Concrete Technology

ENGR 20003 - 2018 – Semester 2

Lecturer & coordinator of the subject

Dr. Rackel SAN NICOLAS
[email protected]

Concrete slab pouring

Objectives of the lectures on concrete technology
Understand:
• How and Why concrete is an “Universal” material of construction.
• Strength development of concrete
• Cement hydration
• Concrete fresh and hard states
• Concrete is a composite
• Environment effect on properties
Be able to:
• Differentiate concretes
• Explain properties of concrete
• Formulate a concrete
• Control formulation to target a strength of a fresh behaviour
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Concrete Technology

• 5 hours 3 parts

• Overview of concrete Technology – Part 1

• Components – Part 2 Week 2
• Cement – Part 2a
• Aggregates – Part 2b
• Water – Part 2c
• Properties of concrete and formulation Part 3
• Hard properties and durability
• Concrete formulation method Week 3
• Fresh properties of concretes

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Good reads
• Concrete Technology :
M. L. Gambhir

• Properties of concrete :
Concrete Technology
M. Neville

• Advanced concrete technology:

Zongjin Li

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 Part 1: Overview of
Concrete Technology

Video to watch
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wbyTiFxYzc
Content 1/3 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-E3JFzJGROo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDCoz1Bd1zw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cX2FdjV4eOY
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Brief History of Concrete

Building taller and taller Now 80s – self-compacting 70s – Fibre reinforced
concrete concrete

Self healing materials for construction

Bio inspired constructions

Composites
Concrete 3D printing Smart structure

Cement-free concrete
 Concrete Today and Tomorrow
Forecast global cement production
(Gt)
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 Concrete is the second most used 4

material by mankind after water 3

 Cement production predicted to 2

double by 2030 1

0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Industralised Nations China

India Other Developing
Source: WWF-Lafarge Conservation Partnership: “A blueprint for a climate friendly cement industry: How to Turn Around the Trend of Cement Related Emissions”

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Why are we using
concrete and not
another material?

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Strong and cheap

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Pros and Cons of Concrete

• Raw material are readily available

• Concrete itself is low cost material
• Easy to transport and handle
• Concrete does not burn
• Concrete is strong in compression
But…
• Concrete has no form of it’s own, and
• Concrete has no useful tensile strength

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How are we using
concrete?

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 Burj Khalifa 2010

2010

Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge

Longest bridge=164.8km
Beijing-Shanghai, China

Highest building = 829 m

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

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 Concrete is used for Architectural Structures

Melbourne

Sydney

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Concrete is used for…

Bricks/Blocks Walls

Pavements

Fences

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Concrete for foundations - Strip footings

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 Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai

162 floors At its peak , the tower will oscillate in a range of 2 m;
it is able to withstand winds of 250 km / h
It is designed to resist to an earthquake of magnitude
6 on the Richter scale
Made of a special dense concrete
Strong (150MPa)
Sealed to prevent damage or corrosion
829 m

Weight full ~700,000 tonnes

900 piles - 50 meters long and 1.4 meters of

diameter capable to support 900,000 tonnes 16
Concrete for road

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Concrete for dams
Arch

Buttress

Embankment

Gravity

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Concrete for houses

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What is concrete made
of?

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What is concrete made of?
Main ingredients of concrete “mix” are:

modify
properties

cement is only one

component of concrete

Fine aggregate –

Coarse aggregate –
gravel or crushed
stone

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What is concrete made of?
Main ingredients of concrete “mix” are:
1%
Coarse aggregates
Water to cement ratio (w/c) range 10%
is between 0.3 and 0.6
Fine aggregates
w/c = 0.3: High performance
concretes (> 60 MPa) 19%
42%
w/c = 0.6: Low strength concretes Cement
(< 20 MPa)
Water
28%
Chemicals

Paste = 30%-40% of the mix Aggregates = 60%-70% of the mix

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The “glue”

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Relation between Formulation and Strength
The water to cement ratio has a direct impact on the strength
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUnNQ3WxO-s

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Aggregates
COARSE Aggregates,
crushed rock, gravel or screenings

FINE Aggregates,
fine and coarse sands and crusher fines

Fine
(Ø5mm-0.1mm) Coarse
(Ø30mm-5mm)

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Concrete from mine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDCoz1Bd1zw
to plant
Raw materials Transport

Aggregates industry Cement industry

Plant
Mixing plan (central)
Transport

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How concrete hardens Hydrates Grain of cement

• Concrete does NOT harden by drying out

• Concrete hardens because of the hydration
of cement
• Hydration is the general term used to
describe the chemical reaction that takes
place between cement grains and water
• Hydration of cement forming strong
crystals that bind the aggregates together
• The process is called the curing
• Chemical reaction starting immediately
once cement is in contact with water Cement under the microscope
(Batching)
• Exothermic reaction (releases heat)
• Hydration starts at the surface of cement grain 27
 COMPRESSION

Concrete need reinforcement when

bending and tension are involved

Concrete find a lot of applications in

compression at the present time

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Reinforced concrete

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Reinforced Concrete
Concrete has high compressive strength but no useful
tensile strength (about 300psi)
Steel has high tensile strength, and steel is compatible
with concrete, so…
Put steel bars (“rebars) in the areas of concrete where
tensile stresses will develop
The steel bars reinforce the concrete
a composite construction material
1850 – reinforced concrete was developed
1920 – prestressed concrete developed

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 Reinforcing
Reinforced Concrete

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Reinforced Concrete
Reinforcing

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 Reinforcing
Reinforced Concrete

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 Pipes in RC
Reinforced Concrete pipes

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What is the consequences?

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Reinforced Concrete is more expensive

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Reinforced Concrete can have corrosion issues
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cX2FdjV4eOY

Start After awhile

Steel
protected by CO2
the high pH
pH=12 of the
concrete CO2

pH=12 pH decreases

And then Finally

More rust

Corrosion start
Reinforcement Corrosion

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