Q.1:- Give a detailed note on English as a Library Language.

 Language

Human beings can communicate with each other. You are able to exchange Knowledge,
beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats, commands, thanks, promises,declarations, feelings – only our
imagination sets limits. You can laugh to express amusement, happiness, or disrespect, you can
smile to express amusement,pleasure, approval, or bitter feelings, you can shriek to express
anger, excitement, Or fear, you can clench your fists to express determination, anger or a
threat, you can raise your eyebrows to express surprise or disapproval, and so on, but our
system of communication before anything else is language. If we want to define term
‘language’ we can say that it is a system of communication based upon words and the
combination of words into sentences. Language is a fundamental human faculty used for the
expression of our thoughts and creative ideas, face-toface communication, scientific inquiry,
and many other purposes. Communication by means of language may be referred to as
linguistic communication, the other ways mentioned above – laughing, smiling, shrieking, and
so on – are types of non-linguistic communication. Verbal language includes words that attain
expression through sounds uttered by our vocal cords. On the other hand nonverbal language
includes signals and body gesture.

 Library language
The medium of English is universal, so every library should have it. There are many kinds of
books available in libraries. Think about how many books would have been kept in a library that
was venerable. There are many kinds of books that one can choose from.In books and novels,
library language is the language used in the collection. In the context of ‘background reading’,
articles or books that provide you with a lot of information indirectly or directly are considered.
Your topics or subject will be easier to understand this way.The library is a collection of books.
Library services are essential to students’ studies. The modern information available in any
branch of knowledge is usually available in English books or translated books. Learners will be
able to understand the content of English books by using English as a library language.The
medium of English is universal, so every library should have it. There are many kinds of books
available in libraries. There are many kinds of books that one can choose from.The imagination
is stored in libraries. “They open up windows to the world and inspire us to explore and
achieve, and contribute to improving our quality of life.” “The only thing we need to know is
where the library is located.”. If you are uncertain, go to the library.Library language is basically
the kind of language used in books and novels. For instance, ‘essential reading’ indicates the
articles and books that you should positively read. ‘Background reading’ defines the articles or
books that can offer you a lot of information, not directly but indirectly.English language plays
an essential role in our lives as it helps in communication. It is the main language for studying
any subject all over the world. English is important for students as it broadens their minds,
develops emotional skills, improve the quality of life by providing job opportunities. Language is
a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication in a
community. Language in this sense is a possession of a social group, compriLanguage consists of
various sound symbols and their graphological counterparts that are employed to denote some
objects, occurrences or meaning. These symbols are arbitrarily chosen and conventionally
accepted and employ that are employed to denote some objects, occurrences or meaning.
These symbols are arbitrarily chosen and conventionally accepted and employed. Biologists
refer to the modern human as homo sapiens, Latin for ‘wise man’, but the possession of
language is such an important part of the definition of the modern human that homo loquens
‘talking man’ would be an equally appropriate name. Concerning the origin of the first
language, there are two main hypotheses, Or beliefs. Neither can be proven or disproved given
present knowledge.
English Language emerged out of a mixture of Germanic languages and dialects in the period
roughly around the sixth and seventh centuries. The earliest recorded documents in the British
Isles are from the late seventh and early eighth centuries, but they give us insight into the kind
of language spoken and written up to a century earlier. This form of English, which is known as
Old English (OE), was spoken and written by settlers from the content: the Angles, the Saxons,
and the jutes. The Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes were German tribes that settled in England.
Their culture came to be known as Anglo-Saxon. The history of creation of English language and
English Nation goes side by side. As England was Created in 449 AD with her old name as
Englaland, founded by three tribes. Most people are using this language in daily life. It is an
important language because we use this language to communicate with other countries people.
English is a common language and you can use English to become an international person. In
this global era, people are urged to be able to communicate globally.
English as a Library Language. More than 25 million people living in the United States have
limited proficiency in English, and they’re disproportionately more likely to be living in poverty
as a result. … That makes supporting English Language Learning a top priority for school, public,
and academic libraries alike.

Q.2:- Write a detailed essay on Modern English

 Modern English
 The Early Modern English

The first “official” use of English after the Norman Conquest was in the proclamation of Henry
III from 18 October 1258. This document was issued in french and Latin as well; what is
interesting is not just that Henry felt the need to prepare a text in English, but that the English
text is obviously a translation of the french one. Parliament was not addressed in English until
1362. Yet the records of the speeches remain in French. During the fifteenth century, however,
English came to predominate as the official language. By 1423, Parliament’s records were kept
virtually all in English. Henry V (1413-22) established English as an official language. The wills of
kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI are all in English. Towards the end of Middle English, a
sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being
pronounced shorter and shorter. It was a change in a system of pronunciation, not a change in
individual sound. From the 16th century the British had contact with many people from around
the world. This, and the Renaissance of classical learning, meant that many new words and
phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a
common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing
also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of
London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English
dictionary was published.

 The Late Modern English

The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late
Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial
revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its
height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign
words from many countries.England began the Industrial Revolution (18th century) and this had
also an effect on the development of the language as new words had to be invented or existing
ones modified to cope with the rapid changes in technology. New technical words were added
to the vocabulary as inventors designed various products and machinery. These words were
named after the inventor or given the name of their choice, For Example: trains, engine,
pulleys, combustion, electricity, telephone, telegram, camera etc.Britain was an Empire for 200
years between the 18th and 20th centuries and English language continued to change as the
British Empire moved across the world - to the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia and
Africa. They sent people to settle and live in their conquered places and as settlers interacted
with natives, new words were added to the English vocabulary. For example, 'kangaroo' and
'boomerang' are native Australian Aborigine words; 'juggernaut' and 'turban' came from India.
English continues to change and develop, with hundreds of new words arriving every year. But
even with all the borrowings from many other languages the heart of the English language
remains the Anglo-Saxon of Old English. The grammar of English is also distinctly Germanic -
three genders (he, she and it) and a simple set of verb tenses.

 Significance of English in Pakistan

English is an important language in Pakistani context. It has great significance in all fields of life
in Pakistan. English in our country enjoys the high valued status in official correspondence,
medium of instruction in academia, communication in business and commerce industry.

 Colonial Background
British rulers ruled the Indo-Pak Sub-continent for almost 2 centuries. English administrators
replaced English as a language of official matters from persian language used by the natives. In
doing so English language attained the higher status as compared to the other languages.

 English as a language Communication

English has accomplished the status of the language of understanding among the people of the
world. People use this language for international communication. It Is the only spoken language
understood world widely.

 How are Language and Communication Related

Each and every day of our lives we transmit verbal or written messages to other persons, and
every day we receive verbal or written messages from other folks. These two actions consume a
lot of our time at home, in our social life outside the family, and at work. Simply because we are
human beings who live and work with other human beings, conversation or communication,
sending and receiving information, plays an all-important part in our lives.

 How to Communicate in Modern English language

Every single day we need to interchange messages of many different types with many different
people. To do that effectively, we have to know a lot of words and we have to be able to select
the correct words to suit each distinct message. Wellorganized communication needs a large
vocabulary.However, using language is not just a matter of having knowledge of words and
knowing which words to use. That is true of every language. If we are speaking or writing
German, we must make our words behave in the ways of the German language. Russian words
must behave in Russian ways, English words in English ways, and so on. Every language has its
own special ways of making words behave. If the words of any message, spoken or written, do
not behave in the ways required by that language, the communication might not take place at
all.

Q.3:- Explain the application of “English Proverbs” in daily life communication.

A saying (proverb) is a sentence that people often say and that gives advice or information
about human life and experience.In every language there are a lot of proverbs. Interestingly,
proverbs in different languages sometimes express an idea with words meaning exactly the
same thing. For example, both the English “there is no smoke without fire. However, proverbs
in different languages usually convey the same (or similar) idea differently.Is it so necessary to
use proverbs? They answer is of course you can do without them. But sayings can add color to
your speech, and make you sound more convincing and natural. When used appropriately, they
can strike a chord with readers or listeners. But if they are used wrong, they can cause
misunderstanding and confusion. It is also important to note that proverbs provide an insightful
window into a community’s lifestyle, history, and culture, which is why it’s so interesting and
useful to learn them.
  Application of Proverbs
 Better late than never
(it is better for someone or something to be late than never to arrive or to happen): I forgot
Mary’s birthday! Should I send her a gift anyway? – Sure, better late than never.

 Better safe than sorry

(it is best not to take risks even when it seems boring or difficult to be careful): Make sure you
take an umbrella – I know it’s sunny now, but better safe than sorry.

 All’s fair in love and war

(in love and war you do not have to obey the usual rules about reasonable behavior): I want to
steal her boyfriend. I’m crazy about him, and all’s fair in love and war.

 Curiosity killed the cat

(being inquisitive about other people’s affairs may get you into trouble): How are you going to
steal her boyfriend? – Curiosity killed the cat.

 It takes two to tango

(both parties involved in a situation or argument are equally responsible for it): She says he is to
blame for their divorce, but it takes two to tango.

 You can’t judge a book by its cover

(you cannot know what something or someone is like by looking only at that person or thing’s
appearance): He always wears black but he is the most optimistic person I know. You can’t
judge a book by its cover.

 Easy come, easy go

(when something, especially money, is easily got, it is soon spent or lost): He won the lottery
but squandered all the money. Easy come, easy go.

 Like father, like son

(fathers and sons resemble each other, and sons tend to do what their fathers did before
them): Jake’s father was impatient, and so is Jake. Like father, like son.

 Blood is thicker than water

(family relationships and loyalties are the strongest and most important ones): Family should
always come first because blood is thicker than water.

 God helps those who help themselves

 (if you make an effort to achieve something, you will be successful): Work hard because there
is no shortcut to success. God helps those who help themselves.

 No pain, no gain
(you can only achieve something by suffering or working hard): Do you want to lose some
weight? Go to the gym and work out. No pain, no gain.

 Honesty is the best policy

(you should always tell the truth): It would be so easy just to lie, but honesty is the best policy,
so I’ll tell him the truth.

 Actions speak louder than words

(what you do is more significant than what you say): He keeps telling you that he loves you, but
he never does anything to prove it. Actions speak louder than words.

 Don’t cross that bridge till you come to it

(don’t needlessly worry yourself over concerns, problems, or difficulties that lie in the future): I
know you’re worried about the mortgage payment in January, but don’t cross that bridge till
you come to it.

 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

(not all people have the same opinions about what is attractive): You may think this dog is ugly
but beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

 Learn to walk before you run

(grasp the basic skills before attempting something more difficult): I know you want to play
Beethoven, but you should learn to walk before you run.

Q.4:- Give detailed account of skills necessary for English conversation.

For both native speakers and ESOL speakers, strong communication in English involves four
modes: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Different people have naturally differing
aptitudes for these skills.
o Here are some tried and proven methods to enhance our English speaking skills:
 Find a Conversation Partner:
If possible, it’s best to find a native English speaker with whom you can practice your English. If
you don’t know anyone in your direct network, consider finding a tutor. Otherwise, you can
always find someone online to digitally connect with and practice your conversation skills.
  Make Sure To Listen As Well As Speak:
One of the best ways to understand the formulation of sentences and build your vocabulary is
to listen to people speak. Try listening to podcasts and recorded conversations. From YouTube
to real-life conversations, there are so many places to access English speaking.
 Record Your Conversation Practice:
When it comes to speaking, you will likely make mistakes. But you have to be open to making
mistakes so that you can learn from them. If you record yourself speaking with your
conversation partner, you can play it back and learn even better. That way, you can track your
progress and pick up on pronunciation.
 Surround Yourself With The English Language:
English is everywhere. No matter where you live, you can find menus, marketing materials,
books, movies, road signs, and more with the English language. The more you immerse yourself
and pay attention to these daily pieces of English, the stronger your foundation will be.
 Practice With Music and Movies:
Most people like to relax and unwind with some music or entertainment in the form of movies.
You can choose to watch movies in English, or instead, watch them in your native language with
English subtitles that you can read.
 Read Aloud:
If you like to read more than speak and make up your own conversation, try reading out loud.
That way, you can hear yourself pronounce the words and remember them more because you
are both seeing and reading them.
 Talk To Yourself:
If you’re still unsure whether you’re ready to put your speaking skills to the test, simply talk to
yourself! The more you practice with yourself, the better your English skills will become.

 Build a Strong Foundation

 Build your vocabulary:
When you’re a child, you learn words as people point to items and teach you what they are
called. You can adopt this same approach when learning and building your English skills. It all
begins with vocabulary. You can choose to learn a certain number of words each day.
 Improve your pronunciation:
There are digital tools that will speak words out loud so that you can pick up on pronunciation.
From YouTube channels to online dictionaries, knowing the pronunciation is key in being
understood when you speak.
  Techniques to Improve English Speaking Skills
 Speech shadowing:
Basically, this is copying how a native speaks. Speech shadowing can be done most simply by
watching videos or a movie with subtitles. First, read the sentence and speak it out loud. Then,
play it back with the native speaker speaking it. Try to pause in between to copy the flow and
pattern as closely as possible. If you want, you can record yourself doing this to compare it with
the way the native speaker sounds.
 Self-talk:
Whether you choose to speak your thoughts out loud or record yourself singing, talking to
yourself and hearing the words will help you improve. You can also read out loud.
 Think in English:
This probably won’t come naturally, but you can help train yourself to think in English by first
translating the thoughts in your head. Otherwise, you can keep a journal or diary of thoughts
and write them in English.
 Retell a story in English:
Start with something simple, like a fairytale or traditional story from your childhood. Then you
can take this to the next step and challenge yourself to retell a story that someone else shares
in English. This helps to check your comprehension and understanding.

 Frequently Practice to Improve Your English Speaking Skills

 Participate in public speaking events:
Public speaking events, from forums and conferences to slam poetry events, offer a good place
to listen to others speak. You can also potentially apply to be a speaker. If it’s something less
formal, like sharing your creative writing or telling a story in front of a small group of friends,
public speaking can really showcase your skills.
 Using apps:
Technology is here to assist in learning languages. From apps like Duolingo to Busuu, which lets
you speak to native speakers, you can improve your English speaking skills wherever you go.
 Chat with Siri:
Want to speak to someone at a random time of night or simply set reminders on your phone to
benefit your productivity? Chat with Siri!
Everyone has their own favorite methods and ways of improving their English communication.
There is no one right or wrong choice, so you can pick as many or as few as you wish and mix it
up.
Q.5:- Explain the “Phrase” in detail.
 Phrases

Not all word groups make complete sense. Here are some examples of word
o Groups that do not:
o During her holiday
o After my twenty-first birthday
o Considering his injury
o In that street
o Beneath the foundations

Each of those word groups makes some sense. No English-speaking person would dismiss any of
them as nonsense, but in every case the meaning is incomplete. None of them can stand alone.
The group of words without subject-verb is known as a phrase. Word groups such as those are
although a phrase cannot make complete sense on its own, it can be used as part of a word
group that does make complete sense. Like this:
o Our neighbor wrote several postcards during her holiday.
o I was given a pay rise after my twenty-first birthday.
o Considering his injury, he played a remarkable game.
o We saw two empty houses in that street.
o The ground shifted beneath the foundations.

Phrases play a very important part in our use of language, and we shall study their grammatical
function in detail later. For the moment, it is sufficient to be able to recognize a phrase and to
understand how it differs from a sentence.A phrase is a small group of words that
communicates a concept but isn’t a full sentence. We use phrases in writing and in speech
every day. There are lots of different kinds of phrases, some of which play a technical role in our
writing and others that play a more illustrative role. No matter which role a phrase is playing,
it’s achieving one simple goal: making your sentences richer by giving your words context,
detail, and clarity.Keep in mind, not all phrases are good phrases. Sometimes, common phrases
actually undermine our writing by making our look less confident or making our point less clear.
Know which phrases to avoid so you don’t inadvertently weaken your writing by using
them.Even though we write and speak phrases every single day, truly understanding their
mechanics can be tricky. Read on for a deep dive into the various types of phrases English
speakers use and become a stronger writer, speaker, and editor by mastering the art of
phrasing.

 Grammatical phrases
A grammatical phrase is a collection of words working together as a unit. Grammatical phrases
add meaning to sentences by giving detail about one or more of the parts of speech in use. A
grammatical phrase can clarify any part of speech—the key here is that all a phrase does is
provide some detail; it doesn’t have the structure to be a clause of its own. Sentences don’t
need to have phrases to be grammatically correct. Sometimes, a sentence only has individual
words working together, like:Sheila skated yesterday.It’s a short, simple sentence that paints a
clear, yet stark, picture. By expanding some of those words into phrases,we get a much more
detailed image of how Sheila spent her time yesterday. For example, you might write:
Sheila skated through the park yesterday.
Sheila skated with Dennis and Terry yesterday.
Sheila skated on her brand-new longboard yesterday.
Grammatical phrases come in a variety of types and often, we’ll find two or more in the same
sentence. Each type is named for the part of speech it modifies or the role it plays in a
sentence:
 Adjective
An adjective phrase is a phrase that describes or otherwise provides additional meaning for an
adjective. It contains an adjective and any words that modify the adjective.
 Adverb
An adverbial phrase is a phrase that takes on the role of an adverb in a sentence. Adverbs
modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
 Noun
A noun phrase provides detail or clarification about a noun.
 Verb
Verb phrases are phrases that contain a verb and any linking verbs or modifiers. Like an
adverbial phrase, a verb phrase plays the role of a verb in the sentence where it’s used.
 Prepositional
Prepositional phrases are phrases that include a preposition and its object. They can also
include modifiers, but they don’t have to.
 Gerund
A gerund phrase is a phrase that includes a gerund, which is a noun created by adding ing to a
verb, and its modifiers. Within a sentence, a gerund phrase acts as a noun.

 Common phrases
As we mentioned above, grammatical phrases are just one broad category of phrases. The
other category, common phrases, are pieces of figurative language that rely on the listener’s
familiarity with them to be understood. When the listener (or reader) isn’t familiar with a
specific phrase, they might misunderstand or misconstrue the message. Keep this in mind when
you’re writing. A big part of effectively writing with your readers in mind is accurately gauging
whether they’re likely to understand the phrases we use.

 What do phrases mean?

So why do we repeat common sayings, even when they’re impossible to understand at face
value? Because they’re so ingrained in our language—and nearly every language has them—
that they’re often the easier way to express an idea than expressing it through literal language.
In other words, they’re a linguistic shorthand. Think about it—if your new colleague tells you to
make sure you bring a sweatshirt to work because the office is like the North Pole, you know
exactly what they mean. If instead, they described the office as “really cold,” you might not be
as convinced to bring the sweatshirt because “really cold” is subjective and doesn’t have the
same impact that “like the North Pole” has.Often, phrases are deeply rooted in the cultures
that create them and because of this, their meanings aren’t always obvious to people outside
those cultures. For example, “of flowers, the cherry blossom; of men, the warrior” is a
translation of a common Japanese proverb. Employing phrases effectively involves two
different skills: understanding the parts of speech and how they operate within sentences and
knowing when to deploy specific phrases to create the desired impact. Grammarly can help
with both. Not only does Grammarly catch mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and
more, but also its tone detector helps you get your word and phrase choices just right.