PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

Development of
Theory Proponent Main Tenet/s Key Terms Application Critique View of Humanity
Psychopathology

1. Psychoanalysis Sig(is)mund  Unconscious  Excessively and  Freud’s Early Generates Determinism vs. Free Choice
Freud  Phylogenetic repetitively Therapeutic Research:
Levels of
Endowment depending on Technique AVERAGE Pessimism vs. Optimism
Mental life
 Preconscious defense  Dream
 Conscious mechanisms. Interpretation Is Falsifiable: Causality vs. Teleology
 Hypnosis LOW
 Id (Pleasure Principle)  The superego or id  Freud’s Later Conscious vs. Unconscious
Provinces of  Ego (Reality Principle) dominates the ego. Therapeutic Organizes data:
the Mind  Superego (Moralistic and Technique AVERAGE Biological vs. Social
Idealistic Principle)  When the sexual  Free
drive is redirected to Association Guides Action: Uniqueness vs. Similarities
 Drives something extreme,  Dream Analysis LOW
 Sex – libido sadism and  Manifest
 Erogenous zones masochism, for Content Is Internally
(Oral, Anal, Genital) example.  Latent Content Consistent:
Dynamics of
 Aggression  Repetition HIGH
Personality
 Anxiety Compulsion
 Neurotic Anxiety  Condensation Is
 Moral Anxiety  Displacement Parsimonious:
 Realistic Anxiety  Freudian Slips NOT
 Repression
 Reaction Formation
 Displacement
Defense  Fixation
Mechanisms  Regression
 Projection
 Introjection
 Sublimation

 Infantile Period
 Oral Phase
 Anal Phase
Stages of  Phallic Stage
Development  Oedipus Complex
 Latency Period
 Genital Period
 Maturity
2. Individual Alfred Adler  The Final Goal  Minimal to no social  Family Generates Determinism vs. Free Choice
Striving for
Psychology  The Striving Force as interest. People will Constellation Research:
Success or
Compensation be obsessed with  Oldest Child HIGH Pessimism vs. Optimism
Superiority
 Striving for Success superiority, using  Second Child
various immoral  Youngest Child Is Falsifiable: Causality vs. Teleology
Subjective  Fictionalism methods.  Only Child NOT
Perceptions  Physical Inferiorities  Early Conscious vs. Unconscious
 Due to physical Recollections Organizes data:
inferiorities, some - a valid HIGH Biological vs. Social
 Organ Dialect people will have indicator of a
Unity and
 Conscious and exaggerated feelings person’s style Guides Action: Uniqueness vs. Similarities
Self-
Unconscious of inferiority. They of life HIGH
Consistency
of Personality will be highly  Dreams
concerned about - clues for Is Internally
themselves and less solving future Consistent:
Gemeinschaftsgefühl
likely for others. problems HIGH
 Origins of Social Interest
 Psychotherapy
 Mother
Social Interest  Grew up either from - to enhance Is Parsimonious:
 Father
pampered, parasitic, courage, LOW
 Importance of Social
or neglectful lessen feelings
Interest
parents. of inferiority,
4 or 5 years old and encourage
Style of Life  Constantly using the social interest.
safeguarding
Creative  The law of the low tendencies:
Power doorway excuses,
aggression, and
withdrawal.
 Underdeveloped social
interest
 Set goals too high
 Live in their own
private world
 Have a rigid and
dogmatic lifestyle
Abnormal  External Factors in
Development Maladjustments
 Exaggerated Physical
Deficiencies
 Pampered Style of
Life
 Neglected Style of
Life
 Safeguarding
 Tendencies
 Excuses
 Aggression
 Depreciation
 Accusation
 Withdrawal
 Moving
Backward
 Standing Still
 Hesitating
 Constructing
Obstacles
 Masculine Protest

3. Analytical Carl Gustav  Conscious  Believing that  World Association Generates (X) Determinism vs. Free
Psychology Jung  Personal Unconscious "persona" is the Test Research: Choice
 Complexes complete self makes - to uncover AVERAGE
 Collective Unconscious the person lose sight feeling-toned (X) Pessimism vs. Optimism
 Archetypes of their inner self complexes Is Falsifiable:
 Persona and either remain  Dream Analysis NOT Causality vs. Teleology
 Shadow dependent on  Big dreams
Levels of the
 Anima/Animus society's  Typical Organizes data: Conscious vs. Unconscious
Psyche
 Great Mother expectations or Dreams AVERAGE
 Wise Old Man underestimate its  Earliest Biological vs. Social
 Hero importance. Dreams Guides Action:
 Self Remembered LOW Uniqueness vs. Similarities
 Self-  When the conscious - to uncover
realization is overpowered by elements from Is Internally
 Mandala the unconscious or the personal Consistent:
vice versa. and collective LOW
 Causality and Teleology unconscious
Dynamics of
 Progression and  Progression and and to Is Parsimonious:
Personality
Regression regression do not integrate them LOW
work together, and into
 Attitudes one overlaps the consciousness
 Introversion other. in order to
 Extraversion facilitate the
 Functions  Person has the process of self-
Psychological
 Thinking desire to live in the realization
Types
 Extraverted/ past (conservative  Active Imagination
Introverted principle). - to reveal
 Feeling archetypal
 Extraverted/
 Introverted images
 Sensing emerging from
 Extraverted/ the
Introverted unconscious
 Intuition  Psychotherapy
 Extraverted/  Confession of
Introverted a pathogenic
secret
 Stages of Development  Interpretation,
 Childhood explanation,
 Anarchic and elucidation
 Monarchic  Education of
 Dualistic patients as
Development social beings
 Youth
of Personality  Transformation
 Conservative
Principle
 Middle Life
 Old Age
 Self-Realization/
Individuation

4. Object Relation Melanie Psychic Life  Phantasies  Having a bad  Play Therapy Generates (HIGH) Determinism vs.
Theory Reizes Klein of the Infant  Objects relationship with - Young children Research: LOW (LOW) Free Choice
early object express their
 Paranoid-Schizoid relations. conscious and Is Falsifiable: Pessimism vs. Optimism
Position unconscious NOT
 Persecutory breast  Incomplete wishes through Causality vs. Teleology
Positions  Ideal breast resolution of the play Organizes data:
 Depressive Position depressive position.  Encouraging LOW Conscious vs. Unconscious
 Reparation patients to re-
 Empathy  Confusing good and experience early Guides Action: Biological vs. Social
bad breasts. emotions and HIGH
 Introjection fantasies but this (LOW) Uniqueness vs.
 Projection  Excessive and time with the Is Internally Similarities
Psychic
 Splitting inflexible splitting. therapist pointing Consistent:
Defense
 Good me out the differences HIGH
Mechanism
 Bad me between reality
 Projective Identification
  Ego and fantasy, Is Parsimonious:
 Superego between LOW
 Early superego - conscious and
terror unconscious.
 Oedipus Complex
Internalization
 Genital Stage
 Female Oedipal
Development
 Male Oedipal
Development

 Margaret Mahler
 Psychological Birth
 Normal Autism
 Normal Symbiosis
 Separation-
Individuation
 Differentiation
 Practicing
 Rapprocheme
nt
 Rapproch
ement
crisis
 Libidinal
Object
Later Views Constancy
 Heinz Kohut
 Narcissistic Needs
 Grandiose-
exhibitionistic self
 Idealized parent
image
 John Bowlby
 Separation Anxiety
 Protest
 Despair
 Detachment
 Mary Ainsworth
 Secure Attachment
 Anxious-ambivalent
 Avoidant
5. Psychoanalytic Karen Horney  Protective Devices  Focus and limited to  Dream Generates (LOW) Determinism vs.
Social Theory  Affection only one neurotic Interpretation Research: (HIGH) Free Choice
Basic
 Submissiveness need. - to solve LOW
Hostility and
 Power, Prestige, or conflicts, but (LOW) Pessimism vs.
Basic Anxiety
Possession  Compulsively repeat the solutions Is Falsifiable: (HIGH) Optimism
 Withdrawal the same strategy in can be either NOT
an essentially neurotic or (MODERATE) Causality vs.
 Neurotic Needs unproductive healthy Organizes data: Teleology
 The neurotic need for manner.  Free Association HIGH
affection and - reveals (MODERATE) Conscious vs.
approval  Parents did not idealized self- Guides Action: Unconscious
 The neurotic need for satisfy their child's image and LOW
a powerful partner needs for persistent but Biological vs. Social
 The neurotic need to satisfaction and unsuccessful Is Internally
restrict one’s life safety. attempts at Consistent: Uniqueness vs. Similarities
within narrow borders accomplishing AVERAGE
 The neurotic need for  Traumatic events it
power from childhood may  If successful, Is Parsimonious:
 The neurotic need to negatively affect  patients HIGH
exploit others future development. gradually
 The neurotic need for develop
social recognition or  Creating an confidence in
prestige idealized self-image their ability to
 The neurotic need for as an attempt to assume
personal admiration solve conflicts will responsibility
Compulsive
 The neurotic need for create a gap for their
Drives
ambition and between the real self psychological
personal and the idealized development;
achievement self-image, leading  They move
 The neurotic need for to self-hatred. toward self-
self-sufficiency and realization and
independence  Not happy and all those
 The neurotic need for satisfied with processes that
perfection and themselves. accompany it
unassailability
 Neurotic Trends
 Moving Toward
People
 Helplessness
 Moving Against
People
 Hostile
 Moving Away From
People
  Isolation

 The Idealized Self-Image

 The Neurotic Search
for Glory
 Need for
Perfection
 Tyranny of the
Should
 Neurotic Ambition
 Drive toward a
vindictive triumph
Intrapsychic  Neurotic Claims
Conflicts  Neurotic Pride
 Self-Hatred
 Relentless demands
on the self
 Merciless self-
accusation
 Self-contempt
 Self-frustration
 Self-torment/torture
 Self-destructive
actions and impulses

Feminine  Womb envy

Psychology  Masculine Protest

6. Post-Freudian Erik H.  Interrelated aspects of  Too much or too  Guide or Generates (MIDDLE) Determinism vs.
Theory Erikson Ego little of either explanation on Research: Free Choice
 Body Ego syntonic or dystonic why people are HIGH
 Ego Ideal element. experiencing Pessimism vs. Optimism
 Ego Identity certain Is Falsifiable:
The Ego in  Society’s Influence  Did not successfully circumstances AVERAGE Causality vs. Teleology
Post-Freudian  Pseudospecies solve the crisis during a specific
Theory  Epigenetic Principle between the period of time. Organizes data: Conscious vs. Unconscious
syntonic and HIGH
dystonic elements.  To help people Biological vs. Social
understand Guides Action:
 Too little basic themselves more. HIGH Uniqueness vs. Similarities
  Basic Points: strength. Is Internally
 Epigenetic Principle Consistent:
 Interaction of HIGH
Opposites
 Syntonic Is Parsimonious:
 Dystonic AVERAGE
 Basic Strength
 Core Pathology
 Biological Aspect
 Multiplicity of
Conflicts and Events
 Identity Crisis

 Infancy (1st year of life)

 Oral-Sensory Mode
 Basic Trust vs. Basic
Mistrust
 Hope
 Withdrawal
 Early Childhood (2nd –
Stages of 3rd)
Psychosocial  Anal-Urethral-
Development Muscular Mode
 Anatomy vs. Shame
and Doubt
 Will
 Compulsion
 Play Age (3rd – 5th)
 Genital-Locomotor
Mode
 Initiative vs. Guilt
 Purpose
 Inhibition
 School Age (6th –
12th/13th)
 Latency
 Industry vs. Inferiority
 Competence
 Inertia
 Adolescence (puberty –
young adulthood)
 Puberty
 Identity vs. Identity
Confusion
  Three Identity
Domains:
 Occupational
 Ideological
 Sexual
 Fidelity
 Role Repudiation
 Diffidence
 Defiance
 Young Adulthood (19th –
30th)
 Genitality
 Intimacy vs. Isolation
 Love
 Exclusivity
 Adulthood (31st – 60th)
 Procreativity
 Generativity vs.
Stagnation
 Care
 Rejectivity
 Old Age (60th – end of
life)
 Generalized
Sensuality
 Integrity vs. Despair
 Wisdom
 Disdain

7. Humanistic Erich Fromm  Existential Needs  No sense of identity  Dreams have Generates (MIDDLE) Determinism vs.
Psychoanalysis  Relatedness meaning beyond Research: Free Choice
 Submission  Not able to establish the individual LOW
 Symbiotic roots or to feel at dreamer, Fromm (MIDDLE) Pessimism vs.
Relationship home again would ask for the Is Falsifiable: Optimism
 Power patient’s LOW
 Love  No drive for union associations to the Causality vs. Teleology
Human Need
 Care with another dream material. Organizes data:
 Responsibility person/s HIGH (MIDDLE) Conscious vs.
 Knowledge  Interpersonal Unconscious
 Transcendence  No road map or aspects of a Guides Action:
 Malignant frame of orientation therapeutic LOW Biological vs. Social
Aggression encounter.
 Rootedness  Lack of satisfaction  He believed Is Internally Uniqueness vs. Similarities
  Fixation in any human needs that the aim of Consistent:
 Sense of Identity therapy is for LOW
 “I am I” patients to
 “I am the subject of come to know Is Parsimonious:
my actions.” themselves. LOW
 Frame of Orientation Without
 Object of Devotion knowledge of
ourselves, we
 Freak/s of the universe cannot know
 Freedom any other
 Free From person or
 Basic Anxiety thing.

 Mechanics of Escape
 Authoritarianism
 Masochism
 Sadism
 Need to make
others
dependent on
oneself and to
gain power
over those
who are weak
 Compulsion to
The Burden of
exploit others,
Freedom
to take
advantage of
them, and to
use them for
one’s benefit
or pleasure
 Desire to see
others suffer,
physically or
psychologicall
y
 Destructiveness
 Conformity
 Positive Freedom
 Active Love
 Work
  Character
 Assimilation
 Socialization

 Nonproductive
Orientations
 Receptive
 passivity,
 submissiveness,
 lack of self-
confidence

 loyalty,
 acceptance,
 trust

 Exploiting
 egocentric,
 conceited,
 arrogant,
 seducing
Character
Orientation  impulsive,
 proud,
 charming,
 self-confident

 Hoarding
 rigidity,
 sterility,
 obstinacy,
 compulsivity,
 lack of creativity

 orderliness,
 cleanliness,
 punctuality

 Marketing
 aimlessness,
 opportunism,
 inconsistency,
 wastefulness
  changeability,
 open-
mindedness,
 adaptability,
 generosity
 Productive Orientation
 Work
 Love
 Biophilia
 Reasoning

 Necrophilia
 Malignant Narcissism
 Hypochondriasis
 Moral
Personality
Hypochondriasis
Disorders
 Depression
 Incestuous Symbiosis
 Syndrome of Decay
 Syndrome of Growth

Psychotherap  Transference
y  Countertransference

 Social Character in a
Mexican Village
 Marketing Character
 Nonproductive-
receptive
Fromm’s  Productive Hoarding
Method of  Nonproductive-
Investigation exploitive
 Productive exploitive
 A Psychohistorical Study
of Hitler
 Psychohistory or
Psychobiography