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Finished Assignment About Sets

A set is a collection of objects or elements that are clearly defined. There are two ways to describe a set: intensionally using a rule, or extensionally by listing each element. Sets can be finite, containing a limited number of elements, or infinite, containing an unlimited number of elements. Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements, and equivalent if their elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence. Operations on sets include intersection, union, and complement. The intersection of sets contains the elements common to both sets, while the union contains elements in either set.

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Leodigardo Beraña
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3K views

Finished Assignment About Sets

A set is a collection of objects or elements that are clearly defined. There are two ways to describe a set: intensionally using a rule, or extensionally by listing each element. Sets can be finite, containing a limited number of elements, or infinite, containing an unlimited number of elements. Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements, and equivalent if their elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence. Operations on sets include intersection, union, and complement. The intersection of sets contains the elements common to both sets, while the union contains elements in either set.

Uploaded by

Leodigardo Beraña
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sets

A set is a collection of objects, things or symbols which are clearly defined.

Describing a Set
There are two ways of describing, or specifying the members of, a set. One way is by intensional definition, using a rule or semantic description:

A is the set whose members are the first four positive integers. B is the set of colors of the French flag.
The second way is by extension that is, listing each member of the set. An extensional definition is denoted by enclosing the list of members in brackets:

C = {4, 2, 1, 3} D = {blue, white, red}

Different Kinds of Set Finite Sets


- are sets that have a finite number of members. If the elements of a finite set are listed one after another, the process will eventually run out of elements to list.

Example: A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, , 100} C = {x : x is an integer, 1 < x < 10}

Infinite Sets
- is a set which is not finite. It is not possible to explicitly list out all the elements of an infinite set.

Example: T = {x : x is a triangle} N is the set of natural numbers A is the set of fractions The number of elements in a finite set A is denoted by n(A).

Equal Sets
Sets with precisely the same elements. Two sets are equal if they contain the same identical elements. If two sets have only the same number of elements, then the two sets are One-to-One correspondence. Equal sets are One-to-One correspondence but correspondence sets are not always equal sets.

Example: A: (1, 2, 3, 4) B: (h, t, m, k) C: (4, 1, 3, 2) A and C are Equal sets and 1-1 correspondence sets.

Equivalent Sets
- Sets which have the same cardinal number; sets whose elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence with each other. Example: Set a: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Set b: {11, 17, 22, 21, 8, 3, 5}

Universal Sets
- is the set of all elements under consideration, denoted by capital U or sometimes capital E.

Example: Given that U = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}, list the elements of the following sets. a) A = {x : x is a factor of 60} b) B = {x : x is a prime number} Solution: The elements of sets A and B can only be selected from the given universal set U . a) A = {5, 6, 10, 12}

b) B = {5, 7, 11}

Disjoint Sets two sets are said to be disjoint if they have no element in common.

Example: A = {1, 2, 3} B = {4, 5, 6 }

Operations on sets
Intersection of Two Sets
The intersection of two sets X and Y is the set of elements that are common to both set X and set Y. It is denoted by X Y and is read X intersection Y.

Example: Draw a Venn diagram to represent the relationship between the sets X = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10} and Y = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10} Solution: We find that X Y = {1, 5, 6, 10} in both X and Y For the Venn diagram, Step 1 : Draw two overlapping circles to represent the two sets. Step 2 : Write down the elements in the intersection. Step 3 : Write down the remaining elements in the respective sets. Notice that you start filling the Venn diagram from the elements in the intersection first.

Intersection of Three Sets


The intersection of three sets X, Y and Z is the set of elements that are common to sets X, Y and Z. It is denoted by X Y Z

Example: Draw a Venn diagram to represent the relationship between the sets X = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9}, Y = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8} and Z = {3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} Solution: We find that X Y Z = {5, 6}, X Y = {1, 5, 6}, Y Z = {3, 5, 6, 8} and X Z = {5, 6, 7} For the Venn diagram: Step 1 : Draw three overlapping circles to represent the three sets. Step 2 : Write down the elements in the intersection X Y Z Step 3 : Write down the remaining elements in the intersections: X Y, Y Z and X Z Step 4 : Write down the remaining elements in the respective sets. Again, notice that you start filling the Venn diagram from the elements in the intersection first.

Completion of the Intersection of the Sets


The complement of the set X Y is the set of elements that are members of the universal set U but not members of X Y. It is denoted by (X Y) Example: Suppose U = set of positive integers less than 10, X = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7} and Y = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8} . a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate ( X Y ) b) Find ( X Y ) Solution: a) First, fill in the elements for X Y = {1, 5, 6} Fill in the other elements for X and Y and for U Shade the region outside X Y to indicate (X Y )

b) We can see from the Venn diagram that

(X Y ) = {2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9} Or we find that X Y = {1, 5, 6} and so (X Y ) = {2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}

Combined Operation on Sets


Combined operations involve the intersection, union and complement of sets. Perform the operations within brackets first. Other operations are performed from left to right. Example: Given that U = {x : 1 x 10, x is an integer}, G = {x : x is a prime number}, H = {x : x is an even number}, P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. List the elements of: a) G H P b) (G P) H c) H (G P ) d) (P H G) (G H) Solution: G = {2, 3, 5, 7}, H = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} a) G H P = {2} P G H = {2} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} b) (G P) H = {2, 3, 5} H = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10} c) H (G P ) = H {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}

= {1, 3, 5, 7} d) (P H G) (G H) = {9} (G H) = {9} {2} = { }

Union of Sets
The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements, which are in A or in B or in both. It is denoted by A B and is read A union B Example : Given U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} X = {1, 2, 6, 7} and Y = {1, 3, 4, 5, 8} Find X Y and draw a Venn diagram to illustrate X Y. Solution: X Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 1 is written only once.

Assignment In Algebra I

Submitted by: Leodigardo E. Beraa BE 102A Submitted to: Michelle Perez Cruz Algebra I Instructor

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