Unit 1 : Basic of AI

Topics:
● Definition: Artificial Intelligence
● types of Artificial Intelligence
● Evolving Stages of Artificial Intelligence
● The AI Problems
● Difference - Artificial Intelligence vs. Machine Learning
● Application of Artificial Intelligence

❖ Definition: Artificial Intelligence

● Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines
"man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."-
● Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think
intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
● Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at moment people do
better.
● So, we can define AI as:- “It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent
machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions“
● Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning,
and solving problems

❖ Types of Artificial Intelligence

● Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following is a flow
diagram which explains the types of AI.

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 ● AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is dedicated to one task with intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
o Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving
cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
o The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence in which we can make a computer, robots, machines which think like
human, behave like humans and make a decision. could perform any intellectual task with efficiency
like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI is to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a
human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform any task
as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop
such systems.

3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and
can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make
judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is
still world changing task.

● Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

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 1. Reactive Machines
● Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
● These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
● Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
● Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
● Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
● These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
● Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store the
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
● Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact
socially like humans.
● These types of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvements for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
● Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent,
and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
● These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
● Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

❖ Evolving Stages of Artificial Intelligence

Stage 1- Rule Bases System
In this stage, AI surrounds us in everything from Robot Process Automation used in business to autopilots
used in aircraft.

Stage 2- Context-awareness and Retention

The machines based on algorithms are trained on the best human knowledge and experience with
knowledge based on specific domains.
The existing knowledge base can be updated once new queries and solutions arise.
The most common application is Robo-advisors or chatbots

Stage 3- Domain-specific aptitude

In this stage, the advanced systems can develop mastery in particular domains.
Due to the capability to store and process a wide volume of information to make decisions the capabilities
of these machines can be more than humans.
Cancer diagnosis is one of the applications and Google Deepmind's system

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Stage 4- Reasoning systems
This machine algorithm has a concept of intellect, intentions, knowledge, and their own logic.
They have the capacity to reason, interact and, deal with other machines and humans too.

Stage 5- Artificial General Intelligence

This is the main objective of many scientists working in the field of AI- to develop a machine with
intelligence like humans. The artificial general intelligence or self-aware systems are not in application to
date but not many years left to discover this avenue. This is the stage represented in many sci-fiction
movies that machines are leading humans in intelligence.

Stage 6- Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI)

This stage is one notch of the Artificial General Intelligence, the algorithms will be capable of defeating
smartest of the humans in all the domains. This stage can be the real solution to the problems that are still
complex for the human mind like poverty, hunger, and climate change. This will be the stage where
machines made by humans will outsmart humans too.

Stage 7- Singularity and excellency

The development path led by ASI will lead us to the point in time where the capabilities of humans will see
the tremendous extension. With the help of this ASI, technology humans would be able to connect the
minds of each other and be like the human internet. The technology would be much like an imaginary life
where ideas, and thoughts could be shared by just one flick of mind. Humans would be capable of
connecting with other forms of life like animals, plants, and other natural activities. While some argue that
humans will never reach such levels and some say that it is feasible and with this exponential growth rate
would be achieved somewhere in 2045.

❖ The AI Problems
● AI focused on formal tasks, such as game playing and theorem proving.
● Game playing and theorem proving share the property that people who do them well are
considered to be displaying Intelligence.
● Initially computers could perform well at those tasks simply by being fast at exploring a large
number of solution paths and then selecting the best one.

● Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception, speaking, using
language, and training. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks later.
● As AI research progressed, techniques for handling large amount of world knowledge were
developed.
● New tasks reasonably attempted such as perception, natural language understanding and problem
solving in specialized domains.
● Some of the task domains of artificial intelligence are presented in table.

Mundane tasks Formal tasks Expert tasks

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 Perception Games Engineering
− Computer Vision − Go − Design
− Speech, Voice − Chess (Deep Blue) − Fault Finding
− Ckeckers − Manufacturing
− Monitoring

Natural Language Processing Mathematics Scientific Analysis

− Understanding − Geometry
− Language Generation − Logic
− Language Translation − Integration and
Differentiation

Common Sense Reasoning Theorem Proving Financial Analysis

planning Medical Diagnosis
Robot Control
Task Domains of AI
● Earlier, all work of AI was concentrated in the mundane task domain.
● Later, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks.
● This is the reason why AI work is more flourishing in the Expert Tasks domain now, as the expert
task domain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to represent and
handle.

❖ Difference - Artificial Intelligence vs. Machine Learning

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING

AI stands for Artificial intelligence, where intelligence is ML stands for Machine Learning which is defined as
defined acquisition of knowledge intelligence is the acquisition of knowledge or skill
defined as the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

The aim is to increase the chance of success and not The aim is to increase accuracy, but it does not care
accuracy about success

AI is aiming to develop an intelligent system capable of Machine learning is attempting to construct machines
performing a variety of complex jobs. that can only accomplish the jobs for which they have
been trained.

It works as a computer program that does smart work. Here, the tasks systems machine takes data and learns
from data.

The goal is to simulate natural intelligence to solve The goal is to learn from data on certain task to
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complex problems. maximize the performance on that task.

AI has a very broad variety of applications. The scope of machine learning is constrained.

AI is decision-making. ML allows systems to learn new things from data.

It is developing a system that mimics humans to solve It involves creating self-learning algorithms.
problems.

AI will go for finding the optimal solution. ML will go for a solution whether it is optimal or not.

AI leads to intelligence or wisdom. ML leads to knowledge.

AI is a broader family consisting of ML and DL as its ML is a subset of AI.

components.

Three broad categories of AI are : Three broad categories of ML are :

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) 1. Supervised Learning
2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) 3. Reinforcement Learning

AI can work with structured, semi-structured, and ML can work with only structured and semi-structured
unstructured data. data.

AI’s key uses include- The most common uses of machine learning-
● Siri, customer service via catboats ● Facebook’s automatic friend suggestions
● Expert Systems ● Google’s search algorithms
● Machine Translation like Google Translate ● Banking fraud analysis
● Intelligent humanoid robots such as Sophia, ● Stock price forecast
and so on. ● Online recommender systems, and so on.

❖ Application of Artificial Intelligence

● AI has been dominant in various fields such as –

Astronomy

o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding

the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

3. AI in Gaming

o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of

a large number of possible places.

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4. AI in Finance

o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot,

adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes

6. AI in Social Media

o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and

managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify

the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making

travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered

chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.

o 10. AI in Entertainment

o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon.

With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate
with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at any
time and any place.

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practical
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