CORROSION

Keanu Lee Baguio, Joan Claire Evia, Ralph Raven Lumibao,

Angelina Ritualo, Jasmin Nicole Trinidad
Department of Engineering
Nueva Ecija, Philippines

ABSTRACT
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material as a
result of its
interaction with its environment. Although this
definition is
applicable to any type of material, it is
typically reserved for
metallic alloys. Furthermore, corrosion processes not only
influence the chemical properties of a metal or metal alloys, but
also generate changes in their physical properties and
mechanical behaviors. It is the objective of this experiment to surface, corrosion occurs and rust begins to form. The speed
determine how the given types of metal will corrode after being of the spontaneous reaction is increased in the presence of
exposed to various types of liquid at a given period of time. The metals electrolytes, such as the sodium chloride used on roads to melt
include: aluminum, gold, magnesium, mild steel, stainless steel, and tin
plate. While the types of liquid include: water, salt water, acid, and ice and snow or in salt water.
alkali. In this experiment, we will present and explain the effects of
corrosion to the given types of metal, as well as the factors that affect Another method for protecting metals is cathodic protection.
corrosion rate. We started off by using an online virtual laboratory to In this method, an easily oxidized and inexpensive metal, often
conduct the experiment. The simulator provided us the results by just zinc or magnesium (the sacrificial anode), is electrically
selecting the type of liquid for each type of metal, along with their connected to the metal that must be protected. The more active
designated elapsed time. Thereafter, we gathered the information we
needed by observation and comparison that allowed us to conclude our metal is the sacrificial anode, and is the anode in a galvanic
findings. cell. The “protected” metal is the cathode, and remains
unoxidized. One advantage of cathodic protection is that the
I. INTRODUCTION sacrificial anode can be monitored and replaced if needed.
Corrosion is the degradation of a metal caused by an
electrochemical process. Large sums of money are spent each
year repairing the effects of, or preventing, corrosion. Some
metals, such as aluminum and copper, produce a protective
layer when they corrode in air. The thin layer that forms on
the surface of the metal prevents oxygen from coming into
contact with more of the metal atoms and thus “protects” the
remaining metal from further corrosion. Iron corrodes (forms
rust) when exposed to water and oxygen. The rust that forms
Figure 2: One way to protect an underground iron storage
on iron metal flakes off, exposing fresh metal, which also
tank is through cathodic protection. Using an active metal like
corrodes.
zinc or magnesium for the anode effectively makes the storage
One way to prevent, or slow, corrosion is by coating the
tank the cathode, preventing it from corroding (oxidizing).
metal. Coating prevents water and oxygen from contacting
the metal. Paint or other coatings will slow corrosion, but II. METHODOLOGY
they are not effective once scratched. Zinc-plated or
galvanized iron exploits the fact that zinc is more likely to In this experimentation by the used of different metals and tested
oxidize than iron. As long as the coating remains, even if with another substance to determine how will it react. Aluminum,
scratched, the zinc will oxidize before the iron. gold, magnesium, mild steel, stainless steel, and tin plate are the
metals examined using different kinds of liquid which are Acid,
Fugure 1
Alkali, Saltwater, and water. We used distinct times to see the process
and result of the corrosion.
Figure 1: Once the paint is scratched on a painted iron

Page 1 of 8
Aluminum Acid 1 day
Object Liquid Time
Gold Alkali 1 hour
 Magnesium Salt Water 12 days

Mild steel Water

Stainless steal 1hour 1day 12 days

Tin plate In span of 1 hour:

There has been no change in the properties of the metal.

In span of 1 day:

Our group observed the reaction of different metals while There has been no change in the properties of the metal.
submerged into different liquids. We analyzed and scrutinize
each metal reacting to different liquids in different period of In span of 12 days:
time, specifically its first hour, first day and its twelfth day being
tested. There has been no change in the properties of the metal.

Aluminum with Salt water

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Metal 1: Aluminum

Aluminum with Acid

1 hour 1 day 12 days

In span of 1 hour:

The metal started to rust.

In span of 1 day:
1 hour 1 day 12 days
The rust spread and covered the surface of the metal.
In span of 1 hour:
We are starting to see bubbles forming on the edges of the metal In span of 12 days:
which seems to be a gas produced by the reaction between
aluminum and acid. The rust particles became even more evident, thereby
overwhelming the metal.
In span of 1 day:
The bubbles are still forming and it has increased by size. Aluminum with Water
Moreover, the edges of the metal changed in color which is
green.

In span of 12 days:
Most parts of the metal are already turned into a green,
translucent, and plastic-like material. Only the middle part seems
to be an aluminum still, meaning that it’s not completely
corroded. 1
Aluminum with Alkali
hour 1 day 12 days

Page 2 of 8
In span of 1 hour: Metal 2: Gold

Tiny bubbles are forming around the metal. Gold with Acid

In span of 1 day:

A white lump formed on the edge of the metal. In

1
span of 12 days:
hour 1 day 12 days
The lump became larger.
 Gold with Alkali immersion in water can cause the shine to fade. However,
while pure gold is chemically resistant, gold alloys may be
destroyed by strong chemicals found in water, such as
chlorine.
1

hour 1 day 12 days Metal 3: Magnesium

Gold with Saltwater Magnesium with Acid

1
1
hour 1 day 12 days Gold with Water hour 1 day 12 days
not corrode and appears to last indefinitely. When compared In span of 1 hour:
to wood, copper, iron, and other materials, it will be A bubbles were formed when magnesium was subjected to
unharmed and undecaying as if it were eternal. The images acidity.
below depict the outcome of the experiment in all liquids.
Because the wedding ring is pure gold, the gold before and In span of 1 day:
after the experiment remains the same. Gold is thermally and White substances were present around magnesium which
suggests that the acid dissolved the metal
electrically conductive, as well as very stable as a corrosion-
resistant coating. Although it is often used in electronics, it is In span of 12 days:
more costly than other corrosion-resistant coatings. The The metal (magnesium) undergone a state where it is no longer
shape and color of the gold wedding ring do not alter after lustrous and the acid destroyed its metallic property
being exposed to acid, alkali, saltwater, and water. Pure gold
is not affected by water and can be wet; but, prolonged Magnesium with Alkali

1 hour 1 day 12 days On the Periodic Table, gold is one of the 1 hour 1 day 12 days
least reactive elements. It never rusts or corrodes because it
does not react with oxygen. Except for aqua regia (a In span of 1 hour:
combination of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid), which may At the first 1 hour there is no changes occurred on the appearance of the
metal (magnesium)
dissolve gold, gold is unaffected by air, water, alkalis, and all
acids. In fact, one of the reasons our acid tests are so precise is In span of 1 day:
due to gold's acid resistance. Gold in the ocean or saltwater A day has passed the appearance of magnesium become shiny
does compared to its apperance in the first 1 hour.
Page 3 of 8
In span of 12 day: White subtances were present in the metal and it seems that the
After 12 days, the metal (magnesium) starts to have bubble and it liquid starting to disolve the metal
seems to undergo in oxidation reaction.
In span of 12 days:
Magnesium with Saltwater The metal was covered of white subtances and it is no longer
lustrous and the salt water destroyed its metallic property.

Magnesium with Water

In span of 1 day:
1 hour There are still bubbles forming around and it seems that there’s a sign
of metal rusting on the edges of the metal.
1 day 12 days
In span of 12 days:
In span of 1 hour:
After 1 hour the bubble were formed when the metal subjected to the The rust spread and covered the surface of metal.
salt water.
Mild steel with Alkali
In span of 1 day:
 of 1 hour:
There has been no change in the properties of the metal.

In span of 1 day:
There has been no change in the properties of the metal.

In span of 12 days:
There has been no change in the properties of the metal.
Mild steel in saltwater

1 hour 1 day 12 days In span Mild steel in saltwater

1 hour 1 day 12

days
1 hour 1 day 12 days
In span of 1 hour:
Bubbles were formed at the sides of the metal (magnesium) In span of 1 hour:
The metal started to rust.
In span of 1 day:
Bubbles were increased in the metal after 1 day. In span of 1 day:
The rust spread and covered the surface of the metal.
In span of 12 days:
There were white subtances formed on th metal and it is no longer In span of 12 days:
lustrous. The rust particles became even more evident, thereby
overwhelming the metal.
Metal 5: Mild Steel
Mild Steel with Acid Mild steel in water

1 hour 1 day 12 days 1 hour 1 day 12 days

In span of 1 hour: In span of 1 hour:

Bubbles are forming around the metal which appears to be a gas There has been no change in the properties of the metal.
byproduct of corrosion.

Page 4 of 8

In span of 1 day: The stainless steel starts to have big bubbles reacting from the acid.
Rust are formed and covered the surface of the metal.
In span of 1 day:
In span of 12 day: The stainless steel starts to break down from its form and the
The rust particles became even more evident, thereby change of color to black is evident.
overwhelming the metal.
In span of 12 days:
Metal 5: Stainless Steel The piece of stainless steel melted from its original form.
Stainless Steel with Acid
Stainless steel with alkali

1 hour 1
1 hour 1
day 12 days
day 12 days
In span of 1 hour: In span of 1 hour:
There is no significant reaction coming from the stainless steel when A day has passed, the tin plate still has a dent on the edges, and the
applied with alkali. color continues to fade.

In span of 1 day: In span of 12 days:

There is still no significant reaction coming from the stainless steel After 12 days, it starts to have bubbles on the edge. The changes in the
when applied with alkali. color of the tin plate became more evident and the dent was still there.

In span of 12 days:
There is a minimum reaction coming from the stainless steel when
applied with alkali.

Stainless steel with salt water

1 hour

1 day 12 days
In span of 1 hour:
There is no significant reaction coming from the stainless steel when
applied with salt water.

In span of 1 day:
The stainless steel generated rusts from its corner reacting to the salt
water.

In span of 12 day:
The salt water starts to eat away the stainless steel making it more rusty
and weak from its original form.

Stainless steel with water

1 hour 1

day 12 days
In span of 1 hour:
Tiny particles from its original form can still be seen.

In span of 1 day:
Tiny particles from its original form start to evaporate.

In span of 12 days:
All of the tiny particles from its original form evaporated making the
stainless steel clear and clean.

Metal 6: Tin Plate

Tin Plate placed in Acid

1 hour 1

day 12 days
In span of 1 hour:
After 1 hour of being placed in Acid, there are changes in the shape
of the tin a plate and it starts to have a dent on the edges. The color of
the tin plate changed from lustrous brown to dark brown.

In span of 1 day:
 Page 5 of 8
Tin Plate placed in Alkali In span of 1 hour:

The color and shape of the tin plate changed. The bubbles start to appear
and there are dents on the surface.

1 hour 1 In span of 1 day:

A day has passed, the color continues to fade. The bubbles disappeared
day 12 days but the rust starts to grow grown the upper part of the tin plate.
In span of 1 hour:
In span of 12 days:
There are changes in the shape of the tin plate and it starts to have
The area covered by the rust got wider.
bubbles.
IV. CONCLUSION
In span of 1 day:
The number of bubbles on the edge continues to increase.
According to the results of the experiment, Aluminum is the metal that
corrodes the fastest. Stainless steel, on the other hand, corrodes the least
In span of 12 days: in four liquids: acids, alkalis, saltwater, and water. In six metals, water is
The tin plate was blurred and the bubbles disappeared. Tin the most aggressive corrosion agent: aluminum, gold, magnesium,
stainless steel, and tin plate. Alkali, on the other hand, dissolves the
Plate in Salt Water slowest. Metals like gold and platinum do not corrode visibly because
they are unaffected by oxygen and most acids, and they are more stable
than many of their compounds, such as oxides and sulfides. Because of
their lack of chemical reactivity, they are known as noble metals.
Overall, the experiment demonstrated how different environments affect
corrosion metals. This gives us a better understanding of how to use
1hour 1 metals effectively in everyday life based on corrosion levels.

day 12 days
In span of 1 hour: REFERENCES
After 1 hour of being placed in Salt Water, the color of the tin plate
slightly faded. Michael, J. (2002) Plant Engineer's Reference Book (Second Edition),
Pages 33-1-33-25
In span of 1 day: Retrieved from
The rust starts to appear on the edge of the thin plate and the color https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978075064452
continues to fade. 5500882

In span of 12 days:
After 12 days, the area covered by the rust got wider. Tin Corrosion of Metals (n.d)
Retrieved from
Plate in Water https://xapps.xyleminc.com/Crest.Grindex/help/grindex/contents/
Metals.htm

1 hour 1 day 12 days

Page 6 of 8

RAPID HARDENING CEMENT

Keanu Lee Baguio, Joan Claire Evia, Ralph Raven Lumibao,
Angelina Ritualo, Jasmin Nicole Trinidad
 Department of Engineering
Nueva Ecija, Philippines

than OPC and its short curing period makes it economical.

Rapid Hardening Cement

ABSTRACT

Heat energy changes accompanying a

chemical reaction will
remain constant at a constant temperature,
irrespective of how
the reactants react to form a product. The
total enthalpy change
for a reaction is the sum of all changes,
regardless of how many
stages or steps, there are in the reaction. This law demonstrates
that enthalpy is a state function. This experiment aims to
determine the enthalpy change of the three exothermic reactions
and to relate the three reactions with Hess’ Law which will degrade its quality. In addition this cement have a surface
The following materials utilized are 50 mL Graduated cylinder, of greater than 3250 cm2/gm that is why it is lighter and costlier
Distilled water, Styrofoam cup, scale, NaOH (solid Sodium
Rapid Hardening Cement has a 42.5 Compressive Strength (Mpa) and has a grade
Hydroxide), 0.5M HCl, 1.0M HCl. To perform the experiment we
had a virtual meeting through google meet to conduct and observe of 42.5 it is clearly proof that this cement is hydraulicity binding materials and has a
the experimentation for us to get the data we needed. The procedure high early strength.
in reaction 1 was the same as the procedure in reaction 2 the only
difference is we used Hydrochloric acid instead of distilled water,
and the procedure in reaction 3 was the same in the previous In various construction projects, It is often required to gain early
experimentation the only difference is the volume of chemicals that strength of concrete. Changing the cement type can do the trick. To meet
this purpose rapid hardening cement could be used.
used.
Based on the results obtained all the reactions can be concluded
as exothermic as it releases heat, it is because allthe results for each II. METHODOLOGY
part of the experiment show that the temperature increases from its
initial temperature. To manufacture RHC, the dry process is used in mixing the
aforementioned raw materials. Firstly, the materials are crushed and
I. INTRODUCTION converted into small size pieces. Then they are dried in drying kilns
typically keeping the quantity of water under 1%. Then again, the dried
materials are ground in a ball mill to turn them into fine particles. After
Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) is a certain type of Portland cement mixing the materials in appropriate proportions, the mixture is burned at
typically used in concrete construction to develop high strength earlier a high temperature. Here the chemicals go through some reactions and
than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). This cement gains strength are turned into calcium silicates which form the cement clinker. The
faster than OPC considering that in 3 days it develops 7 days strength cooled pellets are then ground in ball mills or tube mills and during this
of OPC with the water cement ratio. This cement has a 30 minutes grinding process, a small proportion of gypsum is added. In cement,
final setting times and 600 minutes final setting time which is same as gypsum acts as a retarder.
OPC, but during the setting, rapid hardening cement emits more heat, The dry process of cement manufacture is more economical as less
therefore this cement is unsuitable for mass concreating. This cement heating is required. This is how RHC is manufactured in bulk.
should be kept dry to avoid premature carbonation and hydration,

Page 7 of 8
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Generally, cement is made out of calcined lime and clay as major
composition ingredients. Similarly, RHC (rapid hardening cement), a
special type of cement, also has its own composition ingredients that
make it achieve a high level of strength in less time. These ingredients
I. Chemical Composition of Rapid Hardening Cement
include the following: tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium
aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. posts, electric poles, block fence, etc. because molds can be released
quickly.
Composition Chemical Formula Percentage
Ingredient

Tricalcium silicate Ca3O5Si 60%

Dricalcium silicate Ca2SiO4 15%

Tricalcium Ca3Al2O6 10%

aluminate Sla

Tetracalcium Ca4Al2Fe2O10 8% bs
aluminoferrite

II. Preparation of Rapid Hardening Cement

Rapid hardening cement is made using a dry cement manufacturing

Pol
technique. Limestone and shale are utilized as raw materials in this
cement, which are burned to very high temperatures to generate
clinkers. The lime and shale clinker are then combined with a little es
quantity of gypsum and finely ground to create quick hardening
cement. The only difference between quick hardening and standard It is used for cold weather concreting because rapid evolution of heat
portland cement is the amount of limestone (tri-calcium silicate) used during hydration protects the concrete against freezing. Rapid Hardening
as a raw ingredient, which provides the cement its high early strength. Cement helps in setting without reducing the quality of concrete. This is
important because high moisture content can induce corrosion problems
III. Specific Use Particularly in Construction in steel reinforcement. This cement is an ideal to use is cold weather
considering we are avoiding to use fly ash or slag cement in cold
weather.
Compared to other types of cement, Rapid Hardening Cement achieves
high strength early on and the form of work can be eliminated sooner.
It's a long-lasting cement that can keep up with the fast pace of IV. Advantages and Disadvantages
construction and the tight finances required to get projects up and
running. Advantages
Rapid Hardening Cement has a various of uses. It is used where
formwork has to be removed as early as possible in order to reuse it and Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) has several benefits.
in high early strength is required the use of this cement is very
significant. It is generally used for constructing road pavements, where • RHC has a lower drying shrinkage rate as most of the water is used up
it is important to open the road to traffic quickly. for the hydration process. As a result, it creates fewer pores in concrete
structures. So cracks do not form and moisture can't hamper the
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) structures.
• RHC has higher resistance against chemical attacks like sulfate. Hence,
the structure attains high durability and requires less repair work.
• In the construction industry, time is money. RHC achieves sufficient
stiffness and hardens in a shorter period. Therefore, it ensures faster
construction.
• RHC requires less curing time than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
So it implies that finished construction work will need less water, less
care, and less money.
Ro
• Less carbon dioxide is emitted during the production process of RHC
in comparison to OPC. Therefore, RHC is more environment-friendly.
ad Construction • Again in the dry process of production, less fuel and less heat are
It is used in industries which manufacture concrete products like slabs, required. So the manufacturing process of RHC is economical.

Page 8 of 8
Disadvantages

Aside from the various advantages, there are certain disadvantages

to this type of cement that must not be disregarded in building work.
When establishing a building, constructors consider all of the
advantages and disadvantages of a construction material. Despite
the fact that RHC has tremendous advantages, several of its
limitations prevent it from being widely used.

• RHC should not be utilized for underwater projects such as dams.

It is a hydraulic cement that generates a lot of heat during the
hydration process. When exposed to a large volume of water, the
quick hydration process might result in shrinkage cracks. It can
induce rust in the reinforcing over time, reducing the lifespan of the
concrete construction.
• Rapid cement should not be utilized in large concrete
constructions since it generates a lot of heat. The heat differential
between the inside and exterior components of the structure
produces fissures.
• Rapid cement is 10% more expensive than regular Portland
cement. It is pricey.

IV. CONCLUSION

Finally, Rapid Hardening Cement and its chemical composition

have been discussed, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of this
type of cement. The chemical composition of this cement is the
same as the regular portland cement, but it is finer ground. Its 24-
hour strength is comparable to that of standard Portland cement
after three days. This cement allows for the shutter to be removed
earlier, saving time and money. When compared to standard
Portland cement, Rapid Hardening Cement has more advantages
because it requires less hardening time and has a longer shelf life.
Despite the fact that RHC is more expensive than other types of
cement, it is less prone to shrinkage and cracking in structures.

REFERENCES

Sultana(2013), Advantages & Disadvantages of Rapid Hardening

Cement.

Retrieved from:
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/383-
advantages-disadvantages-of-rapid-hardening-cement

Kavya(2020), Rapid Hardening Cement – Manufacture,

Properties and Uses.

Retrieved from:
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/383-
advantages-disadvantages-of-rapid-hardening-cement

Mishra (2012), Rapid Hardening Cement – Manufacture,

Properties and Uses.

Retrieved from:
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/rapid-hardening-
cement/7400/

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