11 III March 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49578
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue III Mar 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

A QUASI-Z-SOURCE Converter Using a Single-

Stage Switched-Inductor Boost DC-DC Converter
Mrs. J. Sravanthi1, Mrs. A. Anuradha2
1
PG scholar in the Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, in Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science, Bogaram (V),
Medchal District, Hyderabad, India.
2
Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, in Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science,
Bogaram (V), Medchal District, Hyderabad, India.

Abstract: This paper introduces a new topology, yet simple and efficient, for a grid-connected wind-solar cogeneration system. A
permanent magnet synchronous generator-based full-scale wind turbine is interconnected to the utility grid. The dc-link
capacitor has been utilized to directly interface a photovoltaic solar generator. No dc/dc conversion stages are required, and
hence, the hybrid system is simple and efficient. Moreover, the proposed topology features an independent maximum power point
tracking for both the wind and the solar generators to maximize the extraction of renewable energy. This paper presents a quasi-
Z-source inverter (qZSI) that is a new topology derived from the traditional Z-source inverter (ZSI). The qZSI inherits all the
advantages of the ZSI, which can realize buck/boost, inversion and power conditioning in a single stage with improved
reliability. In addition, the proposed qZSI has the unique advantages of lower component ratings and constant dc current from
the source. All of the boost control methods that have been developed for the ZSI can be used by the qZSI. One of the more
commonly used techniques is the incremental conductance method. In this paper, an improved particle swarm optimization-
(IPSO-) based MPPT technique for photovoltaic system operating under varying environmental conditions is proposed.
Basically, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based approach is utilized to automatically detect the global maximum power
point of the PV array by using a preselected number of power measurements of the PV system. The approach of linearly
decreasing scheme for weighting factors and cognitive and social parameters is modified. The proposed control scheme can
overcome deficiency and accelerate convergence of the IPSO-based MPPT algorithm. Detailed small-signal models for the
system components are developed to characterize the overall stability. The influence of the utility-grid faults on the performance
of the proposed system is also investigated. Nonlinear time-domain simulation results under different operating conditions are
presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology.
Keywords: AC-DC power converters, DC-AC power converters, maximum power point trackers, permanent magnet machines,
solar power generation, wind power generation

I. INTRODUCTION
The cost of the wind and solar generation has been rapidly falling since the last decade. Driven by their economic and technical
incentives, the global installed solar and wind power capacity has approached 303 Gigawatt (GW) and 487 GW in 2016, as
compared to 6 GW and 74 GW in 2006, respectively [1]. Due to the intermittent and unregulated nature of the wind and solar
energy, power-electronic converters are utilized as an interfacing stage to the load-side or the utility-grid to create distributed
generation units [2], [3]. In the literature, most of the distributed generation systems are solely dedicated for one form of renewable
resources, e.g., a solar energy as in [4], [5] or a wind energy as presented in [6]–[8]. In order to maximize the benefits of the
available renewable resources, the combination of the wind and solar generators in one location has been recently considered [9]–
[22].
The hybrid wind and solar energy cogeneration features the following characteristics; 1) the availability of the wind and solar
energy is generally complementary, and hence combining both forms of energy increases the overall operational efficiency [23]. 2)
the hybrid wind and solar co-generators optimize the utilization of lands resources due to the reduced footprint of the combined
system, and hence improves the capital investments [24]. 3) as compared to the static solar generators, the combined wind and solar
cogeneration systems are more dynamically capable to support the utility-grid thanks to the available moment of inertia in the
mechanical parts of the wind generators [8]. 4) having two sources of energy increases the generation reliability [9], [10]. In the
literature, the grid-connected wind and solar cogenerators are not widely addressed [9]–[15]. On the contrary, several wind and solar
hybrid systems are available for the standalone off-grid applications [10], [16]–[22].

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An optimal sizing method for a wind-solar-battery system in the grid-connected and standalone applications has been proposed in
[10]. A systematic stochastic planning for a hybrid system consisting of the wind and solar systems is proposed in [11]. In [12]–[14],
the integration of the renewable energy resources has been improved by utilizing multiple-input converters. A buck/buck-boost
fused dc-dc converter is proposed in [12]. A dc-dc converter with a current-source interface, and a coupled transformer are proposed
in [13] and [14], respectively. Beside the relatively complex structured topologies in [12]–[14], the proposed systems are based on
the dc power distribution which might not be the ideal distribution medium in the ac-dominated power systems. Moreover, the
introduced systems are proposed for relatively low-power levels and have not been tested in high-power applications. A standalone
hybrid wind and solar system is proposed in [16], [17] including a diesel engine generator and a storage battery. On the small-scale
level, a single phase hybrid system has been proposed in [18] whereas a laboratory-scale system is introduced in [19], [20].
Generally, the system structure in [16]–[20] comprises a common dc-bus that interfaces several parallel connected converters-
interfaced renewable energy resources, which might reduce the overall system efficiency and increase the cost [12]. Moreover, the
cascaded connection of power converters requires rigorous controllers design and coordination to avoid the induced interactions
dynamics among the tightly regulated power converters, which might yield instabilities [25], [26]. A back-to-back (BtB) voltage-
source converter (VSC) connected to a doubly-fed induction generator is used to interface a dc-dc converter-interfaced photovoltaic
(PV) generator and an energy storage unit in [21]. In [22], a PV generator charging a battery bank and interfaced to a wind driven
induction generator via a VSC is proposed. The hybrid wind-solar systems in [21], [22] highlights the efficient integration of the
renewable energy resources with the minimal utilization of power electronic conversion stages. However, these systems are
proposed for specific off-grid applications. Up to the authors’ best knowledge, the combination of the grid-connected wind-solar
systems has been mainly addressed in [15].
The Z-source inverter (ZSI) has been reported suitable for residential PV system [1-2] because of the capability of voltage boost and
inversion in a single stage. Recently, four new topologies, the quasi-Z-source inverters (qZSI), have been derived from the original
ZSI [3]. This paper analyzes one voltage fed topology of these four in detail and applies it to PV power generation systems. By
using the new quasi-Zsource topology, the inverter draws a constant current from the PV array and is capable of handling a wide
input voltage range. It also features lower component ratings and reduced source stress compared to the traditional ZSI. A prototype
which provides three phase 60-Hz, 208-Vllrms ac has been built in laboratory. It is demonstrated from the theoretical analysis,
simulation and experimental results that the proposed qZSI can realize voltage buck or boost and dc-ac inversion in a single stage
with high reliability and efficiency, which makes it well suited for PV power systems.
An alternative approach is to employ evolutionary algorithm (EA) techniques. Due to its ability to handle nonlinear objective
functions [13], EA is envisaged to be very effective to deal with MPPT problem. Among the EA techniques, particle swarm
optimization (PSO) is highly potential due to its simple structure, easy implementation, and fast computation capability [13]. Since
PSO is based on search optimization, in principle, it should be able to locate the MPP for any type of P-V curve regardless of
environmental variations. It can be used to track the MPP of PV system as the search space of the PSO is reduced, and, hence, the
time required for convergence can be greatly decreased. Interestingly, one important feature of the PSO which is ignored by
researchers [5, 6, 13, 14] is the searching speed through adaptive learning factors and inertia weight. Linear decreases in line with
increasing iteration numbers were adopted in this study for the weighting of the PSO formulas. The physical meaning of this
modified weighting formula is that greater step sizes are used to increase the particle search velocity during the initial search
because the distance to the global optimum is relatively large. This prevents an excessively small step size from making local
optimum traps unavoidable. The system in [15] comprises a BtB VSCs to interface the solar and wind generators to the utility-grid.
On the machine-side-VSC, the dc-link voltage is regulated to the maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) value of the PV panel by
an outer loop Proportional-and-Integral (PI) dc voltage controller. The reference values of the machine-side currents are calculated
using the synchronous detection method, and a hysteresis current controller is utilized for the regulation. On the grid-sideVSC, a
hysteresis grid-current controller is used to inject the total currents to the utility-grid. In spite of the potential benefits of the
proposed system in [15], the following challenges are noted; 1) the MPPT of either the PV and wind power involves the operation of
both VSCs, which in some cases might decrease the system reliability and increase the losses. Actually, ANNs have been already
applied to MPPT problems, but it is the first time that ANNs are used to identify the GMPP as proposed in this paper, far as authors
know. The other ANN based MPPT algorithms presented in past literature are usually exploited to compensate the parameter
variations occurring in the PV system in the identification of local MPPs [14–18]. On the other hand, the ANN based MPPT method
presented in [32] estimates the GMPP by means of a single voltage and current measurement but the study is limited to a very
restricted number of shading combinations, thus it is few practicable for a generic PV system especially when it is continuously
subjected to very fast changing and not uniform shading conditions.

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For instance, if the wind velocity is lower than the cut-off speed of the wind turbine, i.e., no wind power, the machine-side VSC
may be unable to track the solar PV MPPT dc-link voltage [15]. 2) the dc-link voltage is regulated from the machine-side, and there
is no a direct regulation on the speed of the wind turbine, i.e., a servo operation. 3) the machine and grid-side currents are controlled
using hysteresis controllers resulting in a variable switching frequency and higher harmonic contents. Motivated by the promising
benefits of the hybrid wind-solar generation systems, and the challenges facing the proposed system in [15], this paper introduces a
new topology, yet simple and efficient to interface both the wind and solar generators into the utility-grid. The contributions of this
paper are as follows: 1) The realization of the combined grid-connected wind and solar generators using BtB VSCs with no extra
power electronic switches. 2) Unlike the proposed system in [15], the voltage-source rectifier (VSR) is solely responsible for MPPT
of the wind generator whereas the voltage-source inverter (VSI) harvests the maximum PV power by regulating the dc-link voltage
to inject the total dc power into the utility-grid. 3) The development of the entire small-signal state-space model of the proposed
system to characterize the overall system stability. 4) The performance of proposed hybrid system has been investigated under
different operating conditions including the utility-grid faults using time-domain simulations.

II. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF THE QUASI-Z-SOURCE INVERTER

Quasi-Z-Source Inverter Circuit Figs. 1a and 1b show the traditional voltage fed ZSI [4] and the proposed voltage fed qZSI,
respectively. In the same manner as the traditional ZSI, the qZSI has two types of operational states at the dc side: the nonshoot-
through states (i.e. the six active states and two conventional zero states of the traditional VSI) and the shoot-through state (i.e. both
switches in at least one phase conduct simultaneously). In the non-shoot-through states, the inverter bridge viewed from the dc side
is equivalent to a current source. The equivalent circuits of the two states are as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b. The shoot-through state is
forbidden in the traditional VSI, because it will cause a short circuit of the voltage source and damage the devices. With the qZSI
and ZSI, the unique LC and diode network connected to the inverter bridge modify the operation of the circuit, allowing the shoot-
through state. This network will effectively protect the circuit from damage when the shoot-through occurs and by using the shoot-
though state, the (quasi-) Z-source network boosts the dc-link voltage. The major differences between the ZSI and qZSI are (1) the
qZSI draws a continuous constant dc current from the source while the ZSI draws a discontinuous current and (2) the voltage on
capacitor C2 is greatly reduced. The continuous and constant dc current drawn from the source with this qZSI make this system
especially well suited for PV power conditioning systems.

Figure 1. Voltage fed Z-source inverter

Figure2. Voltage fed quasi-Z-source inverter

Figure 3 Equivalent circuit of the qZSI in non-shoot-through states

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Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of the qZSI in shoot-through states

A. Circuit Analysis
All the voltages as well as the currents are defined in Figs 2a, 2b and the polarities are shown with arrows. Assuming that during
one switching cycle, T , the interval of the shootthrough state is T0 ; the interval of non-shoot-through states is T1 ; thus one has T =
T0 + T1 and the shoot-through duty ratio, D = T0 /T . From Fig 2a which is a representation of the inverter during the interval of the
non-shoot-through states, T1 , one can get

From Fig 2b which is a representation of the system during the interval of the shoot-through states, T0 , one can get

At steady state, the average voltage of the inductors over one switching cycle is zero. From (1), (3), one has

From (2), (4) and (5), the peak dc-link voltage across the inverter bridge is

where B is the boost factor of the qZSI. This is also the peak voltage across the diode. The average current of the inductors L1 , L2
can be calculated by the system power rating P

According to Kirchhoff’s current law and (7), we also can get that

In summary, the voltage and current stress of the qZSI are shown in Table 1. The stress on the ZSI is shown as well for comparison,
where (1) M is the modulation index; ln vˆ is the ac peak phase voltage; P is the system power rating;

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From Table 1 we can find that the qZSI inherits all the advantages of the ZSI. It can buck or boost a voltage with a given boost
factor. It is able to handle a shoot through state, and therefore it is more reliable than the traditional VSI. It is unnecessary to add a
dead band into control schemes, which reduces the output distortion. In addition, there are some unique merits of the qZSI when
compared to the ZSI:

Table 1 Voltage and average current of the qZSI and ZSI network

1) The two capacitors in ZSI sustain the same high voltage; while the voltage on capacitor C2 in qZSI is lower, which requires
lower capacitor rating;
2) The ZSI has discontinuous input current in the boost mode; while the input current of the qZSI is continuous due to the input
inductor L1 , which will significantly reduce input stress;
3) For the qZSI, there is a common dc rail between the source and inverter, which is easier to assemble and causes less EMI
problems.

III. ANFIS FUZZY CONTROLLER TYPE TAKAGI-SUGENO

The fuzzy models Takagi-Sugeno are renowned for being an efficient technique to represent a non-linear system with fuzzy sets and
fuzzy reasoning. Like the Mamdani model, this type of model builds using a base of rules of the type “If … then …” where
if the antecedent is always linguistically expressed, the consequent uses numerical variables rather than linguistic variables. The
consequent may be expressed, for instance, as a constant, a polynome or, more generally, as a function or a differential equation
depending on variables associated with the antecedent. Generally, the model type Takagi-Sugeno is based on a collection of rules Ri
of the type:

where Ride notes the ith rule of the model and n the number of fuzzy rules that the base of rules contains. E and ΔE are the input
variables x, called antecedents, and y is the output variable, called consequent.
Ai and Bi are fuzzy sets of the antecedent of the nth rule. These fuzzy rules are defined by membership functions μAi(E) or μBi(ΔE)
belonging to the interval [0, 1]. μAi(E) or μBi(ΔE) symbolize the value of membership functions of the input E or the input ΔE
respectively to the fuzzy set Ai or Bi.
In the case where the consequents yi = fi(E, ΔE) take the form of a constant, which corresponds to our study case (yi = Δα), the
model is called singleton or zero order.
The suggested fuzzy logic controller to optimize the system, is represented in Figure 6. It receives as input the error and the error
variation of the system (E(k), ΔE(k)). In the output, the variation of the duty cycle is generated Δα driving the DC-DC converter.

This controller can be split in three principal modules:

1) Input: Fuzzification. It associates a membership degree ranging from 0 and 1 with each of the real inputs.
2) Inference Engine: It is associated to the base of rules type: “If … then …”.
3) Output: Defuzzification. It permits the transformation of the membership degrees of fuzzy sets into numerical values.

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Our fuzzy controller presented in Figure 7 is characterized by:

a) Two inputs: error E and its variation ΔE and one output Δα.
b) Scaling factors K1 and K2 (from −1 to 1) for the normalization of inputs associated with the error and its variation.
c) The universe of discourse divided into five classes, further described below, for the input and output variables.
d) Triangular and trapezoidal membership functions.

Figure 5. Fuzzy controller structure.

e) Involvement of Takagi-Sugeno for inference.

f) The weighted average method for the calculation of the output.

The two input variables E and ΔE are defined by the two following expressions:

The controller output Δα is defined by the control law which depends on the error E and its ΔE as follows:

And the duty cycle α, which drives the DC-DC converter, is expressed by:

The big advantage of the Takagi-Sugeno technique is that it permits to simplify the aggregation calculation, so that we can not only
obtain a simple solution more rapidly but also alleviate the global calculation mechanism significantly.
In the Takagi-Sugeno modelling, the final output is equal to the weighted average of the output of each rule. This average is given
by the following expression:

where zi is the output level of each rule Ri and wi is the membership calculated by the following equation:

The rules base is summarized in Table 3. In our system case, the universe of dis- course is divided into five classes NL, NS, ZO, PS
and PL, for the input and output variables as follows: NL for negative large, NS for negative small, ZO for zero, PS for positive
small and PL for positive large.
The membership functions used in the case of our fuzzy controller are of triangular and trapezoidal types for the input, but of
singleton type for the output.

IV. EVALUATION RESULTS

A time-domain simulation model for the hybrid system in Fig. 1 is developed under the Matlab/Simulink environment to evaluate
the validity and the performance of the system. The wind and solar generators are rated at 2.0 and 0.9 MVA, respectively. The
complete model entities are built using the SimPowerSystem toolbox. The VSCs are simulated using average-model-based blocks.
The simulation type is discrete with a sample time of 50 μs. In the following subsections, the proposed hybrid system is subjected to
theoretical challenging operating conditions which might not occur in the realty, e.g., large step variations in the wind speed and the
solar irradiance levels, and three-phase-toground (3PG) faults conditions. The external disturbances have been applied in the worst
case to challenge the system stability and show the effectiveness of the designed controllers.

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A. Small-Signal Model Verification

The accuracy of the small-signal state-space model in (17) is validated in Fig. 4 following a 5.0% step increase in Vdc at t = 1.0 s.
Originally, the system controllers are designed such that a highly damped performance is yielded. However, a lightly damped
response has been induced by increasing the bandwidth of the dc-link voltage controller so that the model can be easily validated.
For an eigenvalue λ = −σ ± jωλ, the frequency of oscillation is ωλ [in rad/s] whereas the envelope of the oscillatory response decays
following the exponential function Aλexp(−σt), where Aλ is the amplitude of the oscillation and tis the time in seconds. From (17),
the yielded dominant lightly-damped mode is λ = −73.03 ± j251.7. Referring to Fig. 4, the frequency of the oscillation of the same
lightly-damped response is 247.4 rad/s whereas the oscillatory response decays following a close match to Aλexp(−73.03t), which
implies the accurate development of the small-signal model in (17).

B. Wind and Solar Co-Generation

The co-generation of the wind and solar energy is investigated following different weather conditions. As shown in Fig. 5(a), the
wind speeds increases from 8.4 to 10.8, then drops to 7.2, and finally increases to 12 m/s at t = 2, 4, and 6 s, respectively. Along
with the wind speed variations, the solar irradiance level decreases from 1 to 0.8, and then 0.4, and finally increases to 0.6 kW/m2 ,
at t = 3, 5, and 6 s, respectively. Following Figs. 2 and 3, the MPPTw and MPPTs generate the optimal ω∗ r and V ∗ dc . As shown
in Figs. 5(b) and (c), both ωr and Vdc have a welldamped performance which is reflected on the generated wind and solar power as
depicted in Figs. 5(d) and (e), respectively, and the injected current to the utility-grid as in Fig. 5(f). For further investigations, the
maximum wind power, i.e., 2 MW, and a solar power of 0.568 MW are generated at t = 6.0 s where the dc-link stability is preserved
with a maximum overshot of 0.06 p.u. Under all conditions, a unity PCC voltage is maintained as shown in Fig. 5(g). The designed
controllers for the hybrid wind-solar system do not saturate the pulse-width modulation of the BtB VSCs as shown in Figs. 5(h) and
(i), where the variable frequency operation of the VSR is clearly noted.

Fig. 6. Performance of the wind and solar generators.

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C. Wind-Only Generation
During the night-time at low-irradiance conditions, the PV generator provides zero (or negligible) power to the utility-grid. Under
these conditions, the dc-link voltage controller regulates Vdc to the minimum value following the PV characteristics in Fig. 3. As
shown in Fig. 6(a), the dc-link voltage drops to 0.858 p.u. at t = 2.0 s as the PV power generation drops to 0, and is restored back to
1.0 p.u. at t = 3.0 s when the PV power is generated. The corresponding wind and solar power as well as the injected ac current to
the utility-grid are shown in Figs. 6(b)and (c), respectively. Note that a blocking diode is usually connected in series with each PV
string to prevent reverse current flowing into the PV array at low irradiance levels.

Fig. 7. Performance of the wind generator only. (a) DC-link voltage. (b) Wind and solar generated powers. (c) Injected ac current to
the utility-grid.

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D. PV-Only Generation
The wind speed is assumed to be less than the cut-off speed, and hence the majority of the generated wind power is con sumed in
the system losses. Therefore, the PMSG operates in the braking mode and the rotor is brought to a stand-still by mechanical means.
As shown in Fig. 7(a), the speed controller is utilized to drop ωr from 1 p.u. to 0, and then back to 1p.u. at t = 2 and 3 s, respectively.
This corresponds to a sudden change in the wind power between 0 and 1 p.u. as shown in Fig. 7(b). In spite of the challenging
operating scenario, the system stability is maintained.

Fig. 8. Performance of the PV generator only. (a) DC-link voltage. (b) Wind and solar generated powers. (c) Injected ac current to
the utility-grid.

E. Co-Generation under Utility-Grid Faults Conditions

Converter-based distributed generation units roughly contribute by the rated currents under the short circuit conditions. Therefore,
and due to the increased penetration of the renewable energy resources to the electrical grids, some utilities have enforced the fault-
ride through of power converters [32]. Accordingly, the distributed plants must not disconnect during a voltage drop down to 0 p.u.
that continues to less than or equal to 150 ms (9 cycles for 60 Hz systems). In this operational scenario, the proposed hybrid wind-
solar system is investigated for the fault-ride-through capabilities. The PCC in Fig. 1 has been subjected to a 3PG fault at t = 4 s for
4.0 cycles. Further, the VSCs have been implemented in the Simulink model using pulse-width-modulated switching blocks. Fig. 8
shows the performance of the dc-link and the utility-grid current under the 1.0 p.u. and 0.5 p.u wind power generation whereas the
solar power generation is maintained at 1.0 p.u. At 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation, and after the clearance of the 3PG fault,

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the dc-link voltage stability is violated whereas the quality of the injected ac current is degraded with a THD of 8.75%. On the
contrary, the response with the 0.5 and 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation, respectively, reflects a stable dc-link voltage and a
better current quality with a THD of 3.61%. This implies that the wind generator is associated with the system instabilities under the
utility-grid faults conditions. The fault conditions induce a sudden drop in the PCC voltage that hinders the maximum power
transfer from the dc-link to the grid. As the input wind power is driven by a relatively slow mechanical system, the wind power is
therefore kept injected to the dc-link capacitor such that the dc-link voltage increases at the fault instant as shown in Fig. 8(a). On
the contrary, the PV generator does not contribute to the dc-link voltage instabilities under the fault conditions. The increased dc-
link voltage relocates the operating points of the PV array beyond the maximum power point, as shown in Fig. 3, where the
corresponding generated PV power is significantly reduced.

Fig. 9. Response to a 3PG fault at t = 4.0 s for 4.0 cycles – 1.0 and 0.5 p.u. wind power generation with 1.0 p.u. solar power.

Therefore, the PV generator has self-healing capabilities under the utility-grid faults conditions. In the literature, the protection
against the fault conditions in the PMSG wind generators has been achieved by activating the following protection schemes at the
utility-grid fault conditions [33]; 1) using a braking resistance in parallel to the dc-link capacitor so that the generated wind power
can be dissipated during the faults. 2) using the pitch angle control so that the wind turbine blades are twisted to reduce the amount
of wind power extraction, and hence the input mechanical torque to the PMSG is reduced. Note that both approaches can be used so
that the braking resistance provides a quick damping till the mechanical pitch controller is activated. Fig. 9 shows the system
performance when the preceding fault protections are implemented under 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation. The increase of
the dc-link voltage has been limited whereas the injected ac current to the grid is maintained stable. The fault-ride through has been
enabled by dissipating the wind power into the braking resistance and reducing the generated wind power using the pitch angle
control, and so the input-output power balance across the dc-link capacitor is achieved. For further investigations, the system
performance under the single-phase-to-ground (1PG) fault conditions is investigated in Fig. 10. It is clear that the 1PG fault is not
detrimental to the system performance as compared to the 3PG faults in Fig. 8. However, the protected system in Fig. 10 reflects a
more damped dc-link response as compared to the unprotected scenario.

Fig. 10. Response to a 3PG fault at t = 4.0 s for 4.0 cycles – 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation with implemented fault
protection schemes.

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Fig. 11. Response to a 1PG fault at t = 4.0 s for 4.0 cycles – 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation with and without the fault
protection schemes.

F. Co-Generation under Parameters Variation – Robustness

It is shown in Fig. 5 that the system performance is stable under wide variation range of operating points. In this section, the system
performance is evaluated against the parameters variations. The short-circuit-ratio (SCR) is a quantity characterizing the stiffness of
the utility-grid, where SCR is the ratio of the shortcircuit capacity of the utility-grid at the PCC to the rated dc power of the
interconnected power converter. In this paper, the utility-grid is originally assumed strong with SCR = 15 [results in Fig. 5]. In this
section, the SCR has decreased to 4.0 and 2.3 to challenge the interconnected converter, as shown in Fig. 11. In both cases, the solar
power is maintained at 1.0 p.u. whereas the wind power is subjected to a step increase from 0.5 to 1.0 p.u. at t = 1 s. The system
response is stable at a wide variation range of SCR values from SCR = 15 to SCR = 4.5 as shown in Figs. 5 and 11, respectively.
However, the system becomes unstable at SCR = 2.3 which is expected at the very weak grid conditions due to the interaction with
the PLL dynamics [7]. Under the same operating conditions, the influence of the variations of Cf on the grid voltage is investigated
in Fig. 12. As shown, the total harmonic distortion (THD) for the PCC voltage increases from 0.05% to 9.8% at 1.25 and 1.5Cf ,
respectively. In spite of using simple PI controllers for the proposed system, the results in Fig. 11and 12 indicate a reasonable
robustness against the utility-grid parameters variations

IV. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the combination of the wind and solar systems using vector-controlled grid-connected BtB VSCs. The
VSR at the wind generator side is responsible for extracting the maximum wind power following the wind velocity variations. On
the utility-grid side, the roles of the VSI are to extract the maximum PV power from the PV generator, achieve the balance between
the input and output powers across the dc-link capacitor, and to maintain a unity PCC voltage under different modes of operation. A
small-signal linearization analysis has been conducted where the entire state-space model is developed to investigate the system
stability. The proposed system features the following advantages; 1) the increased reliability and efficiency due to the combined
wind and solar generators. 2) the independent MPPT extraction as the VSR and VSI are solely responsible for extracting the wind
and PV powers, respectively. 3) the regulation of the dc-link voltage under all operating conditions is maintained by the VSI and
hence a better damped performance is yielded. 4) simple system structure and controllers design. 5) fault-ride through can be
achieved using existing protection schemes. A well-damped performance and an efficient operation have been revealed from the
time-domain simulations results under the Matlab/Simulink environment under different operational scenarios.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue III Mar 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

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AUTHORS DETAILS

Mrs. J. Sravanthi receive d the B. Tech Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Teegala Krishna
Reddy Engineering College Meerpet, Near LB Nagar Hyderabad (Dist), Telangana, India. And Studying M. tech in the Dept. of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, in Power Electronics at Holy Mary Institute of Technology and Science, Bogaram(V),
Medchal (D), Hyderabad, India.

Mrs. A. Anuradha received the B. TECH degree in EEE from Christu jyothi institute of Technology,
Yeshwanthapur, jangaon, Telangana, INDIA, from JNTU University and MTECH in Electrical Power Systems in Vignan Bharati
institute of technology and sciences, near Ghatkesar Bogaram (v), Medchal Dist, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA. She has 2 years of
teaching experience, currently working as Assistant professor at Holy Mary Institute of Technology and sciences, Bogaram,
Medchal District, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA in EEE department. Her interest areas are Electrical power systems.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1002