidan tasdiqlash
rubbish collection сбор мусора chiqindini to'plash
run a red light проехать под yo'l harakatining
красным светом man'etilgan paytida o'tib
ketish (qizil chiroqda)

sailing плавание suzish

sausage колбаса kolbasa
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seasoning приправа ziravor
scope кругозор, сфера dunyoqarash, soha
scum пена, накипь sho'rva yuzidagi ko'pik
significance значение, важность ahamiyat, muhimlik
single единственный tanho
snail улитка chig'anoq
sprinkle брызгать sepmoq
state of чрезвычайное состояние favqulotdagi ahvol
emergency
statutory установленный (законом) qonun tomonidan belgilangan
strictly строго qat'iy
submit подчинять, представлять bo'ysunmoq, muhokamaga
на рассмотрение taqdim etmoq
sufferance терпение chidash
sunglasses очки ko‟zoynak
summon вызывать в суд, sudga chaqirmoq,
требовать исполнения bajarishni talab qilmoq
supervise наблюдать kuzatmoq
suspicious подозрительный shubhali
tenant арендатор, сьемщик ijaraga oluvchi
tiny крошечный juda mayda
title заглавие sarlavha
toast ломтик хлеба bir burda non
top верхушка tepa, cho'qqi
tray поднос patnis
trouble беспокойство tashvish
virtual фактический, действительный haqiqiy, aslida
winner победитель g'olib
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UNIT 9
Topic: The US Government
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1.Topical words,
2.The words with the suffix - ive;
Grammar: Subjunctive Mood;
Word formation: the suffix -ive.
Conversational phrases: Agreement, Confirmation.
Texts: 1.A criminal case, 2.US Government.
Ex.1.Read the words according to the pronunciatin rules:
education who often husband
vacation whom listen wife
administration whose wrestling child
occupation whole Wednesday cousin
production whoop Thursday nephew
situation whore Tuesday niece
Ex.2.Listen and repeat:
1.Why do you cry, Willie? Why do you cry? Why, Willie?, Why, Willie?, Why?
2.I wonder what‟s wrong with Wyn.
3.Weavers‟ wives wait for their husbands.
4.William wanted to know why the weather was wet.
5.No sweet without some sweat.
6.It was a wonder the weather was so wet.
Conversational phrases: agreement, confirmation, consent, certainty,
probability.
Ex.3.Read the phrases:
I agree with you. I agree to your proposal! I think so.
I‟m of the same opinion. Yes. I suppose so.
O.K. That‟s all right. I hope so.
Naturally. Exactly so. Sure!
That‟s just I was going to say. With pleasure. Capital!
With all my heart. I should think so. That‟ll do.

In a way, yes. Of course. Certainly.

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Fine! Bravo! I believe so.
It goes without saying. That‟s true.
Formulas to express solidarity:
-Glad to see you. – So am I.
-I must be going. –So must I.
-I love music. –So do I.

Negative statements Replies to them.

-He is not old. -Neither is she.
-She can‟t swim. -Neither can I.
-She doesn‟t sing. -Neither do I.

Agreement mixed with surprise

You have some ink on your dress! - So have I.
She is late! - So is he.
Mr. Swales speaks French well. -So does he.
Ex.4.Memorize the dialogues:
1 2
-What about next Sunday? -She just wanted to know for certain.
-Oh, I‟ve nothing on then. I suppose there is no mistake?
That would suit me well. –It‟s quite O.K.
-Good. That‟s settled.

3. 4.
-Perhaps we‟d better meet -Perhaps you can help me. I‟ve got
here at one o‟clock. to get some clothes.
-Right you are. One o‟clock here. –Naturally.

5. 6.
-Would you mind opening the door? -He said he would be able to
-Yes, of course. run the business by that time.
-That sounds fine.
Ex.5.Put the following replies into a natural context:
Model: Sure, it‟s timely enough.
-Sorry, am I late?
 195
-Sure, it‟s timely enough.
1.Right you are. A good idea. 5.Neither could I. The house
2.Looks like that. So we‟d better was locked.
stay at home. 6.O.K. I‟ll let you know about it.
3.So did I. It was splendid. 7.I should think. It‟s a lucky find.
4.It goes without saying. Ask them 8.By all means! You may
to change this suit for another one. depend on me.

Ex.6.Express your agreement with the following statements, requests and

opinions:
Model: -It is very hot today.
-That‟s just what I was going to say.
1.Mr.Swales is a brilliant professor. 5.A legal action has been brought
2.Nazir works hard at his English. against Karl‟s uncle.
3.Dilbar doesn‟t feel fit. 6.He was accused of shoplifting.
4.It has become cool.

Ex.7. Express agreement or solidarity with the following statements, using

“I “ as the subject.
Model: -Kate is run down. – So am I.

1.He didn‟t have any dinner. 4.They won‟t go fishing.

2.They will go yachting. 5.She doesn‟t feel fit.
3.Tom works hard at his English. 6.My uncle has been to London.

Ex.8.Make up dialogues based on expressing agreement, confirmation,

certainty, probability.
Model: - Barrister is a lawyer who is admitted to plead at the bar and who
may try or argue cases in superior courts.
-Right you are. Capital.

Ex.9.Read the dialogue and note the expressions of agreement, certainty,

approval.
Cross-examination
A: - Are you quite sure that it was Wednesday?
B: - Yes, I‟m positive that it was Wednesday. That‟s my only free evening.
196
A: - Could you swear that it was March the twenty first?
B:- Well, I couldn‟t actually take my oath that it was March the twenty
first, because I go to Green Street most Wednesdays. But I‟m almost
certain it was the twenty-first.
A: - Leave that aside. Now are you quite convinced that it was Mr. Edison?
B: - It certainly looked like him. I had the distinct impression that it was
Edison.
A: - You are inclined to think that you might have seen Edison but you are
not quite convinced that it was Edison?
B:- I‟ve got an idea that I saw Edison, but I wouldn‟t swear to it.
A:- I see. You‟re quite definite that it was Wednesday; you feel pretty sure it
was March the twenty-first, and you‟ve a vague impression that it might
have been Mr. Edison?
B:- Yes, I rather think that‟s about right.
Ex.10. Conduct a cross- examination of a witness.
Grammar
The Subjunctive Mood
Present Past
were to be had been
had to have had had
II form Notional verbs III form

If I ( he, it, we, you, they) If I had been a doctor last year I
were a doctor I should work should have worked at a hospital.
at a hospital.
If I had a car now I should If I had had a car last week I
drive to the country. should have driven to the country.
If you went to the Art Museum If you had visited the Art Museum
you would see many nice pictures. yesterday you would have seen
many nice pictures.

Ex.11.Read and translate the sentences:

1.If the weather were fine tomorrow we should play football.
2.If the weather had been fine yesterday we should have played football.
3.If there were not many people on the bus the robber would steal some
passengers‟ money.
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4.If there had not been many people on the bus the robber would have stolen
some passengers‟ money.
5.If the police arrived a few minutes later the offender would run away.
6.If the police had arrived a few minutes later the offender would have run away.
7.If the defendant confessed his offences from the very beginning at the trial he
would not be punished so severely.
8.If the defendant had confessed his offences from the very beginning at the
trial he would not have been punished so severely.
Ex.12. Answer the questions using the Subjunctive Mood:
1. What would you do if the weather were fine tomorrow?
2. What would you have done if the weather had been fine last Sunday?
3. What would you do if it were your birthday tomorrow?
4. What would you have done if you had not entered the University?
5. What would you do if you got up late and were late for your lesson?
6. What would you say if a foreigner said to you: “Excuse me, could you tell me
the way to the Art museum?”
7. What would you say if a foreigner said to you: “How are you?” (“Glad to meet
you”, “Thank you”, “I‟m afraid, I‟m lost”, etc.)?
8. What would you do if you were elected to the Oliy Majlis?
9. Would you try to change some rules if you were appointed as a chief police?
10. What would you do if you had a power of maintaining order in market places?

Ex.13. Finish the sentences according to the model.

Model: If I had had time yesterday…
If I had had time yesterday I should have visited the British
Exhibition.
If there were no violations of laws in the society…
If citizens knew their rights and responsibilities…
If all the laws worked well…
If there were no modern transport (planes, trains)…
If Columbus had had an airplane …
If there were no electricity now…
The agriculture of Uzbekistan would develop much better…
Our football team would win the game…

Ex.14. Make conditional sentences according to the model:

Model: People must be punished.
198
If people were not punished crime would increase.
Discipline must be taught.
If discipline weren‟t taught, crime would increase.
1.Things like this must be done. 2.The law must be enforced.
3.Fines must be given. 4.Magistrates must be firm.
Ex.15.Work in pairs and discuss the following:
1. What do you think what should be done with people who kill policemen?
Discuss reasons for: a) putting them in prison, possibly for life; b) executing them.
2. How would you react if you were the policeman who arrested a man who had
killed another policeman? What would you want to do? Why?

Ex.16.Imagine what would happen if you did this or that. Work in pairs.
Model: A: What would happen if you bought a lucky lottery ticket? (win a car).
B: If I bought a lucky lottery ticket I should probably win a car
Prompts: A: B:
to win a car to take a long journey
to take a long journey to travel about the country
to travel about the country to visit new cities and towns
to visit new cities and towns to meet different people
to meet different people to make friends with them

Ex.17.Give the same notion in one word using the prompts below:
Model: coming one after another – subsequently.
a person against whom a legal action is brought; to state precisely the meanings of
the words; judgement not founded on complete knowledge;
a person who brings an action at law; a statement made by or for a person charged
in a law court; formal statement, replies to accusations, etc, made by the parties in a
legal action; strict, not changing or to be changed; afterwards; coming one after
another.
Prompts: opinion, plea, defendant, plaintiff, pleading, rigid, to define,
subsequently, successive.

Ex.18. Finish the sentences:

I should have entered the University if …,
My uncle would have become an attorney if …,
The highway through the mountains would have been constructed earlier if …,
 199
The explosion would not have happened if ..,
The car would not have crashed if …,
If I had a power…,
If the earthquake were predictable …,
If the disaster had not happened last year…,
If Uzbekistan had not acquired its independence…,
If somebody accidentally pushed me … .

Ex.19. As you read the case taken from the newspaper write all the legal
words and give their equivalents in your mother tongue with the help of a
dictionary:
Two men shot with arrows
Man charged with shooting pair with hunting bow. A man who allegedly
shot two men with arrows from his hunting bow after they followed him home in
an apparent case of road rage was arraigned Tuesday on two felony assault counts.
Daniel Water Kozlowski, 21, of Bay City, was charged Tuesday with
counts of assault with intent to commit murder in the Sunday shootings that injured
two Flint- area men.
Police told The Bay City Times that Dale Freese and Christopher Edmonds
followed Kozlowski home in a road rage chase Sunday night. They were shot in
the suspect‟s driveway.
Investigators told the newspaper that one of the victims was shot in the
chest, the other in an ankle. The victims later were found bleeding. One of them
was unconscious from blood loss at a local restaurant and were taken to Bay
Medical Center.
Freese was listed in fair condition there Tuesday, a nursing supervisor said.
Edmonds was treated and released, she said.
During Kozlowski‟s arraignment, Bay County District Judge Craig Alston
ordered the man jailed in lieu of $10,000 bond. His preliminary examination was
set for July 20.
Kozlowski also was arraigned Tuesday on an unrelated misdemeanor count
of property destruction dating to 1997.
The assault counts carry a possible life prison term.(AAN, 7/10/99)
Ex.20. Look through the text again and give its brief summary.
Ex.21. Compose five sentences with the Subjunctive Mood based on the
text “Two men…”.
Ex.22. Study the word-building. The suffix -ive.
200
construct - constructive represent - representative
derive - derivative execute - executive
Ex.23. Learn the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
conclusive - authoritative, decisive, convincing;
cooperative - an organization or enterprise owned by those who use its services;
legislative - of or relating to lawmaking or to the power to enact the laws;
prerogative - an exclusive right, power, privilege or immunity, usually
acquired by virtue of office;
initiative - an electoral process by a percentage of voters can propose
legislation and compel a vote on it by the legislature;
detective - an agent of a criminal investigation department;
objective - aim, purpose, aspiration.

Ex.24. What are the equivalents of the following word-partnerships in

Uzbek?
council fact
history law
immunity legislative rule
counsel court
evidence conclusive proof
marriage putative spouse
branch agreement
order immunity
clemency executive pardon
body privilege

Ex.25.Form derivative adjectives with the suffix -ive and translate

them:
talk progress collect expense attract
create demonstrate product respect legislate
Ex.26.State what part of speech the given words are and translate them:
legacy - legal – illegal – legalist – legality- legalize- legate – legatee – legation –
legislate- legislation – legislative – legislator – legislature - legist –
legit- legitimate - legitimation – legitmist –legitimize;
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execute- execution – executor – executioner – executive – executrix;
defend – defendant – defender – defense – defensible – defensive;
law - law-abiding, law- breaker, law – court, lawful, lawgiver, lawless,
law- list, law- maker, law – making, law -monger, lawsuit, law- term, law
– writer, lawyer.

Ex.27. All the adjectives in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to
complete sentences and translate them.

representatives detective putative executive

legislative objective prerogative initiative

1. The Congress of the USA consists of the Senate and the House of …
2. Within the … branch itself, the President has broad powers to manage national
affairs and the workings of the federal government.
3. Despite the Constitutional provision that “all …powers “ shall be vested in the
Congress, the President, as the chief formulator of public policy, has a major
…role.
4. Heads of the government of some countries are entitled to certain … which they
may exercise in emergency situations.
5. There are various ranks of …in the British Police Force: Detective Constable,
Detective Sergeant, Detective Inspector, Detective Chief Inspector, Detective
Superintendent, and Detective Chief Superintendent.
6. The judge asked the jury to be … in considering the evidence put before them.
7. The minister has proposed several … to try to restart the deadlocked
negotiations.
7. … father is a person who a court decides must be the father of an
illegitimate child.
Ex.28. Match the definitions or explanations to the names of the
crimes:
Killing of a whole race or ethnic group or religious group,
Killing of a person (either accidental or illegal),
Crime of killing game which belongs to another person or trespassing on
someone‟s land to kill game,
Escape from prison,
Crime of stealing cattle or horses,
Act of killing yourself,
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Minor crime,
Treating people differently because of age (an offence in the USA).
Prompts: age discrimination, jailbreak, suicide, misdemeanor, rustling,
poaching, homicide, genocide.
Ex.29. As you read the newspaper article below note the characters involved
into the actions of the case:
Suspect arrested in killing of Ypsilanti township woman
Body of 20 year old Lindsey Matthews was discovered inside her
apartment early Saturday morning.
Washtenaw County Sheriff‟s deputies Saturday arrested an Ypsilanti man
in the Slaying of an Ypsilanti Township woman.
Lindsey Matthews, 20, was killed inside her apartment at Eastern
Highlands apartments in the 1200 block of Leforge Road, just north of nearby
Eastern Michigan University. The name of the 27 year old suspect was not
released pending expected arraignment this morning on an open murder charge.
Lt. Michael Radzik said the man was involved in an argument with
several people at the victim‟s apartment shortly before the killing.
Police and rescue workers were called to the apartment at 3:49 a.m.
Saturday, when two male friends and the victim‟s roommate arrived from
different places.(AAN, 7/21/99/
Ex.30. Discuss the following:
Why was the name of the suspect kept in secret?
What were the grounds for suspect‟s being arrested?
Ex.31. The statements below were made at a trial. Define whom each
statement was made by:

1. There is sense of relief in this community after a man accused of raping two girls
and leaving them for dead surrendered to police. This crime has created a great
amount of public apprehension. People were keeping away their children from
recreation areas.
2. I directed my staff to go into court and argue that he posed a great risk to the
community. The nature of the crime that he committed was very heinous.
3. We still didn‟t get a fair trial here in Saginaw, Mckay said after the verdict,
walking away from other questions.
4. We find the defendant guilty as charged.
 203
5. I went out to the bank after work to deposit the money in my business
account, but when I arrived the bank was closed. I kept the money with me when I
went out that night. I didn‟t want to leave it in the office overnight: we have had a
couple of burglaries recently. I was carrying the gun for my own protection. It‟s
licensed. When he attacked me I panicked. It was self-defense.

Ex.32. Read and translate the text:

US Government
According to the Constitution of 1787 (and amendments to it) the
government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive one, the
legislative one and the judicial one.
The executive power in the USA is vested in the President, who is elected
for a term of 4 years by electors of each state. The Presidential election is held
every fourth year in November. The President of the USA must be a native born
citizen, resident in the country for 14 years and at least 35 years old.
The President is to carry out the programmes of the Government, to
recommend much of the legislation to the Congress. He is to appoint Federal
judges, ambassadors to other countries and heads of various government
departments, called secretaries.
The legislative power belongs to the Congress of the United States
consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The
Senate is composed of two members from each state elected for a term of 16 years,
one third being elected every two years. The number of representatives from each
state to the House of Representatives depends on the number of people in each
particular state.
In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must pass both the
Houses and must be signed by the President.
An important role in the American legislation is played by so-called
“lobbyists”. They are often more influential than congressmen themselves.
The United States is divided into 11 judicial circuits, each one being
served with a Federal Court of Appeals. There are about 90 district courts in
different parts of the United States. The district courts are the lowest ones in the
Federal court system. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
Each state has a constitution similar to the Constitution of the entire nation
and all the power in each state is divided into executive, legislative and judicial.
The head of each state is the governor of the state.
Each state has its own system of courts similar to that of the Federal
courts. (American Government, pp.44-48).
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Ex.33. Language competition. Who finds the most words and and fastest? This
competition may be conducted either between two students or two teams or among the
whole group. Find the missing letters of the given words as fast as possible.
Model: govern- government; fed – federal.
sen- constitut- amendm- bra-
comp- execut- legisla- judic-
po- Presid- citi- dep-
particu- lobby- influent- circ-
app- distr- crimi- simi-
Ex.34. As you read the text note the structure of the US Government.
Federalism at Work
The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature
of the American governmental system. But the system itself is in reality a mosaic,
composed of thousands of smaller units – building blocks which together make up
the whole. There are 50 state governments plus the government of the District of
Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units that govern counties,
cities, towns and villages.
Like the national government, state governments have three branches:
legislative, executive and judicial; and these are roughly equivalent in function and
scope to their federal counterparts. The chief executive of a state is the governor,
elected by popular vote, typically for a four-year term (although in a few states the
term is two years). Except for Nebraska, which has a single legislative body, all
states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the Senate
and the lower house the House of Representatives, House of Delegates or the
General Assembly. In most states, senators serve four-year terms and members of
the lower house serve two-year terms.
City governments are chartered by states, and their charters detail the
objectives and powers of the municipal government. But in many respects the cities
function independently of the states. For most big cities, however, cooperation with
both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the
needs of their residents.
County Government
The county is a subdivision of the state, usually, but not always, containing
two or more townships and several villages.
In most counties, one town or city is designated as the county seat where the
government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or
 205
supervisors meets. In small counties, boards are chosen by the county as a
whole; in the larger ones, supervisors represent separate districts or townships.
Town and Village Government
Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as only city
governments. These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with such local
needs as paving and lighting the streets; ensuring a water supply; providing police
and fire protection; establishing local health regulations; arranging for garbage,
sewage and other waste disposal; collecting local taxes to support governmental
operations; and, in cooperation with the state and county, directly administering the
local school system.
The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council, which
may be known by a variety of names: town or village council, board of selectmen,
board of supervisors, board of commissioners. The board may have a chairman or
president who functions as chief executive officer, or there may be an elected
mayor. Governmental employees may include a clerk, treasurer,
police and fire officers, and health and welfare officers.
Other Local Governments
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (part of the Commerce Department) has
identified no less than 78,218 local government units in the United States, including
counties, municipalities, townships, school district and special
districts. (American Government, pp.102-108)
Ex.35. Re-read the texts and state the functions of each level of the US
Government.
Ex.36. Read the sentences completing them according to the text:
By the Constitution of 1787 (and the amendments to it) the government of the USA
is composed of …
The executive power in the USA is vested in the President of the USA who …
The President of the United States is to carry out …, to appoint…, to
recommend….
… must be a native – born citizen, resident in the country for…, and at least…
years old.
The legislative power in the USA belongs to…consisting of…
The number of representatives from each state to the House of Representatives
depends on…
206
Ex.37. Answer the questions:
Who is head of the US Government?
Are the members of the Government elected or appointed?
What departments, agencies of the US Government do you know?
What does the Department of the Justice deal with?
What department is charged with the lawyers?
Are there any similar and different features between the US Government and
Government of Uzbekistan?

Ex.38. Confirm or deny the statements using the following phrases:

Quite so… Right you are… I quite agree with you here… or:
I am afraid not … I don‟t agree with you …I am afraid you are wrong…
Excuse me but… On the contrary… Not only … not quite so…
1. The government of the USA is composed of three branches.
2. The US governmental system consists of thousands of smaller units.
3. State governments have four branches.
4. The chief executive of a state is the governor.
5. City governments are chartered by states.
6. The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council.
7. The dominant feature of the American governmental system is the federal entity
created by the Constitution.
8. The governor of a state is elected by popular vote for a five-year term.
9. Senators serve four-year terms and members of the lower house serve two-year
terms.
10. Town and village governments deal with the elections of President of the
nation.

Ex.39. Read the text again and desrcibe the characteristics of:
a) federal government,
b) state government,
c) city government,
d) county government,
e)town and village government.

Ex.40. Discuss the following questions and write compositions on them:

Peculiar features of the British Government.
Peculiar features of the Government of Uzbekistan
 207
Peculiar features of the US Government.

Ex.41. As you read the text write down the derivative words and state what part
of speech they are.
Model: a binder – a noun
The Case of the Hesitant Home Buyers
Mike and Laurie Conway signed a binder to purchase a home and made an
earnest money deposit of $500. The terms of the binder gave the Conways 10 days
to arrange for a home inspection and to sign a final purchase agreement.
Three days later, the Conways found a home they liked better at a lower
price. They notified the seller of the first house that they had changed their minds,
and requested that their $500 be refunded. When the seller refused to return their
money, the Conways sued him in small – claims court for their deposit.
The court turned down the Conways‟ claim. It found that the seller had
complied with all the terms contained in the binder. The fact that the Conways had
changed their minds was not enough to invalidate the binder.
Although a binder is not the final contract for the purchase of a home, it is a
legally enforceable document. (Legal Problem Solver, p.66)

Ex.42. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
What did Mike and Conway sign?
What were the terms of the binder?
Why did Mike and Conway change their mind not to buy the home?
Did the seller agree to return their money? Why? or why not?
What did the court decide?

Ex.43. Look through the text again and state what themes are involved in the
text.
Ex.44. Retell the case on behalf of the seller.
Ex.45.As you read the text copy out all the derivative words and translate
them into your mother tongue:
Judge Edgar Hoover was born in 1885. He was a native of Washington,
D.C. He went to school there and then to George Washington University where he
studied law. As a student he was brilliant and had a great choice after graduating
from the University. But Hoover got a job in the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
208
That was in 1924 when J.E. Hoover was forty. For many years he was the head of
the FBI and made it the world‟s greatest law enforcement organization. He opened
a technical and scientific laboratory, identification division, set up a lot of training
schools. He was also the initiator of the National Police Academy where he taught
as the chief instructor. John Hoover had a photographic mind: he called agents by
their first names, he remembered all investigations and their results. He said: “The
main task of the FBI is the protection of people against crime”. As to his personal
life, he had no time to get married. When he was not busy with his service in the
FBI, he usually went fishing or hunting. Hoover played tennis very well. He also
liked
good music.(Street Law, p.52).
Ex.46.Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions:
What did Edgar Hoover do?
When was he born?
Where did he study law?
Where did he work after graduating from the University?
Where did E. Hoover begin to work in 1924?
What contribution did he make into the development of FBI?
Did he have a good memory?
How did he spend his free time?
Ex.47. Student A makes false statements and other students correct them:
Model: A: Edgar Hoover was born in 1965.
B: That‟s wrong.. Judge E. Hoover was born in 1885.
Ex.48. Describe a lawyer, a police inspector, a judge who has a significant
contribution into the development of law enforcement
organizations.
Ex.49. Write an essay on one of the following topics:
Structure of the US Government.
Functions of ministries and departments.
Functions of different levels of the US Government.
Similar and different features of the Governments of Uzbekistan and the USA.
Glossary
аge discrimination возрастная дискриминация yoshini kamsitish
ankle лодыжка to'piq
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apprehension понимание; мнение; tushunish, fikr,
задержание ushlab turish
approval одобрение ma'qullash
arrow cтрелa kamon , yoy
bicameral двухпалатный ikkipalatali
binder обязательство majburyat
blood loss потеря крови qon yo'qotish
board совет kengash
brilliant блестящий ajoyib
buyer покупатель sotib oluvchi
capital главный; уголовный; asosiy, jinoiy, o'lim
kараемый смертью jazosiga hukm
qilinadigan
certainty уверенность; несомненный ishonch, aniq fakt
факт
change one‟s mind передумать qarorini o'zgartirmoq
charter управлять boshgarmoq
chief главный asosiy
choice выбор tanlov
circuit округ okrug
clemency милосердие shafqat
comply соглашаться rozi bo'lmoq, rioya
qilmoq
conclusive заключительный; решающий ohirgi, hal qiluvchi
confirmation утверждение tasdiqlamoq
cooperative совместный hamkorlikda
counterpart копия; двойник nushasi, hamyuz,
qiyofadosh
crash авария halokat
deadlock зайти в тупик boshi berk ko'chaga
kirmoq
defective недостаточный; дефектный kamchiligi bor
designate указывать; назначать на ko'rsatmoq,
должность mansabga
tayinlamoq
despite вопреки, несмотря на … …ga qaramasdan
disaster стихийное бедствие tabiiy ofat
discover обнаруживать aniqlamoq
disposal распоряжение ihtiyoriy
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direct руководить rahbarlik qilmoq
dominant преобладающий ustunlik qilmoq
driveway проезд, дорога o'tish, yo'l
earnest серьезный; важный jiddiy, muhim
elector избиратель saylovchi
emergency непредвиденный случай; авария kutilmagan holat, halokat
enforceable приводимый в жизнь hayotga tadbiq qilinadigan
entrust вверять; возлагать ishonmoq, topshirmoq
entity сущность mohiyat, asos
essential важный muhim
expect ожидать kutmoq
explosion взрыв portlash
feature особенность; черта хususiyat
federal федерал federal (barcha shtatlar yig'indisi)
Federal Bureau ФБР(Федеральное Бюро Federal Tergov Byurosi
of Investigation расследования)
garbage мусор chiqindi
genocide геноцид genotsid (qirib yuborish)
governor губернатор hokim
gun оружие miltiq, qurol
heinous отвратительный jirkanch
hesitant колеблящийся ikkilanadigan
homicide убийца; убийство qotil, qotillik
House of Representatives Палата представителей Vakillar palatasi
hunting bow охотничный лук ov yoyi,kamoni
identification division отдел установления личности shaxsning
kimligini aniqlash bo'limi
illegal незаконный noqonuniy
illegitimate незаконный noqonuniy
immunity освобождение, неприкосновенность … dan ozod
etish, dahlsizlik
influential влиятельный ta'sir etuvchi
initiator инициатор tashabbuschi
initiative инциатива tashabbus
intent цель maqsad
invalidate лишать законной силы qonuniy huquqdan
mahrum qilmoq
jail break побег из тюрмы turmadan qochish
ladder лестница norbon
 211
license лицензия ruxsat (huquq)
lobbyist лоббист (группа лиц, lobbist u yoki bu qonun
«обрабатывающих членов loyihasini qabul qildirish
конгресса в пользу того или maqsadida kongress a'zolariga
ного законопроекта») «ishlov beruvchi» bir guruh shaxslar
locate располагаться joylashmoq
low низкий past
mayor мэр mer (hokim)
municipal муниципиал shahar(qishloq) boshqarmasi
missing отсутствующий mavjud emas
nearby близкий yaqin
negotiations переговоры muzokaralar
notify сообщить, уведомлять xabardor qilmoq
notion понятие tushuncha
objective цель maqsad
overnight происходивший накануне вечером kechqurun bo'lib o'tgan
panicky панический vahimali
paving мостовая toshyo'l, toshko'cha
peculiar feature характерная черта o'ziga xos xususiyat
plaintiff истец da'vogar
plead обращаться к суду, защищать sudga murojaat qilmoq,
himoya qilmoq
poaching браконьерствование man' qilingan joyda ov qilish
pose формулировать tuzmoq
positive позитивный ijobiy
predictable предсказуемый oldindan aytish mumkin bo'lgan
privilege привилeгия imtiyoz
price цена narx
proof доказательство isbot
purchase покупка sotib olmoq
push толкать itarmoq
qualify квалифицировать malaka hosil qilmoq
rank категория toifa
rape изнасиловать majbur qilmoq, nomusiga tegmoq
recreation развлечение ko'ngil yozish
release освобождать ozod qilmoq
request просьба iltimos
rescue worker спасатель qutqaruvchi ishchi
roommate сосед по комнате hamxona
212
rustling красть (скот) mol o'g'irlash
selectman (амер.)член городского управления shahar boshqarmasi a‟zosi
self – defense самозащита o'zini himoya qilmoq
senate сенат senat
serve служить xizmat qilmoq
sewage сточные воды oqar suv
shooting стрельба otish
sign знак belgi
similar подобный o'xshash
society общество jamiyat
subdivision подразделение bo'lim
subsequently впоследствии keyinchalik, so'ngra
suicide самоубийство o'zini o'ldirish
supervisor надсмотрщик qarab turuvchi, rahbar
superior высший, лучший, превосходный оliy, ajoyib
swear клясться qasam ichmoq
term условие shart
treasurer казначей xazinachi
trespassing нарушение границ chegarani buzmoq
unconscious бессознательный hushsiz
unit единица birlik
vague неопределенный noma'lum
verdict вердикт sud maslahatchilarining qarori
waiter официант ofitsiant
water supply обеспечение водой suv bilan ta'minlash
welfare благосостояние farovonlik
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UNIT 10
Topic: The Legislative Body of the Government of Uzbekistan
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of vowels;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words,
2. The words with the suffixes - cy, - ing;
Grammar: Present Perfect;
Word formation: the suffixes -cy, - ing.
Conversational phrases: Receiving visitors and playing host;
Texts: 1. The Oliy Majlis, 2. A newspaper article.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
air use cause high pair tune
pause sight fair due clause might
hair unit because night lair student
haul bright wall niece daughter laugh
Ex.2. Listen and repeat:
third - thought - though thin - this
bird - board - boat thick - that
turn - torn - tone thing - with
shirt - short - shown path –bathe
curl - call - coal think – though
Conversational phrases: Receiving visitors and playing host
Ex.3. Read the phrases:
Come in, please; This way please; Take a seat;
Make yourself comfortable; Make yourself at home; Have some…;
Help yourself to…; Will you have some…?; Have some more…;
Have another cup of…; Shall I fix you a drink?
Possible replies:
Thank you; No, thank you; Yes, please;
No, thanks, no more; I‟ve had enough, thank you.
Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:
214
1 2
-Come in, please. This way. –Won‟t you come in?
-Thank you. –Thank you.
Won‟t you sit down? Make -Take a seat and make
yourself comfortable. yourself at home.
-Thank you very much. –Thank you.
3 4
-Have some apple-pie. –Have some more fish.
-Thank you. It is very delicious. –No, thanks, no more.
I‟ve had enough.
5 6.
-Have another cup of coffee. –Will you have some fruit?
-Thank you. – No, thank you.
Ex.5. Respond to the offers of the host:
1. - Have some more orange juice. 5. - Help yourself to the salad
-……………………………… - ………………………….
2. - Care for a cup of tea? 6. - Shall I fix you another drink?
-……………………. - ……………………………
3. - Have another whisky, will you? 7. - Will you have some bread?
- …………………………………. - ……………………………
4. - Will you have a cup of coffee? 8. - Have some fruit, please.
- …………………………………. - ……………………………
Ex.6. Answer the questions:
What will you say ……
when you open the door for someone?
when you show someone into a room?
when offering someone a seat?
if you want a visitor to feel comfortable?
when treating your guest to something?
when offering your guest another helping?
when offering your guests a drink?
 215
Ex.7. Make up dialogues between a host of the family and a guest.
Grammar
Present Perfect

To have + III form of the verbs

(so far, lately, just, today, already, yet, this year, this month, this week, tonight,
this morning, never, ever, often, always)
I have just sent a letter to my pen-friend.
He has already done his homework.
She has just returned from an excursion.
We have already watered the flowers.
You have just said about it.
They have just worked in the garden.
Negative form
I have not married yet.
He hasn‟t visited Bukhara yet.
They haven‟t fixed their flat yet.
Ex.8. React to the following:
Model: T: You must do this exercise now.
S: I‟ ve done it already.
You were in Samarkand last month, weren‟t you? (never)
Why didn‟t you write a letter to your pen- friend? (already)
I think you have done your homework already. (yet)
You say you haven‟t seen Rustam for a long time. (just)
I know your parents are away. (already)
I think it is time for you to write a report. (already)
I think you should read the book “The Gadfly ” by E. Voynich. (already)
I think Rano may be having breakfast now. (already)
Ex.9. Correct the use of Past Indefinite and Present Perfect in the
following sentences:
Model: He has been to London last year.
216
He was in London last year.
She has read a lot of books last year.
We didn‟t go to the theatre this month.
Did you have a holiday this year? - Not yet.
What are your plans for summer? - I didn‟t think about it yet.
We‟ve discussed some of these questions last time.
When have you bought this car? - Two years ago.
Ex.10. Say that the following has taken place:
Model: I (to see) him lately.
I have seen him lately.
We already (to settle) the problem.
The professor just (to deliver) the lecture on trade law.
We (to receive) any of letters lately.
They already (to fix) the time of negotiations.
That witness already (to speak ) in the trial.
The lawyer just (to withhold) the settlement offer.
Ex.11. Say that the following things have not taken place yet.
Model: I (to see) him yet.
I have not seen him yet.
They ( not to change) their attitude to this bargain yet.
The professor (to deliver) the lecture on international law yet.
This lawyer (to choose) the order in which to present the witnesses yet.
They (to discuss) all the items in the contract yet.
We (to negotiate) the details of the bargain yet.
The interrogator (to question) the robber yet.
Ex.12. Express the idea suggested by your friend emphatically. Work in
pairs.
Model: A: I know that in 1654 there was a Great Fire which
destroyed the Greater part of London. B: That‟s true. In 1654 there was a
Great Fire in London which caused a lot of damage.
Prompts:
I know that Britain has the oldest Parliament.
In 1641 the House of Commons played a decisive role in the Revolution of
1640 - 1649.
 217
I read that in 1215 King John was forced by a group of barons to sign
the Magna Carta.
The Parliament represents the legislative branch of the British Government.
In the Anglo – Saxon Kingdom of the eleventh century the only effective
government was the system of local government.
Guy Fawke tried to blow up the Parliament building.
Each session of Parliament is usually opened in the House of Lords by the Queen
(King) who is attended by heralds and officers.
The members of the House of Lords are not elected by the people.
Members of the House of Commons are elected for a term of five years and they
belong to different political parties.
The British Government is formed by the party which has the greatest number
of members elected to Parliament.
Ex.13. As you read the text note what case is described in it:
Man pleads guilty to selling stolen meteorite
In a case that could be written for an episode of “The X-Files,” a 31-year-
old Ypsilanti man admitted to a federal judge Tuesday he sold a stolen meteorite to
a New York mineral dealer.
The case against Steven L. Collins involved a 59-pound meteorite taken
from the University of Michigan‟s Exhibit Museum of Natural History.
Collins pleaded guilty Tuesday before U.S. District Judge John C.O‟Meara
in Detroit to taking the stolen meteorite from Michigan to New York, but he
claimed he had not taken it from the museum.
Interstate transportation of stolen property carries a maximum penalty of
five years in prison. Under a plea agreement with the U.S. Attorney General‟s
Office Collins pleaded guilty to the charge in return for a sentence of a maximum
of 21 months in prison. He will be sentenced on October 25.
The case began Aug. 1 when the iron-nickel meteorite with an estimated
value of $10,000 was stolen from the museum. Museum official has said the
meteorite was originally discovered in the Canyon Diablo Meteor Crater in
Arizona, a 600-foot-deep hole in a desert near Flagstaff. “There‟s a black market
for meteorites, like fossils of all kinds,” said Special Agent Greg Stejskal of the
Ann Arbor FBI office. “It was just a matter of time before this happened.”
What has yet to be determined is who stole the meteorite. Collins said he
bought it from a man he had known while in prison.
Meanwhile, Matthew Linke, a U-M museum employee, posted information
about the stolen rock on the Internet. A few days later, Michael Casper, a mineral
218
dealer in Cayuga Heights, N.Y., saw the posting and called the museum to discuss
his recent $2,300 purchase of a meteorite from Collins. Collins told investigators he
settled for $1,000 cash, a block of amethyst and a eurypterid fossil. Casper returned
the meteorite and gave Collins‟ name, address and telephone number to police.
Collins was arrested and has been in custody since August.
When arrested, Collins was just shy of being released from parole on a
second-degree murder conviction from 1991 in Wayne Country, his attorney John
Shea said.
The nagging question remains of who stole the meteorite. “ We may never
know how that meteorite walked out of the museum,” Stejskal said. “But the truth
is out there”. (AAN, 8/10/99)

Ex.14. Look through the text again and write out the legal vocabulary.
Ex.15. Write out the legal collocations from the text “Man pleads
guilty…”
Ex.16. Discuss the following questions based on the case described in the text
“Man pleads guilty…”.
1. Make a list of people involved in the case.
2. Discuss whether you think he /she is guilty.
3. What laws are involved in this story?
4. Which of them are criminal laws? Which are civil laws?
Ex.17. Study the word formation. The suffixes - cy, - ing.
bankrupt - bankruptcy hear - hearing
competent – competency hold - holding
delinquent – delinquency stand - standing
expect – expectancy park - parking
Ex.18. Form derivative nouns by means of the suffixes - cy, - ing:
occupy legal meet take
solve insolve kidnap write
procurate exigent dump read
pendent diplomatic bring play
legitimate dependent school do
Ex.19. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
bankruptcy - loosely, the fact of being financially unable to pay one‟s debts and
 219
meet one‟s obligations;
competency - the mental ability to understand problems and make decisions;
confederacy -1) a league for mutual support or joint action; an alliance;
an association of two or more persons for unlawful purposes;
conspiracy - an agreement by two or more persons to commit an unlawful act;
legacy - a gift by will, especially of personal property and often of money;
deficiency - a lack, shortage, or in suffiency;
delinquency - 1) a failure or omission; a violation of a law or duty, a debt
that is overdue in payment;
pendency - the state or condition of being pending or continuing undecided;
exigency - a demand for immediate action or performance arising from a
circumstance or condition;
dumping - the act of selling a large quantity of goods at less than fair value;
hearing - 1) a judicial session, usually open to the public, held for the purpose
of deciding issues of fact or of law, sometimes with witnesses testifying;
2) in legislative process, any proceeding in which legislators or their
designees receive testimony about legislation that might be enacted;
holding - 1) a determination of a matter of law that is pivotal to a judicial
decision;
2) a ruling on evidence or other questions presented at trial;
3) property owned by a person;
kidnapping - the act or an instance of taking or carrying away a person without
lawful excuse and often with a demand for ransom;
proceeding - 1) the regular progression of a lawsuit, including all acts and events
between the time of commencement and judgement;
2) the business conducted by a court or other official body; a hearing.
Ex.20. Complete the sentences:
Racketeering is a system of organized…
Tampering is the act or an instance of engaging in improper…
Uttering is a crime of presenting a …
Standing is a party‟s right to make a legal claim or seek …
Tacking is the act of adding one‟s own period of land possession to …
Zoning is the legislative division of …
Vagrancy is the state or condition of …
Testacy is the fact or condition of leaving …
Legitimacy is …
Solvency is the ability to pay…
220
Ex.21. Make word-combinations. Use them in sentences of your own.
a) to adopt a law b) to elect a president
c)to cast out a vote the question d) to be eligible for a position
g) to vote for a chairman e) to exercise authority
f ) to appoint the time

Ex.22. Make up word - partnerships:

property simple specialized
importance trial rights
family substantial inferior
reasons tribunal relations
historical jury public
periods instance matters
Ex.23. Find the words with similar and opposite meanings among the
following:
a) damage, response, harm, objective, hurt, consequence, answer, to forbid,
purpose, injury, to prohibit, loss, outcome, result.
b) valid, damage, action, invalid, redress, omission.
Ex.24. All the nouns in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to
complete sentences and translate them.
delinquency legacy murdering conspiracy
hearing kidnapping proceeding vagrancy

1. A pretrial … is scheduled for August 9.

2. An Owosso teen-ager has been found guilty of…the court transport officer.
3. An anti … programme is being realized at schools.
4. Among other crimes the number of … has significantly increased recent years.
5. My cousin received a small … in his grandfather‟s will.
6. Everybody had been observing the trial dealing with the criminal case, but last
week the court … were adjourned.
7. The old man was charged with …
8. Both in criminal as well as tort law … is regarded as a crime because it
encourages to commit a crime together.

Ex.25. As you read the newspaper article write out all the proper names:
 221
Suspect in Yosemite Murder Pleads Not Guilty
FRESNO, Calif., Aug.6 (AP) – A motel handyman pleaded not guilty today
to the murder of a naturalist at Yosemite National Park, as the F. B. I. continued to
investigate the killing of three women who were sightseers at the park.
The suspect, Cary Stayner, who has told F. B. I. investigators that he killed
all four women, was led before a magistrate at Federal District Court.
Mr. Stayner looked down and did not speak during the arraignment,
avoiding the eyes of his parents, Delbert and Kay Stayner, who sat in the front row.
A Federal defender, Robert Rainwater, entered the plea on Mr. Stayner‟s
behalf in the killing of the naturalist, Joie Ruth Armstrong. Mr. Stayner was
ordered back into the custody of United States marshals. If convicted, he could face
the death penalty or life without parole.
Mr. Stayner lived and worked at Cedar Lodge where the three women,
Carole Sund, her daughter Juli Sund and a family friend, Silvina Pelosso, were last
seen alive on Feb. 15. He has not been charged in their deaths, although he is the
only suspect named by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Mr. Stayner has no apparent connection to Eugene (Rufus) Dykes, 32, an
imprisoned convict whom the F. B. I. task force relied on for months as it tried to
solve the case of the sightseers.
Mr. Dykes told The Associated Press on Thursday that he had falsely
implicated himself in the hope he would get off easy on unrelated charges. He said
he told so many stories he could not think of any more, and agents should have
known he was lying. (AAN,7/8/99)

Ex.26. Look through the text again and explain the following:
1. The type of the case described in the article,
2. Who were the victims?
3. Why did Stayner kill the four women?
4. Who investigated the case?
222
Ex.27. As you read the text note the legislative and executive powers of
the Oliy Majlis.
Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The highest state representative body is the Oliy Majlis (the Supreme
Assembly) of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This body exercises legislative power.
All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan who have reached the age of 25
by election day shall be eligible for election to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.
The Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a bicameral parliament,
consisting of 2 chambers. It‟s upper chamber, the Senate, is composed of 100
regional, city, and district deputies, elected to the Local Councils. 72 deputies are
elected from 12 regions and 12 deputies are elected from the city of Tashkent and
the Republic of Karakalpakstan (6 deputies from each territorial unit). 16 more
deputies are selected from the most respectable and authoritative people of the
Republic and appointed to the Senate by the President. The head of the Senate is
the Speaker.
The lower, the Legislative Chamber of Representatives, consists of 120
deputies, elected on the multi-party basis from 120 electoral circuits (1 deputy from
each circuit). The head of this chamber is the Chairman .
The exclusive powers of the Senate include:
1) election of the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Oliy Majlis;
2) election of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
3) election of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
4) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the State Committee for
the Protection of Nature of the Republic of Uzbekistan upon the nomination of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
5) ratification of the decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
on the appointment and removal of the Procurator-General of the Republic of
Uzbekistan and his Deputies;
6) appointment and removal of the Chairman of the Board of the Central
Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan upon the nomination of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
The functions of the Legislative Chamber of Representatives are as follows:
1) the adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan;
2) enactment and amendment of the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
3) determination of the guidelines of domestic and foreign policies of the
Republic of Uzbekistan and approval of long - term projects;
 223
4) determination of the structure and powers of the legislative, executive
and judicial branches of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
5) admission of new states into the Republic of Uzbekistan and approval of
their decisions to secede from the Republic of Uzbekistan.
6) legislative regulation of customs, as well as of the currency and credit
systems;
7) approval of the budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan submitted by the
Cabinet of Ministers, and control over its execution; determination of taxes and
other compulsory payments.
Some powers belong to the competencies of both chambers, for example:
1) ratification of the decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
on the formation and abolition of ministries, state committees and other bodies of
state administration;
2) ratification of the decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
on general and partial mobilization, and on the declaration, prolongation and
discontinuance of a state of emergency;
3) ratification and denouncement of international treaties and agreements;
4) institution of state awards and honorary titles;
5) formation, annulment and renaming of districts, towns, cities and regions
and alteration of their boundaries;
6) execution of other powers defined by the present Constitution.
7) ratification of the decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
on the appointment and removal of the Prime Minister, the First Deputy Prime
Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministers and the members of the Cabinet of Ministers.
A session of the Oliy Majlis is legally qualified if it is attended by at least 2/3
of the total number of deputies. The right to initiate legislation in the Oliy Majlis of
the Republic of Uzbekistan is vested in the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, the Republic of Karakalpakstan through the highest body of state
authority, the deputies of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Constitutional Court, the
Supreme Court, the Higher Arbitration Court and the Procurator-General of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
The laws and other normative acts are first considered in the
Lower Chamber. Once passed in this chamber they are referred to the
Upper Chamber, the Senate, for approval. The Senate may either
confirm or reject the laws. In case of rejection the laws are returned
to the Legislative Chamber, which may overrule this “veto” by 2/3
224
majority of their votes. In this case the law is considered to be
adopted and is sent to the President for consideration.
The first session of the newly elected Oliy Majlis of the Republic of
Uzbekistan shall be convened by the Central Electoral Committee within two
months of the elections. Deputies of the Oliy Majlis shall have the right of
immunity. They may not be prosecuted, arrested or incur a court-imposed
administrative penalty without the sanction of the Oliy Majlis.

Ex.28.Read the text again and find the answers to the following questions:
1.What is the Oliy Majlis and what does it exercise?
2.How many chambers does the Oliy Majlis consist of ?
3.Who is eligible for election to the Oliy Majlis?
4.What are the exclusive powers of the Oliy Majlis concerning each chamber:
a) the Constitution?
b) domestic and foreign policy of Uzbekistan?
c) the budget of the country?
d) the court system of Uzbekistan?
e) appointment of government officials?
f) formation and abolition of ministries?
g) alternation of boundaries of cities, districts, regions?
5.How are the deputies elected to each chamber?
6.In whom is the right to initiate legislation vested?
Ex.29.Look through the text “Oliy Majlis” again and comment on the
following:
1.Deputies of the Oliy Majlis shall have the right of immunity.
2.Requirements to candidates to be elected to the Oliy Majlis.
3.The functions of each chamber and common competencies.

Ex.30 Language competition. Write 5 words for each letter as fast as possible on
the topic “The Legislative Body of the Government of Uzbekistan”. One word per
each letter has been written as a model:
A B G S
adoption body government secede
 225

Ex.31. Language competition. Write 5 words for each letter as fast as possible on
the topic “The Legislative Body of the Government of Uzbekistan”. One word per
each letter has been written as a model:
A B G S
adoption body government secede
Ex.32. As you read the text below copy out the words describing Louise,
her actions, intention, the accident happened to her, state of her health.
The Case of the Wobbly Ladder
When Louise borrowed her next-door neighbor Max‟s stepladder to change
the light bulb in her kitchen, Max told her that one of the ladder‟s support braces
was loose. Louise decided to borrow it anyway. The ladder collapsed with Louise
on it and she fell, breaking her arm and bruising two ribs. Louise was unable to
work for several weeks.
Louise sued Max to recover money for her injuries and the time she lost
from work. Her attorney argued that because Max knew the ladder was dangerous,
he should have refused to lend it. The court disagreed, and held that Max‟s warning
about the ladder was enough. Louise assumed the risk that the ladder would
collapse when she decided to borrow it in spite of the warning she had received.
Someone who borrows another person‟s property cannot be compensated
for injuries suffered while using it unless the owner knew of a hazardous condition
and failed to warn the borrower about the danger.
(Legal Problem Solver, p.72)
Ex.33. Re-read the text and explain why Louise sued Max and what the
Court’s decision was.
Ex.34. Retell the text on behalf of: a) Louise, b) Max.
Ex.35.Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. The Structure of the Oliy Majlis.
2. The Functions of the Senate.
3.The Functions of the Legislative Chamber.
226
Glossary
adjourn откладывать, прерывать заседание keyinga
qoldirmoq, majlisni
to'xtatmoq (ish
ko'rishni)
allowance разрешение; содержание (месячное) ruxsat, ijozat, bir
oylik ta'minot
alteration изменение, поправка o'zgarish, o'zgartirish,
o'zgartish, tuzatish, qayta
ishlash
atheist атеист, безбожник xudoga ishonmaslik
annulment аннулирование, отмена bekor qilish, kuchdan
qoldirish
ballot избирательный бюллетень saylov qog'ozi
ballot - secret закрытое голосование yashirin saylov
bargain сделка kelishuv, shartnoma
bask наслаждаться rohatlanmoq
behalf – on behalf от имени biror kishining nomidan
blow up взрывать, ругать portlamoq, haqorat qilmoq
borrower тот, кто заимствует kimda-kim o'zlashtirsa
bruising синяк, ушиб badanning ko'kargan joyi, lat
eyish
collapse рушиться qulab tushmoq
competency компетенция, правомочность, daxldorlik, layoqatlilik,
юрисдикция huquqqa (vakolatda) ega
bo'lish,
compulsory принудительный, обязательный majburiy,
bajarilishi shart bo'lgan
composition состав tarkib
confederacy союз государств davlatlar ittifoqi
conspiracy конспирация, заговор yashirinish, fitna
consequence последствие oqibat, natija (biror ishning)
samarasi
consecutive последовательный izchillik, ketma – ketlik
convene вызывать в суд sudga chaqirmoq
coordinate координировать boshqarmoq
currency валюта valyuta, erkin muomaladagi
pul
 227
dangerous опасный xavfli
death penalty смертная казнь o'limga hukm
decision приговор, решение hukm, qaror
defender защитник himoyachi
deficiency отсутствие, недостаток yetishmaslik
deliver a lecture читать лекцию ma'ro'za o'qimoq
delinquency правонарушение huquqni buzish
denouncement обвинение, угроза ayiblov, hukm qilish,
do'q, po'pisa, qo'rqitish
discontinuance прекращение дела ishni to'xtatish
dismiss освобождать (заключен- maxbusni (bandini) ozod
ного), прекращать дело, qilmoq, sud ishini to'xtatmoq,
отклонять (иск, заявление) arizani (da'voni) rad qilmoq
draft законопроект qonun loyihasi
enactment издание, принятие qonunni nashr (qabul) qilish,
закона, законодательного акта qonun akti, hujjati
enforcement присуждение majburiyat
estimate оценивать baholash
exclusive исключительный maxsus, alohida
exercise осуществлять, пользоваться amalga oshirmoq,
(правами), выполнять обязанности (huquqlardan)
foydalanmoq, vazifalarni
bajarmoq
first (second) degree crime тяжкое убийство birinchi darajali
первой степени mudhish yovuz qotillik, odam
o'ldirish
forbid запрещать ta'qiqlamoq, man'qilmoq
form (v) обосновать asoslamoq, dalillamoq,
isbotlamoq
fossil ископаемое qazilma
frontier граница chegara
hazardous рискованный, опасный xavfli
handyman подручный, на все doim kerakli, hamma narsaga
руки мастер usta bo'lgan shaxs
hole дыра teshik
hurt повреждение shikast, zarar
kidnapping похищение людей odam o'g'irlash
incur подвергаться чему-л; (baloga, tuhmatga) ro'baro'
навлекать на себя bo'lmoq, o'z boshiga o'zi
228
tashvish orttirmoq
institution учреждение tashkilot
interstate межштатный shtatlararo
legacy наследство meros bo'lib qolgan mol - mulk
legitimacy законность qonuniylik
magistrate магистрат (должностное magistrat (odil sudlovni
лицо, осуществляющее amalga oshiruvchi shaxs)
правосудие), мировой судъя kelishtiruvchi sudya
manner манера tarz
marshal судебный исполнитель, sud ijrochisi, politsiya
начальник полицейского участка uchastkasining
boshlig'i
meteorite метеорит meteorit, (olam fazosidan
yerga tushgan metall yoki tosh)
mobilization мобилизация safarbar etish
multi- party basis многопартийная основа ko'p partiyalikka
asoslangan
nagging ворчание vaysash, ming‟illash
nomination выдвижение, назначение (lavozimga) tayinlash,
tavsiya etish
omission бездействие, упущение harakatsizlik, faoliyatsizlik,
talonchilik
ordinance указ, закон, постановление farmon, qonun, qaror
outcome результат natija
rib ребро qovurg‟a
racketeering бандитский, вымогательство qaroqchilik, talonchilik
redress возмещать undirib olmoq, o'rnini
to'ldirmoq, qoplamoq
recall отменять bekor qilmoq, kuchdan
qoldirmoq
retain удерживать, сохранять, ushlab qolmoq, saqlab qolmoq
нанимать (адвоката) (advokatni) yollamoq
review пересматривать qaytadan ko'rmoq
secede (v) отделяться ajramoq
solvency платежеспособность to'lov qobiliyati, sotib olish
qobiliyati
stolen похищенный o‟g‟irlangan
spite – in spite of несмотря на,.. …ga qaramasdan
suffer пострадать, понести убытки ziyon (zarar) ko'rmoq
 229
temporary временный vaqtincha
tort law закон о гражданском fuqorolik qonunbuzarligi
правонарушении haqida qonun
truth правда haqiqat
parole обещание, отпускать на поруки va'da, chin so'z asosida
qo'yib yubormoq
permanent постоянный doimiy
poll голосование, избирательный ovoz berish, ovozlar soni,
пункт saylov uchastkasi
preliminary предварительный dastlabki
prolongation продление cho'zish, uzaytirish
promulgation распространение e'lon qilish
vagrancy бродяжничество darbadarlik, daydilik
withhold отказывать, останавливать rad etmoq, to'xtatib
qo'ymoq
warning предупреждение ogohlantirish
zoning зона, район zona, hudud
230
UNIT 11
Topic: The British Parliament.
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1.Topical words,
2.The words with the suffixes: -ary, - ory –ous;
Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous;
Word formation: the suffixes: - ary, - ory, - ous;
Conversational phrases: How to express apologies;
Texts:1. The British Parliament, 2. Some more facts about the UK Parliament,
3. A newspaper article.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
here air our fire door
mere their sour tyre floor
dear bear hour hire four
fierce care tower wire your
pear rare power lyre fourteen
Ex.2. Listen and repeat:
put - foot eat - it port - pot
bush - boot Pete - pit sort - rod
good - food seat - sit bought - boat
hood - moon read - rid caught - coat
full - fool meat - met north - note
Conversational phrases: Apologies
Ex.3. Read the phrases:
I am sorry.
So sorry. Sorry.
I beg your pardon. Beg your pardon.
Pardon me. Excuse me.
Forgive me. Excuse my back.
Excuse me to trouble you Excuse my disturbing you.
Excuse my being late. Excuse my troubling you.
I must apologize to you. Excuse my going first. I‟ll lead the way.
 231
Sorry. I‟ve kept you waiting. Apologize to Martin for me.
I hope I didn‟t hurt you. I didn‟t mean to hurt you.
I meant no offence. Don‟t be cross with me.
Forgive me, please I meant well.
I‟m afraid I‟ve taken up too much of your time.
Possible replies
That‟s all right Not at all
Never mind You needn‟t apologize. It‟s my fault
No trouble at all No offence at all
Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:
1) - Excuse my troubling you. 2) - I must apologize to you.
- No trouble at all. - You needn‟t apologize. It‟s
my fault.
3) – Excuse my back. 4) - I beg your pardon. I‟m afraid I‟ve
- That‟s all right. taken up too much of your time.
- Not at all I‟m sure. You‟re always
welcome.
5) - Apologize to John for me.
- I will.
Ex.5.Write a response to the following:
Sorry, I‟ve kept you waiting.
Don‟t hold it against me.
Don‟t be cross with me.
I‟m afraid I‟ve taken too much of your time.
Excuse my troubling you.
Excuse my disturbing you.
Ex.6. How will you apologize in the following cases?
If you think you‟ve hurt some one?
When interrupting a person?
If you interrupt in somebody‟s conversation?
If you think you‟ve been rude?
It you have to sit or stand with your back to someone?
If you have kept someone waiting?
If you feel you are taking up too much of somebody‟s time?
If you are late?
232
When you go ahead?
When you want to ask somebody to apologize to someone for you?
Ex.7. Think of appropriate situations with short dialogues based on
apologetic phrases and act the situations:
You have kept someone waiting.
The fact that it was the birthday of your friend‟s brother has slipped your memory.
You bump into a passer-by.
You have quarreled with your friend without any solid reason and want to try and
make up.
The shopclerk gives the customer a parcel with cotton socks instead of silk ones.
You have stepped on someone‟s toes.
You have spilled coffee on a lady‟s dress.
You pick up the handkerchief which a lady has dropped.
You are going to ask your friend to lend you a sum of money.
The joke you‟ve made was ill-suited.

Grammar
Present Perfect Continuous (for, since)
to have + been + ing

I have been working in the garden for an hour.

He ( she ) has been watching TV since the morning.
It has been drizzling for a long time.
We (you, they) have been studying at the Institute for 6 months (3 years).
Negative form
I have not been waiting for him for a long time.
He has not been fishing in the river since yesterday.
Interrogative form
She has been taking figure-skating lessons since her childhood.
1. Has she been taking figure-skating lessons since her childhood?
- Yes, she has / No, she has not.
2. She has been taking figure-skating lessons since her childhood,
hasn‟t she ?
Yes, she has / No, she has not.
 233
3. Has she been taking figure-skating lessons or singing since her childhood?
She has been taking figure-skating lessons since her childhood.
What has she been taking since her childhood ?
She has been taking figure-skating lessons since her childhood.
Ex.8. Translate the sentences:
I‟ve been waiting for you for two hours already.
He‟s been walking near my house since morning.
I‟m afraid of this man. He‟s been watching me for half an hour.
The police has been looking for the robber but still can‟t find him.
The defendant has been speaking for 10 minutes.
My uncle has been working as a judge for 15 years already.
Ex.9. Read and retell the jokes in your mother tongue:
Look here, waiter, I‟ve found a button in my soup.
Oh, thank you, sir. I‟ve been looking all over for it.
x x x
Father: My dear, if you want a good husband marry Mr. Goodheart.
He really loves you.
Daughter: How do you know that, Dad?
Father: Because I‟ve been borrowing money from him for six months,
and still he keeps coming.
Ex.10. Translate the sentences paying attention to the difference
between Present Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous:
1. My sister is writing a composition. She has been writing it for an hour
already.
2. I‟m reading an interesting book. I have been reading it since I
returned home.
3. I‟m working on my translation. I‟ve been working here since this
morning.
4. He is watching TV. He has been watching TV since
this morning.
Ex.11. Complete the sentences adding suitable adverbial modifiers as
in the model. Give all possible variants.
Model: I have been listening …
I have been listening in for an hour.
234
I have been listening in since I came home.
I have been listening in since 7 o‟clock.
1. He has been watching TV…
2. They have been working in the garden…
3. Have you been working here?
4. I have been waiting for you …
5. The students have been reading for the examination…
6. The baby has been crying…
7. The tourists have been going sightseeing of the city…
8. They have been building the new bridge …
9. The court has been hearing the case …
10. He has been sitting in the prison …
Ex.12. Ask your friend how long he or she has been doing this or that
action. Work in pairs.
Model. A: How long have you been studying English? You speak so well.
B: Let me think…I began studying English last year. So I have been
studying it for nearly a year. Prompts: to work as a lawyer; to hear the case; to
interrogate the suspect; to testify; to file the case; to plead; to work on a probation;
to look through the luggage; to learn to drive a car.

Ex.13. Explain why you or your friend has achieved some progress in this
or that area. Work in pairs.
Model. A: Kate sings very well.
B: She has been studying at the conservatoire for three years.
Prompts: Nazir to be a good teacher - to teach for twenty years; Mr.Komilov – to
be an experienced lawyer – to practice law for ten years;
Rano – to speak French well – to study French for two years; Mrs.Feak to be a
senior judge – to wait for the promotion for five years; Dilshod-to have a rich
collection of pictures – to collect pictures for ten years.
Ex.14. Speak about the things your friend and you have been trying to
do for a long time but haven’t succeeded in doing them yet.
Model: I‟ve been studying criminal law for a year but still I find it difficult to
define the issues of the criminal cases.
Prompts: to take measures to decrease crimes; to conduct interrogation; to hear
the case; to search the suspect; to consider the matter of a crime.
Ex.15. Read the text and explain why the old ladies were arrested.
 235
Twelve old ladies arrested for gambling
The police caught 12 old ladies.The oldest was 87- playing cards in a
house in one of the Hague‟s most respectable districts.
All 12 were arrested, as gambling is illegal in Holland. The police said the
stakes were high and they seized several thousand guilders.(A guilder is
worth almost two shillings). (AAN, 8/5/99)
Ex.16. Read the case and state if you have ever heard of such a case .
Stolen bottle of wine gets seven years
After pleading guilty to stealing a bottle of wine, Robert Grook, 72, of no
fixed address, was sentenced by the chairman of a London court to 7 years of
confinement.
The prosecutor said it was obvious that Grook broke a window with the
intention of being arrested. He said the prisoner had not eaten for a week.
The police said that Grook had 57 previous convictions, and when he
broke the window he had been out of prison for only six days. (AAN, 7/30/99)

Ex.17. Study the word formation. The suffixes -ary, -ory, - ous.
introduce –introductory advise - advisory
discipline - disciplinary recommend - recommendatory
oblige - obligatory malice - malicious
stipend - stipendiary notary - notorious

Ex.18. Form derivative adjectives with the suffixes –ary, (-ory), -

ous:
mandate reaction religion number
militant tradition fame humour
element reform analogy mountain
evolution parliament barbara courage
legend second danger continue
Ex.19. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:
beneficiary - one who gains or benefits from something; especially, the person
designated to receive something from a legal arrangement or instrument;
customary - a record of all the established legal and quasi-legal practices
within a community;
depositary - a place where one leaves money or valuables for safekeeping;
236
emissary - one sent on a special mission as another‟s agent or representative,
especially to promote a cause or to gain information;
exemplary - 1) serving as an ideal example; 2) serving as a warning;
fiduciary - 1) one who owes to another the duties of good faith, trust, confidence,
and candour;
2) one who must exercise a high standard of care in managing another‟s
money or property;
illusory - deceptive; based on a false impression;
interrogatory -any one of a numbered list of written questions submitted in a
legal context usually to an opposing party in a lawsuit as part of discovery;
involuntary - not resulting from a free and unrestrained choice; not subject to
control by the will;
judiciary - 1) the branch of government responsible for interpreting the laws and
administering justice; 2) a system of courts; 3) a body of judges;
ordinary - 1) at common law, a high-ranking official (such as a bishop) with
jurisdiction over a specified territory or a group;
2) a probate judge;
subsidiary - 1) supplemental, additional, auxiliary; 2) maintained, supported by the
state budget;
notorious - generally known and spoken of;
murderous –quality of a thing (hit, plow) that has a dealing (mortal) strength.
Ex.20. State what part of speech the given words are and translate them:
to preside to qualify to recommend to advise
presidency qualification recommendation advisor
president qualificatory recommendatory advice
presidential advisable
presidium advisory
vice – president
Ex.21. Make word combinations out of the following and translate them:
to consider the opinion
to submit the judgement
to cast the question
to decide a case
to request the deciding vote
Ex.22. Language competition. Who can find the missing letters of the words as
fast as possible?
 237
Model: ...eeth …eet
teeth meet
…arliament …ommons
…ovreign …ords
…een …eech
…ing …ember
…ouse …ession
Ex.23. All the adjectives in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to
complete the sentences:

аdvisory beneficiary subsidiary suspicious

malicious curious felonious felonious

1. The minister said the family felt like it had to share him with a … nation
2. The boy, now 16, convicted in late June on a … assault charge in the stabbing of
20 – year – old Karl.
3. … fires spark worries in Onondaga.
4. He carried out a … act.
5. He faces one serious charge and several … charges arising out of the main
charge.
6. He has been selected to the advisory board of lawyers ….
7. … is a person who is left property in a will.
8. The attorney conducted a …prosecution of a farmer though he hadn‟t been
involved in a crime.
Ex.24. Form word-combinations with the words using the prompts:
murderous scandalous delicious advantageous
anonymous primary glorious monetary
victorious satisfactory
Prompts: school, gift, cake, blow, unit, progress, fight, question, contract, person.

Ex.25. Match the definitions or explanations to the names of the crimes. Use
the prompts given below:
1. providing sexual intercourse in return for payment.
2. crime or fort of using force against another person.
3. unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent.
4. offence of removing goods without paying for them or of refusing to pay a bill.
5. acting against something with which you have been entrusted,
6. breaking a law or a right.
238
7. crime of encouraging or persuading or advising someone to commit a crime.
8. crime of importing or exporting illegal articles or articles on which duties have
not been paid.
Prompts: rape, battery, smuggling, prostitution, infringement, betrayal,
bilking, incitement.
Ex.26. As you read the text below define the structure of the British
Parliament:
British Parliament
The British Parliament is one of the oldest in the world and is the most
important part of Britain‟s system of government. It meets in the Palace of
Westminster, beside the River Thames in London. These are also known as the
Houses of Parliament. It is the job of the British Parliament to make sure that the
Government is working properly. Parliament consists of three parts: the monarchy
(the King or Queen), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.
The monarchy is much older than Parliament itself. Since 1066 there have
been 35 Kings and 5 Queens. However, since 1689 the monarchy‟s power has
been reduced by Parliament. Today, Britain has a „constitutional monarchy‟. This
means that although the King or Queen is officially the British head of state. He or
she does not make any major political decisions. Instead, the monarch acts on the
advice of government ministers. Even the important speech which the King or
Queen reads at the opening of each new session of Parliament is written by the
Prime Minister. Nevertheless, the current monarch, Queen Elizabeth, does have
some influence. Her opinions on important subjects can affect the way the
Government acts, though she rarely expresses them publicly.
The House of Lords has 1198 members, although the average daily
attendance is less than 400. These members are not elected, but have inherited their
seats from their fathers or been given them by the government. Members of the
Royal Family, bishops of the Church and important law judges can also sit in the
House of Lords. The Lords can suggest changes in laws, but it cannot reject laws
that the Commons wants to pass. The debates in the Lords are chaired by the Lord
Chancellor.
The House of Commons first met in the thirteenth century when towns sent
representatives to the King to vote on new taxes. The name „common‟ means
„ordinary, not noble or royal‟. The modern House of Commons consists of 651
Members of Parliament (MPs) who are all elected by voters in each of Britain‟s
651 parliamentary constituencies. These MPs come from several different political
parties, but the majority of them belong to either the Conservative or the Labour
 239
party. The House of Commons is the main place where new laws are
examined, debated and passed.
The chamber in which the MPs meet is quite small. In fact, it has benches
for only 437 so when there is an important debate it is very crowded. The chairman
of the Commons, called the Speaker, sits in the back in a high chair and makes sure
that the rules of the House are followed. The party which is in government (the one
which has the most MPs elected) sits on the benches to the right of the Speaker.
The main opposition party sits opposite. There are two red lines on the floor in front
of the benches. MPs must not cross these during a debate. This is one of many
historical traditions in the British Parliament; MPs used to carry swords into the
chamber and the distance between the two red lines is too wide for a sword fight!
Today, the only weapons allowed in the chamber are words. However, the
Speaker frequently has to shout “Order! Order!” to control the MPs. Below the
Speaker‟s chair there is a large table. This is where the Prime Minister and other
ministers stand when they make speeches to the House. MPs who hold government
positions sit on the benches at the front and are called „frontbenchers‟. MPs who do
not hold any office with the Government or the main opposition party sit behind
them and are called „backbenchers‟.
In spite of the fact that the British parliamentary system has been the model
for many other countries, some people believe that it should be reformed. They
think that the monarchy is old-fashioned and expensive and that the unelected
House of Lords is undemocratic. MPs in the Commons are also frequently
criticized for following the orders of their parties and not properly representing the
people in their constituencies. As the world enters the 21st century, has the time
come for change? (Word Wise, p.140)
Ex.27. Re-read the text, copy out the legal terms and translate them into your
mother tongue.
Ex.28. Read the text again and complete the notes in the table below:

Houses Origin Number How are Title of the Main

of members Chairman role of
members chosen? the
House
House of Lords

House of
Commons
240
power session debates chamber speaker
attendance inheritance opposition sword reform

Ex.30. Fill in the blanks:

1.The UK Parliament is usually dissolved before the …of the legal term.
2.The time between the meeting of a Parliament and its… and…is called a session.
3.The British Parliament consists of two…
4.The Queen … the government‟s programme of legislative.
5.The House of Commons … members from all sections of the Community.
6.The House of Lords has no … to reject a Bill relating to money.
7.If the Lords agree to a bill, it is placed before the Queen for …

Ex.31. Comment on the meaning of the following:

minister, affair, state, to be responsible for, country, matter, Secretary of state, to be
in charge of.

Ex.32. Express the same notion in one word:

to read again; to take as good as new; to open again after closing; to think about
again.

Ex.33. Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions:
1.How many branches of power are there in Great Britain?
2.By what Act of Parliament is the term of the UK Parliament fixed?
3.What is the session of Parliament and how long does it last?
4.How many chambers does the British consist of?
5.In what House and by whom is the session usually opened?
6.Whom does the House of Lords consist of ?
7.How are members of the House of Commons elected?
8.What is the procedure of passing a Bill?

Ex.34. Look through the text again and state if you agree or disagree with
the following statements:
1.The British Parliament is one of the oldest in the world.
2.It meets in Hyde Park.
3.The British Parliament consists of three elements.
4.The monarchy is much younger than Parliament itself.
 241
5.Since 1066 there have been 35 Kings and 5 Queens.
6.Since 1689 the monarch‟s power has been enlarged.
7.The monarch acts on the advice of government ministers.
8.The speech which is read by the queen at the opening of each new session is
usually written by the queen herself.
9.The House of Lords is the oldest of the two Houses.
10.It has more than 2000 members.
11.The members of the House of Lords are elected.
12.The House of Commons first met in the first century.

Ex.35. Discuss the following:

1.The structure of the British Parliament.
2.The monarchy.
3.The House of Lords.
4.The House of Commons.
5.The tradition which is kept during a session of the British Parliament.
6.The reasons for the reform of the British parliamentary system.

Ex.36. Discuss the following questions in your group:

1.Compare The British Parliament and the Oliy Majlis. Identify similar
and different features between them.
2.How is the Government of Uzbekistan formed? What about the British
Government? Who becomes the Speaker of the UK Parliament?
3.What does the Speaker or his/her deputy declare at the end of the day‟s sitting?
4.Why does the Lord Chancellor sit on the wool-sack?

Ex.37. As you read the text note the facts about the UK Parliament.
Some more facts on the UK Parliament
Parliament is the legislative and the supreme authority. It consists of three
elements -the Monarchy, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. These
meet together only on occasions of ceremonial significance.
The House of Lords consists of hereditary peers and peeresses - men and
women who hold titles of nobility which can be passed on to their sons and, in
some cases, daughters; life peers and peeresses- distinguished citizens who are
given peerages and who hold their titles only during their own lifetimes; and two
archbishops and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England.
All legislation requires the formal approval of the Monarch.
242
Ministers are responsible to Parliament for their department and its actions.
The Commons can force a government to leave office. This happened in 1979,
when the official Opposition put forward a nonconfidence motion which was
carried out by one vote. The government was therefore obliged to advise the Queen
to dissolve Parliament and a general election followed.
Parliament passes laws, votes taxation and debates policy questions.
Before the text of a law is drafted by the government, there may be
consultation with professional bodies, voluntary organizations, interest groups
which seek to promote specific causes.
Although all draft laws (Bills) have to be passed by the Commons and the
Lords, the latter has only limited powers to delay those approved by the elected
Commons. The Lords House prefers to amend drafts rather that to turn them down.
The whole process is dominated by public debate and discussion.
A draft law is given a formal Commons first reading, which is followed by a
thorough debate on general principles at second reading. It is then given detailed
consideration, clause by clause, by a Commons Committee.
This is followed by the report stage in the whole House, during which
further amendments may be considered. At the third reading a Bill is reviewed in
its final form and may be debated again. The Lords have similar procedures.
(British Democracy in Action, 1994, pp.4-5).

Ex.38. Re-read the text and make up true or false statements:

Model:
1.-The British Parliament is the legislative and the supreme authority.
-Oh, yes, you are right. The British Parliament is the legislature and the supreme
authority.
2.-The British Parliament consists of 2 elements: the House of Lords and the House
of Commons.
- Oh, you are wrong. It consists of 3 elements: the Monarchy, the House of Lords
and the House of Commons.

Ex.39. Look through the following arguments for and against the Monarchy
in the UK and explain each of them giving examples from social, political and
economical life.
Arguments for the Monarchy
The Queen works very hard for the country.
She represents Britain in foreign countries.
The majority of British people love the Queen.
 243
She is a symbol of unity.
The Royal Family makes a lot of money for the country because millions of
tourists come to see them and the royal traditions.
The monarch stops politicians from getting too much power.
The Royal Family promotes British exports by making visits abroad.

Arguments against the Monarchy

The monarchy is very expensive. The Queen gets about £10 million of public
money each year.
The King or Queen is not elected. It is very undemocratic to have an unelected
head of state.
Monarchy is an old-fashioned idea. It makes people think about the past rather than
the future.
The Royal Family is involved in many scandals.
It is too remote from the ordinary people and does not understand their problems.
(English for Law Students, p.61)

Ex.40.Discuss the following questions in your group:

1.Comment on hereditary peers and peeresses.
2.To what extent are the ministers responsible to Parliament for their department
and its actions?
3.What are the main functions of Parliament?
4.What is the procedure of drafting laws?
5.Have you ever taken part in the debate, discussion of the law ? If yes, what was
that law about? What was your opinion?
6.What laws are being discussed at present? What is your opinion? Comment on
the draft of this law.

Ex.41. Read the text and define what issues it concerns.

The Case of the Bad - Luck Burglar
Jeff Andrews died while attempting to burglarize a warehouse. The
Warehouse owner, who had been the victim of burglary more than a dozen times in
the previous two years, had booby-trapped his building with a shotgun wired to the
front door. When Jeff broke the lock and opened the door, the gun went off, killing
him instantly.
The warehouse owner was charged with manslaughter. His attorney argued
that he was entitled to protect his property. But the court held that the use of deadly
244
force was unjustified, and the warehouse owner was found guilty and sentenced to
prison.
Although burglary is a crime, property owners are limited in the kinds of
steps they can take to protect their homes and businesses from intruders. (Legal
Problem Solver, p.77)

Ex.42. Re-read the text and explain:

1. How Jeff Andrews died.
2. Why the warehouse owner was charged with manslaughter.
3. The court‟s verdict.
4. What would have happened if Jeff had not opened the door?
5. Why did the Warehouse owner shoot the burglar?

Ex.43.Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1.The House of Lords.
2.The House of Commons.
3.The Procedure of law adoption in Great Britain.
4.The Speaker of the British Parliament.
5.The customs, traditions of the British Parliament.
6.Similar and different features of the British Parliament and the Oliy Majlis of
Uzbekistan.
Glossary
advice-on the advice of cовет, по совету maslahat; …ning
maslahatiga ko'ra
advisory совещательный maslahat
affair дело ish
affect влиять, воздействовать, ta'sir etmoq, ta'sir
затрагивать ko'rsatmoq, to'xtatib (tegib
o'tmoq)
apology извинение kechirim
archbishop архиеписок arxiepiskop
attempt покушаться, пытаться suyiqasd qilmoq, urinmoq,
harakat qilmoq
attendance присутствие, посещение ishtirok etish, qatnashish
backbencher рядовой член парламента parlamentning oddiy a'zosi
bench место судьи sud'ya joyi
beneficiary владелец бенефиции foyda oluvchi
 245
betrayal предательство sotqinlik
bishop епископ episkop (yuqori mansabda
bo'lgan ruhoniy)
bump столкновение to'qnashish
burglarize совершать ночную кражу bergleri kechasi, qulfbuzarlik
со взломом или совершать берглери orqali o'g'irlik sodir etmoq
ceremonial формальный, обряд tantanali
chair (v) стул, председательское место stul, rais joyi:
chamber палата (парламента, суда) palata parlament (hukumat
a'zolari) yoki sud (hay'ati)
a'zolari palatasi, guruhi
customary обычный odatdagi
decrease уменьшение kamayish
depositary депозитарий depozitariy (shartnoma
hujjatlarini saqlovchi davlat)
emissary эмиссар, агент emissar(davlat tomonidan
chet elga maxfiy ravishda
yuboriladigan shaxs)
exemplary образцовый, примерный namunaviy
fiduciary доверенный ishongan, ishonchli
file подавать документ hujjat topshirmoq
follow следовать , следить amal qilmoq, harakat qilmoq
frequently часто tez – tez
frontbencher министр, бывший министр vazir, sobiq vazir
gambling азартная игра tortadigan o'yin (qimor)
guilder гильдер gil'der (pul birligi)
illusory обманчивый, иллюзорный aldaydigan
inherit наследовать meros qilib olmoq
infringement нарушение (закона, обещания, buzish, rioya qilmaslik
авторского правa)
intention умысел niyat, maqsad, qasd, faraz
malice злой умысел yomon niyat
murderous убийственный, смертоносный o'ldiradigan, qirg'in
qiladigan, halok qiladigan
notary нотариус notarius
nevertheless несмотря на… … ga qaramasdan
nobility благородство oliyjanoblik
noble благородный oliyjanob
nonconfidence недоверие ishonchsizlik
246
notorious известный ma‟lum
obligatory обязательный majburiy
obvious очевидный aniq
occasion случай munosabat
on the occasion of по случаю… …munosabati bilan
old – fashioned устарелый, старинный eskirgan
ordinary обычный odatdagi
pass принимать (закон, резолюцию) (qonun, qaror)
qabul qilmoq
lead guilty признавать себя виновным qo'yilgan ayibni tan
в предъявленном обвинении olmoq
previous предыдущий, предварительный oldingi, dastlabki
probation доказательство, испытание sinov, shartli ravishda
ozodlikka chiqarish
promotion содействие ko'maklashish
publicly публично oshkora, xalq oldida
put forward выдвигать, предлагать, olg'a surmoq,
продвигать takllif qilmoq
quasi лат. как будто; якобы; как бы go'yoki, go'yo
quasi – legal полузаконный yarimqonuniy
rarely редко siyrak, ahyon- ahyonda
reduce сокращать qisqartirmoq
reject отвергать, отказывать rad qilmoq, bekor qilmoq
remote дальний uzoq
require требовать talab qilmoq
shout кричать qichqirmoq
significance значение, значительность ahamiyat
slip скольжение sirg'anish
smuggling контрабанда kontrabanda (davlat
chegarasidan yashirincha boj
to'lamasdan mol o'tkazish)
stake (s) укреплять колом tayoq bilan mustahkamlamoq
stipendiary оплачиваемый to'lanadigan
subsidiary дополнительный, qo'shimcha yordam
субсидируемый beriladigan
sword меч qilich
take measures принимать меры chora ko'rmoq
title заглавиe sarlavha
unity единство birdamlik
 247
warehouse товарный склад tovar saqlanadigan ombor
weapon оружие qurol
will воля; завещание istak, xohish, vasiyat qilmoq
wool sack подушка набитая шерстью jun bilan to'ldirilgan yostiq
248
UNIT 12
Topic: The Legislative Body in the USA
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels,
Vocabulary: 1.Topical vocabulary,
2.The words with the suffix – ity,
3.The words from a newspaper article,
Grammar: The Passive Voice;
Word formation: the suffix – ity.
Conversational phrases: Expressing surprise.
Texts: 1. Legislative Body in the USA, 2. Criminal cases.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
minority republic east mountain
majority country north natural
identity population west high
immunity square southern famous
liability people equipment agriculture
impunity south China when
Ex.2. Listen and repeat:
ship - sheep – shelf sin - sing - sink
taught - tap – tape thin - thing - think
pan - pane - pale win - wing - wink
fit - foot - fate ran - rang - rank
dive - dove – dame pick - pig - pack
dairy - lazy - darling cat - cut - caught
Conversational phrases: Expressing surprise when meeting people
Ex.3. Read the phrases:
What a pleasant surprise! Look, who‟s here!
Fancy meeting you here! This is a small world!
What brings you here? How come you are here?
Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:
-Look , who is here! - Never expected to see you here!
-Why, Michael! What a pleasant -This is a small world.
 249
surprise!
-Look, who is here! Hallo, John!
-Hallo, Dick! Glad to see you!
Ex.5. Combine the sentences into one sentence:
Why, Bess! What‟s brought you here?
How come you are here?
Look, who is here! This is a small world.
What a pleasant surprise!
What brings you here?

Ex.6. You didn’t expect to meet your friend in a strange place. Supply the
missing remarks instead of dots:
1. …. . ….This is a small world.
2. Max, what a pleasant surprise! ……...
3. Why, Mr. Finch ……?.
4. ……. .How come you are here!
5. Look, who is here! …….. .

Ex.7. Make up dialogues expressing your surprise.

Grammar
The Passive Voice: to be + Participle II
Ex.8. Translate the sentences:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1.We use milk for making butter. Milk is used for making butter.
2. He broke his car yesterday. His car was broken yesterday.
3. They will repair their house. Their house will be repaired.
4. She said she would do her homework. She said her homework would be
done.
Ex.9.Fill in the blanks:
1. Every year September 1…as a national holiday (to celebrate).
3. Many new houses… in our city every year (to build).
4. The first radio set… in 1885 A.S. Popov (to demonstrate).
5. A new trade agreement with India…next year (to conclude).
6. The anniversary of the radio…on the 7th of May every year( to mark).
250
7. This book … into English next month (to translate).
8. The court officer said that the case…the next week(to hear).
9. Much money… on the construction of A.Temur museum(to spend).
Ex.10.Agree or disagree with the statements:
Model 1: The University of Manchester – to found in 1903.
A: They say that the University of Manchester was founded in 1903.
B: That‟s right. It was founded in 1903.
Model 2: The University of Michigan – to found in 1905.
A: They say that the University of Michigan was founded in 1905.
B: I disagree with you. That‟s not so. It was founded in 1867.
Prompts: A B
1.London – to divide – four parts. Four parts: the City, West-
minister, the West, the East End
2. The oldest part of London- to call- the City
West-minister
3. A.Temur‟s museum – to build in 1996
during World War 11
4. Tashkent Law Institute – to 1991
found- in 1991 on the basis of
the Law faculty of Tashkent
State University
5. Great Britain officially – to call- the United Kingdom
the United Nations
6. The Constitution of Uzbekistan December 8, 1992
-to adopt – on December 5, 1992
7. The 10 th anniversary of the 2002
Constitution – to celebrate- in 2002
8. The law of gravitation- to invent
by M. Faraday I. Newton
9. The Statute of Liberty-to present France
to the USA by Germany
10. M. Twain‟s first short story – to 1867
publish-in 1867.
11. Washington – to situate- on the on the Potomac
Potomac river
12. London – to situate – on the on the Thames.
river Severn.
 251
Ex.11. You didn’t hear properly what your friend said.
Make sure you understand him/her.
Model: A: The handkerchief was invented by King Richard II of England in the
14 th century. He ordered cloth to be cut into small pieces for the King to carry in
his hand to wipe and clean his nose.
B: Sorry, whom was the handkerchief invented by?
A: I say the handkerchief was invented by King Richard II of
England.
Prompts: The book “Oliver Twist” – to write –by Ch. Dickens; in 1963 the
spaceship ”Vostok –6” to pilot –by V. Tereshkova; the world‟s highest temperature
– to record-in Ethiopia (63* C);
On November 22, 1963 while driving in a motorcade J.F.Kennedy – to shoot and
to kill-by assassin; A man named Lee Harvey Oswald – to arrest; Oswald – to
shoot and to kill- by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner; in January,1973 the
Vietnam cease – fire agreement – to sign; in 1775 G. Washington – to appoint –
Commander in Chief of the American army.

Ex.12. Respond in the negative:

Model: A: Do you know when G. Washington was elected as President?
B: No, I am sorry, I don‟t know when G. Washington was elected
President.
Prompts: you – to know when the capital to move from Philadelphia to
Washington, D.C.; you – to know by whom A. Lincoln to shoot and to kill in 1865;
you – to know when 13 original states to be united; you – to know where cars to be
produced in Uzbekistan.

Ex.13. Imagine you have to write a report on the burglary happened in

your region for your chief. Use the following words and the
Passive voice:

1.The door of the house, to force, at 10 p. m. yesterday.

2.The old man, to beat, to tie.
3.The most valuable things, to take.
4.The fingerprints, to find, on many pieces of furniture.
5.The knife, to leave by one of the burglars.
6.The car, to use, by them, and the traces of it, to find, near the house.
7.The old man, to take to the hospital.
Grammar
252
The Passive voice in the Continuous Tenses
to be + being + Participle I1
Ex.14. Read and translate the sentences:
School children are planting fruit trees now.
Fruit trees are being planted now.
They are showing a new film on TV now.
A new film is being shown on TV now.
They were discussing an important question yesterday.
An important question was being discussed yesterday.
I was repairing my motorbike when you phoned me.
My motorbike was being repaired when you phoned me.
Ex.15. Change the sentences into the Passive voice:
1. A lot of passengers are still waiting for the train.
2. The court is hearing a criminal case now.
3. The students are studying ancient manuscripts.
4. The judge is asking the defendant questions.
5. Pete was listening to music when Ann came.
6. Mary was ironing her dress when the telephone rang.
7. The teacher was explaining the homework when the bell rang.
8. The farmers were picking cotton when it began to rain.
9. They are building a museum now.
10. The tourists are visiting the historical places of the city now.
Ex.16. Tell that you know the facts your friend is talking about:
Model: A: We were discussing that problem when you came.
B: I know that problem was being discussed when I came.
1. A: Mr. Feak was introducing the candidates to the committee.
B: ………………………………………………
2. A: Professor Seymour is teaching our class this year.
B: ……………………………………………….
3. A: The dean is showing the visitors round the Institute now.
B: …………………………………………………………..
4. A: The doctor is diagnosing the patient in the next room.
B: ………………………………………………………..
5. A: The rector is busy now. He is having talks now.
B: …………………………………………………
 253
6. A: I was interviewing some American students when you phoned me.
B: ………………………………………………………………….
7. A: Mrs. Madden is making a report at the congress of lawyers now.
B: …………………………………………………………………
8. A: Don‟t enter, please. The photographer is taking pictures now.
B: …………………………………………………………………
9. A: We were passing an examination at 11 a.m. yesterday.
B: …………………………………………………………
10. A: The lawyer was writing a petition at 6 p.m. yesterday.
B: …………………………………………………………
Ex.17. Replace the infinitives in brackets with the Present, Past Indefinite
Passive or the Present, Past Continuous Passive:
1. This borough (to found) in 1901.
2. These radio programmes always (to listen) with great interest by everybody.
3. The lecture on Civil Codes (to hear) by all students with great interest now.
4. When I returned to the city the new school still (to build).
5. The capital of Great Britain (to situate) on the river Thames.
6. The Houses of Parliament (to build) in the 19th century.
7. The ancient Houses of Parliament (to destroy) by the fire.
8. The witness (to question) by a prosecutor yesterday.
9. The accused (to send) to prison tomorrow.
10. The Independence of Uzbekistan (to declare) on August 31,1991.
Ex.18. Point out the suffixes in the following words. Translate the words.
Model: selection, the suffix –tion, -tanlash.
selection arsonist economic
arbitration kidnapper judgement
education interrogator solution
completion winner robber
lawyer natural establishment
prosecutor economist witness
Ex.19. Say that the following have occured:
Model: The work already (to do). The work has already been done.
Prompts: 1.The witness just (to call). 2. The research already (to carry out). 3.The
resolution already (to adopt). 4. That professor (to offer) to deliver a course of
lectures on family law lately.5.The trial just (to end).6.The litigation
254
already (to settle).
Ex.20. Tell your friend that you will have done something by a
definite time:
Model: A: Have you read this article yet?
B: Not yet. I‟ll have read it by 5 o‟clock.
Prompts: to negotiate the bargain; to speak to the fact-finder, to settle the problem;
to sign the contract; to collect the evidence; to discuss the question with the teacher;
to compare the two documents.

Ex.21. Suppose you are under suspicion. The interrogator accuses you of
some wrong actions. Try to justify yourself. Use the Passive voice
according to the model:

Model: I. You invited the man to the restaurant.

S. Oh, no, I was invited to the restaurant by him.
1. You struck this man first.
2. You robbed several persons before we arrested you.
3. You said: “I‟ll phone him at 5 “.
4. You were watching somebody when they met you.
5. You asked him to help you.
6. You always cheat people.

Ex.22. Complete the sentences using the words given in brackets:

1….of the state discussed important questions .
2.The Cabinet has … influence in the country.
3.Yesterday the discussion of … questions of foreign policy took place.
4.Your… of our decision isn‟t necessary.
5.This powerful group… the policy of the state.
6.The king refused…the delegation.
(support, powerful, approval, representatives, accept, fundamental).

Ex.23. Match the function of the courts:

Supreme Court. 1. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by this
District Court.
2. It has the right to declare unconstitutional any law
passed by Congress.
3. It hears appeals from lower courts.
 255

Ex.24. Find the mistakes in the use of the Passive voice in the following
story and retell it:
During a sea trip a young girl was courted by five young men. She was at a
loss whom to choose. She was advised to jump overboard and then marry the one
who would be jumped in after her. The girl did as she was told. She jumped into
the sea and was followed by four of the men. When they were fished out of the
water by the sailors she was at a loss even more than before. "What shall I do with
these four wet men?” – she asked the captain. “Take the dry one” was the old sea –
wolf‟s advice. And so she did.
(Read and Speak, p.25).

Ex.25. Read the text and copy all the sentences where the Passive voice
is used .Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
Man charged with animal cruelty
A 23 year old Ypsilanti Township man is expected to be arraigned today
on animal cruelty and obstruction of justice charges after authorities received a tip
that a pitbull puppy was apparently being trained for fighting.
The puppy was taken from its owner Thursday after being found with a
five- pound weight wrapped around its neck. It was found in a small cage in the
basement of an apartment in the 9200 block of Parkwood in Van Buren Township
in Wayne County.
Al Ostrowski, Van Buren Township animal control officer, confiscated the
dog after a witness reported the dog was being walked around the neighborhood
with the weight around its neck. Weights are commonly used to strengthen the
neck and shoulder muscles of dogs so they are better fighters, Ostrowski said.
However, Ostrowski said the size of the dog made carrying the weight difficult.
When Ostrowski and Van Buren Public Safety officers attempted to arrest
the dog‟s owner because of other warrants against him, the man fled but was
apprehended behind the apartment, which is apparently the home of his girlfriend.
The suspect is being held in Van Buren Township. If the man does not fight
the animal confiscation, the dog will be turned over to the Michigan Humane
Society. If the confiscation is decided in court, the animal will continue to be cared
for at the animal impound in the township, Ostrowski said.
(AAN, 8/23/99)

Ex.26. Look through the text again and give a brief summary of it.
256
Ex. 27. Read the text again and find the answers to the following
questions:

1. Why is the man expected to be arraigned?

2. Where was the dog found?
3. Whom did the officers attempt to arrest?
4. What is the end of the case?

Ex.28. Discuss the questions based on the text “Man Charged with animal
cruelty”:
1.What is the issue of the case described in the above text?
2.What values are involved in this case?
3.What verdict do you expect?

Ex.29. Study the word formation. The suffix-ity:

illegal - illegality mutual - mutuality
insane - insanity municipal - municipality

Ex.30. Form derivative nouns with the suffix – ity:

disable equal angular indemnify
pure major utilize immune
sure identify null equitable
diverse duplicate minor conform

Ex.31.Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:

equity -1) the body of principles constituting what is fair and right;
-2) the resource to supplement the law as applied to particular
circumstances;
insanity - any mental disorder severe enough that it prevents one from having legal
capacity and excuses one from criminal or civil responsibility; insanity
is a legal, not a medical, standard;
identity - in the law of evidence, the authenticity of a person or thing;
illegality -1) an act that is not authorized by law,
-2) the state or condition of being unlawful;
immunity -1) any exemption from a duty, liability, or service of process,
-2) in criminal law, freedom from prosecution granted by the
government in exchange for the person‟s testimony;
 257
impunity -an exemption or protection from punishment;
liability -the quality or state of being legally obligated responsible;
utility - the quality of serving some function that benefits society;
habituality - the condition of a building in which inhabitants can live free of serious
defects that might harm health and safety.

Ex.32. Give the Uzbek equivalents for the following nouns with the
suffix – ity:

reality cruelty humanity utility

equality formality immunity impunity
equity duplicity purity activity
responsibility simplicity possibility variety
immunity stability popularity necessity

Ex.33. Give nouns with the suffix – ity as many as possible.

Ex.34. Point out the suffixes in the following words. Translate the words:
activity darken petitioner
preparation assistance advisory
concession establishment notorious
legality classical conspiracy
unify solicitor insurance

Ex.35. Translate the following:

immunity: diplomatic immunity, executive immunity, foreign immunity,
judicial immunity;
crime: capital crime, organized crime, white-collar crime;
case: case of first impression, case reserved, caseflow, case-in-
chief, caselaw, caseload.
Ex.36. All the nouns in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to
complete sentences and translate them:

equality minority identity immunity

impunity responsibility insanity publicity

1. The circuit judge agreed to a request from the defense attorney to the trial
because of the … the search for recover and related legal proceedings had
258
received and because of the involvement by so many residents in search.
2.As a matter of basic social … and democracy, it is essential that black and
other … communities be fairly represented in jury pools, Massie said.
3.Over the centuries, the… defense has evolved as an important legal
concept.
4.During the interview the police asked the suspected for proof of his…
5.According to the International law the employees of foreign affairs have
diplomatic …
6.No one can flout the law with …
7.According to Muslim law …for economic supporting the family is imposed on a
husband.

Ex.37. Match the definitions or explanations to the names of the

crimes:
Prompts: piracy burglary fraud bigamy
assassination manslaughter forgery slander
theft perjury espionage kidnapping

1.Notifiable offence of taking away a person by force.

2.Going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to
someone else.
3.Copying patented inventions or copyright works.
4.Entering a building illegally and stealing things.
5.Trying to find out secrets by illegal means.
6.Getting property or money from people by making them believe untrue
things.
7.Killing a public figure illegally and intentionally.
8.Saying something which damages someone‟s character.
9.Making an illegal copy of a banknote or document.
10.Killing someone unintentionally and in mitigating circumstances.
11.Telling lies when you have sworn an oath to say what is true in court.
12.Stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else.

Ex.38. Read the text and translate it into your mother tongue:
Citizenship
The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that “all persons born
or naturalized in the United States are subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
 259
of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” This means that
anyone born in the 50 states or the District of Columbia is automatically an
American citizen, even if born to parents who are not citizens. Generally children
born in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam are U.S. citizens.
If you were not born in the United States or any of its possessions, you may
still have citizenship depending on your date of birth and your parents‟ status as
citizens. If you were born:
Before May 24, 1934, you are a citizen if your father was an American
citizen, unless he never lived in the United States.
Between May 24, 1934, and January 12, 1941, you are a citizen if one of
your parents was a citizen and lived in the United States at some time before your
birth.
Between January 13, 1941, and December 23, 1952, you are a citizen if one
parent was a citizen and lived in the United States or its possessions for one year
sometime before your birth.
After December 24, 1952, you are a citizen if both your parents were
citizens and one parent was a national (lived in the United States or its outlying
possessions) before you were born. If one parent was a citizen and the other an
American national, the citizen must have lived in the United States or its
possessions for one year sometime before your birth. If one parent was a citizen
and the other an alien, the citizen must have lived in the United States or its
territories for at least 10 years before your birth, including 5 years after his or her
14th birthday. (Legal Problem Solver, p.96)

Ex.39. As you read the text note the structure of the legislative body in the
USA.
Legislative Body in the USA
According to the US Constitution there are three branches of power in the
country: the Legislative, the Executive and the Judicial.
The whole legislative power in the USA is vested in the Congress. There
are two chambers in the US Congress: the Senate and the House of
Representatives. Besides the legislative function the Senate is entrusted with the
power of ratifying or rejecting all treaties made by the President, of declaring war,
constituting tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court, etc. The Senate consists of 2
members from each state, chosen for 6 years, one- third retiring or seeking re -
election every 2 years. A Senate must be at least 30 years old and must have lived
in the state for at least nine years. The head of the Senate is the Vice-President who
is elected for four years.
260
The House of Representatives is elected every other year. The number of
the representatives from each state depends on the number of people in this
particular state. The Head of the House of Representatives is the Speaker. A
representative must be at least 25 years old and must have lived in the USA for at
least seven years.
The Congress assembles at least once every year, and such a meeting begins
on the first Monday in December, unless they by law appoint a different day. No
Senator or Representative can, during the time for which he was elected, be
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the USA.(American
Government, pp.76-83)

Ex.40. Re-read the text again and find out the differences between the
House of Representatives and the Senate.

Ex.41. Look through the text again and find the answers to the following
questions:

1. In what branch is the legislative power invested?

2. How many chambers does the Congress consist of ?
3. What are the functions of the Senate except the legislative function?
4. How many members does the Senate include?
5. What is the term office of the members of the Senate?
6. What requirements should a senator meet?
7. Is the Head of the Senate appointed or elected?
8. What is the term of office of the members of the House of Representatives?
9. What does the number of the representatives from each state depend on?
10. What demands should a representative meet?
11. How often does the Congress assemble?
12. What is the peculiarity of members of the Congress? Can they be appointed to
civil office under the authority of the USA during their office term?

Ex.42. Language competition. Who can find the missing letters of the words
as fast as possible? Keep in mind that two letters are missing in each
word.
Model: sp…ker - speaker
cha…man leg…lative s…ate c…gress
as…ble auth…ty h…d de…d
in…de requ…ments rep…entative ap…nt
fun…on exec…ve en…st r…fy
 261
Ex.43. As you read the text note the powers of each House of the US
Congress.

Powers of the House and Senate

Each House of Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any

subject except revenue bills, which must originate in the House of Representatives.
The large states may thus appear to have more influence over public purse than the
small states. In practice, however, each House can vote against legislation passed
by the other House. The Senate may disapprove a House revenue bill-or any bill,
for that matter-or add amendments which change its nature. In that event, a
conference committee made up of members from both Houses must work out a
compromise acceptable to both sides before the bill becomes law.
The Senate also has certain powers especially reserved to that body,
including the authority to confirm presidential appointments of high officials and
ambassadors of the federal government as well as authority to ratify all treaties by a
two-thirds vote. Unfavorable action in either instance nullifies executive action.
In the case of impeachment of federal officials, the House has the sole right
to bring charges of misconduct that can lead to an impeachment trial. The Senate
has the sole power to try impeachment cases and to find officials guilty or not
guilty. A finding of guilt results in the removal of the federal official from public
office. (American Government, p.79)

Ex.44. Re-read the text and define the peculiar features of the US
Congress.

Ex.45. As you read the text copy all the derivative words and find their
equivalents in your mother tongue:

Qualifications of Members of Congress

The Constitution requires that U.S. senators must be at least 30 years of age,
citizens of the United States for at least nine years, and residents of the states from
which they are elected. Members of the House of Representatives must be at least
25, citizens for seven years, and residents of the states which send them to
Congress. The states may set additional requirements for election to Congress, but
the Constitution gives each house the power to determine the qualifications of its
members.
Each state is entitled to two senators.
262
The total number of members of the House of Representatives has been
determined by Congress. The number is then divided among the states according to
their populations. Regardless of its population, every sate is constitutionally
guaranteed at least one member of the House of Representatives.
State legislatures divide the states into congressional districts, which must
be substantially equal in population. Every two years, the voters of each district
choose a representative for Congress.
Senators are chosen in statewide elections held in even-numbered years.
The senatorial term is six years, and every two years one-third of the Senate stands
for election. Hence, two-thirds of the senators are always persons with some
legislative experience at the national level.
Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is
considered to be two years. The 20th Amendment provides that the Congress will
meet in regular session each January3, unless Congress fixes a different date. The
Congress remains in session until its members vote to adjourn – usually late in the
year. The president may call a special session when he or she thinks it necessary.
Sessions are held in the Capitol in Washington,
D.C. (American Government, pp.77-78)

Ex.46. Re-read the text and state the qualifications of members of

Congress.
Ex.47. Fill in the chart dealing with the qualifications and
requirements on the membership of the Oliy Majlis, the British
Parliament and the US Congress.

The Legislative Bodies age citizenship residence ways of term of

election service
The Oliy Majlis
The British Parliament:
The House of Lords
The House of
Commons
The US Congress:
The Senate
The House of
Representatives
 263
Ex.48. Read the following text and state the role of standing committees
and their functions.

Little Legislatures

In a recent two-year session of Congress, for example, members proposed a

total of 11,602 bills in the House and 4,080 in the Senate. For each of these bills,
the committees responsible had to study, weigh arguments for and against, hear
witnesses and debate changes, before the bills ever reached the House or Senate
floors. Out of almost 15,000 measures introduced, only 664-fewer than six percent
were enacted into law.
The committee system began in 1789, when the House members found
themselves bogged down in endless discussions of proposed new laws.
Today, there are 22 standing committees with members from both houses:
Library of Congress, or select, committees to study specific problems. Because of
an increase in workload, the standing committees have also spawned some 300
subcommittees. Almost 25,000 persons held with research, information – gathering
and analyses of problems and programs in Congress. Recently, during one week of
hearings, committee and subcommittee members discussed topics ranging from
financing of television broadcasting to the safety of nuclear plants to international
commodity agreements.
And what do all these “little legislatures” actually do? After all the facts are
gathered, the committee decides whether to report a new bill favorably or with a
recommendation that it be passed with amendments. Sometimes, the bill will be set
aside, or tabled, which effectively ends its consideration. When bills are reported
out of committee and passed by the full House or Senate, however, another
committee goes into action, ironing out any differences between the House and
Senate versions of the same bill. This “conference committee,” consisting of
members of both houses, completes a bill to all members‟ satisfaction, then sends it
to the House and Senate floors for final discussion and a vote. If passed, the bill
goes to the president for his signature.
Congressional committees are vital because they do the nuts-and-bolts job
of weighing the proposals, hammering them into shape or killing them completely.
They continue to play a large part in the preparation and consideration of laws that
will help shape the United States in its third century. (American Government, p.80)

Ex.49. Re -read the text and note the procedure of adopting a law in the
US legislative system.
264
Ex.50. As you read the following text note the powers to which the US
Congress is entitled:

The Powers of the Congress

The broad powers of the whole Congress are spelled out in the eighth section of
the first article of the Constitution:
-to levy and collect taxes;
-to borrow money for the public treasury;
-to make rules and regulations governing commerce among the states and with
foreign countries;
-to make uniform rules for the naturalization of foreign citizens;
-to coin money, state its value, and ensure the punishment of counterfeiters;
-to set the standards for weights and measures;
-to establish bankruptcy laws for the country as a whole;
-to establish post offices and post roads;
-to issue patents and copyrights;
-to set up a system of federal courts;
-to punish piracy;
-to declare war;
-to raise and support armies;
-to provide for a navy;
-to call out the militia to enforce federal laws, suppress lawlessness or repel
invasions by foreign powers;
-to make all laws for the District of Columbia; and to make all laws necessary to
enforce the Constitution.
A few of these powers are now outdated such as the District of Columbia today is
largely self-governing but they remain in effect. The 10th Amendment sets definite
limits on congressional authority, by providing that powers not delegated to the
national government are reserved to the states or to the people. In addition, the
Constitution specifically forbids certain acts by Congress. It may not:
-suspend the writ of habeas corpus, unless necessary in time of rebellion or
invasion;
-pass laws which condemn persons for crimes or unlawful acts without a trial;
-pass any law which retroactively makes a specific act a crime;
-levy direct taxes on citizens, except on the basis of a census already taken;
-tax exports from any one state;
 265
-give specially favorable treatment in commerce or taxation to the seaports of
any state or to the vessels using them and authorize any titles of nobility. (American
Government, p.82)

Ex.51. Compare the powers of the US Congress with the powers of the
Oliy Majlis and define the similar and different features between
them.

Ex.52. Discuss the following questions in your group:

1. How can a person become a member of the Senate (the House of

Representatives)?
2. What are the backgrounds of re-electing or retiring of one - third of the Senate
every 2 years?
3. What are the similar and different aspects between the Congress and the Oliy
Majlis of Uzbekistan?

Ex.53. Read the text and note the officers of the Congress and their functions.

Officers of the Congress

The Constitution provides that the vice president shall be president of the
Senate. He or she has no vote, except in the case of a tie. The Senate chooses a
president pro tempore to president when the vice president is absent. The House of
Representatives chooses its own presiding officer – the speaker of the House. The
speaker and the president pro tempore are always members of the political party
with the largest representation in each house.
At the beginning of each new Congress, members of the political parties
select leaders and other officials to manage the flow of proposed legislation. These
officials, along with the presiding officers and committee chairmen, exercise strong
influence over the making of laws. (American Government, p.83)

Ex.54. Fill in the blanks:

1. Article I of …grants all legislative powers of the federal government to …

divided into chambers.
2. The Senate is composed of … members for each state.
3. Membership is based on …
 266
4. Candidates to the Senate must be at least… years of age and … years of age
to the House of Representatives.
5. Each state is … to two senators.
6. Senators are chosen in statewide elections held in ...years.
7. The senatorial term is… years.
8. Each house of Congress has the … to introduce legislation.
9. The life of a Congress is considered to be … years.
10. Sessions are held in ….

Ex.55. Find the words with similar meaning in the text:

to provide, houses, to consist of, to have a right to, an elector, to choose, to take
place, to pass a law, to be initiated, to disagree.

Ex.56. Comment on the meaning of the following words:

legislative powers, chamber, qualifications of members, to determine, to guarantee,
a senator, legislative experience, to introduce legislation, impeachment, removal,
trial.

Ex.57. Express the same notion in one word:

a Senate and a House of Representatives; the basic laws; the people inhabiting in
the country; must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the USA for at least nine
years and residents of the states from which they are elected; to vote against.

Ex.58. Read the text again and complete the notes in the table below:

Chambers Number of How members Title of the Main role of

members are chosen chairman the Chamber

Ex.59. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. The US Congress consists of three houses.

2. The Senate is smaller than the House of Representatives.
3. Membership in the House is based on population.
 267
4. The Constitution doesn‟t require any qualifications for the candidates to be
elected to the Congress.
5. Each state is entitled to two senators.
6. The total number of members of the House of Representatives has been
determined by the President.
7. Senators are chosen in statewide elections every year.
8. The senatorial term is six years.
9. Only the Senate has the power to introduce legislation.
10. Impeachment cases are regarded by the Senate.

Ex.60. Discuss the following:

1. The structure of the US Congress and the British Parliament.

2. The procedure of elections to the House of Representatives and the Oliy Majlis.
3. The requirements to the candidates to the House of Representatives and the Oliy
Majlis.
4. Sessions of the Senate and the Oliy Majlis.
Ex.61. Re- read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. What is the total number of bills proposed in the House of Representatives for
recent two years?
2. How many bills have been proposed by the senators for the same period?
3. When did the committee system begin in the history of the US Congress?
4. How many committees and subcommittees are there in the House and in the
Senate today?
5. What do all “little legislatures” actually do?
6. Why are congressional committees so important?
7. Who is the President of the Senate?
8. Who is the Speaker of the House?
Ex.62. Fill in the chart using the information in the text dealing with the
description of the legislative bodies in the governments of Uzbekistan, the
USA and Great Britain.

Legislative Houses number of qualifications how to be powers

bodies members elected
Oliy Majlis
British
Parliament
US Congress
268
Ex.63. Discuss the following:

1. The similar powers of the US Congress and the Oliy Majlis.

2. The peculiar features of the US Congress.

Ex.64. Read the case and discuss:

1. Who will cover the damages and injury of the passengers? What law will be
applied?
2. What values are involved in this case?

Amtrak train derails in station; 16 hurt

An Amtrak passenger train partially derailed as it approached a train station

in Rensselaer, N.Y., Saturday afternoon, injuring 16 people on board, officials said.
Three cars slipped off the tracks when the train slammed into another train it
was attempting to hook up with, witnesses said. Twelve passengers and four crew
members of the “Lakeshore Limited” were taken to local hospitals.
A witness said the train, which was coming in from Chicago and bound for
Boston, was going too fast when it collided with the second train at about 5: 30
p.m. (AAN, 8/10/99).

Ex.65. Read and describe the following case.Tell the class what kind if case it is.

Pontiac men get life in prison for killing

Antwan Williams, Kevin Harris convicted in 1995 killing of Ypsilanti man.

PONTIAC- Two more Pontiac men have been sentenced to life prison in
the shooting death of an Ypsilanti man in 1995.
Antwan Williams, 21, and Kevin Harris, 22, each were convicted of
conspiracy to commit murder in the Aug.31,1995,slaying of Lonnie Adams.
Williams also was convicted of second degree murder.Both men had been
charged with first – degree murder, Assistant Prosecutor Debra King said in a
report.
The men were sentenced Thursday by Oakland Circuit Judge Barry
Howard. Adams, 31, had returned to Pontiac to visit his dying mother.
During his trip, he encountered four men in a dice game, authorities said.
After a confrontation with Adams, the men armed themselves, dressed in black and
 269
then hunted him down, they said. He was shot five times in the back as he
begged for his life, King has said.
On Monday, Howard sentenced Lamont Heard and Bobby Smith Jr., both
22, to natural life without parole for the first degree murder conviction and life with
the possibility of parole for conspiracy to commit murder. (AAN, 7/30/99).

Ex.66. Look through the text again and discuss the following questions:

What is the main issue of the case?

1) Why weren‟t the offenders sentenced to capital punishment even though they
had been charged with the first degree murder?
2) What punishment is stipulated in the criminal law of Uzbekistan in such a case?

Ex.67. Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. The Senate of the US Congress.

2. The House of Representatives of the US Congress.
3. Procedure of law adoption in the USA.
4. Speaker of the House of Representatives of the US Congress.

Glossary
accused обвиняемый ayiblanuvchi
anniversary годовщина yillik
arraign привлекать к суду sudga tortmoq, sudga bermoq,
предъявлять обвинение ayblamoq
background основа; биографические asos; tarjimai
данные holga oid ma'lumotlar
basement основание, фундамент, подвал asos, fundament, yerto'la
bigamy бигамия (двоеженство, birdaniga ikki xotinlik, erlik
двоемужие)
borough (небольшой) город kichik shahar
branch ветвь, ветка bo‟lim, soha, shahobcha
cage клетка qafas, katak
cheat мошенничество, обман qalloblik, firibgarlik
citinzenship гражданство fuqorolik
cloth ткань matoh
coin (v) делать деньги; измышлять; pul yasamoq, yolg'on
to'qimoq, yangi so'z yasamoq
collide сталкиваться to'qnashmoq
270
confrontation очная ставка yuzma – yuz qilish
counterfeiter подделка, поддельный yasama, qalbaki, aldamoq
court ухаживать; льстить; соблазнять ko'nglini ovlamoq,
hushomad qilmoq, havas
keltirmoq
cruelty жестокость shafqatsizlik
defendant ответчик, подсудимый ayblanuvchi, javobgar,
sudlanuvchi
depend on зависeть от … ga bog'liq bo'lmoq
encounter неожиданная встреча kutilmagan uchrashuv
entrust вверять, возлагать ishonmoq, yuklamoq
equal равный teng
espionage шпионаж ayg'oqchilik
even- numbered четная нумерация juft raqamli
fairly справедливый adolatli
fingerprint отпечаток пальцев barmoqlar izi
flee бежать qochib ketmoq
flout презирать; насмехаться nafratlanmoq, kalaka
qilmoq
forgery подлог, подделка soxta, qalbaki
fraud обман, мошенничество firib berish
gravitation тяготение tortilish
law of gravitation закон тяготетения yerning tortishish qonini
habeas corpus предписание о представлении qamalganligining
арестованного в суд для qonuniyligini
рассмотрения законности ареста aniqlash uchun hibsga
olingan shaxsni sudga
topshirish
haqida yozma buyruq
hence отсюда, следовательно shu boyisdan
impunity безнаказанность jazosizlik
impose облагать, налагать jarima solmoq
invasion вторжение, посягательство на (birovning huhuqini) paymol
правo qilish
involvement вовлечение jalb qilish
manuscript рукопись qo'lyozma
means средство vosita
mitigating смягчающее yengillashtiradigan
muscle мускул muskul
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naturalization натурализация naturalizatsiya (chet el
kishisini biror davlatning
o'z fuqorosi qilib olish)
neck шея bo'yin
notifiable – подлежащий регистрации ro'yxatdan o'tkazish
nullify аннулировать bekor qilmoq
partially частично qisman
patient терпеливый chidamli
perjury лжесвидетельство yolg'on guvohlik
piracy пиратство qaroqchilik
publicly гластность oshkoralik
puppy щенок it bolasi
purse кошелек; богатство hamyon, boylik
slay убивать o'ldirmoq
standing committee постоянная комиссия doimiy qo'mita
stipulate ставить условием belgilab qo'ymoq
strengthen усиливать (ся) kuchaytirmoq
spawn икра ikra, baliq urug'i
substantially по существу, основательно salmoqli, asosli
subscommittee подкомиссия kichik (yordamchi) komissiya
suppress подавлять, пресекать kuch bilan bosmoq,
bostirmoq, to'xtatmoq,
oldini olmoq
suspend приостанавливать to'xtatmoq
table (v) представлять отчет hisobot taqdim etmoq
thereof из этого bundan
tie связь aloqa
unfavorable неблагоприятный noqulay
untrue неверный noto'g'ri
utility полезность foydali bo'lishlik
valuable ценный qimmat
vital важный muhim
warrant ордер, приказ kafolatnoma, buyruq
weight тяжесть; вес vazn, og'irlik
wipe вытерание artish
witness свидетель, давать guvoh, guvohlik
свидетельскoе показание ko'rsatmasini berish
writ судебный приказ sud buyrug'i
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UNIT 13
Topic: The Executive Body of a Government.
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words,
2. The words with the suffix -al;
Grammar: Past Perfect;
Word formation: the suffix – al;
Conversational phrases: How to make offers;
Texts: 1. A criminal case, 2. The Executive Body of the Government of
Uzbekistan, 3. The Executive Body of the British Government, 4.
The Executive Body of the US Government.

Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
facial was but put gnat
essential wash cut full know
impartial want hut bush knife
judicial watch run push write
beneficial wad fun sugar wrist
official wander bus ruth gnash

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

1. What‟s wrong? 5.Nothing is wrong.
2. Something is wrong. 6.Tom and Bob got a strong dog.
3. It‟s all your fault. 7.George always talks horse.
4. Norton is forcing an open door. 8.Gordon always puts the cart
before the horse.

Conversational phrases: offers, offering one‟s services

Ex.3. Read the phrases:

May I help you? Shall I do it?
Let me help you. Shall I help you to do it?
Allow me… Shall I give you a lift?
What can I do for you? Am I in your way?
 273
Is there anything I can do for you? After you.
Is there anything you want? Let me do it.

Replies
Yes, will you… please? That would be fine.
Could you…? No, thank you.
Do, please. Please, don‟t.
I‟ll be very thankful to you. Don‟t bother, I‟ll manage.
It would be very kind of you. Don‟t bother. It‟s quite all right.

Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:

- May I help you? - Allow me…
- It would be very kind of you, - Don‟t bother, I‟ll manage it, thank
thank you. you.
x x x
- Let me help you - Need any help?
- I‟ll be much obliged - Not at the moment, thank you.
x x x
- What can I do for you? - Is there anything you want?
- Put me on the waiting list, please. - Yes, may I use your phone?
x x x
- Shall I help you? - Shall I wait for you?
- No, thank you. – Yes, please.

x x x
Shall I close the window? -Please, don‟t.

Ex.5. What would you say when offered something? Respond to

the following:
1. Shall I give you a lift? 2. Want a cigarette?
3. Am I in your way? 4. May I help you?
5. Shall I unpack for you? 6. Need any help?
7. What can I do for you? 8. Is there anything you want done?
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Ex.6. What would you say when offering your services? Fill in the missing
words.
1. The tape-recorder won‟t work…..
2. I can‟t move the cupboard. It‟s too heavy….
3. The place is a long way off….
4. I don‟t know the first thing about it….
5. The text is too difficult to understand….
6. I can‟t unlock the door…
7. It is stuffy in the room…
8. I can‟t find my pen….

Grammar
Past Perfect (already, yet, by, for, before, after, when somebody
did something …)

had + III form of the verbs

Ex.7. Read and translate the sentences:
1. Rashid had worked as a court clerk before he entered the University.
2. A suspected rapist had been charged with a sexual assault conviction before he
committed a crime.
3. The victim had not died yet when the police came.
4. The robber had already run away by the time the police arrived.
5. The draft had been discussed before it became a law.
6. After the robber had broken the safe he took all the money.

Ex.8. Change the sentences into Past Perfect according to the model:
Model: When I entered the court house the attorney was speaking.
When I entered the court house the attorney had already spoken.
1. When the police arrived the robber was opening the safe.
2. When the car crash happened I was crossing the street.
3. I was standing in the back of the bus when two men began to hit each other.
4. The defendant was pointing his handgun at the police inspector when I got off
the bus.
5. The murderer was smothering the woman when the doorbell rang.
6. The interrogator was questioning the witnesses when the earthquake happened.
Ex.9. Finish the sentences:
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1. By the time we entered the University…
2. By the time the Ombudsman was established in Uzbekistan…
3. Before Uzbekistan acquired its independence …
4. When American astronauts landed on the moon…
5. When the trial began…
6. Before the Constitution was adopted…
7. Before the police arrested the suspect…
8. When we came to the Institute…
9. After … he decided to bring a suit.
10. When we went out it…

Ex.10. Match the following words and their synonyms or explanations:

1. homicide a. arrest, seize;
2. assault b. the act of stealing;
3. apprehend c. commit the crime of having sexual intercourse by force;
4. theft d. criminal deception;
5. rape e. killing of a human being;
6. injury f. harm (bodily), wrongful treatment;
7. robbery g. wrong- doing, crime (generally used);
8. offence h. act of setting something (e.g.another person‟s property)
on fire intentionally or unlawfully;
9. fraud i. use something (e.g. money placed in one‟s own benefit);
10.arson j. a violent and sudden attack;
11.bribery k. take property (from a place, person) unlawfully, often by
force;
12.embezzlement l. something given, offered or promised to somebody in
order to get him/her to do something (often something wrong).

Ex. 11. Language competition. Who can make the longest word chain? Note
the second word should begin with the last letter of the first word.
Model: bus – station – night – table – egg…

Ex.12. Read the case and describe the issues that are involved in it:
Officials: Guards beat inmate to death
An inmate sentenced to die for killing a prison guard in 1987 was beaten to
death in his cell over the weekend by guards, according to Florida authorities who
have started a murder investigation.
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Frank Valdez was found dead in his cell at the Florida State Prison in Starke
after a brawl Saturday. Prosecutors said he had broken ribs and boot marks on his
body.
Nine guards have been suspended pending an investigation.
Tim Moore, commissioner of the state Department of Law Enforcement,
said his agents were questioning the guards, trying to find “somebody to come
forward and tell the truth”. “ The time has come for them to decide who wants to be
a defendant and who wants to be a witness”, he said. “And I‟m talking about a
defendant in a murder trial, not a minor infraction”.
Valdez, 36, shot and killed a prison guard while trying to help a friend break
out. Valdez was free at the time. (AAN, 7/10/99)

Ex.13. Read the text again and write the sentences where the Passive
voice is used.

Ex.14. Study the word formation. The suffix –al.

rent - rental bicameral - bicameral
memory - memorial line - lineal
face - facial ethics - ethical
jurisdiction - jurisdictional government - governmental
matricide - matricidial collate - collateral
function - functional

Ex.15. Learn the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:

collateral - supplementary; accompanying, but secondary and subordinate;
criminal - connected with the administration of penal- justice; having the
character of a crime;
ethical - in conformity with moral norms or standards of professional
conduct;
legal - established, required, or permitted by law;
illegal - prohibited by law, against the law, unlawful;
judicial - 1) of, relating to, or by the court; 2) legal, 3) of or relating to a
judgement;
impartial - disinterested; unbiased;
marshal - 1) a law –enforcement officer with duties similar to those of a
sheriff,
2) a judicial officer who provides court security, executes processes,
and performs other tasks for the court;
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memorial - 1) an abstract of a legal record, especially a deed,
2) a written statement of facts presented to a legislature or executive
as a petition;
mutual - directed by each toward the other or others; reciprocal;
rebuttal - the time given to a party to present contradictory evidence or
arguments;
rental - income received from rent;
bicameral - having two legislative bodies;
beneficial - 1) favourable; producing benefits;
2) consisting in a right that derives from something other than legal
title;

Ex.16. All the adjectives in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to
complete sentences and translate them:

bicameral government collateral criminal

legal illegal marshal rental

1. He was retired March 20, a day after the bodies of C. Sund and Pelosso were
found in the trunk of their … car.
2. They may be guilty of being impolite, but drivers who jockey for position at
construction sites before merging into backed-up traffic are doing nothing …,
state police say.
3. He was arraigned in District Court on two courts each of first- degree …sexual
conduct, assault with a dangerous weapon and attempted murder by
strangulation in the attack on the two sisters, ages 8 and 14.
4. Turmoil started in February when Byrd fired tribal … who executed a search
warrant for financial documents tied to a criminal investigation of his office.
5. In Great Britain, the USA, Russia and many other countries Parliament is…
6. The American Bar Association is a non - … and non-profit organization.
7. The manager has been provided with a … security.
8. The attorney has started … proceedings against a bigamist.

Ex.17. Give the same notion in one word:

a non-professional person; to think or to believe that something will happen or
come; showing complete agreement; examination in law court before a judge (or a
judge and a jury); a body of persons who must give a true decision on issues of fact
278
in a court of justice; going to law; building in which wrongdoers are kept, locked
up; breaking of a rule.
Prompts: unanimous, layman, to expect, offence, jury, litigation, prison, trial.

Ex.18. Match each word on the left with its appropriate definition on the
right:

1. an arsonist - attacks and robs people, often in the street;

2. a shop- lifter- sets fire to property illegally;
3. a mugger - is anyone who breaks the law;
4. an offender - breaks into houses or other buildings to steal;
5. a vandal - steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer;
6. a burglar - kills someone;
7. a murderer - deliberately causes damage to property;
8. a kidnapper - steals things from peoples pockets in crowded places;
9. a pickpocket - gets secret information from another country;
10. an accomplice - buys and sells drugs illegally;
11. a drug dealer - takes away people by force and demands money for their return;
12. a spy - helps a criminal commit a criminal act;
13. a terrorist - uses violence for political reasons;
14. an assassin - causes damage or disturbance in public places;
15. a hooligan - hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey;
16. a stowaway - takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change
course;
17. a thief - murders for political reasons or a reward;
18. a hijacker - is someone who steals;
19. a forger - makes counterfeit (false) money or signatures;
20. a robber - is a member of a criminal group;
21. a smuggler – steals money, etc. by force from people or places;
22. a traitor - marries illegally, being married already;
23. a gangster - is a soldier who runs away from the army;
24. a deserter - brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax;
25. a bigamist - betrays his or her country to another state.

Ex.19. Complete the sentences:

1. The man who kills people is a …
2. A person who robs one‟s property is a …
3. A person who sets fire to property illegally is an …
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4. A person who breaks the law is …
5. Anyone who breaks into houses or other buildings to steal is …
6. Anyone who steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer is …
7. A person who gets secret information from another country is…
8. A person who takes away people by force and demands money for their return
is…
9. A person who uses violence for political reasons is …
10. Anyone who makes false money or signatures is…
Prompts: a forger, a kidnapper, a spy, an a terrorist, a robber, a killer, an arsonist, a
law breaker, a burglar, a shoplifter.

Ex.20. Express the following in one word:

to have no longer new information, to get something, which somebody gives, in a
short time, up to this or that time, a fight between two or more countries.
Prompts: war, to receive, soon, to lose, until, news.

Ex.21. As you read the text below note what it is about:

ABC’s of drunk driving penalties
The time when police officers and courts were likely to let a drunk driver off with a
fairly light penalty is gone. Today a drunk – driving charge can bring heavy fines
and prison sentences. The penalties outlined here (one or more of which may be
applied for each offense) are typical of many state laws. Most states have similar
laws for driving under the influence of alcohol.
First offense:
A fine of not less than $ 100 or more than $500.
Mandatory screening for substance abuse at the defendant‟s own expense.
Up to 12 days of community service.
Up to 90 days in jail.
Driver‟s license suspended from six months to two years, although a restricted
license may be available.
Six points charged against the defendant‟s license.
Second offense:
A fine of up to $ 1, 000.
Mandatory screening for substance abuse at the defendant‟s own expense.
Up to 12 days of community service.
Up to one year in jail.
Driver‟s license revoked for a minimum of one year.
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Six points charged against the defendant‟s license.
Third and subsequent offenses:
A fine of up to $ 5, 000.
Mandatory screening for substance abuse at the defendant‟s own expense.
Up to 12 days of community service.
A felony conviction with a penalty of up to five years in jail.
Driver‟s license revoked for a minimum of five years. (Legal Problem Solver,
p.177)

Ex.22. Re-read the text and list the punishments related to a

driver’s license.

Ex.23. Fill in the chart below using the information presented in the text:
”ABC’s Drunk – Driving Penalties”.

First offense Second offense Third and subsequent offenses

Ex.24. Compare the drunk driving penalties in the USA with those in our
country. Define the similarities and differences between them.

Ex.25. The statements below were made orally in open court during trial.
Read them and identify who gave each statement.
1. It happened last Sunday when I was walking with my dog at about 8.30 p.m. A
girl about 15-16 years old was riding her bike. Suddenly an old model Ford pickup
hit her in the shoulder. The teen was thrown from her bike. The pickup failed to
stop at the scene.
2. The bodies of Barton‟s 27- year old wife, Ann and children, 11- year old
Matthew and 7- year old Elizabeth, were found in their home in Stockbridge, 16
miles southeast of Atlanta. They had been bludgeoned to death, perhaps as long as
two days before the office shootings.
3. He always worked. He never borrowed money from the family or anything. He
never mentioned any friends.
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4. We‟ll look for rehabilitation programs in the adult system. If not, the boot
camp system will be available to you, and maybe that is the only opinion available
to you.
5. Bradshaw killed the victims because they were having an affair with his
girlfriend. Roger was killed with a shotgun. Woodcock was shot point-blank in the
head with a pistol.

Ex.26. As you read the following text pay attention to the powers of the
President to appoint and dismiss the officials.
The Executive Body of the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan

According to the Constitution of Uzbekistan the President of the Republic of

Uzbekistan is Head of state and the executive authority. The President
simultaneously serves as Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The Constitution specifies that the President of Uzbekistan as the Head of state and
the executive authority shall:
-guarantee the rights and freedoms of citizens and observance of the
Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
-protect the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of the Republic,
implement the decisions regarding its national-state structure;
-represent the Republic of Uzbekistan in domestic matters and in
international relations;
-conduct negotiations, sign treaties and agreements on behalf of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, and ensure the observance of the treaties and agreements signed by
the Republic and the fulfilment of its commitments;
-receive letters of credence and recall from diplomats and other
representatives accredited to him;
-appoint and recall diplomats and other representatives of the Republic of
Uzbekistan to foreign states;
-present annual reports to the Oliy Majlis on the domestic and international
situation;
-form the administration and lead it, ensure interaction between the highest
bodies of state authority and administration, set up and dissolve ministries, state
committees and other bodies of administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan, with
subsequent confirmation by the Oliy Majlis;
-appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister, his First Deputy, the Deputy Prime
Ministers, the members of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
the Procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan and his Deputies, with
subsequent confirmation by the Oliy Majlis;
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-present to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan his nominees for
the posts of Chairman and members of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme
Court, and the Higher Economic Court, as well as the Chairman of the Board of the
Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the Chairman of the State
Committee for the Protection of Nature of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
-appoint and dismiss judges of regional, district, city and arbitration courts;
-appoint and dismiss khokims (heads of administrations) of regions and the
city of Tashkent with subsequent confirmation by relevant Mailis of people‟s
Deputies; the President shall have the right to dismiss any khokim of a district or a
city, should the latter violate the Constitution or the laws, or perform an act
discrediting the honour and dignity of a khokim;
-suspend and repeal any acts passed by the bodies of state administration or
khokims;
-sign the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The President may refer any
law, with his own amendments, to the Oliy Majlis for additional consideration and
vote. Should the Oliy Majlis confirm its earlier decision by a majority of 2/3 of its
total voting power, the President shall sign the law;
-have the right to proclaim a state of emergency throughout the Republic of
Uzbekistan or in a particular locality in cases of emergency (such as a real outside
threat, mass disturbances, major catastrophes, natural calamities or epidemics), in
the interests of people‟s security. The President shall submit his decision to the Oliy
Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan for confirmation within three days. The terms
and the procedure for the imposition of a state of emergency shall be specified by
law;
-serve as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the
Republic and is empowered to appoint and dismiss the high command of the
Armed Forces and confer top military ranks;
-proclaim a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the Republic of
Uzbekistan or when it is necessary to meet international obligations relating to
mutual defence against aggression, and submit the decision to the Oliy Majlis of
the Republic of Uzbekistan for confirmation;
-award orders, medals and certificates of honour of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, and confer qualification and honorary titles of the Republic of
Uzbekistan;
-rule on matters of citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan and on granting
political asylum;
-issue acts of amnesty and grant pardon to citizens convicted by the courts of
the Republic of Uzbekistan;
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-form national security and state control services, appoint and dismiss
their supervisers, and exercise other powers vested in him.
-issue decrees, enactments and ordinances concerning the territory of the
Republic on the basis of and for enforcement of the Constitution and the laws of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
According to Article 98 of the Constitution of Uzbekistan the Cabinet of
Ministers shall be formed by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and
approved by the Oliy Majlis.
The head of government of the Republic of Karakalpakstan shall be an ex
officio member of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The Cabinet of Ministers shall provide guidance for the economic, social
and cultural development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It should also be
responsible for the execution of the laws and other decisions of the Oliy Majlis, as
well as of the decrees and other enactments issued by the President of the Republic
of Uzbekistan. The Cabinet of Ministers shall issue enactments and ordinances in
accordance with the current legislation. This shall be binding on all bodies of
administration, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens
throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Cabinet of Ministers shall tender its resignation to the newly-elected
Oliy Majlis. The procedure for the work of the Cabinet of Ministers and its
powers shall be defined by law. (Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, pp.25-30).

Ex.27. Re-read the text “The Executive Body of the Government of

Uzbekistan” and divide the powers of the President into logical groups.
For example, powers related to domestic, foreign affairs of the country,
adopting laws, appointing and dismissing officials, etc.

Ex.28. Elaborate on the following powers of the President of the Republic

of Uzbekistan:
1. To proclaim a state of emergency throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan or in a
particular locality in cases of emergency;
2.To proclaim a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the Republic of
Uzbekistan;
3. To issue acts of amnesty and grant pardon to citizens convicted by the courts;
4. To represent the Republic of Uzbekistan in domestic matters and in international
relations.
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Ex.29. As you read the following requirements, note whether you are eligible
or not for the post of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Requirements to the Candidates for the Post of President of Uzbekistan
Article 90. Any citizen of the Republic of Uzbekistan who has reached the
age of 35, is in full command of the state language and has permanently resided in
Uzbekistan for at least 10 years, immediately proceeding the elections, shall be
eligible for the post of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. A person may not
be elected to the office of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan for more than
two consecutive terms.
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be elected for a term of
five years. He shall be elected by citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the
basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The procedure for
electing President shall be specified by the electoral law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan. (Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, p.25).

Ex.30. Look through the “Requirements…” again and find the synonyms of
the following words:

35 years old, knows the official language well, has lived on the territory of
Uzbekistan for a minimum period of a decade of years, two periods of service,
be chosen, law on election.
Ex. 31. Read the oath of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and give
its translation in your mother tongue:
“I do solemnly swear to faithfully serve the people of Uzbekistan, to strictly
with the Constitution and the laws of the Republic, to guarantee the rights and
freedoms of its citizens, and to conscientiously perform the duties of the President
of the Republic of Uzbekistan”. (Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, p.25).

Ex.32. As you read the following text copy out the derivatives and compound
words and translate them:
The Executive Body of the British Government
Although in law the Queen is head of the executive body, she reigns today
as a constitutional monarch. She is Britain‟s head of state but has few absolute
powers. Instead, according to well-established conventions, the Queen acts on the
advice of government ministers.
As members of the legislature, government ministers are answerable to
Parliament for the activities of their departments and for the general conduct of
 285
national policies. They take part in debates in Parliament and may be
questioned by Members of Parliament.
One of Parliament‟s most prized occasions is Commons‟ Question Time.
For roughly one hour a day, ministers are held to account by MPs, who ask probing
questions on major government policies. The Prime Minister is questioned twice a
week.
Ministers are also accountable to Commons committees set up as watchdogs
to monitor individual government departments. The National Audit Office, headed
by a House of Commons official, reports to Parliament on efficiency and use of
resources by government departments.
The executive also includes elected local authorities which administer many
local services. There are several levels of local government, each meeting different
needs. The top level is the county or regional council elected to deal with the main
services such as education, social services and the police. The district council
collects local taxes, enforces laws, and is responsible for public housing and a
weekly rubbish collection.
Parish and community councils are close to the people but have little power.
They provide and manage local facilities such as allotments and village halls, street
lightning and bus shelters, a forum for discussing local issues.

Ex.33. Look through the text “The Executive Body of the British
Government “ again and define the functions, responsibilities of the
Executive Body of the British Government.
Ex.34. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:

1. In the UK the executive branch of the government is headed by………….

2. The Queen acts on the advice of ……………
3. Government ministers are answerable to… for the activities of their departments.
4. The Prime- minister is questioned….
5. The executive also includes… which administer many local services.
6. There are several levels of … , each meeting different needs.
7. The top level of a local government is……
8. The district council collects…..

Ex.35. Find the words with similar meaning to the following:

leader of state, responsible, to attend, to interrogate, to inform, to satisfy,
various needs.
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Ex.36. Re-read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. Who is head of the executive body of the British Government?
2. What are the powers of the Queen?
3. Does the Queen issue orders, decrees, and acts independently, or privately?
4. What are the functions of the Prime Minister?
5. Is the Prime Minister elected or appointed?
6. What is the procedure of the electoral system?
7. How long is the term office of the Prime Minister?
8. Who is the Prime Minister of Great Britain currently? What party does he belong
to?
9. What departments, and ministries of the British Government do you know?
10. To whom is the Executive body accountable?
11. What do the local authorities deal with?
12. What department of the British Government deals with legal services?

Ex.37. Agree or disagree with the following statements according to the text:
1. The Queen is the head of state and acts independently.
2. Government ministers are answerable to Parliament for the activities of their
departments.
3. Ministers attend debates in Parliament and they can question MPS.
4. The Prime Minister is questioned four times a week.
5. The National Audit office reports to the Queen on the efficiency and use of
resources by government departments.
6. Local governments administer many local services.

Ex.38. Discuss the following questions in your group:

1. The Queen‟s powers. 2. Government departments.
3. Local governments. 4. Government ministers‟ responsibilities.

Ex.39. The statements below are all taken from cases. They were made orally
in open court during trials. Read them and determine who made these
statements.
1. A man put a small handgun to her head, then pushed her into another person.
Then the man ran to a nearby parking lot, fired the gun 1 to 3 times in the air and
disappeared.
2. I was working in a parking structure just after 7 p.m. when a man walked toward
me with his shirt over his face.
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3. When a man entered the booth and tried to grab money from the drawer, the
clerk pushed him away, but was then punched above the left eye and he took the
money.
He lost sight of him in the alley.
4. I struggled with that issue for the last 24 hours. Now we have found some of the
suspects. I continue to do so.
5. I was at a convenience store in Ypsilanti Township at about 3:40 a.m. when a
man forced his way into my car and told me to drive to an unknown location. After
forcing me to commit sexual acts, the man fled and I drove home. (AAN, 7/25/99;
7/29/99; 8/5/99)

Ex.40. As you read the following text note what words from the text “The
Executive body of the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan” are
in the text below:
The Executive Body of the US Government
According to the US Constitution the executive power is vested in the
President. The chief duties of the President are to protect the Constitution and to
enforce the laws made by Congress. Other powers of the President are:
-to recommend legislation to Congress;
-to call special sessions of Congress;
-to veto bills;
-to appoint heads of federal departments and agencies and other principal
federal officials;
-to appoint representatives to foreign countries;
-to carry on official business with foreign nations;
-to exercise the function of commander –in-chief of the armed forces;
-to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.
The office of President of the United States is one of the most powerful
offices in the world. The President, the Constitution says, must “take care that the
laws be faithfully executed”. To carry out this responsibility, he or she presides
over the executive branch of the federal government – a vast organization
numbering several million people. In addition it has important legislative and
judicial powers.
The President, as the chief formulator of public policy, has a major
legislative role. The President can veto any bill passed by Congress and, unless two
– thirds in each house vote to override the veto, the bill does not become law. Much
of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive
288
branch. In messages to Congress, the President may propose legislation he or she
believes is necessary.
Judicial powers of the President are the following:
-to appoint important public officials. But the presidential nomination of
federal judges, including members of the Supreme Court, is subject to confirmation
by the Senate;
-to grant full or conditional pardons to anyone convicted of breaking a
federal law except in a case of impeachment. The pardoning power has come to
embrace the power to shorten prison terms and reduce fines.
Executive powers of the President are:
-to issue rules, regulations and instructions called executive orders, which
have the binding force of law upon federal agencies;
-to call into federal service the state units of the National Guard;
- to choose the heads of all executive departments and agencies, together
with hundreds of other high-ranking federal officials.
In times of war or national emergency, the Congress may grant the President
even broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of
the USA.
President‟s powers in foreign affairs are:
-to appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls who are subject to
confirmation by the Senate;
-to receive foreign ambassadors and other public officials;
-to maintain and manage all official contacts with foreign governments;
-to participate in summit conferences;
-to be responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and for foreign
nationals in the USA;
-to decide whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and
negotiate treaties with other nations;
-to negotiate “executive agreements” with foreign powers that are not
subject to Senate confirmation.
The administrative business of the nation is conducted by Secretaries who
form the Cabinet. They are appointed by the President but their nomination must be
confirmed by the Senate. The Cabinet is a kind of an advisory group to the
President. The Cabinet members are: the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the
Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of the
Interior, etc. The Vice- President participates in the Cabinet meetings as well.
The executive Office of the President is represented by a group of agencies.
First of all these are: the White House Office, the Bureau of the Budget, the
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National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, etc. These are
bodies which carry out administrative functions. (American Government, pp.52-
58)

Ex.41. Re-read the text and group the presidential powers.

Ex.42. Re-read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. Who has the executive power in the USA?
2. What are the basic functions of the President?
3. What does the Cabinet consist of and what are its functions?
4. Are the state secretaries elected or appointed?
5. What are the main state secretaries?
6. What represents the executive office of the President?

Ex.43. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the appropriate
phrases:
I‟m afraid you are wrong, I disagree with you, Far from it, You shouldn‟t say
so…, Quite right, That‟s true, I agree with you…

1. The executive power in the USA is vested in the judicial branch of the
Government.
2. According to the Constitution the President and Vice-President are appointed for
a term of five years by the General-Attorney of the USA.
3. The President has many powers. Some of them are: he is the Commander-in-
Chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties and appoints ambassadors to foreign
countries as well as other high officers of the country.
4. The administrative business of the country is conducted by members of the
Cabinet.
5. State secretaries - members of the cabinet are elected by people.
6. The executive office of the President is represented by a group of agencies.
7. The President must “take care that the laws be faithfully executed”.
8. The President can veto any bill passed by Congress and, unless two- thirds in
each house vote to override the veto, the bill does not become law.
9. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forced, the President appoints officers in
all branches of the Service.
10. Once Congress passes a law, it‟s up to the President to make sure the law is
carried out.

Ex.44. Express the idea stated by your friend emphatically. Work in pairs:
290
Model: A: I know that US Congress consists of two chambers- the Senate
and the House of Representatives.
B: Yes, you are right. It is the USA where the Congress consists of
two chambers.
Prompts: 1. The whole legislative power is vested in the Congress. 2. The Speaker
of the Senate is the Vice-President. 3. The Congress represents the legislative
branch of the state power.4. The legislative makes the rules for deciding who may
vote at the Presidential elections.5. The President appoints all federal judges.6. The
Congress may remove a judge from office by impeachment. 7. In 1912 the
Congress fixed the exact number of the members of the House of representatives, it
has remained constant at 435.
8.The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November was determined by the
Congress as “Election day”.9. On the 6 th of January the electoral votes are
counted in the USA.
Ex.45. As you read the text below note the requirements to the candidates
for the post of US President.
Who can be President of the USA and how?
One of the many great things about being an American is that anyone born
in the USA can become President. Candidates must be at least 35 years old and
have lived here at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency are chosen by
political parties several months before the presidential election, which is held every
four years.
The method of electing the president is peculiar to the American system.
Although the names of the candidates appear on the ballots, technically the people
of each state do not vote directly for the President. Instead, they select a state of
presidential electors, equal to the number of senators and representatives each state
has in Congress. The candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins
all the electoral votes of that state.
The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia, a total of 538
persons compose what is known as the Electoral College. Under the terms of the
Constitution the College never meets as a body. Instead, the electors gather in the
state capitals shortly after the election and cast their votes for the candidate with the
largest number of popular votes in their respective states. To be successful, a
candidate for the presidency must receive 270 votes. The Constitution stipulates
that if no candidate has a majority, the decision shall be made by the House of
Representatives, with all members from each state voting as a unit. In this event,
each state and the District of Columbia would be allotted one vote only.
 291
The presidential term of four years begins on January 20 following the
November election. The president starts his or her official duties with an
inauguration ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the U.S. Capitol where
Congress meets. The President publicly takes an oath of office, which is
traditionally administered by the Chief Justice of the United States. (American
Government, p.55).

Ex.46. Re-read the text and describe how the President is elected.
Ex.47. Look though the text again and find the answers to the questions
below:
1. Who can become President of the USA?
2. Who usually chooses the candidates for the presidency?
3. Do people vote directly for the President?
4. What is the Electoral College?
5. Do the members of the Electoral College meet to consider matters relating to
the election?
6. How many votes must a candidate receive to win the election?
7. What decision will be made if no candidate has a majority?
8. How long is the presidential term?
9. Where and when does the inauguration ceremony take place?
10. Who administers the inauguration ceremony?

Ex.48. Read the Oath of the President of the USA and compare it with the
Oath of the President of Uzbekistan.
The Oath of the President of the US:
“I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President
of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend
the Constitution of the United States”. (American Government, p.55)

Ex.49. Answer the questions:

1. What are the similarities and differences between the Oaths of the Presidents of
the USA and Uzbekistan?
2. On what date does the President of the USA ( Uzbekistan) publicly take an oath
of office?
3. Where are the words of the Oath of President of Uzbekistan written?
292
Ex.50. Look through the texts on the executive bodies of the governments of
Uzbekistan and the USA and discuss the following Presidential questions in
comparison:
1. Term of office. 2. Salary. 3. Inauguration.
4. Qualifications. 5. Chief duty. 6. Other powers.

Ex.51.Write an essay on one of the following topics.

1. President election in the USA.
2. Functions of the US President.
3. The executive body in the British Government.
4. Different features of the Executive Bodies of the US Government and
Government of Uzbekistan and British Government.
Glossary

abuse оскорблять haqorat qilmoq

accomplice соучастник (преступления) jinoyat ishtirokchisi ,
answerable ответственный mas'ul, javobgar
asylum убежище, приют, boshpana, ruhiy
психиатрическая больница kasalliklar shifoxonasi
attendant aдвокат (в суде) advokat (sudda),
himoyachi, oqlovchi
bludgeone бить дубинкой dubinka bilan urmoq
bootcamp system система учебного лагеря o'quv lager tizimi
booth будка, кабина do'koncha
brawl ссориться, скaндалить janjallashmoq, urushib
qolmoq
bribery взяточничество poraxo'rlik
calamity (natural) бедствие ofat, musibat
ceremony обряд, церемония marosim
collateral побочный qo'shimcha
command ( in full знание, хорошо знать bilim, yaxshi bilmoq
command of)
confer присуждать bermoq, taqdim etmoq
confirmation подтверждение tasdiqlash
conscientiously добросовестнo vijdonan, ongli ravishda
deserter дезертир qochoq
discredit дискредитировать, недоверять ishonchsizlik bildirmoq
dignity достоинство qadr – qimmat
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disturbance нарушение права, беспокойство huquqni buzish,
tashvish
embezzlement растрата; хищение qamomad; o‟g‟irlash
expense счет hisob
at one's expense за счет кого - либо kimningdir hisobiga
fulfulment исполнение bajarish
gangster гангстер (член вооруженной, gangster (bandit,
ганизованной группы qurollangan tashkiliy,
преступников) jinoiy guruh a'zosi)
guard охрана qorovul
hijacker бандит, налетчик qaroqchi
hooligan хулиган huligan, bezori
imposition обман aldov, aldovchilik
inauguration инагурация; вступление mansabga o'tirish
в должность
infraction нарушение buzish
jockey обманывать aldamoq
lengthen удлинять uzaytirmoq
locality местность joy, yer
mandatory обязательный, принудительный majburiy, majburlovchi
mugger торговец гончарными kulolchilik mahsulotlarini
изделиями sotuvchi
observance соблюдение (закона) (qonunga) rioya qilish,
tartibga itoat qilish
participate участвовать qatnashmoq
penalty наказание, штраф jazo, jarima
pickpocket вор, карманщик cho'ntakkesar, o'g'ri
pursuit преследование ta'qib
refutation опровержение rad qilmoq, inkor
rehabilitation реабилитация oqlash, sud qarori bilan
oldingi huquqlarini tiklash
repeal отменять, аннулировать bekor qilmoq, kuchdan
qoldirmoq
salary месячная зарплата oylik, maosh
scene место происшествия hodisa yuz bergan joy
shelter приют, убежище boshpana
smother (v) душить bug'moq
stowaway безбилетный пaссажир chiptasi yo'q yo'lovchi
strangulation удушение tomoqni bo'g'ish
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stuffy душный dam
subsequent последующий navbatdagi
substance вещество modda, materiya
tender законное платежное средство qonuniy to'lov vositasi
term of office срок полномочий vakolat muddati
thief вор, жулик o'g'ri
threat угроза do'q, po'pisa
traitor изменник, предатель sotqin, xoin, nomard
unanimous единодушный hamfikr, hamnafas
unlock открывать ochmoq
vandal вандал, варвар vandal (madaniy
yodgorliklarni harob qiluvchi, vaxshiy)
watchdog сторожевой пес qorovul it
wrongdoer обидчик, преступник dilozor, jinoyatchi
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UNIT 14
Topic: The Judicial Body of the Government of Uzbekistan
Linguistic material:
Phonetics: Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical words,
2. Words from a newspaper;
3. The words with the suffix- – full, - like, - ness, - less, -hood, -
ish, -ize, -ly, -ate;
Grammar: The Verbals,
Word formation: the suffixes -full, -like, -ness, -less, -hood, -ish, -ize, -ly,- ate;
Conversational phrases: How to express encouragement, comfort, sympathy,
regret.
Texts: 1. A Newspaper article; 2. The Judicial Branch of the Government of
the Republic of Uzbekistan; 3.Procurator‟s Office; 4.Legal problem.

Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
our their here ought own
sour hair dear bought phone
power heir near thought wrote
vowel rare clear brought coat
shower where beer caught note
tower bare career daughter goat

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

1. Will you move to the new flat in June?
2. The little pot is soon hot.
3. A closed mouth catches no flies.
4. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
5. A lawyer never goes to law himself.
6. A miss is as good as a mile.
7. A sound mind is a sound body.
8. All is well that ends well.
Conversational phrases: How to express encouragement, comfort, sympathy,
and regret.
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Ex.3. Read the phrases aloud:
Cheer up! Don‟t worry! Come, come.
There, there. Take it easy. Pull yourself together.
Don‟t get upset about it. Let‟s hope for the best.
Everything will be all right.
Things happen. I‟m so sorry (for you).I appreciate your
difficulties.
Forget it. There is nothing you can do about it. Too bad!
What a pity! What a shame! Good for you!

Ex.4. Read and translate:

1. Darling, don‟t cry… it‟ll be all right.
2. Right you are, doctor. You‟d better get on with what you‟ve got to do.
3. Why do you look so worried? -My grandfather has not been quite well for some
time. He has a bad cough.
Cheer up! Things will come all right, I hope.
4. I‟m afraid. I have been keeping that book of yours too long. -Never mind. Don‟t
let that worry you.

Ex.5. Try to encourage or comfort your friend using the following xpressions:
Come, come. Everything will be all right. Pull yourself together. Cheer up!
Don‟t get upset about it. Things happen. Don‟t worry. Take it easy.
1. Things are going from bad to worse for me.
2. We won‟t manage it.
3. The trouble is that I ruined everything myself.
4. I‟m completely run down.
5. I‟ve to do everything all over again. It is most disillusioning.
6. I don‟t know what to do. My grandfather‟s health is becoming worse and worse.
7. The winter examination session is coming very soon. But I have not started the
preparation for it yet.
8. I think I‟ll never get over it.
9. I‟m so worried about Harold. The operation is to take place tomorrow.
10. I don‟t feel well about the whole thing. They may let us down.
11. I‟m skeptical about it.
12. I won‟t be able to do it.

Ex.6. Express your sympathy and appreciation. Use the appropriate remarks
given below:
 297
I‟m so sorry for you. I sympathize with you. Give her my sympathies. You are
telling me!
I appreciate your difficulties. Take it easy.
1. I find it so difficult to work in these conditions.
2. We‟ve got to wait another month till it‟s all settled.
3. Neighbours can be such a nuisance!
4. Angel says her new boss is hard to deal with.
5. Rustam says that his sister couldn‟t enter the University.
6. I began to learn German after the service in the Army. So I find it difficult to
work on my German. I‟ve got to work hard.

Ex.7. Consider something someone tells you not to be worth worrying about.
Express it by using the following:
You haven‟t got any worries. Let it be the least of your worries. (It‟s a) small
loss.
1. I don‟t think I‟ll get tickets for the first night. What a pity!
2. You know Mr. Feak doesn‟t work with us any longer.
3. I agree to pay for it but how will it be delivered?
4. Angela refused to join us.

Ex.8. Express your regrets. Use the following:

Too bad! What a pity! It‟s a great pity!
1. Our team has lost. 2. Donald failed his exam on human rights. 3. The lecture on
the theory of state and law will not be held today. 4. The assassin has committed
suicide. 5. We have missed the 6:30 train. Well have to wait for more than an hour
for the next train. 6. Ahmad didn‟t get a prize.

Ex.9. Tell your friend not to worry about something.Use the following clues:
It can‟t be helped. There is nothing you can do about it (now). Forget it.
1. If I had taken a cab, I might have made it.
2. The evidence is against him and he will be tried.
3. Why have I insisted on his choosing that lawyer?
4. Oh, bother! I seem to have left my notes at home.
5. I have misinformed him. The figures I gave him are all wrong.
6. Why didn‟t I leave the flat locked? All my money was robbed.
Ex.10. Speak on the following imaginary situations, using words and
expressions of encouragement, sympathy, or regret.
298
1) A number of young graduates are discussing their plans for the future:
a) one of them speaks about herself and suddenly stops not being sure that
the rest are interested in her plans;
b) the second is weak in health and is doubtful whether she will be able to
cope with her future work;
c) the third is very modest and is not sure if she will be a success;
2) Express your sympathy with a friend of yours who is grieving about her
mother‟s serious illness;
3) Give words to comfort:
a) your friend who tells you that she lost very important papers;
b) your sister who left her umbrella in the bus;
c) your little brother (sister) who has broken the cup he (she) cherished.
Grammar
The Verbals
The Infinitive

Tenses Active Passive

Indefinite to write to be written
Continuous to be writing -
Perfect to have written to have been wtitten
Perfect Continuous to have been writing -

Ex. 11. Comment on the tense, aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive:
1. The police officer is said to have caught the robber.
2. He coughed to draw the others‟ attention.
3. She is said to be working at her thesis.
4. My friend„s dream is to become a judge.
5. They are said to have been studying law for two years.
6. The witness was said to have been questioned before we came.

Ex.12. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. He seems (to read) a lot.2. He seems (to read) now.3. He seems (to read) since
morning. 4. He seems (to read) all the books in the library.5. I want (to take) you to
the concert. 6. She hope (to help) by her friends. 7. The children seem (to play)
since morning. 8. I am sorry (to break) your pen.
Ex.13. Insert the particle “to” where necessary:
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1. I like… play the guitar. 2. My brother can… speak French. 3. We had… put
on our overcoats as it was cold. 4. May I… use your car? 5. They heard the girl…
cry. 6. I would rather… stay at home. 7. You had better… go home. 8. It is time …
get up. 9. Let me … help you. 10. The police officer made the driver… stop the car.
11. I think I shall be able … solve this problem. 12. I saw him … enter the room.

Ex.14. Write down six sentences using forms of the infinitive.

The Participle

The Participle

Present Participle Past Participle

Verb + ing 111 form of the verbs

writing written
speaking spoken
playing played
breaking broken

Forms of the Participle

Tenses Active Passive

Present writing being written
Perfect having written having been written
Past - written

Ex.15. Identify the forms of the Participle in each of the following sentences:
Model: Having prescribed the medicine the doctor went away. “Having
prescribed” – Perfect Participle, Active voice.
1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came.
2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor.
3. The stolen car was returned to its owner.
4. Having made out a plan of escaping the prisoner began to think of how it
would happen.
5. The letter being written in pencil one could hardly read it.
6. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.
300
7. Flushed and excited the boy came running to his mother.
8. The door bolted on the inside could not be opened.

Ex.16. Use the appropriate forms of the Participle in the sentences below:
1. (to translate) by a good specialist, the story preserved the humour of the original.
2. (to wait) for some time in the hall, he was invited into the drawing room.
3. (to discuss) among the members of Parliament the law was adopted.
4. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with
the old lady.
5. She went to work (to leave) the child with the nurse.
6. (to send) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home.

Ex.17. Write five sentences using the forms of the Participle.

The Gerund
Tenses Active Passive
Indefinite writing being written
Perfect having written having been
written

Ex.18. Identify the forms of the Gerund.

Model: Watching football matches may be exciting enough. “Watching “ –
Indefinite, the Active voice.
1. Having questioned the suspect the police officer let him free.
2. She stopped coming to see us.
3. Can you remember having seen the man before?
4. He was on the point of leaving the club.
5. On being told the news she turned pale.
6. After being corrected by the teacher, the students‟ papers were returned to them.

Ex.19. Use the appropriate forms of the Gerund in the following sentences:
1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me?
2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to.
3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to the hospital.
4. Do you mind him (to examine) by a doctor?
5. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty.
6. The watch requires (to repair).
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7. The problem is not worth (to discuss).
8. You never mentioned (to be) to Greece.

Ex.20.Write four sentences using the forms of the Gerund.

Ex.21.Study the word formation. The suffixes- ful, - like are used to form
adjectives.
fruit – fruitful man – manlike
grate – grateful lady – ladylike

Ex.22. Form derivative adjectives with the suffixes – ful and translate them
into your mother tongue:
neglect hope mercy harm
law gain beauty faith

Ex.23. Form derivative adjectives with the suffix – like and translate them
into your mother tongue:
maiden cricket god table
gentleman onion moon wood

Ex.24. Study the word formation. The suffix –ness is used to form nouns:
sad – sadness guilty – guiltiness
good – goodness oppressive – oppressiveness
Ex.25. Form derivative nouns with the suffix – ness and translate them:
serious light rough lazy
mad lavish hopeful hardy
godly happy friendly polite
faithful forgive plain false

Ex.26. Study the word formation. The suffix – less is used to form adjectives.
star – starless spirit – spiritless
fault – faultless form – formless

Ex.27. Form derivative adjectives with the suffix – less and translate them:
stain name spot measure sound
life soil law shape joy
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shame harm plain ground foot
fruit fault meaning child kind

Ex.28. Study the word formation. The suffixes – hood,- ish.

The suffix – hood is used to form nouns:
priest – priesthood child – childhood
The suffix – ish is used to form adjectives:
fool – foolish green – greenish

Ex.29. Form derivative nouns and adjectives with the suffixes -hood,- ish and
translate them:
- hood:
boy lady brother parent Knight
state page man neighbour false
-ish:
rub fiend self pig light
style frump monkey fever Jew

Ex.30. Study the word formation. The suffix – ize is used to form verbs. Read
and translate the following words:
monumental – monumentalize. monetary – monetize
minimum – minimize. mineral – mineralize.
military – militarize. method – methodize.

Ex.31. Form derivative verbs with the suffix – ize:

metal harmony memory general
memorial fraternal mediate fossil
material feudal magnet familiar
liberal fertile equal external

Ex.32.Study the word formation. The suffixes -ly -ate.

The suffix – ly is used to form adverbs.Read and translate the words:
happy – happily squal – squally
glad - gladly sore – sorely
willing – willingly social – socially
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wide – widely sloven – slovenly
steel – steely skill – skilly
stepmother – stepmotherly simple – simply
state – stately sill – silly
special – specially preferable – preferably

Ex.33. The suffix – ate is used to form verbs. Read and translate the following
words:
delegation – delegate jugular – jugulate
advocacy – advocate module – modulate
federal – federate military – militate
legislation – legislate mature- maturate
liberation – liberate pulse- pulsate
pulp – pulpitate lapidation – lapidate
Ex.34. Give the opposites of the following words:
lawful gainful beautiful hopeful
neglectful mercyful harmful grateful
joyful faithful fruitful meaningful

Ex.35. Use the given words in sentences of your own:

guilty neighbourhood military boyhood
politeness memorial childhood politeness
faultless fraternal harmless powerless

Ex.36. As you read the text below note what it mainly discusses.
Killer of 13 Year Old Is Sentenced to Death
A former marine who said he bludgeoned a 13 year old boy with a
sledgehammer because he wanted to know what it felt like to kill someone was
sentenced yesterday to die by lethal injection.
The killer, Todd Rizzo, 20, admitted before sentencing that his victim,
Stanley Edwards, “never deserved what happened to him.” But he defiantly
described the death penalty as ineffective. ”The death penalty doesn‟t stop people
from killing other people,” he said. “ It didn‟t stop me.” He told the police he
straddled him and hit him 13 times with a three- pound sledgehammer as the boy
begged him to stop. Then he dumped the boy‟s body in a wooded lot. A jury
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recommended the death penalty in June after deliberating for four days. (AAN,
8/9/99)

Ex.37. Re- read the text and tell what the text is about.
Ex.38. Look through the text again and divide it into logical parts.
Ex.39. Give a brief summary of the text.
Ex.40. Look through the text and copy the Infinitive, the Participle, the
Gerund and comment on their forms.
Model: to know is the Indefinite Infinitive, Active voice.

Ex.41. Agree or disagree with the statements according to the text:

1. The killer bludgeoned the victim with a stone.
2. The motive of the killer was to take revenge.
3. The killer was sentenced to death.
4. The killer was an old man.
5. The killer said that death penalty as a punishment was ineffective. It didn‟t stop
people from killing other people.
6. The killer said that he had straddled him and hit him 13 times with a three-pound
sledgehammer.
7. While being beaten the boy didn‟t ask the killer to stop and not to kill.
8. After killing the boy the murderer threw the boy‟s body into the river.

Ex.42. As you read the text note what the judicial body of the Government of
the Republic of Uzbekistan consists of:
The Judicial Body of the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan the judicial
authority in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall function independently from the
legislative and executive branches, political parties and public organizations.
The judicial system in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall consist of the
Constitutional Court of the Republic, the Supreme Court, the Higher Economic
Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with the Supreme Court, and the
Arbitration Court of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. These courts shall be elected
for a term of five years. The judicial branch also includes regional, district, town,
city, Tashkent city courts, civil, criminal and arbitration courts appointed for a term
of five years.
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Organization and procedure for the operation of the courts shall be
specified by law.
Formation of extraordinary courts shall be forbidden. The Constitutional
Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall hear cases relating to the constitutionality
of acts passed by the legislative and executive branches.
The Constitutional Court shall be elected from political and legal scholars
and shall consist of a Chairman, Vice-Chairman and judges including a
representative of the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
No member of the Constitutional Court, including the Chairman, shall have
the right to simultaneously serve as a deputy. The Chairman and the members of
the Constitutional Court may not belong to any political parties or movements, nor
hold any other paid posts.
The judges of the Constitutional Court shall have the right of immunity.
The judges of the Constitutional Court shall be independent in their work
and subject solely to the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall:
judge the constitutionality of the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan and
other acts passed by the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the decrees
issued by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the enactments of the
government and the ordinances of local authorities, as well as obligations of the
Republic of Uzbekistan under inter-state treaties and other documents;
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be the highest
judicial body of civil, criminal and administrative law.
The rulings of the Supreme Court shall be final and binding throughout the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall have the right to
supervise the administration of justice by the Supreme Court of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, as well as by regional, city, town and district courts.
Any economic and management disputes that may arise between
entrepreneurs, enterprises, institutions and organizations based on different forms
of ownership shall be settled by the Higher Arbitration Court and other arbitration
courts within their authority.
Judges shall be independent and subject solely to the law. Any interference
in the work of judges in administering the law shall be inadmissible and punishable
by law.
The immunity of judges shall be guaranteed by law.
The Chairmen and the members of the Supreme Court and the Higher
Arbitration Court may not be deputies of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.
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Judges, including district ones, may not belong to any political parties or
movements, nor hold any other paid positions.
Before the completion of his term of office, a judge may be removed from
his post only on grounds specified by law.
Legal proceedings in all courts shall be only allowed in cases prescribed by
law.
All court verdicts shall be binding on state bodies, public associations,
enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens.
All legal proceedings in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be conducted in
Uzbek, Karakalpak, or in the language spoken by the majority of the people in the
locality. Any person participating in court proceedings who does not know the
language on which they are being conducted, shall have the following right to be
fully acquainted with the materials in the case, to have the services of an interpreter
during the proceedings, and to address the court in his native language.
All defendants shall have the right to defense.
The right to legal assistance shall be guaranteed at any stage of the
investigation and judicial proceedings. Legal assistance to citizens, enterprises,
institutions and organizations shall be given by the College of Barristers.
Organization and procedure of the College of Barristers shall be specified by law.
(Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, pp.31-33)

Ex.43. Re-read the text “The Judicial Body of the Government of the
Republic of Uzbekistan” and give its brief summary.
Ex.44. Translate the second paragraph of the text into your mother tongue.
Ex.45. Give synonyms to the following words in the text:
authority, judicial body, additional court, to operate, to be impossible, dealing with,
scientists, not depending on, at the same time, nongovernment organization, to
occupy a position, to be composed of, duties, decision, plead, exemption.

Ex.46. State what kind of cases are heard in the following types of courts. Fill
in the chart:
Civil court Criminal Arbitrate Appellate The Highest
court court court court

Ex.47. Express the following in one word using the prompts.

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Prompts: appeal, immunity, defendant, dispute, verdict, guarantee, supervise,
defense.
safety; security from punishment; take a question (to a higher court) for rehearing
and a new decision; argue, quarrel, debate in words; a person against whom a legal
action is brought; promise or undertaking that certain conditions agreed to in a
transaction will be fulfilled; decision reached by a jury on a question of fact in a law
case; legal arguments used to contest an accusation (lawyer‟s acting for an accused
person).

Ex.48. Language competition. Who can find the missing letters of the words
as fast as possible?
Model: t…cher – teacher; dr…er – driver.
…icial …ction …itical …reme
…ernment …ependently …islative …anization
…uplic …ty …her …itration
…ording …cutive …tem …ional
…hority …anch …sist …triot

Ex.49. Agree or disagree with the statements below:

1. The judicial body in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall function depending on the
legislative and executive branches.
2. The judicial system consists of the procurator‟s office, the Supreme Court and
Tashkent city court.
3. In cases of necessity one can form additional courts.
4. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall hear cases relating
to the constitutionality of acts passed by the legislative and executive branches.
5. The judges of all the courts shall have the right of immunity.
6. Judges shall be independent and subject solely to the law.
7. The Chairmen and members of the Supreme Court and the Higher Economic
Court may not be deputies of the Oliy Majlis.
8. Legal proceedings in all courts shall be close to the public.

Ex.50. As you read the text note the peculiar features of the electoral system in
Uzbekistan:
Electoral System
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All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan are guaranteed the equal right to
vote. Each citizen shall have only one vote. All citizens shall be eligible for election
to public office.
The President and representative bodies of authority in the Republic of
Uzbekistan shall be elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by
secret ballot. All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan under the age of 18 shall be
eligible to vote.
Citizens who have been legally certified as insane, as well as persons in
prison may neither vote be eligible for election. Any other direct or indirect
infringement on the citizens‟ voting rights is inadmissible.
A citizen of the Republic of Uzbekistan may not simultaneously be elected
to more than two representative bodies.
The electoral procedure shall be specified by law. (Constitution of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, p.34)

Ex.51. Read the text and state the structure of Procurator’s office in
Uzbekistan:
Procurator’s Office
The Procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the procurators
subordinate to him shall supervise the strict and uniform observance of the laws on
the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall direct the
centralized system of agencies of the procurator‟s office.
The Procurator of the Republic of Karakalpakstan shall be appointed by the
highest representative body of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and subject to
confirmation by the Procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The procurators of regions, districts, cities and towns shall be appointed by
the Procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The term of office shall be 5 years for the Procurator-General of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, the Procurator of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and
procurators of regions, districts, cities and towns.
The agencies of the Procurator‟s Office of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall
exercise their powers independently of any state bodies, public associations and
officials, and shall be subject solely to the law.
While in office procurators shall suspend their membership in political
parties and other public associations pursuing political goals.
Organization, powers and procedure for the agencies of the Procurator‟s
Office shall be specified by law.
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In the territory of the Republic of Uzbekisan it is prohibited to set up
and run any private, cooperative or other non-governmental agencies or their
branches, independently conducting any operational work, investigations, inquiries
or any other functions connected with combating crime.
Law-enforcement agencies may enlist the assistance of public associations
and citizens to safeguard law and order, as well as the rights and freedoms of
citizens. (Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, p.34)

Ex.52. Look through the text again and describe the functions of a
procurator’s office.
Ex.53. Agree or disagree with the statements below:
1. The Procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the procurators
subordinate to him shall supervise the strict and uniform observance of the laws.
2. The procurator-General of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be dependent on the
courts.
3. The procurators of regions, districts, cities and towns shall be appointed by
khokims.
4. The term of office shall be 4 years for all procurators.
5. The agencies of the Procurator‟s office of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall
exercise their powers independently of state bodies.
6. While in office procurators shall be members of all political parties.

Ex.54. Discuss the following:

1. The main functions of the procurators.
2. Reforms in the judicial authority in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
3. The immunity of judges.
4. Why judges can not be members of any political parties.

Ex.55. As you read the text copy out the derivatives and translate them.
Model: a hitchhiker – yolovchi
The Case of the Forfeited Ford
Bob was so proud of his nephew, Jeff, for graduating from college that as a
graduation gift he lent his vintage Ford Mustang to Jeff for a trip to Florida. As Jeff
was returning home through another state, he picked up a hitchhiker carrying a
large backpack. Just a few miles down the road Jeff was stopped by a highway
patrolman, who demanded that both men get out of the car. Despite the hitchhiker‟s
310
protests, the officer searched the backpack and found several thousand dollars‟
worth of cocaine. He arrested the hitchhiker and impounded Bob‟s car.
Bob was sure that once the official realized that he had nothing to do with
the cocaine, his property would be returned. He was wrong. The state forfeiture law
contained no provision to protect innocent owners. Even though the charges against
the hitchhiker were ultimately dismissed because the search by the highway
patrolman was held to be illegal, the county attorney persisted in the forfeiture
proceeding.
After many months and thousands of dollars in legal fees, Bob‟s forfeiture
case was tried before a jury. The government was merely required to show that the
cocaine was being transported in Bob‟s car. It did so, and the jury awarded a
forfeiture.
Unlike most cases of this type, Bob‟s ultimately had a happy ending. Bob
applied to the state‟s governor for a remission, and under intense pressure from the
press and public opinion, the governor ordered the car returned. (Legal Problem
Solver, p.242)

Ex.56. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. Why was Bob proud of his nephew?
2. What did Bob give Jeff as a graduation gift?
3. Whom did Jeff pick up?
4. Why did the patrolman arrest the hitchhiker and impound Bob‟s car?
5. What was Bob sure of?
6. Was the search by the highway patrolman legal or illegal?
7. What was the end of the case?
Ex.57. Look through the text again and define what issues are in the text.
Ex.58. Discuss the following:
1. Why did the jury award a forfeiture?
2. How is driving another person‟s car regulated in our country?
Ex.59.Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. Civil courts in Uzbekistan.
2. Criminal courts in Uzbekistan.
Glossary

address обращаться murojaat etmoq

admissible допустимый qabul qilinadigan
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appreciation оценка baho
cab такси taksi
cherish нежно любить erkalatmoq
College of Barristers Коллегия барристеров Baristerlar kollegiyasi
сomfort утешение tinchlantirish
cough (v) кашлять yo'talmoq
disillusioning утрата иллюзий hom hayollikni yo'qotish
dump свалка axlat to'kadigan joy
electoral избирательный saylovga oid, saylov
encouragement одобрение ma'qullash
evidence доказательство isbot
extroadinary необычайный g'ayritabiiy
former бывший sobiq
hitchhiker тот, кто перебирается с места yolovchi mashinalar bilan
на место, пользуясь u yerdan bu yerga boruvchi
попутными машинами shaxs
injection инъекция, укол ukol
insane душевнобольной, невменяемый ruhiy kasal, aqli noraso
interpreter переводчик tarjimon
jury жюри (суд присяжных) sud maslahatchilari
lend давать взаймы qarz bermoq
lethal смертельный o'ldiradigan
marine морской флот dengiz floti
misinform неправильно информировать noto'g'ri ma'lumot bermoq
persist упорствовать o'jarlik qilmoq
procurator прокурор prokuror
regret сожаление afsuslanish
remark замечание fikr, mulohaza, tanbeh
revenge мстить, отомстить (o'ch, qasos) olmoq, o'ch
deb alamidan chiqmoq
sledgehammer кувалда katta bolg'a
sympathy сочувствие achinish, hamdardlik
vintage сбор винограда uzum uzish, vino
worth стоящий arziydigan
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UNIT 15

Topic: The Judicial Branch of the British Government.

Linguistic material:
Phonetics:Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1. Topical vocabulary,
2. The words with the suffixes -fy,-en;
Grammar: Future Indefinite in the Past; Past Continuous;
Word-formation: the suffixes -fy, -en;
Conversational phrases: How to express request;
Texts: 1. Judges; 2. The Jury; 3. A newspaper article; 4. The Judicial Branch of
the British Government; 5. Solicitors and Barristers; 6. Justice and
the Law.

Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
dignity bright reading spoken
nullity light hearing broken
indemnity might speaking known
identity sight discussing coat
unity right punishing boat
equity night writing loan

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

1. Go slow. 6. It‟s a cold coal to blow at.
2. Follow your nose. 7. I vote we go home.
3. Nobody home. 8. Oh, no, don‟t go home alone.
4. Don‟t grow cold. 9. I don‟t suppose you know Rose.
5. No bones broken. 10. I won‟t crow over a foe.

Conversational phrases: How to make requests.

Ex.3. Read the phrases:

May I … (come in, use your phone, stay away, see you home, ask you a
question, …)?
Do you mind…( my smoking, my being late, if I stay, if I leave…)?
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Please… Could you possibly …,please?
Will you…? Could I trouble you for …?
Be so kind as to … Could you do me a favor?
Would you kindly … ? May I trouble you for?
I should be much obliged if…
Positive replies
Certainly! With pleasure.
Of course. Willingly.
Sure. Here you are.
Naturally. All right.
Not at all. Right.
I don‟t mind (it). Please do.
No, I don‟t.
Negative replies
I do not mind it. You shouldn‟t.
Please don‟t. You mustn‟t.
You needn‟t. By no means.

Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:

- Do you mind my turning on the radio? - May I see you home?
- Not at all. - I‟ll be delighted.

x x x
- May I use your phone? - Would you kindly open the door?
- Certainly. - With pleasure.

x x x
-Could I trouble you for a book? -Do you mind if I leave?
- Here you are.. -I certainly do. Please stay.

x x x
- Do you mind my smoking here? - Give my best wishes to your
- Please don‟t. mother, won‟t you?
-Thanks, I will.

Ex.5. Complete the following requests:

1. Be so kind as to … 5. Could I trouble you for…
2. Will you please… 6. May I ask you to …
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3. Would you please … 7. Would you kindly …
4. Would you mind … 8. I should be much obliged if …

Ex.6. Say the appropriate thing to a person who is doing something

undesirable and negative.
Model: Your roommate in a hotel is snoring loudly.-Will you please stop snoring?
The person who:
1. is talking loudly in a cinema.
2. is smoking in a non-smoking carriage.
3. is dropping cigarette ash on the floor.
4. is playing the piano very loudly when you have a headache.
5. is picking flowers in a public garden.
6. is doing her hair in public.
7. is making too much noise during a lesson.
8. is spitting in public.

Ex.7. Make dialogues on the following situations:

1. You are having a meal. Ask your neighbour to pass you the salt, the bread, the
mustard, or something else.
2. It‟s very stuffy in the compartment of the train. You want to open the window
and need somebody to help you.
3. You are short of money. Ask your friend to lend you some.
4. You ask your neighbour to post a letter for you.
5. You are sitting for an examination. Ask your neighbour who is playing loud
music not to do it.
6. The bus is overcrowded. You ask a passenger who is pushing you not to do so.

Ex.8. Change the orders into polite requests:

Model: Answer the telephone.
(a) Will you answer the telephone, please?
(b) Answer the telephone, will you?
1. Pick me up at the office. 2. Show me around. 3. Fix it right away. 4. Drop me at
the railway station. 5. Wash up. 6. Clear the table. 7. Air the bed. 8. Do the rooms.
9. Develop the pictures. 10. Water the flowers.
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Ex.9. Ask someone to do something for you. Make dialogues:
Model:
- Could you do me a favour?
- Yes, certainly.
- Call up Information and find out when the 5.30 train from Glasgow gets in.
- All right.
- Thank you.

Things that you ask someone to do for you:

- to give somebody a message from you;
- to find out things for you;
- to lend you some money;
- to fix the TV set;
- to buy tickets for the cinema;
- to check some information.

Ex.10. Find speaker A’s questions and requests in accordance with the
responses of speaker B:
Model: Will you close the window? – Certainly.

Certainly! Here you are.

Of course! All right.
Most willingly
Grammar
Future Indefinite in the Past (the next day, the following day)
should/would + Infinitive
I said (that) I should serve on a jury.
He said (that) he would bring a lawsuit against his neighbour.
She said (that) she would plead to the appellate court.
We said (that) we should help the constable to find the suspect.
You said (that) you would follow your lawyer‟s instructions.
They said (that) they would describe the scene of a crime.

Ex.11. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue:

1. He knew that the police would search his luggage.
2. She said she would go to the trial.
316
3. Her parents were out of town and they would not return until Monday.
4. The attorney supposed that the defendant would tell the truth.
5. The police promised that he would find the suspect in a week.
6. The robber was sure that nobody would suspect him.
7. It was clear that the detective would interview all members of the family.
8. The defendant‟s attorney was not sure that he would win the case.

Ex.12. Change the sentences into Future Indefinite-in-the-Past:

Model: A: I shall begin to investigate the case tomorrow.
B: Rustam said he would begin to investigate the case the next day.
Prompts: a. to plead guilty to a felony embezzlement charge in the case,
b. to be sentenced to 5 years of prison,
c. to suspend from the investigation for a violation of rules,
d. to be charged with an assault,
e. to arraign in connection with the June 2nd bombing,
f. to sue the agency in 60 days over the way a federal tax on guns,
j. to be found guilty of second-degree murder.

Ex.13. Work in groups. Change the sentences into indirect speech like the
model.
Model:
Student A: I shall stay at the Institute after classes.
Student B: What did he ( Ahmad ) say?
Student C: Ahmad said he would stay at the Institute after classes.
Prompts: to attend the trial; to write a report; to help the investigation, to visit one‟s
relatives; to find some information on barrister‟s code; to read a
booklet on the activity of solicitors.
Note: Past Continuous (at that time, at … o‟clock…(yesterday, the day before
yesterday, last Monday), when somebody…).

to be (was, were) + Participle I

I was sleeping at 11 p.m. yesterday

They were watching TV at 9 p.m. yesterday.

Ex.14. Translate the sentences:

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Affirmative form
1. I (he, she) was watching TV at 9 p.m. yesterday.
2. It was snowing when we went out yesterday.
3. We (you, they) were driving the car when it began to rain.
Negative form
1. I (he, she) was not sleeping when you called me.
2. They (we, you) were not discussing an important question when we entered
the hall yesterday.
Interrogative form
1. Was she tidying up her room at 8 a.m. yesterday? -Yes, she was /-No, she was
not.
2. Were they fishing in the river at 11 a.m. yesterday? -Yes, they were / No, they
were not.

Ex.15. Answer the questions that ask what members of your family were
doing at 7 a.m. yesterday:
1. Were you doing your morning exercises?
2. Your brother was sleeping, wasn‟t he?
3. Was your sister having breakfast or tidying up the room?
4. What was your father doing?
5. Was your mother preparing breakfast?
6. What was your grandfather doing?
7. Your grandmother was watching TV, wasn‟t she?
8. What was your friend doing?

Ex.16. You are a journalist. Your chief has asked you to write an article
about a famous American lawyer who is on a business trip in your city.
You didn’t do it as the lawyer was busy all the day. Look through your
notes and tell why you couldn’t meet him. Answer your chief’s
questions.
Model: A: Why didn‟t you meet him at 8 a.m.?
B: I couldn‟t meet him at 8. a.m. because at 8.a.m. he was having
breakfast.
Here is the schedule of the lawyer which may be used as prompts:
Activities
318

9.a.m. -to have a press conference;

9.30.a.m.- to have a business lunch;
10.00.a.m.-to visit the places of interest;
2.00.p.m.-to have dinner;
3.00.p.m.-to write an article;
4.00.p.m.-to make a report at the Congress of lawyers;
6.00.p.m.-to have debates with his colleagues;
7.00.p.m.-to play chess with his friends;
8.00.p.m.-to have supper;
9.00.p.m.-to watch TV.

Ex.17. There was a robbery in your apartment building. The police officer has
come to ask questions. He is asking you what your friend was doing when you
came to him. Answer the police officer’s questions.
Model: A: What was your friend doing when you came to him?
B: When I came to him he was reading a book.

Ex.18. You happened to be a witness of a traffic accident. Tell the police

inspector how everything happened.
Model: The blue car was moving very fast. The old man was passing the street,
etc.
Ex.19. You happened to be a witness of a shoplifting. Tell the police inspector
how everything happened.
Ex.20. On February 16, 1999 several explosions happened in Tashkent.
More than 20 people were killed and more than 100 people got
wounded. Ask your groupmates where they were and what they were doing
when the explosions happened.

Ex.21. Read the text below and analyse the use of tense forms.
Model: faces-Present Indefinite; pointed-Past Indefinite, etc.
Man faces arraignment on gun charges
A 17 year old Ypsilanti man faces an arraignment today on several charges
after he pointed a gun at a sheriff‟s deputy following a traffic stop.
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Deputy Everett Robbins of the Washtenaw County Sheriff‟s
Department and Officer Dan Caloia of the Ypsilanti Police Department were on
joint patrol at 6: 45 p.m. Thursday when they attempted to stop a speeding car on
Le Forge Road.
The driver stopped the car and fled on foot. When Robbins rounded a nearby
building, he was met by the suspect, who was waiting with a gun pointed at him.
When Robbins took cover, the suspect took off running. No shots were fired.
The officers interviewed people near the scene, learned the suspect‟s identity
and arrested him in Ypsilanti. He faces felony charges of assaulting of a police
officer, driving a stolen vehicle, carrying a concealed weapon and a felony firearm.
(AAN, 7/14/99)

Ex.22. Re-read the text and define what values are involved in the case.
Ex.23. Look through the text again and retell the case.
Ex.24. Study the word formation. The suffixes – fy, - en.
unite - unify dark - darken
test - testify broad - broaden
sign - signify sweet - sweeten
intense - intensify red - redden

Ex.25. Form derivative verbs with the suffixes – ify; - en:

dignity pure glory deep simple
class indemnity black nullity specific
identity sharp horror example threat
gas fort strenght tight note
solid beauty bright high thick

Ex.26. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own :

nullify - 1) something that is legally void,
2) the fact of being legally void;
indemnify - to reimburse a loss that someone has suffered because of another‟s
act or default;
fortify - to support morally, physically, to affirm, to confirm something, to
refresh oneself;
notify - to make somebody aware of something, to inform;
solidify - to harden, to thicken;
320
identify - to establish resembleness with somebody or something, to
determine the personality;
specify - to make a detailed statement to establish;
lengthen - to make longer;
darken - to make dark;

Ex.27. Paraphrase the following word combinations with the suffix – ify:
Model: to make somebody aware of something- to notify. make or
become more intense; arrange in classes; unite ( form into one); make simple; make
pure; make something solid; to make someone or something beautiful; to make
horrible; to make glory.

Ex.28. Make pairs of antonyms:

complicate pollute separate nullify unify
purify horrify please establish simplify

Ex.29. Translate the following verbs with the suffix - en:

darken heighten tighten redden lengthen
blacken strengthen sharpen threaten deepen

Ex.30. Answer the questions:

1. When do the days begin to lengthen?
2. When do the nights begin to shorten?
3. What increases your interest in your studies?
4. What strengthens world peace?

Ex.31. Form derivative adjectives with the suffix – al:

Model: critics – critical.
acquit logic liberty government
benefic critics historic specific
principle colony universe dialect
culture classic sensation botany

Ex.32. Pair the following words up:

Model: cultural relations.
classical rule cultural task
 321
logical remark liberal conclusion
critical system special relations
colonial views universal music

Ex.33. All the verbs in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete
sentences and translate them:
testify nullify specify identify
indemnify classify notify simplify

1. The victim‟s brother, who lives in southeast Michigan, asked not to be…
because of fears for the family‟s safety.
2. The farmer who had seen the criminal scene…in favour of the defendant in the
court.
3. After checking the balances the manager decided to…the contract with a foreign
firm.
4. The lawyer advised his client to…full the details of the grounds for complaint.
5. The accused was forced to …for a loss of the plaintiff.
6. The cases must be classified depending on their seriousness…
7. The police office …the suspect being charged with a misdemeanor.
8. The witnesses testified in details of the crime scene which … consideration of
the case.

Ex.34. As you read the text note the legal terms and translate them into your
mother tongue:
The Judicial Branch of the British Government
The judiciary determines common law and interprets acts of Parliament.
There are various kinds of courts in Great Britain: magistrate court, civil
court, crown court, county court, High court justices, Court of appeal, and the
Highest court. They deal with different cases.
As for the civil courts, there is a trial court for the whole of England, with an
unlimited jurisdiction in all civil cases –the High Court of Justice. It deals with
those matters which are connected with property rights, family relations, business,
and other areas.
Minor civil cases are tried in the County Courts. They have nothing to do
with counties; the name was selected for historical reasons. These courts have
limited jurisdiction.
322
The judges of the Civil Courts try cases alone without the jury, because
England abolished the jury in civil cases in 1933.
The Crown Court, a court of general jurisdiction, and the Magistrates‟
Courts having only limited jurisdiction are known to be the trial courts for
considering criminal cases.
Magistrates consider simple matters. The punishment they inflict seldom
exceeds six months imprisonment and often consists of fines. The Crown Court has
jurisdiction in major criminal cases, those punishable by substantial periods of
imprisonment. Criminal cases involve a jury trial.
The intermediate appellate tribunal in England is the Court of Appeals. It
hears appeals from the High Court and from specialized tribunals. The Criminal
Division of the Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal courts of inferior
instance.
The highest court in England is the House of Lords. It hears appeals of
exceptional public importance from the Court of Appeal their number being very
limited. When the House of Lords acts as a judicial body instead of a legislative
one, it is composed only of the Lords of Appeal in the Ordinary.
(Justice and the Law, p.21)

Ex.35. Re-read the text “The Judicial Branch of the British Government” and
find synonyms for the following words:
to define to choose plead
to regard questions unwritten law
to go beyond to nullify without anybody (the jury)
to contain different relate

Ex.36. Look through the text again and give one word equivalents for the
following:
Model: the system of law courts in a country. The system of law courts in a
country is judiciary, unwritten law developed from the customs.
to show, make clear the meaning of something in words;
place where law – cases are held;
have relations with, be concerned with;
legal authority (right to exercise this);
to inquire into (a case) in a court of law;
penalty inflicted for wrongdoing;
keeping in prison;
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sum of money paid as a penalty for breaking a law or rule;
to take a question (to a higher court, etc.) for rehearing and a new decision.
Ex.37. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. What kinds of courts are there in Great Britain?
2. What does the Highest Court of Justice deal with?
3. In what court are minor civil cases tried?
4. Do the judges of the Civil Courts try cases with a jury?
5. What cases do Crown Courts try?
6. What are the powers of magistrates?
7. What cases does the Court of Appeal hear?
8. What is the Highest Court in Great Britain and what cases does it consider?

Ex.38. Language competition. Who has alert eyes and a good memory? Look
through the text and write down the words beginning with the letters “J”,
“L”, “N”, “S” as many as possible.
Ex.39. Re-read the text and define the structure of a court system in Great
Britain.
Ex.40. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. The judiciary determines common law and interprets acts of Parliament.
2. There is only one court in Great Britain.
3. Civil courts are connected with property rights, family relations, business, etc.
4. Minor civil cases are tried at the Highest Court of Justice.
5. The judges of the civil courts try cases with the jury which was established in
1933.
6. Magistrates deal with serious cases and the punishments they give are severe.
7. There is no court of appeal in Great Britain.
8. The Highest Court in England is the House of Lords.

Ex.41. Discuss the following:

1. Cases tried at a County Court in England.
2. Cases tried at a Magistrate court in England.
3. The abolishment of a jury in civil courts.
4. The Highest Court in England.
Ex.42. As you read the text copy all the words related to medicine and
translate them:
324
The Case of the Surgeon Samaritan
A woman who had been in an automobile accident was brought to an Ann
Arbor hospital in critical condition. The emergency room physician examined her
and decided that she required an operation. Because the surgeon on duty was not
available, the emergency room physician asked another surgeon who was off duty
to come to the hospital to treat the accident victim. When the surgeon arrived, he
conducted additional tests and determined that surgery was needed. Before he
could perform the operation, however, the woman died of cardiac arrest.
The woman‟s husband filed a lawsuit against the off duty surgeon and the
hospital. The surgeon filed a motion to be dismissed from the suit, claiming that he
was immune from liability under Michigan‟s Good Samaritan statute, which
provides that off duty medical practitioners are immune from civil liability when
they respond to a request for emergency assistance.
The court upheld the surgeon‟s argument. It further stated that one purpose
of a Good Samaritan law is to encourage medical personnel to respond to
emergencies even though they are not obligated to do so. Allowing the lawsuit to
proceed would have had a negative effect on other medical personnel, who might
refuse to provide assistance for fear of a malpractice claim. (Legal Problem Solver,
p.256).

Ex.43. Read the text again and state what issues are involved in it.
Ex.44. Look through the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. Why was the woman brought to a hospital?
2. What medical assistance was rendered to the woman?
3. Why did the woman die?
4. Whom did the woman‟s husband file a lawsuit against?
5. What was the court‟s decision?
6. Do you think that the woman would not have died if she had been operated
on?

Ex.45. Retell the text on behalf of the woman’s husband.

Ex.46. Discuss the following:
1. The fault of the medical personnel.
2. Similar cases which you know.
3. What punishment would you define if you were a judge?
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Ex.47. As you read the text below note what it primarily discusses:
Judges
Judges in England are officers appointed by the sovereign power to
administer the law. The duties of the judicial office in a civil or a criminal matter
are different. The law calls for judges to hear the statements on both sides in open
court and arrive at a conclusion as to the truth of the facts submitted to them, or
when a jury is engaged to direct the jury to find such a conclusion. The judges are
expected to apply to the facts so found the appropriate rules of the law, and to
certify by their judgements the relief to which the parties are entitled or the
obligations or penalties which they have incurred.
Some important points are considered to be more characteristic of the
English judicial system. They can be described as the following ones:
1. Judges in England are copletely protected from action for anything that
they may do exercising their judicial duties.
2. Judges are appointed for life and should retire at the age of 70 or 72.The
highest class of judges are practically irremovable. The inferior judges and
magistrates are sometimes removable for misconduct by the Lord Chancellor.
3. The judiciary in England is not a separate profession. The judges are
chosen from barristers or solicitors if those have been in active practice for at least
10 years.
4. Judges in England are appointed for the most part by the Queen. In a few
cases, municipal corporations may appoint their own judicial officer, and they
expect him to do his duties in a proper way.
The backbone of the criminal justice in England proves to be provided with
the unpaid justices of peace. They are appointed for each county and serve until
they reach the age of 70 when they must retire from active service. (Justice and the
Law, p.44)

Ex.48. Re-read the text and translate four important points which
characterize the English judicial system.
Ex.49. Look through the text again and compare the duties of the judicial
office in a civil and a criminal case. Find out the differences between
them.
Ex.50. As you read the text below note the types of jury:
326
The Jury
The essential features of a trial by jury as practiced in England and countries
influenced by English ideas are the following: the jury are a body of selected
laymen which under the guidance of a judge ascertains the truth in questions of fact
arising either in a civil litigation or in a criminal process.
One can speak about the grand jury, the common jury and the special jury,
the common jury being generally twelve in number.
Their duties are strictly limited to questions of fact, and moreover they are
still further restricted to the exclusive consideration of matters that have been
proved by evidence in the course of the trial. They must submit to the directions of
the judge as to any rule or principle of law that may be applicable to the case.
The jury fulfil their duties in the following ways. At the end of the trial they
are asked to consider their verdict. They often retire for this purpose. The jury may
be out for many hours and should not separate at this stage. When they arrive at a
verdict they return to the courtroom. Their verdict is given in court in the presence
of the accused in response to the judge‟s question whether the jury have arrived at a
verdict. As a general rule it must be unanimous.
According to the general practice, the jury are selected from the locality,
whether county or city, where the crime has been committed. (Хижняк С.П. и
др.Учебник…С.241)

Ex.51. Re-read the text and define the duties of each jury.
Ex.52. Discuss the following:
1. How the jury fulfil their duties.
2. The way of jury‟s selection.

Ex.53. Discuss the following:

A car accident happened in Cardiff. The driver of the first car didn‟t get hurt. The
driver of the second car and its two passengers got seriously wounded and were
hospitalized.
State the laws involved in this case and define the type of a court in which it would
be tried.
Ex.54. Match up the definitions or explanations of the words:
1. citizenship a. dishonesty, especially bribery,
2. punishment b. the right or power to apply laws,
3. religion c. the systematic use of violence and intimidation,
 327
4. terrorism d. belief in powers considered to be divine or to have
control of human destiny,
5. corruption e. penalty for a crime or offence,
6. jurisdiction f. status of a citizen with its attendant rights and duties,
7. promulgated g. to confine or hold in custody,
8. discrimination h. to institute legal proceedings,
9. bar i. place where organization is centered,
10. sue j. a lawyer who has been called to the bar and is qualified
to plead in the courts,
11. detain k. unfair and different treatment, action based on prejudice,
12. headquarters l. person with whose help a settlement between parties is
achieved,
13. barrister m. put into effect by formal proclamation,
14. arbitrator n. all barristers (lawyers).

Ex.55. Give the corresponding adjectives of the following words:

Model: guilt – guilty; acknowledge – acknowledgeable.
crime independence policy
legality ethics competition
religion nationality sex
law violation punishment

Ex.56. Match up the functions of the courts:

1. Magistrates‟ Courts a. hears all civil cases that cannot be decided
by county courts,
2. County Courts b. is the final appellate tribunal,
3. Crown Courts c. the main civil courts,
4. High Court d. try the majority of all criminal cases and
some civil cases,
5. Court of Appeal e. hears both criminal and civil appeals,
6. House of Lords f. deals with more serious criminal cases.

Ex.57. Tell who performs the following actions:

1. conduct a trial and pass the sentence;
2. have first hand knowledge of the event and give evidence under oath;
3. bring suits against other persons;
328
4. in cooperation with other persons are to decide the truth of the cases tried before
the judge;
5. act for the state in prosecuting criminals;
6. are appointed to try small offences in Britain;
7. break laws;
8. are suspected of committing crimes and brought before the court;
9. assist the judge in trying a case;
10. defend the rights of a defendant.

Ex.58. Work in pairs and discuss the following. Which courts do you think
they would deal with:
a) a bank robbery?
b) a divorce case?
c) a burglary committed by a fifteen-year-old?
d) a drowning?
e) a case of driving too fast?

Ex.59. Match each word or expression on the left with its correct definition on
the right:
a) witness 1. everything witnesses say in court : facts, etc.
b) cross-examine 2. where witnesses stand in court.
c) witness box 3. someone who sees a crime or an accident.
d) evidence 4. ask all witnesses involved in a case questions.
e) defense 5. to say something happened though the fact hasn‟t been
proved yet.
f) allege 6. all the evidence, facts, things, etc. that a solicitor can use to
prove a man is not guilty.

Ex.60. Match each word or expression on the left with its definition on the
right:
a) charged with 1. being found guilty of anything before,
b) pathetic 2. she had planned what she was going to do,
c) confused 3. something that makes you feel pity,
d) previous convictions 4. to be mixed up, unclear about what you are
e) she had set out on a doing or what is happening,
deliberate expedition 5. to be accused by the police in court.
 329

Ex.61. As you read the text note the type of the case:
The Case of the Bumped Businessman
Bill bought plane ticket to Richmond, Virginia, with the understanding that it
could not be refunded or exchanged. When he got to the airport, Bill learned that
the airline had substituted a much smaller plane for the one originally scheduled
and alternative flight, but it would not arrive until 6 hours after the first flight, and at
another airport. As far as the airline was concerned, it had fulfilled its duty.
But Bill refused the alternate flight and rescheduled his trip for 2 weeks later.
He also sued the airline in state court, charging it with bad faith. He claimed that the
nonrefundable ticket limited his right to change his plans but did not prevent the
airline from making changes without informing ticket holders. Bill eventually won
his case and was given a significant award by the court.
Federal law only requires airlines to provide bumped passengers with an
alternate flight and limited compensation. But, as Bill found out, passengers
sometimes have additional rights under unusual circumstances. (Legal Problem
Solver, p.26)

Ex.62. Re-read the text, copy out the derivative words and translate them into
your mother tongue.
Ex.63. Discuss the following:
1. Why did Bill refuse the alternate flight and reschedule his trip?
2. The reason for Bill‟s suing the airline in state court.
3. Do you know any similar case in our country?

Ex.64. Read the text and translate it:

Solicitors and Barristers
English lawyers are divided into solicitors and barristers, the division
being very strict. Solicitors undertake legal business for lay clients while barristers
give advice about legal problems submitted through solicitors and conduct legal
proceedings in the higher courts.
The professional organization of solicitors is the Law Society. Their
position is regulated by Acts of Parliament. Only a solicitor can deal directly with
the public. He may represent his client in the lower courts.
330
Future solicitors have to go through a period of professional training
(clerkship) with a practising solicitor. The period of training lasts for 3 or 5 years,
depending upon the educational qualifications of the student. After that the clerk
has to take and pass the necessary examinations.
Barristers must have an accepted educational standard and pass legal
examinations as well as solicitors. These exams are conducted by the Council of
Legal Education. After passing the examinations a barrister may become a member
of the Inns of Court. (Хижняк С.П. и др.Учебник …, C.154)

Ex.65. Look through the text again and find the answers to the questions:
1. What do solicitors and barristers do?
2. What is the professional organization of solicitors?
3. What kind of training do solicitors have to get?
4. What must a barrister do in order to become a member of the Inns Court?
Ex.66. The following are violations of laws. Discuss who would deal with them
and in what court? What punishment would you suggest for each case?
Case 1. The driver of the car did not stop at the red light.
Case 2. A husband has beaten his wife and injured. And she wants to sue her
husband.
Case 3. A group of parents sues the local school board, asking that their
children‟s school be desegregated.
Case 4. A new TV set is out of order but the salesman refuses to fix it.
Ex.67. Fill in the blanks using the prompts.
Prompts: incur, misconduct, chosen, appoint, retire, submitted, entitled.
1. The judges must arrive at a conclusion as to the truth of facts…to them.
2. The relief to which the parties are…are certified by the judgement. 3. The judges
certify penalties which the criminals….4. Sometimes judges are removable for …
by the Lord Chancellor. 5. The judges are … from barristers or solicitors. 6. At 70
judges must… from active service.7. In a few cases municipal corporations may…
a judge in their town.

Ex.68. Answer the questions:

1. Who appoints judges in England?
2. What are the duties of a judge?
3. Can judges exercise their duties independently?
4. When must English judges retire?
 331
5. Are they appointed for a few years?
6. How many justices of the peace are there in England?
7. Who appoints judges in Uzbekistan?
8. What is the term office of judges in Uzbekistan?

Ex.69. Read and translate the text: Justice and the Law
Every citizen has the right to open and equal treatment before the law.
People with low incomes receive help from various legal aid schemes to
meet the costs of a lawyer.
Strict rules exist to protect suspects against any abuses by authorities. Any
arrested person has the right to consult a solicitor and can not be detained in police
custody beyond 36 hours without a warrant being obtained from a lay justice. A
person can only be detained without charge for a total of 96 hours. There are time
limits on the period between arrest and trial. Tape recording of interviews with
suspects takes place at police stations.
Police are strictly forbidden to use violence to obtain answers from suspects.
Most people are released on bail after being charged with an offence.
Britain‟s compensation scheme for victims of violent crime is the most
generous in the world. In 1992-93 over & 152 million was paid to some 37.000
claimants.
The vast majority of people accused of criminal offences are tried by unpaid
members of the community (lay justices), who are assisted in court by legal
experts.
People charged with serious crimes such as murder, manslaughter, rape or
robbery are tried in front of a jury of citizens randomly picked from the local
electoral register. Before a jury trial starts, the clerk of court makes a random
selection from citizens called up for service.
An accused person is regarded as innocent until proved guilty. Trials have to
be conducted according to certain rules of evidence concerned with the proof of
facts. A court must be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant has
committed a crime before reaching guilty verdict. A conviction can be quashed on
appeal if evidence is improperly presented in court. Anyone convicted by a court
has the right of appeal to higher courts against conviction or sentence.
Anyone charged with an offence has the right to legal representation in
court. His /her lawyer has the right to cross-examine prosecution witnesses and to
call witnesses to testify for the defendant. The defense has the right to the last
speech at a jury trial before the judge sums up.
332
Disputes between individuals are settled in civil law courts, which do not
usually involve the police. People can also use the civil law courts to secure some
redress against unfair decisions made by public authorities.
Disputes involving claims for small sums are heard under an informal court
arbitration procedure. (British Democracy in Action, p.15)

Ex.70. Answer the questions:

1. Do citizens have to pay for legal service? How can people with low
incomes pay?
2. What are the rules if a person is suspected of committing a crime?
3. Comment on the expression “to be released on bail”. Does such a rule exist in
our country?
4. What does “compensation scheme for victims” mean?
5. Comment on “ lay justices”.
6. How are people charged with serious crimes tried?
7. When may a person be regarded to be guilty?
8. What are the rights of a person charged with an offence?
9. In what court are the disputes between individuals settled?
10. How are the disputes involving claims for small sums settled?

Ex.71. Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. Solicitors in Great Britain.
2. Barristers in Great Britain.
3. Judges in Great Britain.
4. Prosecutors in Great Britain.
Glossary

abolish отменять, аннулировать bekor qilmoq, kuchdan

qoldirmoq
alternate flight альтернативный полет bir uchish o'rniga boshqasi
allege заявлять arz qilmoq, bayon bermoq
arrive at a conclusion приходить к заключению xulosa qilmoq
bail (on bail) брать на поруки kafillikka olmoq
bar адвокатура advokatlar idorasi
cardiac средство, возбуждающее yurak faoliyatini
сердечную деятельность qo'zg'atuvchi dori
claimant истец da'vogar
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courtroom здание суда sud zali
detain задерживать, арестовывать (birovni) noqonuniy
tarzda ushlab turmoq
divison отделение bo'lim
divorce case дело о разводе ajrash haqidagi ish
eventually в конечном счете oqibatda, natijada
faith вера, доверие ishonch
fortify подтверждать tasdiqlamoq,
mustahkamlamoq
glory великолепие ko'rkam, hashamatli
guidance руководство ko'rsatma, rohnomo
horrible страшный qo'rqinchli, dahshatli
immune освобожденный, ozod etilgan, dahlsiz
неприкосновенный bo'lgan
inferior стоящий ниже quyi turgan
inflict наносить удар, zarba bermoq,
причинять ущерб zarar yetkazmoq
irremovable неустранимый yo'qotib bo'lmaydigan
malpractice противозаконное действие qonunga hilof ish yuritish
memory память xotira
message сообщение xabar
mustard горчичный gorchitsa
pathetic трогательный taasirli
pure чистый sof
quash аннулировать, отменять bekor qilmoq, kuchdan
qoldirmoq
randomly случайно tasodifan
schedule расписание jadval
solidify делать (ся) твѐрдым qattiq holatga o'tkazmoq
snore храп xurrak
specify определять belgilamoq
sue предъявлять иск (sudga) da'vo bilan chiqmoq
undertake брать на себя определенные о'z zimmasiga
обязательства majburiyat olmoq
uphold поддерживать qo'llab – quvvatlamoq
witnessbox место для дачи свидетельских guvohlar ko'rsatma
показаний beradigan minbar
wounded раненный yarador
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UNIT 16

Topic: The Judicial System of the USA

Linguistic material:
Phonetics:Characteristics of Vowels;
Vocabulary: 1.Topical words,
2.The words with the suffix –ship;
Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech,
Sequence of Tenses;
Word formation: the suffix-ship;
Conversational phrases: How to express disagreement;
Texts: 1.The Judicial System of the USA, 2.Lawyers in the USA,
3.Code of Professional Responsibility, 4.Criminal Justice,
5.Elections in the USA.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read the words according to the pronunciation rules:
statesman justice judge owner island reason
coast scenery mountain bare wild slope
quite trial believe sure mistaken lie
differ wrong nothing question answer rather

Ex.2. Listen and repeat:

thick - sick wing - win seat - sit
faith -face sung - sun sheep - ship
bathe -base myth - with set - sat
sithe -size thin - then men - man
thing -thin ring - run plane - plan
think - thin king - can bed - bad
Conversational phrases: How to express disagreement, denial, improbability,
doubt, disbelief.

Ex.3. Read the phrases:

I don‟t agree with you. On the contrary.
Far from it. I am sorry to say not.
I don‟t think so. I don‟t believe it.
I am not sure of it. You are mistaken.
 335
I differ from you. I object to it.
You are wrong. It‟s out of the question.
Nothing of the kind. That‟s not true.

Ex.4. Memorize the dialogues:

1 2
- You told me a lie. - You don‟t like coffee.
- Oh, no, I didn‟t. - Oh, yes, I do.
3 4
- Why were you late? - It‟s a pleasure to hear him sing.
- But I wasn‟t. - Far from it, his voice is untrained.
5. 6
- You smoke too much. - Shall we walk?
- Nothing of the kind. - It‟s rather not. I‟m not feeling well.

Ex.5. Express your disagreement or protest against the following remarks:

1. It was James who told a lie.
2. Give up smoking. It‟s bad for your cough.
3. Don‟t put on your summer coat. It‟s cold.
4. The assassin was sentenced to death.
5. The case will be heard next week.
6. Before Duke could stand the trial he was shot and killed.
7. Why did you play with the vacuum cleaner?
8. You must take the pills if you want to recover soon.

Ex.6. React to the following using “I don’t think he did (was, will, etc.)”. Give
your reasons.
Model: - Has he ever been to Paris?
- I don‟t think he has. He would have told me.
1. Did Mrs.Clinton enjoy her stay in Uzbekistan?
2. Did she visit Tashkent State Law Institute?
3. Did she have a meeting with students?
4. She presented books to the students of the University of World Economy
and Diplomacy, didn‟t she?
5. Did Hillary Clinton make a presentation anywhere?
6. On her visit to Bukhara and Samarkand Mrs.Clinton was accompanied by
336
President of Uzbekistan, wasn‟t she?
Ex.7. Indicate in what cases you would use the following formulas:
Model: - ………………………….
-But I‟m not a bit tired.
-Let‟s put it off. You seem to be run down.
-But I‟m not a bit tired.
1. I am up against. This sport is dangerous. 2. That won‟t do – bathing in such
windy weather. 3. It is decidedly unfair to judge by appearance. 4. No good at all. It
would take us too much time. 5. It is out of the question. Everybody must be
present at the meeting. 6. The interrogator didn‟t ask the suspect everything.

Ex.8. Act out the situations in which two persons argue about:
1) a book, 2) a film, 3) city life and country life, 4) a civil case which was
considered in a district court, 5) a case of a student who was pleaded to a
misdemeanor, 6) a dispute between a customer and a salesman.

Grammar
Direct and Indirect Speech
1. Declaritive affirmative sentences: to say, to tell, to inform….that;
2. Declaritive negative sentences: to say, to tell, to inform….that he (she, I, you…)
+ auxiliary verb + not;
3. Imperative affirmative sentences: to ask, to order….to …;
4. Imperative negative sentences: to ask, to order….not to…;
5. Interrogative sentences:
a) general, disjunctive, alternative questions: to ask, to inquire, to want to know,
to wonder… if (whether);
b) special questions: to ask, to want to know…what (when, who, where…).

Sequence of Tenses
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Indefinite  Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite  Past perfect
Present Continuous  Past Continuous
Past Continuous  Past Perfect Continuous
Future Indefinite  Future Indefinite in the Past
Present Perfect  Past perfect
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Present Perfect Continuous  Past Perfect Continuous
Ex.9. Change the sentences from Direct into Indirect Speech.
Model:
1. Dilshod: “ He will stand trial”.
He said that he would stand trial.
2. Akbar: “She does not want to see the witnesses”.
He said that she did not want to see the witnesses.
3. -“Describe what you have seen at the scene of the crime”, said the attorney to the
witness.
The attorney asked the witness to describe what he had seen at the scene of the
crime.
4. -“Don‟t give false information”, said the judge to the plaintiff.
The judge asked the plaintiff not to give false information.
5. -“Are you sure that it was evening?”, said the police inspector.
The interrogator asked the suspect if he was sure that it was evening.
6. -“Where were you going at 5 p.m.?”, said the prosecutor to the offender.
The prosecutor asked the offender where he was going at 5 p.m.

1. ”The trial will take place on September 10,” said the court clerk.
2. ”He will not be released on bail”, thought the defendant‟ wife.
3. ”Don‟t turn left on red”, said the police inspector.
4. ”Show us the place where you picked up that wallet”, said the detective to the
suspect.
5. ”Is he charged for shoplifting again?‟, said Mary to Mike.
6. ”When did you see your girlfriend last?”, said the attorney to the defendant.

Ex.10. Change the dialogue into Indirect speech.

Telephone talk
-“Hi, Reggie. It‟s me, Mark.”
-“Mark! How are you, dear?”
-“Doing great, Reggie. Just wonderful”.
-“How did you find me?,” she asked.
-“I called Momma love and woke her. She gave me this number. It‟s Clint‟s
place, right?”
-“Right. How did you get to a phone? It‟s awful late”.
-“Well, I‟m not in jail anymore”.
She stood and walked to the snack bar. “-Where are you, dear?”
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-“At the hospital. St.Peter‟s”.
-“And how did you get there?”
-„They brought me in an ambulance”.
-“Are you okay?”
-“Great”.
-“Why did they take you in an ambulance?”
-I had an attack of post-traumatic stress syndrome and they rushed me over”.
-“Shall I come see you?”
-“Maybe. What‟s this ground jury staff?”
(“The Client” after John Grisham, p.450).

Ex.11.You are listening to a criminal report on TV. You can’t properly hear
some of the phrases. Ask your friend to repeat them:
Model: A: What did he say?
B: He said that 160.000 pounds had been stolen.
Prompts: 1. First on the scene was police constable Carl Walker, driving a patrol
car. 2. Within three seconds two shots were fired. 3. The front door of the house
was forced open and the officers ran to the house. 4. Sewell was sent to prison for a
total of eighty years. 5. They didn‟t notice the shop assistant call the police. 6.
Policemen‟s killers are punished very strictly. 7. The woman accused Oliver of
putting a knife to her throat at his home. 8. In order to escape robbers use stolen
cars.

Ex.12. You are investigating a very serious crime. Telegrams you found are
good evidence.Read them and explain to your colleague what each
would be in full.
Model: Your letter received. Thanks for presents. Expect you soon. Laura.
Laura said in the telegram that the letter had been received and thanked
somebody for the presents. Laura added that she expected somebody.
Prompts:
1.No telegram. Sam detained. Come immediately. Frank.
2.Expecting you Monday. Bring all papers. Sam.
3.Life in danger.Frank.
4.Documents lost. Staying here dangerous.Sam.
5.Your presence necessary. Come without delay. Friend.
6.Meet tomorrow “Red Arrow” train. Frank.
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Ex.13. Study the word formation. The suffix - ship.
relation - relationship judge - judgeship
citizen - citizenship friend - friendship
member - membership clerk - clerkship
partner - partnership general - generalship
premier - premiership professor – professorship

Ex.14. Study the vocabulary to use in sentences of your own:

kinship - relationship between people by blood or descent;
partnership - a voluntary association of two or persons whom jointly own
or carry on a business for profit;
receivership - 1) a legal proceeding in which a court appoints a receiver;
2) the state or condition of a business or property over which a
receiver has been appointed;
suretyship - the contractual relationship among a debtor (known as the
principal), a creditor, and a surety who becomes answerable for
the debtor‟s debt or obligation.
survivorship -1) the state or condition of being the one person out of two or more
who remains alive after the others die,
2) the right of a surviving party having a joint interest with others
in an estate to take the whole;
trusteeship - 1) the office, status, or function of a trustee;
2) an international law, administration or supervision of a territory
by one or more countries, especially under a United Nation‟s
commission;
membership - the state or condition of one‟s belonging to a certain organization;
citizenship - the state or condition of one‟s belonging to a certain community
as its member, citizen.

Ex.15. Form derivative nouns with the suffix -ship:

steward statesman scholar king justice
penman pastor page light fellow

Ex.16. Find the suffixes in the following words and translate them:
professorship clerkship readership leadership
partnership fellowship ownership generalship
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Ex.17. All the nouns in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete
the sentences and translate them:

trusteeship partnership survivership

township citizenship receivership
kinship membership

1. ….. is a position of being a trustee.

2. ….. is a small town which is a local government.
3. ….. relationship between people by blood or descent.
4. ….. is a state or condition of being a citizen of a country.
5. Members of the United Nations pay their …… fees. The new party has a ……
of several thousands.
6. …… is a right of the survivor of a joint tenancy to the state, rather than the heirs
of the deceased tenant.
7. ……administration of a receiver; the company went into …… .
8. ..…unregistered business where two or more people share the risks and profits
equally.

Ex.18. Match the definitions or explanations to the names of the crimes. Use
the prompts below:
1. Getting money from people by threatening to publicize facts they do not want
revealed.
2. Writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement which damages someone‟s
character.
3. Offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you.
4. Getting money from people by using threats.
5. Crime or tort of acting in such a way that someone is afraid he will be attacked
and hurt.
6. Act of taking control of a plane, or ship or train or lorry which is moving.
7. Using illegally or stealing money which you are looking after for someone else.
8. Stealing something by using force or threatening to use force.
9. Setting fire to a building.
10. Killing someone illegally and intentionally.
11. Taking goods illegally into or out of a country.
12. Betraying one‟s own country to a foreign power.
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Prompts: arson, libel, embezzlement, smuggling, robbery, hijack, assault,
treason, murder, extortion, bribery, blackmail.

Ex.19. Read the report and explain why the car crash happened:
Woman dies in Sharon Township crash
Both occupants were wearing seatbelts when car struck tree.
A Lackson woman was killed early Monday when the car in which she was
a passenger left the road and crashed into a tree in Sharon Township.
Christine Ann Cole, 34, was in a car heading east on Grass Lake Road
near Rank Road at I a.m. when the driver ran off the road, crashing into a highway
sign and telephone box before striking the tree.
The driver, Gregeory Scott Stevens, 33, also of Jackson, was injured. Both
passengers were wearing seatbelts.
Cole, who was pronounced dead at the scene, had been employed by
Jackson County.
Alcohol may have been a factor in the crash, which remains under
investigation.
(AAN, 8/19/99/)

Ex.20. Look through the text again and describe the crash.
Ex.21. As you read the text below note the legal terms and translate them into
your mother tongue:
The Judicial Branch of the US Government
Article III of the Constitution states the basis for the federal court system:
The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme
Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time ordain and establish.
With this guide, the first Congress divided the nation into districts and created
federal courts for each district. From that beginning has evolved the present
structure: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals, 91 district courts, and three
courts of special jurisdiction. Congress today retains the power to create and
abolish federal courts, as well as to determine the number of judges in the federal
judiciary system. It cannot, however, abolish the Supreme Court.
The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages
and other redress, and to criminal cases arising under federal law. Article III has
resulted in a complex set of relationships between state and federal courts.
Ordinarily, federal courts do not hear cases arising under the laws of individual
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states. However, some cases over which federal courts have jurisdiction may also
be heard and decided by state courts.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States, and the only
one specifically created by the Constitution. A decision of the Supreme Court
cannot be appealed to any other court. Congress has the power to fix the number of
judges sitting on the Court and, within limits, decide what kind of cases it may hear,
but it cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution
itself.
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases:
those involving foreign dignitaries and those in which a state is a party. All other
cases reach the Court on appeal from lower courts.
The second highest level of the federal judiciary is made up of the courts
of appeals, created in 1891 to facilitate the disposition of cases and ease the burden
on the Supreme Court. The United States is divided into eleven separate appeals
regions, each served by a court of appeals with from three to fifteen sitting judges.
The courts of appeals review decisions of the district court (trial courts
with federal jurisdiction) within their areas. They are also empowered to review
orders of the independent regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade
Commission, in cases where the internal review mechanisms of the agencies have
been exhausted and there still exists substantial disagreement over legal points.
Below the courts of appeals are the district courts. The 50 states are
divided into 89 districts so that litigants may have a trial within easy reach.
Additionally, there is one in the District of Columbia and one in the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, not a state of the union, but part of the United
States. From one to 27 judges sit in each of the district courts.
In addition to the federal courts of general jurisdiction, it has been
necessary from time to time to set up courts for special purposes. These are known
as “legislative” courts because they were created by congressional action. Judges in
these courts, like their peers in other federal courts, are appointed for life terms by
the President, with Senate approval.
Perhaps the most important of these special courts is the Court of Claims,
established in 1855 to render judgement on monetary claims against the United
States. Other special courts include the Customs Court, which has exclusive
jurisdiction over civil actions involving taxes or quotas on imported goods, and the
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals which hears appellate motions from
decisions of the Customs Court and the US Patent Office. (American Government,
pp.92-96).
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Ex.22. Re-read the text “The Judicial Branch of the US Government”
and find the words with similar meaning to the following:
authority; quantity; nullify; lower in rank; social position; particular connection;
continue to have; determine or decide; arrangement; inclination; to give power or
authority to act; a person engaged in a lawsuit.

Ex.23. Look through the text again and express the following in one word:
Model: to furnish or give as a fixed right. To furnish or give as a fixed right-to rest.
a) part of a town or a country marked out for a special purpose,
b) continue to have or hold,
c) consider or examine again,
d) examining in a law court before a judge,
e) equal in rank, merit or quality,
f) difference of opinion,
g) settlement of a question,
h) chose for a post,
i) the period of whole life,
j) public officer with authority to hear or decide cases in a law court.

Ex.24. Read the text again and find the answers to the following questions:
1. What does the Article 111 of the US Constitution state?
2. What is the present structure of the Court system?
3. What is the power of the federal courts?
4. Do the federal courts hear cases arising under the laws of individual states?
5. What is the Highest Court of the US?
6. Is the decision of the Supreme Court subject to an appeal?
7. In what cases has the Supreme Court original jurisdiction?
8. What is the second highest level of the federal judiciary?
9. How many appeals regions is the US divided into?
10. What do the legislative courts deal with?

Ex.25. Answer the questions:

1. What does the judicial system of the USA consist of?
2. Are the judges of the federal courts elected or appointed?
3. What do the state courts deal with?
4. How many judges does the Supreme Court consist of?
5. What is the jurisdiction of the district courts?
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6. How many district courts does each state have?
7. What do the courts of appeals deal with?
8. What is the procedure of a person involved in a suit in US courts?

Ex.26. Read the text again and define the structure of a court system of the
USA.
Ex.27. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. The judicial system of the USA is of two kinds: a federal and a state system.
2. The judges of the federal courts are elected by people.
3. The Supreme Court consists of 9 justices, one of them is the Chief justice.
4. The jurisdiction of the district courts covers all crimes and offences under the
laws of the USA.
5. The courts of appeals deal with only appellate suits.
6. There are 13 courts of appeals in the USA.
7. A court of appeal consists of 3 or more judges.
8. A person who is involved in a suit in US court can proceed through only 2 levels
decision (district courts and courts of appeals).
9. Article 111 of the US Constitution states the basis for the federal court system.
10. The first Congress divided the country into districts and created federal courts
for each district.
11. The structure of the present court system consists of 50 state courts.
12. The Congress has no power to create or to abolish federal courts today.
13. Federal courts have a power of dealing with only criminal cases.
14. The second highest level of the federal judiciary is the court of appeals.
15. The courts of appeals review verdicts of the Supreme Court.

Ex.28. Compare the structures of a judicial body in the UK, USA and
Uzbekistan.
Ex.29. Discuss the following:
1. The Supreme Court of the USA.
2. The federal courts in the USA.
3. The state courts in the USA.
4. The legislative courts in the USA.

Ex.30. Language competition.

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Who can write the most number of words? Review the texts on the Judicial
system of the USA and make a list of derivative and compound words and
translate them into your mother tongue.
Ex.31. As you read the text below note where lawyers work in the USA:
Lawyers in the USA
There are nearly one million lawyers in the US. About 65% of them are in
private practice. Around 15% are government lawyers who work for federal, state,
or local agencies. Another 15% work for corporations, unions, or trade
associations. A small number of lawyers work for public interest or legal aid
organizations. An even smaller number are law professors, judges, or elected
officials.
Contrary to popular belief, most lawyers rarely go to court. Most lawyers
practice involves giving advice, drafting legal opinions, negotiating settlements, or
otherwise providing out-of-court legal assistance.
Some lawyers do, however, go to court. Such lawyers are called trial
attorneys or litigators. In civil cases, lawyers act as advocates for their client‟s
positions. Likewise, in a criminal case, the lawyer for the defendant has a duty to do
everything possible (without violating a code of professional ethics) to secure the
release and acquittal of his or her client. (Street Law, p. 49-50)

Ex.32. Re-read the text and comment on the meaning of the following words
and word combinations:
private practice; legal aid organization; public interest; elected officials; contrary to
popular belief; rarely; involve; negotiate; settlements; trial attorney; secure;
acquittal.

Ex.33. Give the words and word combinations similar to the following from
the text:
personal (not in general); permissible; authoritative; bargain; decision; situation;
responsibility; provide; freedom; break.

Ex.34. Express the following in one word using the prompts:

a person who practices law; a group of people joined together for some common
purpose; place where law cases are held; persons holding public office in national
or local government; the feeling that something is real and true; the act of settling a
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dispute, debt, etc.; examination in a law court before a judge; a person against
whom a legal action is brought.
Prompts: defendant, lawyer, trial, association, court, belief, settlement,
officials.

Ex.35. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. About 65 percent of lawyers in the USA work for federal government and the
rest are in private practice.
2. The smallest number of lawyers are professors, judges or elected officials.
3. Most lawyers rarely go to court.
4. Most lawyers' practice is commercial business.
5. Lawyers who go to courts are called trial attorneys.
6. In civil cases lawyers act as prosecutors.
7. In a criminal case the lawyer's responsibility is to do his best to secure the release
of his client.
8. There are only two hundred lawyers in the USA.

Ex.36. As you read the text note all the information about Louise- the main
character in the text.
The Case of the Terrified Spouse
For more than eight years, Louise had been the victim of her husband
David‟s abuse, including beatings so severe that she had to seek emergency
medical care and take refuge in shelter for battered women. When Louise told
David that she was going to divorce him, David said he would kill her if he was
served with divorce papers. Fearing for her life, Louise went to court to seek an
order of protection to keep David away from her. Incredibly, the judge denied her
petition. He held that an order of protection was available only to someone in
“imminent fear” of an immediate threat, and that since David had not beaten
Louise for seven months prior to his threat, and she had not seen him with divorce
papers, she was in no immediate danger.
Fortunately, Louise was granted an order of protection from another judge,
but because the first judge‟s ruling was potentially dangerous to others, the Utah
Court of Appeals took the unusual step of hearing an appeal on the case that was
technically moot (a dead issue). Reversing the judge‟s decision, the court held that
under Utah law, David‟s threat to kill Louise was more than enough evidence to
support an order of protection, and instructed the state‟s lower courts that in similar
 347
cases in the future, an order protection must be granted. (Legal Problem
Solver, p.389)
Ex.37. Re-read the text and take notice of all the information about David.
Ex.38. Look through the text again and discuss the case:
Why Louise sued her husband; What court regarded the case and what verdict was
adopted; why Louise was granted an order of protection from another judge.

Ex.39. As you read the following text copy the unknown words and find their
translation in the dictionary:
Code of Professional Responsibility
The Code of professional responsibility is a set of rules governing the
conduct of lawyers. The code consists of the following 9 canons, or principles,
which are broken down into ethical considerations and disciplinary rules. Ethical
considerations describe goals for the lawyer to keep in mind when facing a moral
dilemma. Disciplinary rules are requirements of the profession. An attorney who
violates a rule may be fined, suspended or disbarred. A lawyer should:
Canon 1: assist in maintaining the integrity and competence of the legal profession;
Canon 2: assist the legal profession in fulfilling its duty to make legal counsel
available;
Canon 3: assist in preventing the unauthorized practice of law;
Canon 4: preserve the confidences and secrets of a client;
Canon 5: exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of a client;
Canon 6: represent a client completely;
Canon 7: represent a client zealously within the bounds of the law;
Canon 8: assist in improving the legal system;
Canon 9: avoid the appearance of professional impropriety. (You and the Law,
p.703).
Ex.40. Read the text again and elaborate on the meaning of the following
words and word combinations:
code; a set of rules; canon; responsibility; conduct; consideration; disciplinary rules;
describe; goal; violate; keep in mind; moral dilemma; requirement; fine; suspend;
disbar; prevent; exercise.

Ex.41. Fill in the blanks using the words from the text:
348
1. The Code of professional responsibility is…regulating the conduct of lawyers.
2. The Code consists of 9….
3. The canons or principles are … into ethical considerations and disciplinary rules.
4. Ethical considerations describe… to keep in mind when facing a moral dilemma.
5. Disciplinary rules are … of the profession.
6. An attorney who violates a rule may be… .
7. A lawyer should assist in preventing ….
8. A lawyer should preserve … of a client.

Ex.42. Re-read the text and find the answers to the questions below:
1. What is the Code of professional responsibility?
2. What does the Code consist of?
3. What groups are the canons divided into?
4. What do ethical considerations describe?
5. What are the disciplinary rules?
6. What are the responsibilities of a lawyer described in disciplinary rules?

Ex.43. Discuss the following:

1. Ethical canons of a lawyer.
2. Disciplinary rules for a lawyer.

Ex.44. Compare the set of rules for American lawyers with the set of rules for
Uzbekistan lawyers.
Point out the similar and different features.
Ex.45. Discuss the following:
1. What qualifications should a lawyer have in the 21st century?
2. What is the oath of a doctor which has been in practice since ancient times? Why
should a doctor take an oath?
3. Do you think that a lawyer should take an oath too? Give your reasons.Why and
why not.

Ex.46. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasons.
1. A legal state develops when the rule of law prevails in this country.
2. A lawyer is a servant of the law.
3. A lawyer should do everything using his own discretion, not according to the
law.
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4. First of all a lawyer should carry out the letter of the law himself.

Ex.47. The following qualities are suggested in literature. Read them and state
whether you agree or disagree with them. Give your reasons for each
case.
The qualities which a judge should have:
1. Feeling of equity,
2. Ability to think clearly and logically without which the analysis of argument is
impossible,
3. To think critically without superfluous suspiciousness,
4. Certain literary capacity helping him to draw up a document (verdict, decision,
definition) which is conclusive by content, concise, precise excluding the
possibility of various interpretations by form,
5. Features as tactful behavior, politeness, restraint and equanimity, and a capacity
for self-control and sociability,
6. Some pure external physical features which help to command with faith and
respect,
7. Ability to hear attentively and understand what is going on in the trial,
8. Self-confidence and hard-heartedness, preconception and suspiciousness as well
as suggestibility and excessive emotionality leading to exaltation, qualities which
are incompatible with the activity on administering justice. (State and Law, N 1,
2000, p.71)

Ex.48. As you read the text below note the most peculiar features of the US
judicial system:
Federal courts of the USA
The judicial system of the United States has two parts. It consists of the
Federal Courts, created by and deriving their powers from Congress, and of the
Courts of the States, created by the States and provided by the legislatures of the
States. The judges of the Federal Courts, including those of the Supreme Court of
the US, are appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate for life.
The Federal Courts at present are the Federal District Court, the Courts of
Appeals, a number of special courts and the Supreme Court.
350
At the lowest level are the District Courts with about two hundred judges.
Their jurisdiction covers all crimes and offences under the laws of the US. Each
state has at least one district court; a few have as many as four.
The Courts of Appeals are given only appellate jurisdiction. There are 13
Courts of Appeals in the US (formerly called U. S. Circuit Courts of Appeals), each
circuit comprising several states. A Court of Appeals consists of 3 or more judges.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is final except those cases in which the
Supreme Court grants “certiorari” or in which an appeal may be taken to that court
as the matter of right. The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the
Supreme Court of pressure resulting from the accumulation of appellate cases.
(Хижняк С.П. и др. Учебник…., C.243).

Ex.49. Re-read the text again and define the structure of the judicial system of
the USA.
Ex.50. Look through the text again and find the answers to the following
questions:
1. What do the federal courts deal with?
2. What cases do the state courts regard?
3. Are the judges of the federal courts elected by people?
4. What is the structure of the federal courts at present?
5. What have you learned about the Courts of Appeals?

Ex.51. Read the text below and define the functions of a state court:
State courts
All states in the USA have a system of courts similar in many respects to the
federal courts. Each state has a court of last resort, which hears and determines all
legal questions that are being appealed from trial courts. The highest court in most
of the states is named the Supreme Court.
The State courts have a separate criminal and civil jurisdiction. In many
large cities and towns there are police magistrates and justices of the peace for
hearing criminal cases. They usually issue warrants of arrest, hold preliminary
hearings and commit offenders to wait for the action of the grand jury or the
examining of their cases by courts higher in criminal jurisdiction.
In some towns and cities the magistrates and police justices are elected, and
in others they are appointed by the mayor.
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There are also in each city minor courts which hear and determine civil
punishments. (Хижняк С.П. и др. Учебник…., C.244).

Ex.52. Read the following text and point out the functions of the Supreme
Court:
The Supreme Court
The Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States, it includes a
Chief Justice and eight associate justices, appointed by the President for life. The
justices of the Supreme Court can only be removed by impeachment.
The Supreme Court of the US is the final judge of the validity of all laws
passed by Congress or by the legislature of each of the 50 states. Under the
Constitution the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction (as the court of the first
instance) in cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and
cases in which a state is a party. In all other cases coming within the judicial power
of the United States, the Supreme Court‟s jurisdiction is only appellate.
The Supreme Court meets on the first Monday in October for a session
which usually continues until June. (American Government, p.94)

Ex.53. Re-read the texts on the judicial system of the USA and find the
answers to the following questions:
1. Do all states in the USA have a court system?
2. What is the court of last resort and what does it deal with?
3. What are the police magistrates?
4. What do minor courts deal with?
5. What is the Highest tribunal in the USA?
6. What are the peculiar features of the Supreme Court?
7. When and how long is the session of the Supreme Court held?
Ex.54. Read the following extracts and find a suitable title for each of them:
1. What happens if a state judge makes a mistake in a case? Someone
who thinks that a judge has made a mistake may appeal to a Higher Court.
Generally, cases decided by a lower court can be appealed to the next highest court.
For example, a matter decided by a probate court can be appealed to the superior
court and from to the intermediate state appellate court. If a person is still not
satisfied, the case can be appealed to the state Supreme Court. If it involves a
federal constitutional, federal statutory, or federal treaty issue, the US Supreme
Court can hear the case.
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2. There are 89 federal district courts in the 50 states, one in the District of
Columbia, and another in Puerto Rico. So the total number of federal district courts
is 91. There are from 1 to 27 federal judges in every district. The number of federal
judges depends upon the population in the district. If there are more than 1 federal
district judge in a district, the district is divided into divisions.
3. Some but not all the states in the USA have justice of the peace courts.
They are often called J. P. Courts. These courts deal with minor cases of both civil
and criminal nature. In some states, the municipal courts also deal with minor civil
and criminal offences.
4. Although modern day computers and data processing techniques are
beginning to bring about changes in court systems across the USA, many courts
rely on the traditional method of jury selection. Generally, jurors are drawn from
within the area of jurisdiction of the court where they will be expected to serve.
5. A primary functional of the state courts in the US is to adjudicate cases
involving persons in their home states. Other functions of the state courts are: to
adjudicate cases in which some or all of the claims or defences raised by the parties
are based on the laws of the United States, to adjudicate cases in which the parties
are residents of different states.
6. The organization of state courts is generally determined more by
historical factors than by abstract logic, and once a court is established it is very
difficult to abolish it in the interest of efficiency. In some states the complexity of
the court system, the existence of a large number of specialized courts, and the lack
of coordination among courts may result in serious delays in the administration of
justice.
7. Twelve has been the fixed size of juries in England since the mid –
fourteenth century. Scholars disagree on why this number was chosen. The
practical advantages of twelve were probably very important: twelve is a number
large enough to ensure reliability but yet small enough to function efficiently.
Although some of the North American colonies experimented with smaller juries
in less important trials, by the eighteenth century twelve was the universally
accepted number in the United States as well. Only a few states have in fact
reduced the size of their criminal juries since 1970. Most states, and the federal
judicial system, have remained committed to the criminal jury of twelve.
8. In civil trials a jury may be instructed to return either a general verdict (in which
a jury simply indicates that it has determined the case for one of the states) or a
specific verdict (which can be a rather lengthy list of specific questions on which
the jury must reach agreement). In criminal cases, however , juries are always
asked to return a general verdict of guilty or not guilty. (Хижняк С.П. и др.
Учебник…., C.253-254).
 353

Ex.55. Translate the extracts N 1,5,7,8.

Ex.56. Retell the extracts N 2,3,4,6.
Ex.57. Look through the extracts again and define the common features of a
court system in Uzbekistan, Great Britain and the USA.
Ex.58. Read the following text and define the stages of the criminal justice
process:
Criminal Justice Process in the USA
Basically, the steps in the criminal court processes are as follows: arrest and
booking, arraignment, trial and appeals (if any).
A person who comes into contact with the criminal courts must initially be
arrested. The arrest may take place with or without using a warrant. Even after an
arrest the suspect may be released without being prosecuted for a variety of
reasons: mistaken identity, lack of proper evidence, etc.
After the arrest is made, the suspect is booked. The booking card of the
enforcement agency contains information such as the date and time of arrest, the
charge or crime for which the person was arrested, the name of the arrested person,
the name of the arresting officer. Here the accused is photographed, fingerprinted,
and temporarily released on bail, if possible. The record or booking card is
permanently kept in the files of the police department. In important cases the
prosecutor may be present at the booking, but usually he will enter the case during
the arraignment or initial appearance of the suspect before a magistrate or other
judicial officer.
At arraignment, summary trials can be held for petty offenses without further
proceeding. During the initial appearance before a magistrate, judge or justice of
the peace, the accused is to answer the charges against him. During the arraignment
procedure, the prosecutor may request to have the charges dropped. The initial
appearance may also serve as the trial for minor offenses that require payment of a
fine or have a relatively short time in jail as punishment. Once the judge finds a
verdict of guilt, the accused is sentenced to a jail or payment of a fine. The
defendant may also be placed on probation for specified length of time. If
sentenced to jail, he may be granted parole.
The purpose of the preliminary hearing in the lower court is to determine
whether there is reasonable cause to believe that a felony was committed and
whether there is reasonable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime.
354
It is here that a preliminary testing of the evidence takes place. At the result the
accused may be released because of having been arrested not for probable cause, or
he may be placed on bail or moved back to jail until his case is tried by the higher
court.
If there is reasonable belief that a crime has been committed by the accused,
the prosecutor is given statutorily defined number of days to life formal charges
against the defendant. The charge is filed on the basis of information from citizen
complaints and police investigations.
Then another arraignment is held. If the defendant pleads guilty a date for
him to be sentenced is set by the judge. If the defendant pleads not guilty, he may
request to have a jury trial or be tried by the court without a jury. At the trial, if the
defendant is convicted, a date for sentencing is set.
Before imposing the actual sentence an investigation by the probation officer
takes place to assist the judge in deciding on a penalty. The defendant may be
fined, sentenced to jail, or placed on probation. During this period the defendant
can appeal his conviction. As a rule, the appeal stays the execution of the sentence.
If the appeal is unsuccessful or the defendant decides not to appeal, the penalty is
imposed.
The defendant is then involved in the corrections of the criminal justice
system. It is here that rehabilitation of offenders is supposed to occur. This is the
purpose of correctional establishments.
To reduce the risk of convicting an innocent person, there are checks and
reviews at all stages of the criminal justice system. (Beckman E. Law Enforcement
in a Democratic Society, pp. 14-15).

Ex.59. Read the text again and find the answers to the questions below:
1. What are the basic steps in the criminal court processes?
2. For what reasons may the suspect be released without being prosecuted?
3. What is the next step after the suspect‟s arrest?
4. What information is included into the booking card of the law enforcement
agency?
5. Where is the booking card of the suspect kept?
6. What is the accused to do during the initial appearance before a magistrate, judge
or justice of the peace?
7. What may happen during the arraignment procedure?
8. When is the accused sentenced to jail or payment of a fine?
9. What is the purpose of preliminary hearing the case in the lower court?
10. What results may be achieved in preliminary hearing the case?
 355
11. When is the second arraignment held?
12. What will happen if the defendant pleads guilty?
13. What right does the defendant have if he pleads not guilty in the second
arraignment?
14. When can the defendant appeal his conviction?

Ex.60. Discuss the following questions in your group:

1. Requirements for a post of President in different countries;
2. Requirements for a post of local authorities (mayors);
3. Elections to the Oliy Majlis, House of Representatives, House of Commons.

Ex.61. Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. Lawyers in the USA; 2. State courts; 3. Federal courts; 4. The Supreme
Court; 5. Different and similar features in the judicial systems of the USA,
Great Britain and Uzbekistan.
Glossary

administer justice отправлять правосудие odil sudlovni amalga

oshirmoq
advantage преимущество afzallik
blackmail шантаж, вымогательство qo'rqitish orqali pul talab
qilish
bound граница chegara
burden тяжесть og'irlik , asosiy ish
canon правило qonun qoida
concise краткий qisqacha
code кодекс, свод законов kodeks (qonunlar majmuasi)
conclusive окончательный hal qiluvchi
content содержание, суть mazmun
delay отсрочка keyinga qoldirish
dignitary сановник katta amaldor
dilemma дилемма, затруднительное dilemma; qiyin ahvol
положение
disbar лишать звания адвоката advokat unvonidan
mahrum qilmoq
ease (v) облегчать, ослаблять yengillashtirmoq, bo'shattirmoq
emotionality эмоциональность his hayajonlik
equanimity спокойствие hotirjamlik
356
exaltation возвышение, самообладание baland darajaga ko'tarish,
shodlik
excessive чрезмерный haddan tashqari
extortion заниматься вымогательством ta'ma, ta'magirlik bilan
shug'illanmoq
face (v) смотреть в лицо, сталкиваться yuziga qaramoq,
uchrashmoq
impropriety неуместность, неправильность mavridsizlik, noto'g'rilik
incompatible несовместимый to‟g'ri kelmaydigan
interpretation толкование shrahlash
kinship родство, сходство yaqinlik, o'xshashlik
libel клевета tuhmat
litigant сторона в судебном процессе sud jarayonida
(protsesida) tomonlardan biri
ordain предписать tayinlamoq
plaintiff истец da'vogar
precise точный, определенный aniq
pressure давление bosim
private частный, конфиденциальный xususiy, maxfiy
purpose умысл, цель qasd, niyat, maqsad
reach область влияния, tasir qilish sohasi, yetib
предел досягаемости borish nuqtasi
redress возмещать undirib olmoq, o'rnini
to'ldirmoq, qoplamoq
reliability надѐжность ishonchlilik
relieve освобождать от ответственности javobgarlikdan ozod
qilmoq
seatbelt ремень безопасности xavfsizlik tasmasi
soсiability общительность odamga el bo'lishlik
suggestibility внушаемость nasihat qilish
superfluous излишний, чрезмерный ortiqcha, haddan tashqari
suretyship поручительство, уверенность kafillik, dadillik
survivorship оставшийся в живих tirik qolganlik
suspiciousness подозрительность gumonsirashlik
throat горло tomoq
zealously усердно qunt bilan, g'ayrat qilib
 357
References
1. Karimov I.Steers Uzbekistan on its own way. Overseas Post Organization.-
Nunberg, 1998.
2. AAN – The Ann Arbor News, July, August 1999.
3. An Outline of American Government.-USIA, January, 1990
4. Beckman E.Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society.London, 1998
5.Bobokhonova L.T., Bekturganova S.D. Uzbekistan and Uzbeks.-Tashkent:
Uzbekistan, 1996.
6. British Democracy in Action.Foreign and Commonwealth Office.3 A4106
October.-London, 1994.
7. Bryan A.Garner.Black's Law Dictionary.West Publishing Co., 1998.
8. Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.-T.: Uzbekistan, 1992.
9. Davlat va Huquq.Journal issued by Tashkent State Law Institute, 2000, N1.
10. Grant P.J. and others.English for Law Students.-Tartu, 1994.
11. Grisham John.The Client.-New York, 1994.
12. Gumanova Y.L. and others.Just English.-M.: Teuc, 1997.
13. Hornby A.S.Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English.-
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
14. Human Rights.Your Constitutional Rights.Issue 11.-Tashkent: Centre for
Studies on Human Rights and Humanatarian Law, 1997.
15. Legal Problem Solver: a quick-and-easy action guide to the law.The Reader's
Digest Association, Inc.Pleasantville.-New York, 1997.
16. Parliamentary Elections in Britain.Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
3A.6107.- London, 1996.
17. Passing Legislation in Britain.Foreign and Commonwealth Office.3C/2031
October.-London, 1992.
18.Satimov G.English-Russian-Uzbek Dictionary of Juridical Terms.-T.: Adolat,
1999.
19. Steven H.Gifis.Barron's Dictionary of Legal Terms.Third edition.-New York,
1998.
20. You and the Law.Reader's Digest.Pleasanville.-New York, 1971.
21. Хижняк С.П. и др.Учебник английского языка для юридических
вузов и факультетов.-Саратов: СГУ, 1995.
22. Шевелева С.А. Английский язык для юристов.-М.: ЮНИТИ, 1999
23. Саидов А.Х. Основы мусульманского права. Т.: Академия МВД
Республики Узбекистан, 1994. – С. 15 – 49.
358
CONTENTS
Preface .............................................................................................................. 3
Unit 1. Topic: About myself. Uzbekistan – Milestones of its History
Word formation: the suffixes – er,- or; Grammar: Noun: Plural form........ 6
Unit 2. Topic: The Republic of Uzbekistan. Word formation: the
suffix – tion Grammar: The Article; The Demonstrative
Pronouns; to have ..................................................................... 26
Unit 3. Topic: The Principles of a State Policy; The Need for Law
Word formation: the suffix – sion; Grammar: Prepositions of Place and
Direction; Present Indefinite; Pronoun: one;.................................................. 57
Unit 4.Topic: Constitutions. The Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan. Word formation: the suffix – ation; Grammar: There
+ to be; Pronouns: much, many; Imperative sentences................................. 85
Unit 5. Topic: The British Constitution. Word formation: the suffixes –
man, - ian; Grammar: Adjective, Adverb: Degrees of Comparison;
Modal verbs...................................................................................................... 106
Unit 6. Topic: The Constitution of the USA. Word formation: the suffixes –
able, - ible; Grammar: Past Indefinite............................................................ 129
Unit 7. Topic: The Government of Uzbekistan. Word formation: the
suffix – ment; Grammar: Comparative constructions: as…as, not so …as 155
Unit 8. Topic: The British Government. Word formation: the suffixes –
ance,- ence; Grammar: Present Continuous; Future Indefinite .................... 169
Unit 9. Topic: The US Government. Word formation: the suffix – ive;
Grammar: Subjunctive Mood ......................................................................... 193
Unit 10. Topic: The Legislative Body of the Government of Uzbekistan.
Word formation: the suffixes – cy, - ing;Grammar:
Present Perfect .......................................................................... 213
Unit 11. Topic: The British Parliament. Word formation: the suffixes –
ary, - ory, -ous.Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous ................................ 230
Unit 12. Topic: The Legislative Body in the USA.Word formation:
the suffix – ity. Grammar: The Passive Voice .......................... 248
Unit 13. Topic: The Executive Body of a Government.
Word formation: the suffix – al; Grammar: Past Perfect ............................. 272
Unit 14. Topic: The Judicial Body of the Government of Uzbekistan.
Word formation: the suffixes – ful, - like, - ness, - less, - hood, - ish,
- ize, - ly, - ate. Grammar: The Verbals.......................................................... 295
 359
Unit 15. Topic: The Judicial Branch of the British Government.
Word formation: the suffixes – fy, - en; Grammar: Future – in – the
Past; Past Continuous ..................................................................................... 312
Unit 16. Topic: The Judicial System of the USA.
Word formation: the suffix – ship;
Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech; Sequence of Tenses....................... 334
References ....................................................................................................... 357
 Тожимат САТТАРОВ

ҲУҚУҚШУНОС ТАЛАБАЛАР
учун
ИНГЛИЗ ТИЛИ ДАРСЛИГИ
Учинчи нашри

Ўзбекистон Республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим

вазирлиги томонидан юридик институти ва
унверситетларнинг ҳуқуқшунослик факултетлари
талабалари учун дарслик сифатида тавсия этилган.

Техник мухаррир: Б.Абдураҳмонов

Компьютерда саҳифаловчи: Д.Ибрагимова

Босишга рухсат этилди:

Ҳажми: 22,6 б.т.
Адади: 500 Буюртма: № 20

Тошкент Давлат юридик институти, нашриѐт бўлими,

700047, Тошкент, Сайилгоҳ кўчаси, 35

 Тошкент Давлат юридик институти, 2005 й.