JIB533 –PUBLIC HEALTH

GROUP 4
Mohd Ramdzan Bin Othman, Premaalatha D/O Bathmanaban, Erma Ery Erda Ak Sadoi,

Nurul Nadia Binti Mustapha & Yusliati Binti Ahmad

Introduction
Based on Akram et al., (2017), Sun et al., (2017), AMS, (2015) and Macdonald et al., (2016) breast cancer are :

Breast cancer is a maligmant Breast cancer spread to

(cancerous) growth that other parts of the body
begins in the tissue of the through blood vessels and
breast. lymph vessels.
06
01

In breast cancer, normal

cells develop into bad cells
05 Cancer causes the cells to
multiply uncontrollably and
and grow out of control in they do not die at the usual
breast tissue.
02 point in their life cycle.

04
Most breast cancers begin in 03 Common kinds of breast
the ducts part (tubes that cancer are Invasive ductal
carry milk to the nipple) or carcinoma and Invasive
lobules part (produce milk). lobular carcinoma.
Risk factors
According to School, (2011) and Sun et al., (2017) risk factors for breast cancer are:

Gender Genetic Family History

Breast cancer is most Women carry certain Those with a family
often found in women mutations in the BRCA1 history of breast cancer,
because the cancer cells and BRCA2 genes from a person’s chance of
grow outside the ducts their parents have a developing breast cancer
into other parts of the higher chance of is higher.
breast tissue. developing breast
cancer.

Age Obesity Breast Density

Risk for breast cancer Women with overweight Dense breasts have
increases with age and or obese have a higher more connective tissue
85% of cases are risk of getting breast than fatty tissue, so its
diagnosed in women cancer than those at a hard to see tumors on a
ages 50 and over, while normal weight. mammogram.
5% occur in women
under age 40.
Sign & Symptoms
Based on Karbani et al., (2011) and Akram et al., (2017) the sign and symptoms can be seen in breast cancer patients are :

Look for…

A change in size or shape, A change to the skin/texture of

contour and temperature of your breast, such as redness or
your breast. dimpling.

Nipple discharge that An unusual pain in your

occurs without breast or armpit that
squeezing and it could doesn’t go away and
be clear, bloody and some may cause a
other color. prickly feeling.

A new lump or lumpiness,

A change to the nipple such as
especially if it’s only in one
crusting, an ulcer, redness or an
breast and this is often the first
inversion.
symptom of breast cancer.
Treatment
01. Surgery (mastectomy or
According to Akram et al., (2017) and Waks and Winer
(2019), there are treatments for breast cancer such as : lumpectomy)
01 The doctors will help the patients to decide which is best way from
mastectomy (removing the whole breast) or lumpectomy (removes
breast cancer while preserving the breast followed by radiation).

05 02
05. Targeted therapies 02. Radiation therapy
Targeted therapies is a treatment blocks the Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy x-
growth and spread of cancer cells and limits rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells.
damage to healthy cells. Types of radiation therapy External-beam
radiation therapy, Intra-operative radiation
therapy and Brachytherapy.

04 03
04. Hormonal therapy 03. Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy is an effective treatment for most Chemotherapy is using of drugs (Docetaxel, Paclitaxel,
tumors that test positive for either estrogen or Doxorubicin) to destroy cancer cells from growing,
progesterone receptors which will blocks cancer cells dividing and making more cells or sometimes given
from getting the hormones they need to grow. before surgery to shrink a large tumor to make the
surgery easier.
 Prevention & Control
Based on Karbani et al., (2011) and Sun et al., (2017) the prevention and control can be taken are :

Stay and maintain at a healthy Breastfeeding lowers the risk

weight. 1 5 keep
of breast cancer.

Stay active. Try to be physically active Avoid taking birth control pills
most days of the week. 2 6 without doctors advise.

Healthy diet by eating healthy food If you have a family history of

and limit amount of alcohol. 3 7 breast cancer please refer doctors.

Breast cancer screening with

Don’t smoke.
4 8 mammography can begin at age 40.

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 Geographical Distribution
Australia and New Zealand 95.5
Western Europe 90.7
Northern America 89.4
Northern Europe 86.4
Southern Europe 79.6
Polynesia 71.2
Central and Eastern Europe 57.1
South America 56.4
Caribbean 50.9
Melanesia 50.5
Southern Africa 50.4
Northern Africa 49.6
World 47.8
Western Asia 46.6
Eastern Asia 43.3
Micronesia 41.7
Western Africa 41.5
South-Eastern Asia 41.2
Central America 39.5 *Region
Eastern Africa 33.0 * ASR (World) per 100,000
Middle Africa 32.7
South-Central Asia 26.2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Age Standardized (World) incidence, rates, breast by sex - Female
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(Source: GLOBOCAN, 2020)
 References
 Akhtari-Zavare, Mehrnoosh, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, Salmiah Md Said, Irmi Zarina Ismail, Latiffah A. Latiff, and
Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor. 2016. “Result of Randomized Control Trial to Increase Breast Health Awareness among
Young Females in Malaysia.” BMC Public Health 16(1).

 Akram, Muhammad, Mehwish Iqbal, Muhammad Daniyal, and Asmat Ullah Khan. 2017. “Awareness and
Current Knowledge of Breast Cancer.” Biological Research 50(1).

 AMS. (2015). What is breast cancer ? What causes breast cancer ? American Cancer Society, 1–13.

 Dahlui, Maznah, Sofea Ramli, and Awang M. Bulgiba. 2011. “Breast Cancer Prevention and Control Programs
in Malaysia.” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(6):1631–34.

 GLOBOCAN 2020, http://gco.iarc.fr/)

 Karbani, Gulshan, Jennifer N. W. Lim, Jenny Hewison, Karl Atkin, Kieran Horgan, Mark Lansdown, and Carol E.
Chu. 2011. “Culture, Attitude and Knowledge about Breast Cancer and Preventive Measures: A Qualitative
Study of South Asian Breast Cancer Patients in the UK.” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
12(6):1619–26.

 Macdonald, S., Oncology, R., & General, M. (2016). Breast Cancer Breast Cancer. Journal of the Royal Society
of Medicine, 70(8), 515–517.

 School, H. M. (2011). Risk factors for breast cancer. Harvard Health Publishing.

 Sun, Yi Sheng, Zhao Zhao, Zhang Nv Yang, Fang Xu, Hang Jing Lu, Zhi Yong Zhu, Wen Shi, Jianmin Jiang,
Ping Ping Yao, and Han Ping Zhu. 2017. “Risk Factors and Preventions of Breast Cancer.” International Journal
of Biological Sciences 13(11):1387–97.

 Waks, Adrienne G. and Eric P. Winer. 2019. “Breast Cancer Treatment: A Review.” JAMA - Journal of the
American Medical Association 321(3):288–300.