Physics exam 2022

Chapter 3. Forces and energy

Density

density, the mass of a unit volume of a material substance. Usually expressed as g/cm³

Formula:

Mass: is the amount of matter in a body. Unit: kilogram(kg), gram(g)

Volume: the amount of space an object occupies. Unit: m³, cm³, ml

formula: volume: length x width x height

Hollow space: space filled with air inside

vacuum space: space filled with nothing inside

regular shape object: a shape that has a specific shape

irregular shape object: a shape that has no specific shape

displacement method: a method to find the volume of an irregular-shaped object, by using a measuring
cylinder that has water in it and adding the irregular-shaped object, then subtracting the after result with the before
result.

For example, a cube has a volume of 50cm³ and a mass of 45g calculate the density

density: mass/volume= 50/45=1.11 g/cm³

density of water=1g/cm³, air=0.0012, seawater=1.25

if something is denser than water it will sink, more dense= sink, less dense= float

object with different densities:

heat and temperature

heat is the total thermal energy of the vibrating particles in an object. Unit: joules (J).

heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a colder object. A joulemeter mesures heat

Temperature: tells us how hot or cold an object is. And is the average energy of particles in a substance. A
thermometer is used to measure temperature. Unit: celcius(C)/kelvin(K). convert CàK= C+273

0 C = 273 K 0 K = -273 C/absolute zero 100c=373 K

- Temperature and heat are not the same as heat. Temperature gives us information on the direction of the
thermal energy transfer and the average energy of the particles in an object

- For example there are two bowls of water, both of the temperatures are 100C, but one bowl has a mass of 250g
and the other has a mass of 100 g, the one that has more mass has more heat because there more particles in the
water.

Moving from hot to cold

- thermal energy always moves from a hot place to a colder place

- cold is not an energy store and cold cannot move

- cold means there is less thermal energy

- dissipation: energy that spreads out and less useful.

- the rate of speed of thermal energy transfer increases when the temperature difference between the hot place to a
cold place increases

Conservation of energy

the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be
conserved over time.

Law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transferred or changed

system: is a place where an energy change or transfer occurs

conserved: the total quantity of something is kept the same

created: to be made from nothing or something different

destroy: cease to exist

Ways of transferring thermal energy

1. Conduction

a method of thermal energy transfer, where more vigorously vibrating particles by colliding. Conduction works best
in solids as particles are closest to each other. Conduction occurs from the contact of solid material
Conductors: metals that can transfer heat, and has free electrons, ex: copper, iron and aluminium
insulators: nonmetals, cannot transfer heat no free electrons, ex: plastic, wood, glass.
2. Convection (liquid and gas/ fluids )

a method of thermal energy transfer happens in matters that have to lose particles (fluids); convection can't happen
in a vacuum due to there being no particles. Convection is the upward movement of warmer fluids.

3. Radiation

a type of wave that we cannot see. Radiation does not need any particles to pass through, which means it can pass
through a vacuum. Radiation also can pass through transparent solid liquid and gas
emit: hotter objects emit more radiation. Emit means to give out thermal energy
absorb: take in thermal radiation
good emitters and absorbers: black
good reflectors white
- clothes for cold weather are good insulators because it slows down the conduction of heat away from the body.
- car glass is covered with silver material to reflect radiation from the sun

Cooling by evaporation
evaporation: the change of state from liquid to gas
random movement: unpredictable movement

why evaporation causes cooling:

● The particles with the highest energy from the water will evaporate. This lowers the average energy and
temperature level of the remaining particles. This causes cooling .
● In very humid conditions there is more content of water in the air, sweat on the skin couldn’t evaporate
easily due to this, this is dangerous as the body cant maintain its temperature.
● Different liquids have different forces holding the particles together, liquids with weak force will evaporate
more easily, and perfume particles have weak force compared to water so they will evaporate much more
easily, that’s why perfume feels much cooler than water.

loudness & pitch of a sound

+
-

Pitch of sound: tells us how high or deep a sound is, Pitch of sound depends upon the vibrations of sound in 1 second

frequency is measure in hertz(Hz) high frequency=high pitch

Loudness of sound: Tells us how loud or soft a sound is, amplitude of Sound waves determines the loudness of sound
larger amplitude=louder sound.

Sound is measured in decibels(dB)

Loudness of sound depends on the amplitude whilst pitch depends on frequency

Reinforce: create a louder sound/bigger amplitude

When sound waves interfere to reinforce, - amplitude of the sound waves increases, frequency does not change

Interference of Sound:

Constructive Interference: Adding two or more sounds to make a larger sound, crest interfere with another crest
make sound larger

Destructive interference: two or more sound canceling each other, Peak will interfere with through

Longitudinal waves : move back and forth

Oscilloscope - displays waveforms of a sound wave

Decibels ( dB) - measure loudness

audible frequency range - 20Hz - 20KHz ( both correct )

below 20Hz is infrasound

above 20.000Hz is ultrasound

Chapter 9. electricity
there are two types of electrical circuits: series & parallel

Series: components are connected end to end or one after the other

Parallel: means components are connected in branches, the current can flow through different paths through the
branches

Voltage: amount of energy that is required to move an electron in the circuit. Unit of voltage is volts (V)

Current: the flow of charges in a circuit

Advantages of a parallel circuit:

*components can be switched on and off independently

*if one components stop working other branches are not affected

voltage in series circuit

- voltage across each components in a series circuit must be add up to the voltage of the main supply
- adding more components in series circuit will decrease its current
- as components are added, it becomes more difficult for power supply to push the electrons around the circuits
adding cells in a series circuit:
- increase the current in the circuit
- increase the voltage across each components

voltage in a parallel circuit

- voltage across each of the branches of a parallel circuit are equal to the voltage of the main supply
- The current can be different in the branches of a parallel circuit because the current can flow in different path.
Adding cells to a parallel circuit
● Increases the voltage across each branch
● increases current through the cell
● increase the current in each branch