Int. J. Res. Ind. Eng. Vol. 7, No.

4 (2018) 482–494

International Journal of Research in Industrial

Engineering
www.riejournal.com

Cloud-Based IoT: Integration Cloud Computing with Internet of Things

J. Pourqasem 

Department of Computer Engineering, Ayandegan Institute of Higher Education, Tonekabon, Iran.

ABSTRACT
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is based on interconnected things in a dynamic and distributed
environment. The IoT contains many widely pervasive and heterogeneous small things with limited
storage, energy resources, and processing capacities. These limitations are an obstacle for developing
IoT applications and involve challenging issues such as interoperability, scalability, performance,
and availability. Cloud Computing is one of the promising approaches that can be integrated with
IoT to overcome these limitations. The Cloud provides shared resources (network, storage,
computing, and software) and is characterized by ubiquitous, low-cost, and virtualization features.
This paper presents the Cloud-based IoT platform and describes the communication, processing, and
storage properties of it. This platform can benefit from the resources and services of the Cloud to
collect, transmit, analyze, process, and store the data generated by the heterogeneous things. We also
represent the projects that have implemented the Cloud-based IoT platform.
Keywords: IoT, Cloud, OpenIoT.

Article history: Received: 05 Auguestv2018 Revised: 03 October 2018 Accepted: 19 December 2018

1. Cloud-Based Internet of Things

Internet of Things technology is characterized by the real world and huge small things with the
limited storage, processing capacity, and energy and short-range communications [9, 36, 42, 43,
44]. Collecting, storage, and process the IoT data locally is becoming impractical due to the
number of sensors and the volume of data they generate [10, 45]. Furthermore, the IoT connects
the objects, devices, and humans and generates the large volumes of data. Accessing these data
by the organizations can be a complex process due to the heterogeneous operating systems,
different connectivity protocols, and legacy application compatibility [3]. IoT infrastructures
(e.g., Sensors, WSN, and RFID) are the specific or pervasive location (things placed
everywhere), resource constrained and usually expensive for developing and deploying [45, 46]
consequently, IoT infrastructures suffer from inflexibility in terms of resource access and

 Corresponding author
E-mail address: [email protected]
DOI: 10.22105/riej.2018.88380
483 Cloud-based IoT: integration cloud computing with internet of things

availability. The IoT devices often suffer from extremely constrained processing and storage
resources and a limited energy budget, as they are often battery-powered [16].
Cloud computing has the virtually unlimited capacity belongs to the storage and processing
power. Cloud provides the Web-based communications and on-demand platform to access the
data and resource uniformly. Cloud infrastructures are the independent or ubiquitous location
(resources usable from everywhere) and provide an ease of access to inexpensive resources [34,
38]. Virtualization in cloud is a result of the location-independence feature of the resource
infrastructure.
Interconnection between IoT and the cloud is a way to benefit from the scalable and always
available resources provided by the cloud computing technology [7, 17, 20, 24, 42]. Convergence
of the IoT and the cloud computing technology is motivated by the need of IoT applications to
leverage the scalability, availability, and performance of the cloud [31]. This integration
simplifies storing and processing of the collected data; allows the use of the same data in multiple
services; eases the combination of data from several devices and users and supports user mobility.
Several efforts have taken convergence of IoT and cloud in the research community and in the
enterprise [14]. One result of this convergence is the ability to send data to the cloud in a scalable
and high performance way, managing applications, monitoring, and controlling the data streams.
The cloud can provide scalable and stable storage and processing resources and backend
resources for the IoT applications. Most IoT applications contain many heterogeneous
geographically distributed sensors generating data and need to handle these data. cloud provides
the immense distributed storage and computational capacities for IoT applications to perform
complex process [35]. In addition, the several IoT services could benefit from a utility-based
delivery paradigm of cloud infrastructure, which emphasizes the on-demand establishment and
delivery of IoT applications. From a comparative point of view, Table 1 reports the
complementary characteristics of cloud and IoT, inspiring the Cloud-based IoT technology.
The rest of this chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 presents Cloud-based IoT platform and
details its properties with respect to storage, processing and communication features. The some
projects of the implemented Cloud-based IoT platforms have been presented in Section 3. The
last section concludes the paper.
 Pourqasem/ Int. J. Res. Ind. Eng 7(4) (2018) 482-494 484

Table 1. Complementary characteristics of cloud and IoT.

Internet of Things Cloud Computing

Displacement Ubiquitous (resources are usable from
Pervasive (things placed everywhere)
everywhere)
Components
Real word things Virtual resources
Computational Virtually unlimited computational
Limited computational capacities
capacities
Storage
No storage or limited storage capacities Virtually unlimited storage capacities
Role of the
internet Internet as a point of convergence Internet for service delivery

Big Data
Big Data source Means to manage Big Data

2. Cloud-Based Internet of Things Platform

The difference between cloud-based internet of things and conventional internet of things is the
ability to develop, deploy, run, and manage IoT applications online via the cloud [41]. Figure 1
illustrates the main features of the cloud-based IoT platform and architecture and their interaction
with the three cloud computing models (i.e. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Furthermore, Figure 1 specifies networking,
interacting, and integrating the things with the cloud.
Cloud computing technology offers a unified service delivery platform for the IoT applications.
All devices in IoT connect to a shared resource pool of the cloud to store and retrieve data. This
platform enables users to easily collect, access, process, visualize, archive, share, and search the
large amounts of sensor data from different applications [29]. The data of sensors can be
processed, analyzed, and stored using the computational and storage resources of the cloud.
Furthermore, Cloud-based IoT platform allows sharing the sensor resources by different users
and applications under flexible usage scenarios and enables sensor devices to handle the
specialized processing tasks [29]. This platform is an extended cloud computing for managing
sensors that provides sensor devices as a part of IT resources for end users. It offers users the
sensor monitoring and controlling services via the web browser [18, 19]. Moreover, cloud eases
the data flow between IoT data collection and processing components and enables simple setup
and integration of new things, while keeps the low costs for deploying and complex data
processing [29].
485 Cloud-based IoT: integration cloud computing with internet of things

Figure 1. Cloud-based IoT platform.

This platform contains cloud infrastructure, allowing users to run any applications on cloud
hardware. The platform simplifies the application development, eliminates the need for
infrastructure development, eases things management, and reduces the maintenance costs. It
provides users the unique device management capabilities, directly communication with devices,
storage to collect data from things, and transition of events. The large amount of sensor data can
be stored, processed, and analyzed using the computational and storage resources of cloud. The
developer suite is a set of cloud service tools that develops the IoT applications. These tools
contain the open web service Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which provide the
high-level development and deployment capabilities to things developers. The operating portal
for things is a set of cloud services that support deployment and specialized processing services
including subscription management, community coordination, things connection, things
discovery, data intelligence, and things composition.
In Cloud-based IoT platform, the IoT devices are typically grouped into one or multiple IoT
networks such as a home network or a body area network. These networks are connected to the
cloud using a dedicated gateway that can typically be a home router or the user’s smartphone.
The sensed data in the networks is forwarded to the cloud via the dedicated gateway. The cloud
stores the data persistently and makes it accessible to the services and application. The user can
authorize particular cloud services to access and operate on her data via the processing resources
in cloud [29]. As a result, the cloud acts as an intermediate layer between the things and the IoT
 Pourqasem/ Int. J. Res. Ind. Eng 7(4) (2018) 482-494 486

applications, where it hides all the complexity and the functionalities of implementation. This
platform will influence future application development, where data collecting, data process, and
data transmission will produce new challenges to be addressed. Particularly, the design of the
Cloud-based IoT platform aims to maximize the availability of data and services [4].
A practical implementation of Cloud-based IoT Platform is shown in Figure 2 that is a smart
home application based on cloud [41]. In this platform, the sensors read the home temperature
and luminosity from Arduino-enabled IoT things [25] and send data to the cloud platform. Then,
the cloud applications store and visualize them so that the user can view, monitor and control
them anywhere and anytime using a web browser and an internet connection. In particular, this
platform has used LM35 temperature sensor to sense the home environment temperature and a
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) analog sensor to sense the home light luminosity. Moreover,
this platform has used Ethernet cable to connect Arduino to the internet and used HTTP to send
data between Arduino-enabled IoT things and the cloud applications. Google App Engine as a
cloud service has hosted the cloud applications that stores sensor readings and visualizes them.
In addition, this platform has utilized a Cloud-based IoT service -Paraimpu- to connect Arduino-
enabled sensors and to share the sensor readings with friends.

Figure 2. Smart home application based on cloud.

2.1 Managing Sensed Data in Cloud-Based IoT

In order to implement the IoT application properly and managing the massive IoT data in cloud
platform (i.e. collecting, storing, processing, and analyzing the sensed data) there are series of
issues [21]. The pervasive sensors, RFID readers, and other devices involved in the IoT can
487 Cloud-based IoT: integration cloud computing with internet of things

generate large volume data rapidly, so that the data must be processed with a high throughput.
Since the volume of data is very large and can increase quickly, an efficient data storage solution
for the IoT application must be considered to keep the data in an efficient manner. Furthermore,
the IoT data are sensed and collected from many diverse sources and are different in data
structures, volume, accessing methods, and some other aspects, they can hardly be stored and
accessed efficiently by a single method and the data storage components have to be able to deal
with the heterogeneous data resources.

2.1.1 Cloud-based IoT storage

Big Data is a collection of complex and large volume datasets that are difficult to process with
available database management tools [22, 48]. Big Data can originate from devices of IoT
technology such as sensors, RFID readers [5]. As stated by [29], Big Data has three dimensions:
volume, variety, and velocity. Volume character refers to large transactions, variety refers to
data-types, and velocity refers to structuring of data and making it available for access and
delivery. The issues associated with Big Data are collecting, searching, sharing, visualizing, and
storing the data by the existing database, and process and analyze the data in order to decision
making and control messages generating. Integrating cloud with IoT can provide above
requirements. This platform offers virtually unlimited, low-cost, and on-demand storage capacity
[29]. Cloud storage is the most convenient and cost effective solution to deal with the produced
data by IoT. This integration causes a new convergence scenario [27] where new opportunities
become apparent for data aggregation [12], data integration, and sharing data with third parties
[39]. In Cloud-based IoT platform, data can be treated in a homogeneous manner through
standard APIs, and can be sheltered by applying top-level security, and directly accessed and
visualized from any place [29]. Besides, this platform provides the high accessibility and
reliability, easy deployment, high protection for data backup, archival and recovery from disaster,
and low cost on the whole [32]. Consequently, cloud is in the service of resolving the problems
associated with the storage and access of IoT data.
2.1.2 Cloud-based IoT Processing
Issues of this section involve the ways of processing and analyzing the collected and integrated
data from multiple sources for identifying the behavior of the actuators to fulfill the need of the
application or the service. IoT devices with limited processing resources cannot process data on-
site. The collected data are usually transmitted to more powerful nodes for aggregation and
process; therefore, the IoT processing model does not provide scalability [4]. The virtualized
unlimited processing resources of cloud and its on-demand model provides IoT the scalable
process and enables analyzing of unprecedented complexity [6]. Therefore, cloud technology can
support the analysis of data generated by sensors and IoT devices. Cloud computing realizes data-
driven decision-making and prediction algorithms at low cost, and provides increasing revenues
and reduced risks [39]. Besides, the Cloud-based IoT platform allows to perform real-time
 Pourqasem/ Int. J. Res. Ind. Eng 7(4) (2018) 482-494 488

process (on-the-fly) [6, 29], implement scalable, real-time, collaborative, and sensor-centric
applications [12], manage complex events, and implement task offloading for energy saving [37].

2.2 Communication Issues in Cloud-Based IoT

The heterogeneity of hardware and software components in IoT application is high and there are
a huge sensors and IoT-devices which gather data in different formats [10]. These aspects can
affect the communication mechanism for transferring the sensed data and the actuator control
information. As a result, a mechanism must be simple, pluggable, and reliable in order to provide
robust communications. One of the requirements of IoT is to link the IP-enabled devices through
dedicated hardware. Cloud provides an effective and low cost solution to connect, track, and
manage anything from anywhere at any time using the customized portals and built-in apps (i.e.
web service interface is provided to submit and retrieve data) [29]. Because of the availability of
high-speed networks, cloud enables the monitoring and control of remote things, their
coordination and communications, and the real-time access to the produced data [12, 27, 29, 34].

2.2.1 Data interchange format

The sensor and IoT device data formats influence on transport and analyzing methods. This
aspect of IoT plays the role of formatting the sensed data into a platform-neutral data interchange
format, enabling portability, interoperability, and efficient transportation [9] . The data
interchange formats can be classified into two groups [8, 13]: (i) self-describing such as XML
and JSON and (ii) binary (schema-based) like Message Pack, XDR, and Protocol Buffers [9].
The two format types have some advantages and drawbacks. Self-describing data interchange
format groups are human readable, however, from the transmission view, they include redundant
components such as tags, which affect the size of transferred data. Furthermore, the self-
describing data are text based formats and therefore add computational overhead and require
many bytes to transmit the same data more than the binary format. In addition, because these
formats are text based, values must be converted from their native type to a text representation.
The binary data interchange format groups are not human readable, however, they are very
compact for transmission according to the performance results in [10]. This format provides a
standardized mechanism for transmitting data, while minimizes the cost corresponds to the time
and volume of encoding the data. There are two categories of messages: Control messages and
data messages [41]. A control message consists of command id and key-value pairs specific to
that command. These messages are user defined that are implemented by the sensor module or
are system control messages that Cloud-based IoT uses these for controlling the behavior of
sensors in certain predefined situations. Data messages include huge volume of Cloud-based IoT
messages and present the sensor data. Each sensor module generates a uniquely formatted data
message with different semantics and the Cloud-based IoT does not infer or act upon the message
itself. Furthermore, Cloud-based IoT places messages of any sensor in a general collection and
interacts with properties common to all Cloud-based IoT messages such as timestamp.
489 Cloud-based IoT: integration cloud computing with internet of things

2.2.2 Interaction protocol

CoAP is a specialized web transfer protocol in Cloud-based IoT for interacting with things [41]
that is provided for constrained nodes and constrained networks. This protocol has planned for
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation. CoAP
is a request/response interaction model between end-points application. This protocol provides
built-in discovery of services and resources, contains key concepts of the web such as URIs and
internet media types, and meets multicast support and very low overhead [41]. The architecture
and interaction model of CoAP is similar to HTTP. In contrast to HTTP, the CoAP message
exchange method is based on UDP and is based on an asynchronous way [49].
There are two architectural styles for web services applications: Representational State Transfer
(REST) [11, 50, 51] and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) [2, 52]. Each of them describes
methods to design and develop the interoperable services and designs principles via the web. As
stated by [26, 28, 53], SOAs are not well suited for enabling the end-users to create ad-hoc
applications and their functional blocks and service implementations are complex. Besides,
SOAs are often used to model and realize the complex business flows. The REST style [40] uses
HTTP-similar standardized methods (e.g. GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, etc.) to deal with
resources as services. Moreover, REST can presents resources by text, JSON, and XML formats.
6LoWPAN (IPv6-based Low Power Wireless Area Networks) protocol [30, 41] provides IP
access to a wide set of networked devices with short range and low power constrained hosts.
6LoWPAN as an adaptation layer defines message frame formats, fragmentation methods, and
header compression techniques needed to fit Ipv6/UDP datagrams in the very limited IEEE
802.15.4 frame size. This protocol is able to reduce the IPv6/UDP header while keeping the main
functionalities and the size of the addressing space, thanks to a cross-layer optimization approach.
Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) provides routing functionalities [36,
54], which is IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) solution discussed in the Routing Over
Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL) working group. RPL supports distinct routing path
optimizations based on particular objective functions such as high priority aspect in which
packets with high priority be routed to offer low delivery delay. Another important feature of
RPL is its intrinsic scalability in respect of the network density.

2.2.3 Application programming interface

Cloud-based IoT realizes APIs to gain the interoperability. The main APIs are the sensor API
and client API [41, 55]. The sensor API is used to register sensor modules with the Cloud-based
IoT, publish data, and receive control messages sent by applications or clients. The sensor API
enables end-users to define a sensor-specific data format. Sensors connect to Cloud-based IoT
and register themselves to it, and then can begin publishing data. A sensor module collects data
from a physical sensor or other data sources and submits them to the Cloud-based IoT by the
 Pourqasem/ Int. J. Res. Ind. Eng 7(4) (2018) 482-494 490

functions provided in the sensor API. The client API consists of some classes needed for
registering a client with the Cloud-based IoT and subscribing to sensors of interest by URL.
Clients can get information about the sensors that have connected to the system, subscribe to the
sensors satisfy the client’s criteria with the names or the ID of the mentioned sensors. Besides,
clients may also issue sensor-specific control messages to the set of subscribed sensors, and
discover them.

3. Cloud-Based IoT Project

In this section, we review the implemented platform that has integrated cloud computing and
Internet of Things in details. OpenIoT project (co-funded by the European Commission) has
provided a middleware platform for diverse IoT applications based on cloud [31]. OpenIoT offers
an adaptable infrastructure for collecting and processing data of sensors and utilizing the Linked
Data concept [15] in order to linking the related sensor’s data sets. Furthermore, OpenIoT
provides functionalities to filter and select data dynamically and deals with mobile sensors. It
offers a wide range of visual tools to achieve the development of Cloud-based IoT applications
through minimal programming effort.
The OpenIoT architecture consists of seven main elements [32] as depicted in Figure 3:
 Extended Global Sensor Networks (X-GSN) [1] is as sensor middleware that collects, filters, and
integrates data from the virtual sensors or physical devices. It plays the role of hub between the
OpenIoT platform and the physical world. The sensor middleware includes one or more
distributed nodes belong to different administrative entities.
 Linked Stream Middleware Light (LSM-Light) [28] is as cloud data storage that enables storing
data originating from the sensor middleware. Furthermore, the cloud infrastructure stores the
metadata (functional data) required for the operation of OpenIoT. The OpenIoT uses LSM-Light
and cloud interfaces for enabling additional Cloud-based data process.
 The Scheduler processes requests for on-demand services from the Request Definition and
provides access to the resources (e.g. data) that they require. The Scheduler allows discovering
sensors and associated data belong to a given service. Furthermore, it manages the services and
selects/enables the resources participating in service provision.
 Service Delivery & Utility Manager (SD&UM) integrates data as indicated by service workflows
within the OpenIoT system in order to deliver the requested service. To this goal, the SD&UM
utilizes the service description and resources identified and reserved by the Scheduler. The
SD&UM keeps track utility metrics for each service that is needed for driving functionalities such
as accounting, billing, and utility-driven resource optimization.
 Request Definition component provides on-the-fly specification of service requested to the
OpenIoT platform. It involves a set of services to specify and formulate such requests. Request
Definition also submits request to the Scheduler and uses a GUI.
 491 Cloud-based IoT: integration cloud computing with internet of things

 Request Presentation component is responsible for visualization of the service outputs. This
element selects mash-ups from an appropriate library in order to facilitate service presentation and
communicates directly with the SD&UM for retrieving the relevant data.
 Configuration and Monitoring component enables visual management and configuration of
functionalities over sensors and services implemented in the OpenIoT platform.

Figure 3. The OpenIoT platform.

4. Conclusion

The Cloud-based IoT has enhanced the performance of IoT technology regards to storage feature,
process power, and communication property. Cloud provides the storage components to store the
huge volume of sensed data, and offers processing units to analyze them on-the-fly that are
transferred through the cloud’s communication links and protocols. We presented the integrated
 Pourqasem/ Int. J. Res. Ind. Eng 7(4) (2018) 482-494 492

platform of IoT and cloud as Cloud-based IoT and described its infrastructure based on the
storing, processing, and communication features. Cloud-based IoT influences the data format and
the connecting protocols of things, and provides the web service-based communication for them.

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