Solutions Manual for Fluid Mechanics Seventh Edition in SI Units Frank M. White Chapter 11 Turbomachinery PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL ‘This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. McGraw-Hill") and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws. By ‘opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly returned unopened to McGraw-Hill: This Manual is being provided only to authorized Professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other ‘third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, eleetronic or otherwise, without the prior written pe 1D 2011 by The MoGraw-Hill Companies, Ine, Limited distribution only to teachers nd educators for course preparation. If you area student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.11.1 Deseribe the geometry and operation of a human peristaltic PDP which is cherished by every romantic person on earth, How do the two ventricles differ? Solution: Clearly we are speaking of the nanan heart, driven periodically by tavelling compression of the heart walls. Oue ventuicle serves the brain and the rest of one’s extremities, while the other ventricle serves the lungs and promotes oxygenation of the blood. Ans. 11.2, What would be the technical classification of the following turbomachines: (a) a household fan = an axial flow fan. Avs. (a) (b) a.windmill = an axial flow turbine. Ans. (b) (©) an aircraft propeller = an axial flow fan, Ans. (©) (4) a fuel pump in a car = a positive displacement pump (PDP). Ans. (a) (e) an eduetor = a liquid-jet-pump (special purpose). Ans. (e) (® a fluid coupling transmission = a double-impeller energy transmission device. Ans. () (g) a power plant steam turbine = an axial flow turbine. Ans. (2) 11.3 A PDP can deliver almost any fluid, but there is always a limiting very-high viscosity for which performance will deteriorate. Can you explain the probable reason? Solution: High-viscosity fluids take a long time to enter and fill the inlet cavity of a PDP. Thus a PDP pumping high-viscosity liquid should be run slowly to ensure filling. Ans. 11.4 An interesting turbomachine is the torque converter [58], which combines both a pump and a turbine to change torque between two shafts. Do some research on this concept and describe it, with a report, sketches and performance data, to the class. Solution: As described, for example, in Ref. 58, the torque converter transfers torque T from a pump runner to a turbine runner such that @pump Tpump = turbine Turbine. Maximum efficieney occurs when the turbine speed wrubine is approximately one-half of the pump speed wpump. Ans.ALS What type of pump is shown in Fig. P11.5? How does it operate? Solution: This is a flexible-tiner pump. The rotating eccentric cylinder acts as a “squeegee.” Ans, DY Fig. P11.5 11.6 Fig. P11.6 shows two points a half period apart in the operation of a pump. What type of pump is this? How does it work? Sketch your best guess of flow rate versus time for a few cycles. Flow out Flow out Solution: This is a diaphragm pump. As the center rod moves to the right, opening A and closing B, the check valves allow A to fill and B to discharge, Then, when the rod moves to the left, B fills and A discharges. Depending upon the exact oscillatory motion of the center WH rowin rod, the flow rate is fairly steady, being higher wwhen the rod is faster. Ans Fig. P11.6 17 A piston PDP has a 12.5-cm diameter and a 5-cm stroke and operates at 750 rpm with 92% volumetric efficiency. (a) What is the delivery, in L/min? (b) If the pump delivers SAE 10W oil at 20°C against a head of 15.2 m, what horsepower is required when the overall efficiency is 84%? Solution: For SAE 10W cil, take p ~ 870 kg/m>. The volume displaced is v= 4 (2SE-2)'SE-2 =6.14E-4m? =0.614L, 3 Q (0 614 = ie \ 750 smokes Je 92 efficiency) or Q=423L/min Ans, (a) 042. 870(9.81)] —— ](15.2) _smesn( Jas is =1.089 KW=146hp Ans. (b)3 11.8. A centrifugal pump delivers 2.1 m°/min of water at 20°C when the brake horsepower is 22 and the efficiency is 71%. (a) Estimate the head rise in m and the pressure rise in kPa. (b) Also estimate the head rise and horsepower if instead the delivery is 2.1 m/min of gasoline at 20°C. Solution: (a) For water at 20°C, take p= 998 kg/m’, The power relation is (998)(9. sp 21 Power = 22(746) = 16412 W = 2EQH _ n O71 or H=34m_ Ans. (a) Pressure rise Ap = pgH = (998)(9.81)(34) = 333 kPa Ans. (a) (b) For gasoline at 20°C, tke p ~ 680 ky’m®. If viscosity (Reynolds number) is not important, the operating conditions (flow rate, impeller size and speed) are exactly the same and hence the head is the same and the power scales with the density: Prossotine H=34 m (of gasoline); Power =P, "rater > } =15hp =1L2kW Ans. (b) 119 Figure PI19 shows the measured performance of the Vickers Ine. Model PVQ40 piston pump when delivering SAE 10W oil at 82.2°C (p = 910 ke/m*). Make some general observations about these data vis-a-vis Fig. 11.2 and your intuition about PDP behavior. Solution: The following are observed: (a) The discharge Q is almost linearly proportional to speed Q and slightly less for the higher heads (H ot Ap) (b) The efficiency (volumetric or overall) is nearly independent of speed Q and again slightly less for high Ap. (c) The power required is linearly proportional to the speed Q and also to the head H (or Ap). Ans210 bar 2068.0 10 bar-1379 MPs TObar- 659 MPa 3S bars 345 MP ‘Volumetric efficiency, percent Delivery, Lin o son 1000 1500 2000 Speed, nin Fig. P11.9 11.10 Suppose that the pump of Fig. PLL9 is run at 1100 r/min against a pressure tise of 20.68 MPa. (a) Using the measured displacement, estimate the theoretical delivery in gal/min, From the chart, estimate (b) the actual delivery; and (c) the overall efficiency. Solution: (a) From Fig. P1L.9, the pump displacement is 41 em®, The theoretical delivery is 3 3 Q (1100 aia em) = 4st00 24s ans. @) min}(~ >) min min (b) From Fig. P11.9, at 1100 r/min and Ap = 20.68 MPa, read Q=47Limin. Ans. (b) (©) From Fig. P1L.9, at 1100 s/min and 4 20.68 MPa, read moverall = 87%. Ans. (c)11.11 A pump delivers 1500 Limin of water at 20°C against a pressure rise of 270 kPa Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. If the driving motor supplies 9 KW, what is the overall efficiency? Solution: With pressure rise given, we don’t need density. Compute “water” power: 3 m\ 75 KW, 2. neo 75% Ans 5 9.0 } Prous = P8OH =OAp = la 11.12. Ina test of the pump in the figure, the data are: pt = 100 mmHg (wv 500 mmHg (gage), Di = 12 em, and D: em, The flow rate is 680 L/min of light oil (SG = 091). Estimate (a) the head developed; and (b) the input power at 75% efficiency. Fig. P1112 Solution: Convert 100 mmHg = 13332 Pa, 500 mmHg = 66661 Pa, 680 Limin m/s. Compute Vi = Q/A1 = 0.01133/[(7/4)(0.12)"] = 1.00 m/s. Also, V2 = Q/A2 Calculate yoit = 0.91(9790) = 8909 N/m”. Then the head is 0.01133 799 (4.007 +0.6: - 29.81) 8909 -2(9.81) -— 0, or; H=11.3m_ Ans. (a) 3909 QH _ $905(001133)01.5) n 0.75 Power =1521W Ans. (b) PLL.13 A 3.5 hp pump delivers 5.07 kN of ethylene glycol at 20°C in 12 seconds, against a head of 5.2 m. Calculate the efficiency of the pump. Solution: From Table A.3 for ethylene glycol, p = 1117 kg/m’, The specific weight is thus y= (1117)9.81) = 10957.8 Nim®. We then may calculate the volume flow rate: ii vi o-"e Bo = 0.0386 m/s = 38.6.L/s Y 10987.8.N/ ni This gives us enough information to calculate the pump efficiency, 3 m6 . (0957.8 N /m?)(0.0386 (5.2m) P= 3.5 hpy746 22611 w 2 OH, hp n n 199.4 2611 Solve for = = 084 of 84% Ans,ind 12 m3/h. At the inlet, pr = 100 kPa, 21 = 1 m, and. 3 m/s, How much power is required 11.14 A pump delivers gasoline at 20°C Vi =2 mis. At the exit p2 = 5 if the motor efficiency is 75%? Solution: For gasoline, take pg = 680(9.81) = 6671 N/m?. Compute head and power: 2 2 2 em Sy), ME, 5 500000, 4 100000 _(2y ps’ 2g 6671 '20981) "6671 29.81) 06155 3600) 2) 3600, = 1870 W Ans. 0.75 PIL.15 An eductor or jet pump is a specially designed pump. The concept is to inject a high-velocity fluid in order to inctease kinetic energy and reduce the pressure of the fluid to draw it by suction into the flow stream. Show simple calculations to prove the concept. Solution: Given a simple jet pump operation. ta ove Ls v. Ry ' 2 be Vi mM Le Assume that sections (1) and (2) have diameter D-m and injector (nozzle) has diameter d-m. At section (1), fluid flows in with speed V; and jet stream is injected with speed V; Under conservation of mass Jit, = Hayy That is Mid, + PVA; = 0.V; But in general, we should use the same fluid to inject into the main stream. Therefore, Pi = P> = p,. We then have VA + VA, = +V2a + D11.16 A lawn sprinkler can be used as a simple turbine, As shown in Fig. P11.16, flow enters normal to the paper in the center and splits evenly into Q’2 and Viet leaving each nozzle. The arms rotate at angular velocity @ and do work on a shaft. Draw the velocity diagram for this turbine. Neglecting friction, find an expression for the power delivered to the shaft. Find the rotation rate for which the power is a maximum. Vo = W Vv, =W-u u=@R Fig. P11.16 Solution: Utilizing the velocity diagram at right, we apply the Euler turbine formula P= pQ(uz Viz — Uy Vu.) = PQLUCW —u) 0} or: P= pQwR(V,j-@R) Ans. dP V = pQcv,,-2u)=0 if w= . Gu 7 PAV 20) 0 If = DEE Ans (pQu(2u = u) = pQ(wR)* where Prax P1117 The centrifugal pump in Fig. P1117 has r= 15 em, = 25 em, by = 6) = 6 em, and rotates counterclockwise at 600 r/min. A sample blade is shown. Assume c 1 = 90°. Estimate the theoretical flow rate and head produced, for water at 20°C. and comment. Fig. PLL.17 4. Solution: For water, take p= 998 kg/m’. For counterclockwise rotation, this is a forward. facing impeller, that is, looking at the figure, = 150°, not 30°. If c ; = 90°, then Yq = 0. Convert 600 rinin x 27/60 = 62.8 rad/s. Evaluate a = «rs = (62.8)(0.15) = 9.425 m/s, Then Vy =u tan(B,) = (9.425m/s)tan(40°) = 7.91 m/s 3 And Q = 27 by| Foy | = 21(0.15m)(0.06m)(7.91m/s) = 0.447 = 7100 = Ans. s minEvaluate 1 = @ r2 = (62.80.25) = 15.71 m/s. From Eq, (3.18), the head produced is 2 — Hoty Q _ (USIP _ (15.71 eot( 50? (0.447) _ 95 15_(13.15) = 38.3m Ans. Toa Dan hng ~ A981) 20(0.25H(0.069.81) The water power is P = pgQH = (998)(9.81)(0.447)(38.3) = 168,000 ft-Ibf/s = 305 hp. 1118 A centrifugal pump has dj = 18 em, dz = 33 em, bt = 10 em, b2 = 7.5 em, fi = 25°, and fe = 40° and rotates at 1160 r/min, If the fluid is gasoline at 20°C and the flow enters the blades radially, estimate the theoretical (a) flow rate in m/min, (b) horsepower, and (¢) head inm, Solution: For gasoline, take p = 680 ke/n*, Compute @ = 1160 rpm = 121.5 rad/s. 0.09 =n, = 121.5(—=) = 10: a, 204 =1 15(755) 10.9 mis Vg. = fanf, = 10.9tan25°= 5.1 ms 2arjb,Vyy = 24(0.09)(0.1)(6.1) 20.29 Ans. (a) s 0.29 029d, (0.165)(0.075) "7 ™* =121.5(0.165) = 20 mis Jap ot 40° = 15.6 mis Vq1 = 5.1 mis 257s. uy =109 ms Fig. P11.18 Vqo = 3.7 vs Vo up = 20mis Finally, Piaeal = eQu2 '80(0.29)(20)(15.6) = 61.5 KW = 82.5 hp. Ans. (b) Theoretical head H = Pi/(pg.Q) = 61500/[680(9.81)(0.29)] = 31.8m. Ans. (c)11.19 A jet of velocity V strikes a vane which moves to the right at speed Ve, as in Fig. P11.19. The vane has a tuming angle @, Derive an expression for the power delivered to the vane by the jet. For what vane speed is the power maximum? Fig. P11.19 Solution: The jet approaches the vane at relative velocity (V - Ve). Then the force is F = pA(V ~ Ve)(1 - cos), and Power = FVe = pAVe(V - Ve)*(1 = cos6). Ans. (a) oP Lo, Maximum power occurs when 4 OAV) s ja Ans. (b) (P-Seav {1-cosal) 11.20 A centifugal water pump has r2 = 24 em, bz = 5 cm, and 2 = 35° and rotates at 1060 rimin. If it generates a head of 55 m, determine the theoretical (a) flow rate in m°/min and (b) horsepower. Assume near-radial entry flow. Solution: For water take p= 1000 kg/m?, Convert «» = 1060 rpm = 111 rad/s, Then uy = wr = 111(0.24) = 26.64 mis; P = 2 5 id H=——=5: Power Qn, x oe) an oo 5™ Q - = 6,64) 26.64 - ——2 cot 35° =5 or: P=9810QH tooo [25.64 2alo24yo.08y > with H = 55 Solve for Q=0.34m°/s=20m/min Ans. (a) With Q and Hknown, P = pgQH = 9810(0.34)(55) + 746 = 246 hp. Ans. (b)40 11.21 Suppose that Prob. 11.20 is reversed into a statement of the theoretical power P= 153 hp. Can you then compute the theoretical (a) flow rate; and (b) head? Explain and resolve the difficulty that arises. Solution: With power known, the basic theory becomes quadratic in flow rate: oc} 2nd, 1, =26.64 P= pQu, (« s = 998Q(26 64)[26.64 - 19.57Q] = 153x 746.7 Clean up: 1,36Q +0.219=0, two roots: Q, = 0.187 Ans. (a) ‘These correspond to Hy = 62.3 m; Hy =9.92m Ans. (b) So the ideal pump theory admits to two valid combinations of Q and H which, for the given geometry and speed, give the theoretical power of 153 hp. Prob. 11.20 was solution 1. 11.22 The centrifugal pump of Fig. P1122 develops a flow rate of 16 m/min with gasoline at 20°C and near-radial absolute inflow. Estimate the theoretical (a) horse- power; (b) head rise; and (¢) appropriate \ blade angle at the inner radius Solution: For gasoline take p ~ 680 kg/m? Convert a Fig, P11,.22 Q= 16 m/min = 0.267 m/s and w= 1750 pm = 183 rad/s, Note 13 = 15 em and 2 = 30°. The ideal power is computed as 2745 mls. Plug in: cps} where uy = ox =183(0.15 0.267 P = 680(0.267)(27.45)| 27.45 —————____. moze { 2(0.15)(0.073) v0. 104200 /746=140hp Ans. (a) P 104200 ped” BOOS8IKO26) SM AO) Compute Vat = Q/2xrib1] = amo naory = 5.7 m/s, mi = ory = 183(0.1) = 18.3 ms For purely radial inflow, By = tan™(5.718.3)~17e Ans. (©)"1 PUL.23 For the sprinkler turbine of Fig. P11.23, let R = 18 cm with the total flow rate of 14 m°/h of water at 20°C. If the nozzle exit diameter is 0.8 em, estimate (a) the maximum power delivered in W and (b) the appropriate rotation rate in r/min. Solution: For water at 20°C take p = 998 kg/m>. Each arm takes 7 m°/h, At maximum power, 2 7/3600 Ang” (4 /4\8E=3) 1 38.68 m/s =WR , = 19.34 m/s = w.18 m) Hip Therefore, w= 107.45 rad/s =17.Lsps = 1026rpm_—(b) Prox = PQui, = 998(14/3600)(19.34)7 =1452 W (a) 11.24 A 37-cm-diameter centrifugal pump, running at 2140 rev/min with water at 20°C produces the following performance data: Qmis: 00 0.05 010 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Hom: 105 104102, 10095, 8567 P, KW: 100 ws 13500171 202 228 49, ”: 0% 44% 74% 86% 2% M% 79% (a) Determine the best efficiency point. (b) Plot Ci versus Ca. (c) If we desize to use this same pump family to deliver 26.5 m°/min of Kerosene at 20°C at an input power of 400 KW, what pump speed (in rev/min) and impeller size (in em) are needed? What head will be developed? Solution: Efficiencies, computed by 1 = pgQH/Power, are listed above. The best efficiency point (BEP) is approximately 92% at Q = 0.2 m/s. Ans. (a) The dimensionless coefficients are CQ = Qi(nD*), where n = 2160/60 = 36 revs and D = 0.37 m, plus Cu = gH/(a°D*) and Cp = Pi(pn®D5), where pwater = 998 kg/m. BEP12 values are C5 = 0.111, Ch = 5.35, and Cp = 0.643. A plot of Cit versus Cq is below, The values are similar to Fig, 11.8 of the text. Avs. (b) 8 toto . Cu 4 2 o 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 Ca (c) For kerosene, pr = 804 kg/m, Convert 26.5 m/min = 0.442 m3/s. At BEP, we require the above values of dimensionless parameters 442 P4 2. OE on, P= 00 nD nD pr D rev Solve n= 26.1 © =1560 s D=0534m Ans. (c) Also. H* = Cy(a’D? yg = 5.35(26.1)°(0.534)°9.81= 106m Ans. (c) P11.25 At what speed, when pumping water, should the 105-cm pump of Fig. 11.75 be run. to realize, at highest efficiency, (a) a head of 30.48 m? For this condition, what are the resulting (5) flow rate, and (¢) brake horsepower? Solution: This is the same pump, same fluid, hence p; = p) and Di =D). Thus the scaling fiom Eqs. (11.28) is relatively simple. First read the 105-cm BEP values as best the writer can: = 89% > n,=710 r/min; Hy =82m ; O,= 81 m/min : P, =1650 bhp Then get the new rotation rate from the new head, using Eq(11.28): ny = TILES 2 = 433 2 ns (a) 82 min 433 710° 433 O, = (81>) = 49 2 / min Ans.(b) 81 m/min ° 710 A & P1650» /, These numbers are slightly uncertain because of the difficulty of reading Fig. 11.7b. P, = (1650)(0.227) = 374 bhp Ans.(c)13 11.26 Figure P11.26 shows performance data for the Taco, Ine, model 4013 pump. Compute the ratios of measured shutoff head to the ideal value U*/g for all seven impeller sizes. Determine the average and standard deviation of this ratio and compare it to the average for the six impellers in Fig. 11.7 Model 4013 PM Sertes Fig. P11.26 Performance data for a centrifugal pump. (Courtesy of Taco. ine., Cranston, Rhode Island.) Solution: All seven pumps are mun at 1160 rpm = 121 rad/s. The 7 diameters are given Thus we can easily compute U = cr = wD/2 and construct the following table: D, em: 24 267 279 292 305 318 329 U, mvs: 1542 1618 1698 17.74 185 19.29 19.96 Ho, m: B4 149 162 186 204 223 244 Hy((U7/g): 0.553 0.559 0.551 0.580 0.585 0.587 0.599 The average ratio is 0.573. Ans. (a), and the standard deviation is 0.019. Ans. (b) For the six pumps of Fig. 11.7, the average is 0.611, the standard deviation is 0.025. These results are tre of most centrifugal pumps: we can take an average of 0.60 = 0.04. 11.27 At what speed in pm should the 89- em-diameter pump of Fig. 11.7(b) be run to produce a head of 122 m at a discharge of 75.71 m”/min? What brake horsepower will be required? Hint: Fit H(Q to a formula Solution: A curve-fit formula for H(Q) for this pump is H(m) = 72 - 10.8Q?, with Qin m’/s. Then, for constant diameter, the Satan similarity rules predict Fig. 11.7b14 710 } on Hy -1 n> 7.02E7 7D i" Solve for -( ) =987 rpm Ans. Now backtrack to compute Hy = 63 m and Qi = 54.8 m/min, From Fig. 11.7(b) we may then read the power Pi = 900 bhp (or compute this from 11 = 0.85). Then, by similarity, P. (ny/ny)> = 900(987/710) = 2418 bhp. Ans. P11.28 Would the smallest, or the largest, of the seven Taco Inc. pumps in Fig. P11.26 be better (a) for producing, near best efficiency, a water flow rate of 2.27 m/min and a head of. 29m? (6) At what speed, in r/min, should this pump run? (c) What input power is required? : Furst try the smallest pump, D = 25.4 em. Read Fig. PLL26: Q* = 1.48 m/min, 5 m, Nau = 65%. To scale up to 2.27, use the similarity rules for constant D: @ 227 _ Te | solve, = 17807 / min Q, 1.48 m?/min 1160rpm ‘then He 11803 solve -Hy=2943 m H, 125mm 1160 YQsHy _ (9790)(2.27 /60)(2 Powe = 16770 W =22.5hp 7 0.65 So the small pump will do the job, using 22.5 hp. Next try the largest pump, D = 32.9 om. Read Fig. P11.24: Q* =2 m/min, #* = 22m, thax =80%. Again scale up to 2.27 m/min, using the similarity rules at constant diameter: » solve ny =1317 r/min 1160rpm ° A317» solve Hy = 284m my 1160 ° Powers (9790)(2.27 / 6O)284) _1 3149 17.6 ip 1 08 5 So the largest pump is better to do the job, with slower speed and less power. Ans. (a) The proper large-pump speed is 1317 r/min. Ans. (b). The power is 17.6 hp. Ans. (0) [NOTE that if we specify a different head, like 60 m, neither pump ean do the job ]15 11.29. The 30.5-cm pump of Fig. P11.26 is to be sealed up in size to provide a head of 27.4 m and a flow rate of 3.79 m/min at BEP. Determine the correct (a) impeller diameter: (b) speed in rpm: and (c) horsepower required Solution: From the chart, at BEP, Q = 1.82 m/min, H = 183 m, and = 76.5%, from which = PEQH _ (9790)1.8260)18.3) . 7194 Wy, n 0.765 7104 = 998(19.3)°(0.305)° P 0.375 1.82 (19.3)(0.305) eH* 9.81183) wD? (19.3"(0.305) = 0.0554; Ch = =5.18 9.81274) 3.79/60 Larger pump, H= 274, Q= 3.79: ss, ~20° - 00554 1 aby Solve for D=40em Ans. (a) and n=17.82sps=1069rpm Ans. (b) P* = C3pn°D? = 0.375(998)(17.82)'(0.4) = 21686 W = 29 bhp Ans. (c) 11.30 Tests by the Byron Jackson Co. of a 37.L-cm centrifugal water pump at 2134 rpm yield the data below. What is the BEP? What is the specific speed? Estimate the maximum discharge possible. Q. Lis: 0 56.63 113.27 169.9 226.54 283.17 Hm: 103.63 103.63 103.63 100.58 9144 67.06 bhp: 135160205 255330. 330 Solution: The efficiencies are computed from 7 = pgQH/(746 bhp) and are as follows: Q 0 36.63 113.27 169.9 226.54 283.17 1” 0 048 0.751 0.879 0.824 0.755 Thus the BEP is, even without a plot, close to Q = 169.9 L/s. Ans. The specific speed is ysel/2 ye Qe? _ 213410.1699)" 577 Ans, He = 100.58)" N For estimating Qmax, the last three points fit a Power-law to within 20.5% H = 103.63- 164960" =0 if Q=352L/s=Qusy, Ans.16 11.31. If the scaling laws are applied to the Byron Jackson pump of Prob. 11.30 for the same impeller diameter, determine (a) the speed for which the shut-off head will be 85m; (b) the speed for which the BEP flow rate will be 226.5 L/s; and (c) the speed for which the BEP conditions will require 80 horsepower. Solution: From the table in Prob. 11.30, the shut-off head at 2134 rpm is 103.63 m. Thus 2134(85/103.63) If D,=D,, a) =n,(H,/H,)!? 933 rpm Ans. (a) If QF=8 sia ny = n,(Q5/ QF) = 2134(226.5 / 169.9) = 2845 rpm Ans. (b) s Finally, if pi = 2 (water) and the diameters are the same, then Power * n°, or, at BEP, ny = n,(P¥/P{*)!? = 2134(80/255)" = 1430 rpm Ans. (©) P11.32 A pump, geometrically similar to the 96.5-cin-diameter model in Fig. 11.7, has a diameter of 60.96 cm and is to develop 300 bhp at BEP when pumping gasoline (not water). Determine (c) the appropriate speed, in r/min; (b) the BEP head; and (c) the BEP flow rate Solution: For water, ; = 1000 kg/m*. For gasoline, from Table A.3, p) = 680 kg/m’, From Fig. 11.7a, read, as best you can, the BEP properties P, = 1250 bhp ; O, = 75.7 m/min: Hy = 69m: m = 710 rpn (a) With the BEP power and the diameter known, the power ratio yields the speed: 3005p 250bip p, by 3, 60.96 cnrs 96.5 cm or (191-10) n3 = 024, solve ny = 1080 Ans(a) 2 2 min (6, ¢) With n, known, the head and flow rate at BEP follow from the scaling laws 1080,» 60.96 ie es (69)(0.923) = 64m —Ans.(b) dD; 1080, 60.963 OQ, 75.70 i min 1m Dy 710° 96.5 Q, = (75.7)(0.383) = 29 m? / min Ans.(c) These answers have a slight uncertainty due to the difficulty of reading Fig. 11.7b.7 11.33 A centrifugal pump with backward-curved blades has the following measured performance when tested with water at 20°C: Q,mimin: 0 151 3.03 454 606 7.57 9.08 Hom 375 35.05 3292 30.78 2835 2467 189 P. hp: 300-36 40k C Tad (a) Estimate the best efficieney point and the maximum efficiency. (b) Estimate the most efficient flow rate, and the resulting head and brake horsepower, if the diameter is doubled and the rotation speed increased by 50% Solution: (a) Convert the data above into efficiency. For example, at Q = 1.51 m/min. JH _ (9790 Nim? (1.51/60 m*s)(35.05 m) P (36x 746 W) When converted, the efficiency table looks like this: Q. m/min: 0 Ls 3.03 4.54 6.06 757 9.08 n, %: 0 32% = 55% = 69% 80% 85% 82% So maximum efficiency of 85% occurs at Q = 7.57 m/min. Ans. (a) (b) We don’t know the values of Cg or Cy or Cp , but we can set them equal for conditions 1 (the data above) and 2 (the performance when n and D are changed): © 15n,F ODP or Hy = 9H, =9Q24.67 m)=222m Ans. (b) chee pm:D?— pmD;— pil.Sn QD," or: P, = 108P, = 108(48hp)=5180hp Ans. (b) 11.34. The data of Prob. 11.33 correspond to a pump speed of 1200 r/min. (Were you able to solve Prob. 11.33 without this knowledge?) (a) Estimate the diameter of the impeller [HINT: See Prob. 11,26 for a clue. (b) Using your estimate from part (a), calculate the BEP parameters Cg.Cj.andCpand compare with Eq. (11.27). (c) For what speed of this pump would the BEP head be 85.34 m? Solution: Yes, we were able to solve Prob. 11.33 by simply using ratios. (a) Prob. 11.26 showed that, for a wide range of centrifugal pumps, the shut-off head Ho =18 0.6U7/g + 6%, where U is the impeller blade tip velocity, U = @D/2. Use this estimate with the shut-off head and speed of the pump in Prob. 11.33: @ = 2:7(1200 rpm/60 = 126 rads, H, = 37.5 m = 0.6{(126D/2)°9.81 m/s?) Solve for D=39.3em Ans. (a) (b) With diameter D = 39.3 cm estimated and speed n = 1200/60 calculate: 20 u/s given, we ean = _ (7.57/60) ms Che 010d: C® (9.81 mis* (24.67 m) 39 ©* 20 18)0.393 my #20 rs)°(0.393 my cy = _US)746 Wp) 9.4 Ans. (b) (998 kgim?)(20 x/s)°(0.393) (©) Use the estimate of C7; to estimate the speed needed to produce 85.34 m of head: 9.81)85.34 m) (0.393 my” Chn39 solve for n= 37.3 1/s=2237 r/min Ans. (c) 11.38 In Prob. P1133, the pump BEP flow rate is 7.57 m’/min, the impeller diameter is 40.64 om, and the speed is 1200 r/min. Scale this pump with the similarity rules,to find (a) the diameter and (b) the speed that will deliver a BEP water flow rate of 15.14 m/min and a had of 54.86 m. (c) What brake horsepower will be required for this new condition? Solution: Take the specific weight of water to be y= 9790 Nim’. Find the efficiency: = (9790. N/m? 7.57 160 mi / 5) (481746 W) 2467) 0851 or 85.1% m= Mz Meanwhile use the scaling laws for BEP flow rate and head: Q _ 157 Q _ 1514 nD? (1200(0.406)? nD? nD? O.81)54.86) gH, __.80(24.67) (1200)° (0.406) Solve simultaneously for D, = 47 em Ans.(a) and = 1548 r/min Ans.(b). (c) Finally, determine the required horsepower (which we could have done above, using m): YQ,H, _ (9790)(15.14 / 6054.86) my 0.853 =159 kW +746 = 213 hp Ans(c)19 11.36 Consider a pump geomettically similar to the 22.9-cm-diameter pump of Fig. P11.36 to deliver 4.54 m/min of Kerosene at 1500 rpm. Determine the appropriate (a) impeller diameter; (b) BEP horsepower; (c) shut-off head; and (d) maximum efficiency. iss Nest soo CM FM Series Fig. P11.36 Performance data for a tamily of centritugal pump impellers. (Courtesy of Taco, Inc., Cranston, Rhode Island.) Solution: For kerosene, take p = 804 kg/m’, whereas for water p~ 1000 kg/m’, From Fig PIL.36, at BEP, read Q = 2.56 m/min, H® = 23.2 m, and ras = 0.77. Then cf= Oh 2296/60 gaye 0 aD? ~ (1760/60)(0.229) (1500/60)D: Solve for Dy, =29em Ans. (a) 5, Smt off 9.8125.6 m) 98IH, (1760/60)°(0.229* (1500/60)? (0.29)° Solve H,=29.8m Ans. (c) u Moody: +2 (SS =) solve for n, =0.783=78% Ans. (d) (crude estimate) 1-0.77 0.29 Fig. PLL34: Read H*=23.2 m, whence 281 Meee 0.2997 or He, 804(9.81)(4.54/ 60)(27.1) Then Phy = 783 = 2.07 kW +746 = 27.7 bhp Ans. (b)20 11.37 A 46-cm-diameter centrifugal pump, running at 880 rev/min with water at 20°C, generates the following performance data: Qmmin; 00 757 15.14 2271 30.28 37.85 Hm: 28.04 27.13 25.60 23.77 20.73 15.24 Php: 100 «112, 1304S 13, n: 0% 40% 65% ~=—83% «= BB% = 78% Determine (a) the BEP: (b) the maximum efficiency: and (c) the specific speed. (d) Plot the required input power versus the flow rate Solution: We have computed, the efficiencies and listed them, The BEP is the next- to-last point. Q = 30.28 m/min, mMmax =, 88%. Ans. (a, b) The specific speed is N's = nQ*!2(gH*)54 = (880/60)(30.28/60)!7/[9.81(20.73)]}"4 = 0.193. or Ns = 498.4 (probably a centrifugal pump). Ans. (©) The plot of input horsepower versus flow rate is shown below—there are no surprises in this plot. Ans. (@) zB 200 5 _— £ tcorh a ee . 20 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Q, gal/min - . 3 P11.38 The pump of Prob. P11.37 has a maximum efficiency of 88% at 30.28 m°/min. (a) Can we use this pump, at the same diameter but a different speed, to generate a BEP head of 45.72 m and a BEP flow rate of 37.85 m*/min? (6) If uot, what diameter is appropriate? Solution: We are still pumping warer, p = 1000 kg/m?. Try scaling laws for head and then for flow: m H, =20.73m; 0, = 30.28". S6bip ; Dy = 46cm: min ni, =8807pm = 14.7 c » m= 218" = 1307 (from the head) ? s min = 1103 — (fiom the flow rate) < om = 18.4 min21 These rotation rates are not the same. Therefore we must change the diameter. Ans.(a) (0) Allow for a different diameter in both head and flow rate sealing: H. A, 2073 Q, _ 37.85 QO, 3028 % Solve simultaneously to obtain ny, =23.7 r/s = 1425 rpm Dy = 42.2. cm Ans(b) The power required increases to 430 bhp. 11.39 Consider the wo pumps of Problems P1130 and P1137, respectively. If the diameters are not changed, which is more efficient for delivering water at 11.36 m°/imin and a head of 122 m?- What is the appropriate rotation speed for the better pump? Solution: Unless we are brilliant, what can we do but try them both? The scaling law for constant diameter states that Q is proportional to m, and H is proportional to n°. The pump of Prob. P11.30 has BEP at Q* = 169.9 Lis and H* = 100.58 m. Scale from there Q 136 n Q, 0.17x60° my 21347 / min’ Nyy _ 2380 H, 10058, 2134 Solve ny #2380r/ min Solve H,=125m It seems that the Prob. P11.30 pump can do the job quite well. Answer: Try the Prob. P1L.37 pump, whose BEP is at Q* = 30.28 m’/min and H* = 20.73 m. Then Soe ny = 330r/ min a ?, Solve Hy =2.9m This is not just worse, itis ridiculous ~ too slow, almost no head, totally inefficient.22 11.40 A 17.5-cm pump, running at 3500 rpm, has the measured performance at right for water at 20°C. (a) Estimate the horsepower at BEP. If this pump is rescaled in water 0 provide 20 bhp at 3000 pm, determine the appropriate (b) impeller diameter; (c) flow rate; and (4) efficieney for this new condition Q.Limin, 190-379 568-757-946 1136 1325 1514 1703 Hm: 613 61 604 591 576 552 SIS 475 424 0, %: 2 50) 6400 720C77 80 BLT TH Solution: The BEP of 81% is at about Q = 1325 L/nin and H = 51.5 m. Hence the power is pe _ PEQ*H _ 998(9.81)(1.325/ 60)51.5) =13,746.3 W+746=18.4 bhp Ans. (a) Ost If the new conditions are 20 hp at n = 3000 rpm = 50 rps, we equate power cocfficicnts: 3 2 20x Ge 13746. 20425 120746 998(3500/60)*(0.175)° 998(50)°D' Solve D,,, =195em — Ans(b) With diameter known, the flow rate is computed from BEP flow coefficient: ve 1325/60 2 = 1g o796 2 nD* ~ (3500/60)(0.175)° 50(0.195 Solve Q*=157.0L/min Ans. (c) Finally, since Dy = D2, we can assume the same maximum efficiency: 81%. Ans. (d) 11.41 The Allis-Chalmers D30LR centrifugal compressor delivers 934.46 m°/nin of SO2 with a pressure change from 96.53 to 124.11 kPa absolute using an 800-hp motor at 3550 vimin. What is the overall efficieney? What will the flow rate and Ap be at 3000 r/min? Estimate the diameter of the impeller. Solution: For S02, take M = 64.06, hence R = 8314/64.06 = 130 m°(s"K). Then 934.46 Ap = 124.11-96.53 = 27.58 kPa, Power = QAp = 27 53( ) +746 = 576 hp delivered Then 1) = Proiverea/Pyowy = 576/800 ™ 72% Ans. (a) If n, = 3000 1pm, Q, =0,{2) =934.46 n, (nm =790 m3 /min Ans. (b) Ap, = Ap,(nz/n,) To estimate impeller diameter, we have little to go on except the specifie speed.10.52 KPa 5 04 keim?, He AP = = 956 m, Paves = 1 30(989) pz 2.94(9.81) m rpm(m/min)* _ 3550[934.46]° 631: Fig. PLLSI: Co = im) (956)* 34 i Cmdely, C3 =0.45 ee solve for Disseye, = 840m Ans. (d) Clearly this last part depends upon the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the student. 11.42 The specific speed Ns, as defined by Eq. (11.30), does not contain the impeller diameter. How then should we size the pump for a given N;? Logan [7] suggests a parameter called the specific diameter Ds, which is a dimensionless combination of Q, (gH), and D. (a) If Ds is proportional to D, determine its form. (b) What is the relationship, if any, of Ds to Cos, Crs, and Cos? (c) Estimate Ds for the two pumps of Figs. 11.8 and 11.13. Solution: If we combine Cg and Ci in such a way as to eliminate speed 1, and also to make the result linearly proportional to D, we obtain Logan’s result a sya * Specific diameter D, — Ans.(a) Dy = Be Ans.(b) CQ (c) For the pumps of Figs. 11.8 and 11.13, we obtain (5.0)* (1.07)"* rigs = 441 Dyngatss™ G55) 7137 Ans. (0.115) 11.43 It is desired to build a centrifugal pump geomettically similar to Prob. 11.30 (data below) to deliver 24.61 m'/min of gasoline at 1060 rpm. Estimate the resulting (a) impeller diameter; (b) head; (¢) brake horsepower; and (d) maximum efficiency Qm min; 0 34 68 102 136 17 Am: 103.6 103.6 1036 1006 914 67.1 bhp: 135 160 205-255-330 330 Solution: For gasoline, take p = 680 kglm?, From Prob. 11.30, BEP occurs at Q* = 169.9 L’s, max ¥ 0.88. The data above are for = 2134 rpm = 35.6 rps and D = 37.1 cm. Then CR = —947__ 9.0935 2_24-61/60 35.6(0.371) (1060/60)D- Solve for Dy. =63em Ans. (a) imp 2 9.81H ci = 2810006) 5 6 u 1060/60)" (0.63) #* 35.6) (0.371) solve for H=71m_ Ans. (b)24 Step-up the efficieney with Moody’s correlation, Eq, (11.29a), for Di = 37.1 em: ay" 1-088 (D,} ~ $800.8D24.6Y60K7D _ 917.957 4.746= 291 bhp Ans.) “4 ) =0.877, solve for 1, = 0.895 _ £2Q0H, Ton 0.895 11.44 A 20-cm model pump delivering water at 82.2°C at 3.03 m°/min and 2400 rpm begins to cavitate when the inlet pressure and velocity are 82.74 kPa and 6.1 m/s, respectively. Find the required NPSH of a prototype which is 4 times larger and runs at 1000 rpm. Solution: For water at §2.2°C, take pg = 9521 Nim} and py = 76.6 kPa. From Eq. 11.19, 82.74 - 76.6)kPa, (6. yg 9521 208) py? > Similarity: NPSH ng = PSH, "| (3) =254( 00) ( Dp ‘0 1145 The 7l-cu-dianeter pump in Fig. 11.7a at 1170 r/min is used to pump water at 20°C through a piping system at 53 m/min, (a) Determine the required brake horsepower. The average friction factor is 0.018. (b) If there is 19.8 m of 30.5-em-diameter pipe upstream of the pump. how far below the snrface should the pump inlet be placed to avoid cavitation? Fig. 11.78 Solution: For water at 20°C, take pg = 9790 Nim} and py = 2.35 kPa, From Fig. 11.7a (above), at 71 cm and 53 m*/min, read H= 97.5 m, = 081, and P= 1400 bap. Ans. Or Required bip = LEG, 979053 60V97.5) = 1040943 = 746 = 13% . 7 O81 1040943 + 746 = 1395 bhp Ans. From the figure, at 53 m°/min, read NPSH = 7.6 m. Assuming pa = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa, 101300 - 23 Pa=Ps 11.20; NPSH=2e=Pe_z, py, = 00720 7 * poe 9790 * _o 360 A" Gao 7S so: Z,=10.11-76-0018{ 198 i] 0.305} | =-5.94m Ans,25 11.46 The pump of Prob. 11.30 is scaled up to a 45.7-cm-diameter, operating in water at BEP at 1760 xpm. The measured NPSH is 4.88 m, and the fiction loss between the inlet and the pump is 6.71 m, Will it be sufficient to avoid cavitation if the pump inlet is placed 2.74 m below the surface of a sea-level reservoir? Solution: For water at 20°C, take pg = 9790 Nim? and py = 2.35 kPa. Since the NPSH is given, there is no need to use the similarity laws. Merely apply Eq. 11.20. - 300 — 2354 NPSHsPA=Pe_ 7. hhg, on Z,= 1O1800= 2550 - 671-488 =-148 m, OK, po i 9790 2.74m Ans. Zscrat This works. Putting the inlet 2.74 m below the surface gives 1.26 m of margin against cavitation. 1147 Determine the specific speeds of the seven Taco, Ine. pump impellers in Fig. P11.26, Are they appropriate for centrifugal designs? Are they approximately equal within experimental uncertainty? If not, why not? Solution: Read the BEP values for each impeller and make a little table for 1160 rpm: D,em 254 27 279 292 305 318 329 Q*, m/min: 148159 167) -L74)«182 1932 He, m: 1 B4 49 171 183 201 219 Specific speed Ns: 212 209 198 182,177,170 162 These are well within the centifugal-pump range (Ns < 600) but they are not equal because they are not geometrically similar (7 different impellers within a single housing). Ans. 11.48 The answer to Prob. 11.42 is that the dimensionless “specifi diameter” takes the form Ds = D(gH*)!Q*!, evaluated at the BEP. Data collected by the writer for 30 different pumps indicates, in Fig. P1148, that Ds correlates well with specific speed Ns. Use this figure to estimate the appropriate impeller diameter for a pump which delivers 75.71 m/min of water and a head of 122 m running at 1200 rev/min. Suggest a curve-fit formula to the data (Hint: a hyperbola).26 18 16 144 12 0 75 190 225 300, 575 450825, Fig, P11.48 Solution: We see that the data are very well correlated by a single curve. (NOTE: These are all centrifugal pumps—a slightly different comelation holds for mixed- and axial-flow pumps.) The data are well fit by a hyperbola’ Figure PLAS: D,» Cost where Const =1170£75 Ans. For the given pump-data example, we compute (epm)(m?/min)? _ 1200(75.71)" 22)" = 284.4, 4 1170 4 j= PO S27 soive D=78.543em Ans. 284.4 (75.760) P1149 A pump must be designed to deliver 6 m’/s of water against a head of 28 m. The specified shaft speed is 20 r/s, What type of pump do you recommend? Solution: Change units to suit the practicing-engineer version of specific speed: 6m’) 360 m*/min, 20 r/s = 1200 r/min. Then the specific speed is (pm)? / min)? 200 rpm360 n° / min)? (#-m)* (28m)54 N, = 1871 From Fig. 11.11a, an axial-flow pump is appropriate for this job. Ars.27 11,30 A commercial pump runs at 1750 r/min and delivers, near BEP, a flow of 8.71 m/min and a head of 40 m. (a) What type of pump is this? (b) Estimate the impeller diameter using the data of Prob. P1148. (c) Estimate Cg* and add another data point to Fig. PILSL Solution: (2) To find the type of pump from Fig. 11.11, we need the head in feet: H= 40 m. Then we can calculate the waditional (dimensional) specific speed: (rpm? | min)? _ (1750rpmy8.71m? / min)? 2325 (Hin)? (40m)?* 325 From Fig. 11.11, this is a centrifugal pump. Ans. (a) (b) Use Fig. P11.48 to estimate the specific diameter and hence the impeller diameter. The curve-fit recommended in the solution to Prob. P11.48 is ut / , D, = 170 1170 3 69 Digity = DUO ST m/s" 40 " © Ns Q (8.71/60 m? / sy Solve for Diyyoue ©3Lem — Ans.(b) The accuracy is unusually good, not typical. The actual impeller diameter was 31 cm! (c) Calculate the flow coefficient, which we are told is near BEP: (871/603 /s) - oem tS) 607 1750 / 60r /s\(0.31 my Add this point to Fig. P1151 at Ny= 325.5 and we have an excellent fit to the other data. ILS1_ Data collected by the waiter for flow coefficient at BEP for 30 different pumps are plotted at right in Fig. P1151. Determine if the values of C§ fit this correlation for the pumps of Problems P11.26, P11.30, P11.37, and P1140. Ifso, suggest a curve fit formula. Solution: Make a table of these values: 0.400, st 0350 ‘Da fom 30 ciferent pump desians 0.300 0.250 % 0200 5 0.4180 0.100 + 0.050 ee 0.005 «| 07s 150 228 300378430525 Ns Fig. P11.51 Flow coefficient at BEP for 80 commercial pumps.28 Q* m/min Diem n,rpm Ns Cg=Q*/@D') Prob. 11.30: 10.19 37.1 2134 2M 0.0935 Prob. 11.37: 30.28 45.7 880. 498 0.361 Prob. 11.40: 1.32 174 3500-210 0.0716 Prob. P1126: 174 292 1160182 0.0602 Ans. When added to the plot shown below, all four data points seem to fit quite well. The data are useful for predicting general centrifugal-pump behavior and are well fit to either a 2nd-order polynomial or a single-term Power-law slightly less than parabolic: Polynomial: C§ =1.31E-4N, +1.1SE-6N; ; (Conelation R? =0.99) Ans. Power CX =2.58E - 6N}*" -500 0 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 Ns. 11.52 Data collected by the writer for power coefficient at BEP for 30 different pumps are plotted at right in Fig. P11.52. Determine if the values of C§, for the FOUR pumps of Prob. 11.51 above fit this correlation. Solution: Make a table of these values, similar to Prob. 11.52: 2 1s Dats fom 30 different pump designs . 04 075 150-25 30037550525 Ns Fig. P11.52 Power coefficient at BEP for 80 commercial pumps.29 P* bhp = D,em_—nrpm)—Ns_— C= P*/(pn°D*) Prob. 11.30: 255 37.1 21344 0.602 Prob. 11.37: 156 45.7 880498 185 Prob. 11.40: 18.5, 4 3500 210 0436 Prob. P11.26: 87 29.2 1160 182 0.423 Ans. When added to the plot shown below, all four of them seem to fit reasonably well. The data are moderately useful for predicting general centrifugal-pump behavior and can be fit to either a 2nd-order polynomial or a single-term Power-law: Polynomial: Cj =1.41E-3N, + 4.22E-6N? > (poorer comtelation, R? = 0.96) Ans. Power-law: C}=1.25E-4N!>” 2 lourve-rit 15 New data| ° ce 1 0.5 ° o 75 18025300 875 5D BH Ns 11.53 An axial-flow pump delivers 1.13 m/s of air which enters at 20°C and | atm. The flow passage has a 25.4-cm outer radius and a 20.3-em inner radius. Blade angles are on = 60° and 2 = 70°, and the rotor runs at 1800 rpm. For the first stage, compute (a) the head rise; and (b) the power required Solution: Assume an average radius of (25.4 + 20.3)/2 = 22.9 om and compute the blade speed \(0.229)=432 ®. vy, Q. s A n[(0.254, =154™ =(0.203"]) 7s Ugg = yyy = Theory: gH =u? - uVa(cotan + cot 62) = (43.2)? = 43.2(15.4)(cot60° + cot 70°), H=1264m Ans. (a) 101300 Pasay * PEE = [sera le 81)(1.13)(126.4) = 1688 + 746 = 2.26 hp Ans. (b)30 11.54 An axial-flow fan operates. in sea- level air at 1200 r/min and has a blade-tip $5 diameter of | m and a root diameter of 80 cm. The inlet angles are oa = 55° and fi = 30° Kev while at the outlet 2 = 60°. Estimate the u theoretical values of the (a) flow rate, (b) horse-power, and (c) outlet angle az. Solution: For air, take p = 1.205 kg/m? The average radius is 0.45 m. Thus — vo— Fig. P11.54 usoR= (120025) (0.45) =56.6 ™ = V, (cot cy + cot f,) = V,3(cot a, + cot B:) s 36.6 =232 ™ and @,=283° Ans.(c) Solve Vy, = Vy2 =z cot 55° + cot 30° s Then Q=V,A=(23.2)[{(0.5) —(0.4)"}] = 6.56 ~ Ans. (a) gH =u? -uV, (cote, + cot By) = (56.6)° - 56.6(23.2)(cot 55° + cot 60°) = 1520 m?/s* Finally, P = pQgH = 1.205(6.56)(1520) = 12,000 W Ans. (b) 11.55 Figure P11.48 is an example of a centrifugal pump correlation, where Dy is defined in the problem. Logan [3] suggests the following correlation for axial-flow pumps and fans: for > 1200 where Ns is the dimensional specific speed, Eq. (11.300). Use this comelation to find the appropriate size for a fan that delivers 11.33 m”'s of air at sea-level conditions when runing at 1620 rin with a pressure rise of 2 inches of water. [HINT: Express the fan head in feet of air, not feet of water.] Solution: At sea level, take pyie = 1.2255 kgim®, Convert st = 1620 r/min = 27 r/s, Convert the head H into metre of air: Ap 2 2 1000 kg / n°} 9.81. /s"}0.05 0) 49 99 1 of air 5 kg/m \(9.81 m/s?) ater 8AM Hay = = Pair Par a2 Now compute the dimensional specific speed of the fan: _ (rpm)(n J min)? _ (1620)(11.33 x 60)? (n of heady 40.82)" = 2615 — (yes, axial flow) Finally, use Logan's correlation to find the specific diameter and hence the fan size: 518 D(gH)* _ D{O81m/s*(40.820" (2615)° Qe Solve for Dy, = 86em 1431 P1L.56 It is desired to pump 1.42 m°/s of water at a speed of 22 1/s, against a head of 24.4 m, (@ What type of pump would you recommend? Estimate (5) the required impeller diameter and (c) the brake horsepower Solution: Evaluate the specific speed O=142 M/s -n=2 1320 rpm ; H = 244m (OK) r s (epm)(ne / min)? _ (1320rpm)(1.42 x 60)? any ~ (24.4 m4 From Fig. L.La, this pump should have a mixed-flow impeller. Ans.(a) (b) The writer estimated impeller diameter from the “specific diameter” correlation in Prob. 11.55: 1110 4 Weg 5 BG units: D, = 2US#) PSIG mI” = 1s oe = 173 (1.a2)'? e483 110) 1.192 Solve Dy = (TING g55) = S2eM Ans (6) (©) According to Fig. 11.1la, a really good mixed-flow impeller, N, = 1110, would have an efficiency of about 92 per cent. Thus we can estimate the power requized: _ YOH _ (9790N/ m\1.42 nF /s\(24.4 m) input 0.92 = 368,700 = 494 bhp ns.(c) P11.57 Suppose that the axial-flow pump of Fig. 11.13, with D = 45.7 em , runs at 1800 3 rinin, (a) Could it efficiently pump 94.64 mr’ /min of water? (0) Ifso, what head would result? (c) Ifa head of 36.6 m is desired, what values of D and n would be better? Solution: Convert 1 = 1800 min = 30 vs. ‘The flow coefficient at BEP is approximately 0.55 Check this against the data QO _ (94.64/60 m/s) =< + = 0.55 (Yes, this is at BEP) Ans.(a) nD> (307 /sX0.457) (b) Since we are at BEP, we can use the BEP head coefficient to get H: eH (8DH Cys = 1.07 Solve H=20.5m — Ans.(b) wD? (30)°(0.457) (0) For D = 45.7 em, H = 366 m is far off BEP, Cy = 1.9, efficiency only 40 per cent. So let diameter be unknown and set both head and flow coefficients equal to BEP values: 4.64 / 60 mt} / (94.64 oom XQ. Cys = 107 = (9.8136.6) nD oD? c or = 055 = Solve simultaneously for = 46.35 = 2780". D=39.6em Ans.(c) s min32 11.58 A pump is needed to deliver 151.4 m/min of gasoline at 20°C against a head of 27.4 m. Find the impeller size, speed, and brake horsepower needed to use the pump families of (a) Fig. 11.8; and (b) Fig. 11.13. Which is the better design? Solution: For gasoline, take p = 680 kg/m, (a) For the centrifugal design, C3 = 0.115 == Solve for u=4.24 sps=255rpm and Dapeng, =1-73m Ans. (a) P® = CSpn'D? = 0.65(680)(4.24)°(1.73) +746 = 699 bhp —Ans.(a) (b) For the axial-flow design, Fig. 11.13, 51.4/ 60 bee x os “ 9.81274) Ch =0.55 = . Ch=1o7 = EM) ° nD’ " or n=1768rpm, D=54em Ans.(b) $pn‘D° = 0,70(680)(29.5)°(0.54)° + 746 = 752 bhp Ans. () low design (b) is far better for this system: smaller and faster. Ans. Pes The axi 11.59 Performance data for a 53.3-cm-diameter air blower running at 3550 rpm are shown below. What is the specific speed? How does the performance compare with Fig. 11.13? What are C§.Ch. Ch? ap,mH20: 0.74 0.76071. 0830.28 Q,mmin: 14.15 28.32 56.63 84.95 113.27 bhp 6 8 2 18s Solution: Assume L-atm air, p= 1.2 kg/m’, Convert the data to dimensionless form and put the results into a table: Ap, kPa: 7.26 746 6.96 52 2.45 Q, min: 14.15 28.32 56.63 $4.95 113.27 Q. mis: 0.236 0.472 0.944 1416 1.888 H, m (of air): 617 634 591 442 208 CQ 0.0263 0.0527 0.105 0.158 0.211 Cu: 6.09 6.25 5.83 436 2.05 Ce: 0419 0.837 1.256 1.744 0.382 0548 0.248 Close enough without plotting: C§ = 0.108, Cij = 5.83, C3 = 0.837 Ans. 0 rpm)(56.63)! 8 Specific speed N=: 223 Ans. This centrifugal pump is very similar to the dimensionless data of Fig. 11.8. Ans.33 P11.60 Aircraft propeller specialists claim that dimensionless propeller data, when plotted as (CrP) versus (CoP), form a nearly straight line, y = mx + b. (a) Test this hypothesis for the data of Fig. 11.16, in the high-efficiency range J = (nD) equal to 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8. (5) If suecessfill, use this straight line to predict the rotation rate 7, in r/min, for a propeller with D = 152 m, P = 30 hp, P= 423 N, and V = 152 kuwh, for sea-level standard conditions. Comment. Solution: For sea-level air, take p= 1.23 kg/m’, The writer read Fig. 11.16 as best he could and came up with the following data, rewritten in the desired form: 5 06 07 os 002 0.00 00002004006 OOK The specialists were correct; this propeller data fits the simple formula 09184 = 1.4532) - 0.0184 pnD Vv? ST asy& F pb F ‘We have all the data except . Convert to BG units: 152 kaw/h 22.380 W. Put these values into our straight-line formula: 222 m/s and 30 hp = 423 22380 = 1.453[ —___—______] - 00184 , (.23)(1.52)7 (42.222 (1.23) m(1.52)°(42.222)7 or: 0.0835 = 2% oie, n= 228 2 gi = 2480 ans n 0.102 5 min This is reasonably accurate and close to maximum efficiency, VinD = 0.68. However, beware! This clever correlation has reduced the propeller data from three variables (Cr, Ca, and VinD) to only two (Cr/F and C»/F°), without any theoretical justification. Thus. information is lost. Do not use this straight line as a general problem solver. twill fail miserably if fed with data that does not match the conditions in Fig. 11.16.34 11.61 Suppose it is desired to deliver 19.82 m/min of propane gas (molecular weight = 44.06) at I atm and 20°C with a single-stage pressure rise of 20.3 em H30. Determine the appropriate size and speed for using the pump families of (a) Prob. 11.59 and (b) Fig. 11.13 ‘Which is the better design? Solution: For propane, with M = 44.06, the gas constant R = 8314/44,06 = 188.7 m*(s"-K). Convert Ap = 20.3 em Hz0 = (9790)(0.203) = 1.987 kPa. The propane density and head rise are _p 101300 Pa gay Ke. Pes RE 188.7093) 718? ae Hence Hyun = —_1987 110.56 m propane 981) 2 (@) Prob. 11.57 ro.0s = PS and Cha. Solve for n=28.41ps=1704rpm and D=48em Ans. (a) (centtifugal pump) (b) Fig, 1.13: C%=0.55 and Ci =1.07 yield a=13900rpm, D=13.7em Ans. (b) (axial flow) ‘The centrifugal pump (a) is the better design—nice size, nice speed. The axial flow pump is much smaller but runs too fast. Ans. P11.62. Performance curves for a certain fiee propeller, comparable to Fig. 11.16, can be plotted as shown in Fig. P11.62, for thrust Z versus speed V for constant power P. (a) What is striking, at least to the writer, about these curves? (5) Can you deduce this behavior by rearranging, or replotting, the data of Fig. 11.16? (6230) 2007 (5310) me ecrt an z 40) Teeny Bm Fig. P11.62 E «con (780) (890) o @ ry ry aio 30 to Speed ks Solution: (a) The three curves look exactly alike! In fact, we deduce, for this propeller, that the thrust, at constant speed, is linearly proportional to the horsepower! This implies that the dimensionless thrust, Cz, is proportional to the dimensionless power, Cp, for this propeller. We can go back and see shar this is not the case for Fig. 11.16.35 (0) Here is a plot of thrust versus speed for the actual data of Fig. 11.16. We see that the curves are similar in shape, but the thrust is of proportional to the horsepower. 47s.(3) Data plotted from Figure 11.16 oe 125 hp 25h» =t— 375 hp. 0 30 eo 0 po Speed = mis 11.63 A mine ventilation fan delivers 500 m/s of sea-level air at 295 rpm and Ap = 1100 Pa. Is this fan axial, centrifugal, or mixed? Estimate its diameter in feet. If the flow rate is increased 50% for the same diameter, by what percent will Ap change? Solution: For sea-level air, take pg = 11.8 Nim}, hence H = Ap/pg = 1100/11.8 = 93 m, calculate the specific speed: spm(m? min)? _ 295(500 x 60)" Nad ope 71706 (axiakflow pump) _Ans.(a 500 m*/s % 205522 =5. Esimate C= 055 = Ber Eiypt> Solve Diapae = 57m Ans(b) At constant D, Q = n and Ap (or H) « n®. Therefore, if Q increases 50%, so does n, and therefore Ap inereases as (1.5)? = 2.25, or a 125% inerease. Ans. (c) 11.64 The actual mine-ventilation fan in Prob, 11.63 had a diameter of 6.1 m [Ref. 20, p. 339] ‘What would be the proper diameter for the pump family of Fig. 11.14 to provide 500 m/s at 295 rpm and BEP? What would be the resulting pressure rise in Pa? Solution: For sea-level air, take pg = 11.8 Nim*, As in Prob. 11,63 above, the specific speed of this fan is 1706, hence an axial-flow fan. Figure 11.14 indicates an efficiency of about 90%, and the only values we know for performance are from Fig. 11.13 N, =1800: C3 =0.55 = 20 sotve D, 9560" =5.7m_ Ans.(a) * - (295/60)? (6.1) #107, H= 107 223606) Ch = 107, H=107 OS Ap = (11.8)(98) =1160Pa Ans. (b) =98m,36 P1165 We want to pump 70°C water at 76 m/min and 1800 r/min. Estimate the type of pump, the horsepower required, and the impeller diameter if the required pressure rise for one stage is (a) 170 kPa and (b) 1350 kPa Solution: For water at 70° ake p = 978 ke/n*. Evaluate the specific speed: (a) Ap=170kPa = = = 17.72 ps (9789.81) ye xpmy(a® f min)? (omy 2 = 180076)" giz @ 17.72)9'4 From Fig. 11.11(a), we select axial-flow pump. Assume that the pump has efficiency, 7 = 0.9. we then require p= PROH _ (9T8X9.81K76 / 60)(17.72) 7 09 = 2.4ESW = 321 hp @ From Fig. 11.13 (NV, = 1800), oS =0.55 3 16/60 (rps)D> (1800/ 60).D*) D=425em — (a) (b) Ap = 1350 kPa = (1:350,000) (9789.81) (1:800\(76)" (40.7997 From Fig. 11.11(a), we select centrifirgal pump p= 278X9.81)(76 / 60)(140.71) = 140.71 m 384 0) =19MV=2547hp — (b) 09 From Fig. PLL49 (W,=743), C= 0.23 = 70/00 __ (1800/60)D> (ed. 6th) D=568cm — (b) P1L.66 A good curve-fit to the head vs. flow for the 81.3 em pump in Fig. 11.7a is H(in m) = 152.4 = (204£-2)07 . Qinm/min Assume the same rotation rate, 1170 r/min, and estimate the flow rate this pump will provide to deliver water from a reservoir, through 274.3 m of 30.5-cm pipe, to a point 45.7 m above the reservoir surface, Assume a friction factor f= 0.019.37 Solution: The system head would be the elevation change, 45.7 m, plus the friction head loss: 5: 28 ena ll? F puny = VS2A ~ (6.1TE~ 3) Q? = A cem = BE + D2 245.74 (Hosa 10.305)" (601), 2.81) or: 152.4 = (6.17E-3)Q? = 45.7 + (4.53E -2)07 3 sone O° = 1987 _ 25073, g 245s ans min This is not a BEP match, but the efficiency is about 75%, not too bad. 11.67 A leaf blower is essentially a centtifugal impeller exiting to a tube. Suppose that the tube is smooth PVC pipe, 1.22 m long, with a diameter of 6.35 cm. The desired exit velocity is 117.5 km/h in sea-level standard air. If we use the pump family of Eq. (11.27) to drive the Dlower, what approximate (a) diameter and (b) rotation speed ate appropriate? (¢) Is this a good design? Solution: Recall that Eq, (11.27) gave BEP coefficients for the pumps of Fig. 11.7: Ch HOLS; Ci 5.0; Cp 0.65 Apply these coefficients to the leaf-blower data, Neglect minor losses, that is, let the pump head match the pipe friction loss. For air, take p= 1.2 kgim? and jr = 1.8E-5 kgims Convert 117.5 km/h = 32.6 mis. rp? L | 122m )[o5 m/s)" H pyyy = 5.0 FHL R fe enee S981 mis” dyin 28 0.0635 m) | 2(9.81 mi 1 Fo 7Rea) o- i PVs #00635 m)*(32.6 mis) = 0.108 == 0.115nD? s We know the Reynolds number, Rea = pVd/u = (1.2)(32.6)(0.0635)((1.8E-5) = 138,000, and for a smooth pipe, from the Moody chat, calculate famooth = 0.0168. Then H= it = 17.5 m, and the two previous equations can then be solved for Dain 039m; 115 v/s =900r/ min Ans. (a,b) (©) This blower is too slow and too large, a better (mixed or axial flow) pump can be designed. Ans. (c)38 11.68 A 29.2-cm diameter centrifugal pump, running at 1750 rev/min, delivers 3.22 m°/min and a head of 32 m at best efficiency (82%). (a) Can this pump operate efficiently when delivering water at 20°C through 200 m of 10-em-diameter smooth pipe? Neglect minor losses. (6) If your answer to (a) is negative, can the speed m be changed to operate efficiently? (0) If your answer to (b) is also negative, can the impeller diameter be changed to operate efficiently and still run at 1750 rev/min? Solution: For water at 20°C, take p= 998 kg/m? and =0.00] kg/m-s. Convert: Q = 3.22 m”/min = 0.0536 m*/s. Compute Rep and fi Q_ 0.0536 . . PVD _ 998(6.83)(0.1) _ A’ (a/4O.1? 5 681,000; u ay? f smh = 0.0125 6.83": Rep = 5 (a) Now compute the friction head loss at 850 gal/min and see if it matches the pump head. =, 200m, (6.83m / 5 25) 200m yp 83m sy 002 308im/5) 59.21 # Iipinp The answer to part (a) is No, the pump will operate far off-design to lower the flow rate and Ny (b) Can we just change the pump speed? This answer is also No. At BEP, (gH/n’D*) is constant, therefore pump head is proportional to n°. But the pipe friction loss is also approximately proportional to 17. Thus, for any speed n, the pipe head will always be about twice as large as the pump head and not operate efficiently. Avs.(b) (c) Can we change the impeller diameter, still at 1750 rev/min, and operate efficiently? This time the auswer is Yes. First note the BEP dimensionless parameters, n = 1750/60 = 29.2 aps: 3 (0.0536m"/5) __ gy o73g (29.215)(0.292m)* roo Now combine these with the fact that fi; is approximately proportional to n°. In ST units, , "D> se hi (an) = 206000" (in m? /s) = Hyp, = 4.33” 77 20600[0.07380 Dy} n cancels, solve for D} = 0.00356 m', D,=0.244m — Ans. (c) This is approximately correct. Check: the pump head is 22.4 m and flow sate is 1.88 m*/min. For this flow rate, the pipe head loss is 22.3 m. Good mateh! Ans.(c) NOTE: Part (c) is aimost independent of n. For example, if n = 20 rev/s, the best efficiency converges to an impeller diameter of 0.24 m, with Q = 1.22 m°/min and H = ty = 10.2 m.39 11.69 It is proposed to run the pump of Prob. 11.37 at 880 xpm to pump water at 20°C through the system of Fig. P11.69. The pipe is 20-om diameter commercial steel. What flow rate in m/min results? Is this an efficient operation? Fig. P11.69 Solution: For water, take p = 998 kgim® and 1 = 0.0010 kg/m's, For commercial steel, take = 0.046 mm, Write the energy equation for the system: 40 [OK 0.2 2(9.81) 11-44 f( 7+10328f0", le in 8 Meanwhile, H, = fenQ)pon iiss and f= fer( Rea) 4 stoodsehart where e/d = 0,046/200 = 0.00023. If we guess f as the fully rough value of 0.0141, we find that Hp is about 25 m and Q is about 0.35 m*/s. To do better would require some very careful plotting and interpolating, or: EES is made for this job! Iteration with EES leads to the more accurate solution f=001456, V=10.8 ™ = 139 hp: $ Fone Q= 20.44 m/min Ans. The efficiency is 78%, considerably off the maximum of 88% - not a very good system fit. Ans. Here is a plot of the pump and system curves: 4572 40 [=e Ppa 38.1 pane a fiction 2048 5 2286 1s24 10 Bd ein 102 40 ° _ ‘ 0 GH SI) G27) GO28) G78) Q- m/min40 11.70. The pump of Prob. 11.37, running at 880 r/min, is to pump water at 20°C through 75 m of horizontal galvanized-iron pipe (¢= 0.15 mm). All other system losses are neglected Determine the flow rate and input power for (a) pipe diameter = 20 em; and (b) the pipe diameter yielding maximum pump efficiency. Solution: (a) There is no elevation change, so the pump head matches the friction y= bY gp Bil LOOT" = 193660". d2g_°02 208) ve But also Hp = fen(Q) from the data in Prob. 11.37. Guessing f equal to the fully rough value of 0.0183 yields Q of about 26.5 m°/min. Use EES to get closer: f= 00185; vewa S Re, 87E6, H,=73m 0 =0.452 mans @) s The efficiency is 87%, not bad! (b) If we vary the diameter but hold the pump at maximum efficiency (Q* = 8000 gal/min), we obtain a best d= 0.211 m. Ans. (b) 11.71 Suppose that we use the axial-flow pump of Fig. 11.13 to drive the leaf blower of Prob. 11.67. What approximate (a) diameter and (b) rotation speed are appropriate? (c) Is this a good design? Solution: Recall that Fig. 11.13 gave BEP coefficients for an axial-flow pump: C3 =0.55; Cj, =1.07; Ch=0.70 Apply these coefficients to the leaf-blower data. Neglect minor losses, that is, let the pump head match the pipe friction loss, For air, take p= 1.2 kg/m? and w= 1.8E-5 kg/m. 122m 122m 32.6 ms)” Notes 2(9.81 mé*) asm f= fReg) Oe pipe 8 3 .193 s = F00635 my .55nD? 6 ms) = We know the Reynolds number, Res = pVd/u = (1.2)(32.6)(0.0635)/((1.8E-5) = 138,000, and fora smooth pipe, from the Moody chant, calculate femoots = 0.0168. Then H= I two equations above can then be solved for: Sm, and the Doysoy = 0-122 m; = 104 1/5 = 6250 r/min Ans. (a, b) This blower is too fast and too small, a better (mixed flow) pump can be designed. Avs. (e)a 11.72 The pump of Prob. 11.40, running at 3500 1pm, is used to deliver water at 20°C through 183 m of cast-iron pipe to an elevation 30.5 m higher. Find (a) the proper pipe diameter for BEP operation; and (b) the flow rate that results if the pipe diameter is 7.5 cm. Q,m*imin: 0.189 0.379 0.568 0.757 0.946 1.136 1325 1.514 1.703 Aw 61.26 60.96 60.35 59.13 57.61 55.17 S151 47.55 42.37 0, %: 29 50 64 2 77 80 Sl 79 74 Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m? and jt = 1.003E-3 N.s/m?, For cast iron, take ¢= 2.59E-4 m. (a) The data above are for 3500 rpm, with BEP at 1.325 m*/min 2 2 Hees sleace fey 23054 pSIO MOP 39549 18F ge ge 21325 2g ad 2981) e 60s Teerate, converses to Rey =2.87E5, =0.00265, f =0.0258, d=98em Ans. (a) (b) Ifd = 7.5 em, the above solution changes to a new flow rate: Cunvesit: H=6126-2.811E5Q"? = 305+ 183 [0 ao" 0.5 + 6.37260" 0.075 208) Iterate or EES: f =0.0277, Re=2.21E5, H=59m 2 1.76 B® Ans. (d) in 11.73 The pump of Prob. 11.30, operating at 2134 rpm, is used with water at 20°C in the system of Fig. P1173. The diameter is 20.3 em. (a) If it is operating at BEP, what is the proper elevation 22? (b) If'z2 = 68.6 m, what is the flow rate? 4572 mot hep csstirn pipe Fig. P11.73 Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m? and j1 = 1.003E~3 N’s/m*, For cast iron take ¢ = 2.59E-4 m, hence ¢/d = 0.00128. (a) At BEP from Prob. 11.30, Q* = 169.9 Lis and He = 100.58 m. Then the pipe head loss can be determined: veg O17 5.25 B Re, = 298NS.25N0.203) =LOGIE6, fyjpasy * 0.0211 (410.203) s 1.003E~3 Moods42 H, 30.5 +66.8 =H* = 100.58 wareth =z ~305 «0.021 Solve for 2) =64.3m Ans. (a) (b) IE z= 68.6 m, the flow rate will be slightly lower and we will be barely off-design: 457.2 V° v Q 0.203 29.81) (/4)(0.203) H=HQ)ray, = Az+ f= 2— = 68.6- 30548 a2 Converges to f=0.0211, V=5.06 ™, H=100.89 m, Q=0.164 m°/s Ans. (b) s 11.74. The pump of Prob. 11.40, running at 3500 r/min, delivers water at 20°C through 2195 m of horizontal 12.7-cm-diameter commercial-steel pipe. There are a sharp entrance, sharp exit, four 90° elbows, and a gate valve, Estimate (a) the flow rate if the valve is wide open and (b) the valve closing percentage which causes the pump to operate at BEP. (c) Ifthe latter condition holds continuously for 1 year, estimate the energy cost at 10 ¢/kWh. Data at 3500 rpm Q.mimin: 0.189 0.379 0.568 0.757 0.946 1.136 1325 1514 1.703 Hm: 61.26 60.96 60.35 59.13 57.61 55.17 S151 47.58 4237 0. %: 29 50 64 7277s 8s TH Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m} and yt = 1.003E-3 N:s/m?. For commercial sfecl, take € = 4.57E-5 m, or e/d = 0,00036, The data above show BEP at 1.325 m/min. The minor losses are a sharp entrance (K = 0.5), sharp exit (K = 1.0), 4 elbows (4 x 0.28), and an open gate valve (K = 0.1), or 3K = 2.72. Pump and systems heads are equal: H, = HQ)rae = 5clis+ 3K] where V = Q/[(7/4)(0.127)7] E =17280 2g The friction factor f= 0.0155 depends slightly upon Q through the Reynolds number. (a) Iterate on Q until both heads are equal. The result is £=0.0176 Re, =227,442, H, = Hy. = 50.62 m, Q=1.368m3/min Ans. (a) (b) Bring Q down to BEP, = 1.325 m/min, by increasing the gate-valve loss, The result is £ = 0.0177, Rea = 220,300, H = 51.51 m, Q = 1.325 m/min, Kvalve = 25.12 (42% open) Ans. (b) (©) Continne case (b) for | year. What does it cost at 10¢ per kWh? Well, we know the power level is exactly BEP, so just figure the energy: p= P2QH _ 9790(1.325/60)(51.51) 1 081 Annual cost = 13.75(365 days*24 hours)($0.1/kWh) = 12,045 Ans. (c) = 13.75 kW=13.8kW43 11.75. Performance data for a small commercial pump are shown below. The pump supplies 20°C water to a horizontal 1.6-cm-diameter garden hose (© = 0.0254 cm), which is 15.2 m long. Estimate (a) the flow rate; and (b) the hose diameter which would cause the pump to operate at BEP. QLimin, 0 379 75.7 113.6 1514 189.3 2271 265 Hm: 229 229 22.6 219 20.7 189 143 73 Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m? and ys = 1.003E-3 N'sim*. Given eld = 0.0254/(1.6) = 0.017, so f(fully rough) = 0.045, Pump and hose heads must equate, including the velocity head in the outlet jet: Vek L_ 152 Q Vpkiyy b =950, V-—2__ Gt} a 0016 Y" Gayoor H, = HQhrase = Haye = (a) Iterate on Q until both heads are equal. The result is: £=0.0467, Re, =50,148, V=3.15 m/s, H=2292m, Q=0.038m*/min Ans. (a) The hose is too small. (b) We don’t know exactly where the BEP is, but it typically lies at about 60% of maximum flow rate (0.6 x 290 = 174.9 L/min). Iterate on hose diameter D to make the flow rate lie between 151.4 and 189.3 L/min, The results are: Q=1514Limin, H=20.7, f=0.0362, Re=103122, Dhose = 3.1 em 170.3 19.8 0.0354 108966 330m Ans. (b) 189.3 189 0.0347 113876 3.5lem 11.76 The Cessna 172 aircraft has a wing area of 16.17 m?, an aspect ratio of 7.38, and a basic drag coefficient Cp. = 0.037. Its propeller, whose data is shown in Fig. 11.16, has a diameter of 1.9 m. If it weighs 10.23 KN and flies at 54.86 m/s at 1500 m standard altitude, estimate (a) the appropriate propeller speed, in rev/min, and (b) the power required. Is the propeller efficient? [1NT: The efficiency is good, but not best.] Solution: At 1500 m altitude, take = 1.0583 kg/n®, The lift and drag are C= WwW NON = 0.397 (1/2)pV7A ~ (1/2)(0.0583 ke / 9 )(54.86 m/s (16.17) Cp = Cpe * & = 0.037 + 0.0068 = 0.0438 a Drag = Thrust = Cp 2V7A = (0.0438) OS 54 86)*(16.17) = 1128 N4a Since T and n are related (strongly), we have to look for the right system match on the performance chart, Fig. 11.16. The HT says it is pretty efficient. Try best efficiency: V__ 54.86 m/s J 20.7 =a OMS for which n= 41 Por Maas wD nd my” nie Cz =0.040, hence T* = Ctpn°D* = (0.040)(1.0583\(41.25)°.9)* = 939 N So the thrust is too small, we need larger C;, hence a smaller J. Iterate to this solution J =0.67 yields n= d3rev (OK, a match) C,=0.044 and T =1122 The appropriate propeller speed is = 43 rev/s = 2580 rev/min. Ans.(a) (b) At = 0.67, read, from Fig. 11.16, C, = 0.029. Then the required power is P= Cppn*D* = (0.029)(1.0583)(43)°(1.9)° = 60,420 = 81 hp Ans.(b) PLL.77 The 93.35-cm pump in Fig. 11.7a is used at 1170 v'min to pump water at 15°C from, a reservoir through 350 m of 30 cm-ID galvanized iron pipe to a point 60 m above the reservoir surface. What flow rate and brake horsepower will result? If there are 15 m of pipe upstream of the pump, how far below the surface should the pump inlet be placed to avoid cavitation? Solution: For galvanized pipe, ¢ = 1.524E~4 m, hence ¢ /d = 5.08E-4. Assume fully-rough flow, with f= 0.0167. The pipe head loss is approximately: LQ! (xd? /4yP ad 2g = 60 + 0.0167(352)[2 a0." 14)" \03 2.81) = 60+ 198.75Q? (Qinm’*/s) hy =Ac+f Curve-fit Fig. 11.7), D=93.35em , H, =202.7-380.12Q? (Qinm*/s) Operating point: H,=h, 60 + 198,75Q? = 202.7 - 308.12 Q=053 m/s @) Fig. 17a: at 15°C, p=999kem?, y= 1.15SE-3 N'sim? p= POH _ (999)(9.81)(0.53)(115.95) 1 =LO4MW=1392hp —()45 Check: f from Moody Chart 3 5) vaQ/a= 3 275m, Rew PHTHOD _j os¢6 z TSE — Zo 4 \" te = 18g [82 + (24) ]. ¢=0017 oH) x Re From Fig. 11.7a, at 0.53 m3/s, NPSH = 7.6 m. Calculate head loss upstream: NPSH =76< 28 Ps _ 101300 ~ 1782 _ 999(9.81) zs Ollm () 11.78 The 81.3-cm-diameter pump in Fig. 11.7a is used at 1170 xpm in a system whose head curve is Hs(m) = 30.5 + 3.19E-2Q", with Q in m*/min, Find the discharge and brake horsepower required for (a) one pump; (b) two pumps in parallel; and (c) two pumps in series. Which configuration is best? Solution: Assume plain old water, pg = 9810 Nim?, A reasonable curve-fit to the pump head is taken from Fig. 11.7a: Hp(m) = 152.4 - 6.38E-3Q?, with Q in m/min, Try each case: (a) One pump: Hp = 152.4 - 6.38E-3Q? = Hs = 30.5 + 3.19E-207: Q= 56.43 m/min Ans. (a) (b) Two pumps in parallel 152.4 - 6.38E-3(Q/2? m/min Ans. (b) (©) Two pumps in series: 2(152.4 - 6.38E-3Q) = 30.5 +3.19E-2@: Q = 78.37 m/min Ans.(0) Clearly case(e) is best, because itis very near the BEP of the pump. Ans. 30.5 + 3.19E-21 » Q = 60.3348 11.79 Two 88.9-cm pumps from Fig. 11.7b are installed in parallel for the system of Fig. PLL.79. Neglect minor losses. For water at 20°C, estimate the flow rate and power required if (a) both pumps are running; and (b) one pump is shut off and isolated. 16 state Kilometer ‘of etion pipe Solem diameter Two pump Fig. P11.79 For water at 20°C, take p = 998 ke/m® and 1 = 1,003E-3 N'sim*, For cast iron, ¢ = 2.59E-4, or e/d = 0.000425. The 88.9-cm pump has the curve-fit head relation H(m) = 71.63 ~ 3.372E-5Q3, with Q in m’/min. In parallel, each pump takes Q/2 Solutio (a) Two pumps: Iterate on Q (for Q/2 cach) until both heads are equal. The results are: £=0.0163, Rey =2.56E6, H, =H, = 69.8 m Quay = 74 m? / min (37 m/min for each pump) Ans. (a) 9790(37/60)(69.8) 0.73 = 11545 5 = 746=1548 bhp Ans. (a) (b) One pump: Iterate on Q alone until both heads are equal. The results are’ £=0.0164, Re=2.3E6, H=61.8 m, Q=66m7/min Ans. (b) P = 9790(66/60\(61.8)/0.87 + 746 =1025 bhp Ans. (b) The pumps in parallel give 12% more flow at the expense of 50% more powera7 P11.80 Suppose that the two pumps in Fig. P11.79 are modified to be in series at 710 vimin, What pipe diameter is required for BEP operation? Sol For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m? and = 1.003E-3 N-sim”. For cast iron ¢ = 2.59E-4 m. The 88.9 cm pump has the BEP values Q* = 68 m°/min, H* = 60 1m. In series, each pump take H/2, so a BEP series operation would match LV? < 1600) [68 / 60 / (xd? / 4)] =2H*= nar fEM 2305 4 (10) (B/N ard Sy Hyg = 2H" = 2060) =A2 +755 sossy( 7} 208 19 = 305» MSL L sos2m J depends on Re = 22 an du Guess, f =0.02, d= Re = 2,761,176 + aS from Moody Chart or 7 + =-18 log | 1.0169 50m new, f = 0.0169, d Re 1.0170 new, f =0.0170, d =0.50m Re = 2,852,869 f= 0017 = Converge c.f =0017, Re=2.85E6, d=05m, V=5.77mis Ans: psQH _ ,(998)(9.81)(68 / 60)(60) —a 0.87 2052 hp Ans. Power = 2P = 53 MW 11.81 Two 81.3-cm pumps are combined in parallel to deliver water at 20°C through 457 m of horizontal pipe. If f= 0.025, what pipe diameter will ensure a flow rate of 132.5 m/min at 1170 rpm?48 Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m? and ye = 1.003E-3 Nesim?. As Prob. 11.78, a reasonable curve-fit to the pump head is taken from Fig. 11.7a: Hp(m) 152.4 = 6.38E-3Q%, with Q in m°/min. Each pump takes half the flow, 66.25 m”/min, for which H, = 152.4 ~ 6 38E-3(66.25)" = 124.4 m. Then Quigg = 2.21 and the pipe loss is s =0,025( 457) 22 =D ' 25 Hy = 0.025( +) xeRb Ge o7 W2t4m, solve for de SL Tem Ans. 11.82 Two pumps of the type tested in Prob. 11.24 are to be used at 2140 r/min to pump water at 20°C vertically upward through 100 m of commercial-steel pipe. Should they be in series or in parallel? What is the proper pipe diameter for most efficient operation? For water take p = 998 kg/m? and wv = 0,001 kgims. For commercial steel 0.046 mm. Parallel operation is not feasible, as the pump can barely generate 100 m of head and the friction loss must be added to this. For series operation, assume BEP operation, Q* = 0.2 m/s, H*® = 95 m: Solutio take © 100 [0.20) (xd 4° 100+ 5 00 + 23305F ad 208) P Arpanps Given Reg = 4p QU(aud) = 4(998)(0.2)/[2(0.001)d] = 254000/d and e/a = 0.000464, we can iterate on funtil d is obtained. The EES result is: 20.0156; Rea= L8E6; V=12.7 u/s, dest= 0.142 m Ans. P1183 Consider the axial-flow pump of Fig. 11.13, runing at 4200 r/min, with an impeller diameter of 91.4 cm. The fluid is propane gas (molecular weight 44.06). (a) ‘How many pumps in series are needed to increase the gas pressure fiom 1 atm to 2 atm? (b) Estimate the mass flow of gas. Solution: Find the gas constant and initial density of the propane. Assume 7= 20°C = 293 K. 8314 R . _p____ 101300 propane “44.06 =e 21.832 eg? RE (188.7\293K) 188.79? /(s?-K) > p4g From Fig. 11.13, at BEP, Cg = 0.55 and Cx = 1.07. Calculate the head rise for one stage: gi Ww = 107 = —O8DF 2 446.5m (Jor /s°(0.914) gH = (1.832)(9.81)(446.5) = 8.02 kPa Mierstage = (@ Crudely, then, to increase pressure by 1 atm = 101.3 kPa, we need 101.3/8.02 = 12.6 round off tol3 stages. However, the pressure rises about 8 per cent per stage. so a better estimate would be In(2.0)/In(1.08) = 10 stages. Ans (a) (b) The mass flow follows from the flow coefficient: Cove 055 = 2. 2. or: @=29.4n8/s nD® (T0X0.914) 3 m = pO = (1.832 kg /m®\(29.4) = 53.85 kg/s Ans.(b) "oropane s 11.84 Two 81.3-cm pumps from Fig. 11.7a are to be used in series at 1170 cpm to lift water through 152 m of vertical cast-iron pipe. What should the pipe diameter be for most efficient operation? Neglect minor losses. Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m? and = 1,003E~3 N'sim’, For cast iron, ¢= 2.59E-—4 m. From Fig. 1.7a, read H* = 117.35 m at Q* = 75.71 m’/min. Equate Hy Iterate, guessing f= 0,02 to get d, then get Reg and e/d and repeat. The final result is £=0.0185, V=l4mis, Re,=4.72E6, d=0339m Ans 11.85 Determine if either (a) the smallest, or (b) the largest of the seven Taco pumps in Fig P1I.26, running in series at 1160 vimin, can efficiently pump water at 20°C through 1 km of horizontal 12-cm-diameter commercial steel pipe Solution: For water at 20°C, take p = 998 kg/m’ and = 0.001 kg/m-s. For commercial steel pipe, from Table 6.1, ¢ = 0.046 mm. Then &/D = 0.046 mm/120 mm = 0.000383. (a) For the smallest pump in Fig. P11.26, the BEP is at about 400 gal/min, with a head of about 12.5 m. See what friction head loss results from this flow rate:50 OVD _ (998)(2.23)(0.12) H 0.001 > = 267,000 (4 /4)(0.12m)° D = 0.000383; Eq.(6.48): fatsasy = 0.0177 1000 (0.0177) 0.122081) So three small pumps in series, each with 12.5 m of head, would be au efficient system. Ans. (a) (b) For the largest pump in Fig. P11.26, the BEP is at about 1.99 m*/min, with a head of about 21.95 m. See what friction head loss results from this flow rate: 3 2 2 2 _ 0.99/60) is 593M. Re, = PVD. _ (998V298)0:12) _ 357 o99 Ao (x/4)(0.12my s u 0.001 57 0.000383; Eq.(648): — froody = 0.0173, 2 a, = FEE 2 0.0170) 228) 1"! D 2g 0.12°20.8), 54m So three large pumps in series, each with 21.6 m of head, would be an efficient system Ans, (b) The largest pump is a better solution because of its higher efficiency (80% compared to 65%). 11.86. Reconsider the system of Fig. P6.68. Use the Byron Jackson pump of Prob. 11.30 running at 2134 r/min, no scaling, to drive the flow. Determine the resulting flow rate between the reservoirs. What is the pump efficiency? Solution: For water take p = 1000 kg/m? and 4s = 1.788E-3 N's/m*. For cast iron take 2.59E-4 m, or e/d = 2.59E-4/0.152 = 0.0017. The energy equation, written between reservoirs, is the same as in Prob. 6.68: 610 [Q/ (a(0.152)" 4} 20.81) = 36.6 + 6212E5 (051 From the data in Prob. 11.30 for the pump, Hp = fen(Q) and is of the order of 91m Guessing f= 0,02, we can estimate a flow rate of about Q = 0.066 m/s, down in the low range of the Byron-Jackson pump. Get a closer result with EES: H, =103.6 m, f =0.0228, Re, = 579,000; V=38Lm/s; bhp =169 bp, Q=0.069 m3/s Ans. Interpolating, the pump efficiency is = 56%. Ans. The flow rate is too low for this particular pump. 11.87 The S-shaped head-versus-flow curve in Fig. P11.87 ocemss in some axial-flow pumps. Explain how a fairly flar system-loss curve might cause instabilities in the operation of the pump. How might we avoid instability? Solution: ‘The stability of pump operation is nicely covered in the review article by Greitzer Ref. 41 of Chap. 11). Generally speaking, there is little danger of instability if the slope of the pump-head curve, dH/dQ, is negative, unless there are two such points. In Fig. P11.87 above, a flat system curve may cross the pump eurve at three points (a, b, ¢). Of these 3, point b is statically unstable and cannot be maintained. Consider a small disturbance near point b: Suppose the flow rate drops slightly—then the system head decreases, but the pump head decreases even more. Then the flow rate will drop still more, ete., and we move away from the operating point, which therefore is unstable. The general rule is: Sytem ° Fig. P11.87 ‘A pump operating point is statically unstable if the (positive) slope of the pump-head curve is greater than the (positive) slope of the system curve. By this criterion, both points a and ¢ above are statically stable. However, if the points are close together or there are large disturbances, a pump can “hunt” or oscillate between points @ and ¢, so this could also be considered unstable to large disturbances. Finally, even a steep system curve (not shown above) which crosses at only a single point b on the positive-slope part of the pump-head curve can be dynamically unstable, that is, it can trigger an energy-feeding oscillation which diverges from point b. See Greitzer’s article for further details of this and other turbomachine instabilities.52 11.88. The low-shutoff head-versus-flow curve in Fig. P1188 occurs in some centrifugal pumps. Explain how a faizly flat system-loss curve might cause instabilities in the operation of the pump. What additional vexation occurs when two of these pumps are in parallel? How might we avoid instability? Flat system ‘curve Fig, P11.88 Solution: As discussed, for one pump with a flat system curve, point a is statically unstable, point b is stable. A ‘better’ system curve only passes through b. For two pumps in parallel, both points a and c are unstable (see above). Points b and d are stable but for large disturbances the system can ‘hunt’ between the two points. 11,89 Tuxbines are to be installed where the net head is 122 m and the flow rate is 946 m°/min, Discuss the type, number, and size of turbine which might be selected if the generator selected is (a) 48-pole, 60-cycle (n =150 rpm); or (b) 8-pole (x = 900 rpm). Why are at least two turbines desirable from a planning point of view? Solution: We select two turbines, of about half-flow each, so that one is still available for power generation if the other is shut down for maintenance or repairs. Ans. Assume 1)= 90% 946 Pops = NPEQH = 0. 919790) =) (122) +746 2720 hp (cach turbine ~ 11360 hp) (a) n= 150 rpm: 11360)" (122) = 39.4 (select two impulse turbines) Ars. (a) anD___7(150/60)D ¥2gH_ —J2(9.81D022)" aest0 pa: Ny = MOLI! P* 11360 x 746 pa 958( 2) D Estimate @=047= D=293m Ans. (a) = 236.6 (select two Francis turbines) Ans. (b) Fig. 1121: CE=26= - solve D=Im Ans. (b)53 11.90. For a high-flow site with a head of 13.7 m, it is desired to design a single 2.1-m- diameter turbine that develops 4000 bhp at a speed of 360 r/min and 88% efficiency. It is decided first to test a geometrically similar model of diameter 0.305 m, running at 1180 rimin, (a) What likely type of turbine is the prototype? What are the appropriate (b) head. and (c) flow rate for the model test? (d) Estimate the power expected to be delivered by the model turbine Solution: For water, take p = 1000 kg/m”. (a) We have enough information to determine power specific speed: yy, = epmybhpy" _ (360rpm)(4000bhp) “? TH(m)p* (3.7m 64, For a water-flow application, this number is characteristic of a propeller turbine. Avs.(a) (D) The similarity rules give us the required model head by equating the head coefficients: (9.81)03.7) (3607217 3H. (81) _H. (2180) (0.305 + Solve Hy = 3.1m Ans.(b) nm (We didn’t bother changing 1 to 1/s because the factors of “60” would have cancelled out.) (©) To get the model flow rate, first calculate the prototype flow rate from the known power: P = npgH@ = (4000x746 W) = (0.88)(1000 kg /m?)(9.81 m/s*)(13.7 m)Q, Solve for Q, 2m is -——2 nD} (1180)(0.305 Then Co = Solve Q, =0.25 m/s Ans.(c) mD3 “ 360)(2.° If we assume the efficiency is unchanged, the model power output will be P, = npgH.Q, = (0.88)(1000)(9.81)(3.1 (0.25 m? /s) = 6690 W=8.97bip Ansa) [The Moody size-effect formula, Eq. (11.292), suggests 1, = 0.805, or P; = 7.7 bhp ] 11.91 The Tupperware hydroelectric plant on the Blackstone River has four 91-cm-diameter turbines, each providing 447 KW at 200 rpm and 5.8 m'/s for a head of 9.1 m. What type of turbines are these? How does their performance compare with Fig. 11.22? Solution: Convert P* = 447 kW = 599 hp. Then, for D = 0.91 m, uP? _ 200(599)" ie = Ep op Use the given data to compute the dimensionless BEP coefficients: ads Ga (200/60)(0.91) 1000(200/60)°(0.91) 9.81(9.1 m) 599(746) = 9.7 (OK); = dove avo 20060" (0.907 "7 OR! Mom = 9810658). = 310 (These are Francis turbines) Ans. =19 (both are quite different!) =86% (OK) Ans.54 11.92 An idealized radial turbine is shown in Fig. P11.92. The absolute flow enters at 30° and leaves radially inward. The flow rate is 3.5 m/s of water at 20°C, The blade thickness is constant at 10 em. Compute the theoretical power developed at 100% efficiency. Fig. P11.92 Solution: For water, take p= 998 kg/m}. With reference to Fig. 11.22 and Eq. 11.35, 35 m on —35___795 24(0.7)00.1) 5 u, = oF = 135(]0m =9.90 ™ a, = 30°, a, = 90°, Vin = 0 s V, 2138 and Vy =e, s tan 90 7.96 tana, ~ tan30° V, e THUS Peggy = PQU2V;2 = 998(3.5(9.90)(13.8) = 477000 W = 477 KW Ans. 11.93. Performance data for a very small (D = 8.25 cm) model water turbine, operating with an available head of 14.9 m, ate as follows: QO.mh: 187 187 185 183 176 167 151 LS rp 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ™ 0 14% 27% 38% 50% 65% 61% 11% (a) What type of turbine is this likely to be? (b) What is so different about this data compared to the dimensionless performance plot in Fig. 11.224? Suppose it is desired to use a geometrically similar turbine to serve where the available head and flow are 45.72 m and 0.19 m*/s, respectively. Estimate the most efficient (c) turbine diameter; (d) rotation speed: and (2) horsepower. Solution: (a) Convert Q = 16.7 m*/h = 4.639E-3 m/s. Use BEP data to calculate power specifi speed: (9810 Nim*)(4.639E ~ 3 m*s)(14.9 m)(0.65) = 441 W = 0.59] hp bhp = pgQHn = Ny. _2pm(bhp)* _ (2500 rpm)(0.59 bhp)’ Nye ay ap = 66 (Francis turbine) Ans. (a) (b) This data is different because it has variable speed. Our other data is at constant speed. Ans. (b)(c, d, €) First establish the BEP coefficients from the small-turbine data: «_ @ (16.7/3600 m*/h) == 1.198: nD? (2500/60 1/s(0.08: Now enter the new data to the flow and head coefficients: 0.19 m*s nD} c Solve for my =15r8=900 r/min; D,=0.4m Ans. (c,d) 60(1000 kg/m?)(15 1s)5(0.4 m)> TA hp Ans. (e) ‘Actually, since the new turbine is 4.84 times larger, we could use the Moody step-up fomnula, Eq. (11.29a), to predict (1 = 12) = (1 ~ 0.65)(4.84)" = 0.236, or 2 = 0.764 = 76.4%. We thus expect more power from the larger turbine: 74 hp)(76%/65%) = 87 hp Better Ans. (e) 11.94 A Pelton wheel of 3.66-m pitch diameter operates under a new head of 610 m. Estimate the speed, power output, and flow rate for best efficieney if the nozzle exit diameter is 10 om, Solution: Furst get the jet velocity and then assume BEP at 9 = 0.47: Zell = 0.94.29 SINGIO) = 102.8 m/s xaD ___x0(3.66) V2eH /20.8D(610)" Solve n=4.47 5 x60=268rpm Ans. 3 C2094, so: Vix BEPat ¢=0.47 a 081 ™ 248.6 m/min Ans. a e(% = Veruae= 028(7)(0 Use = Vip/2 = 514 mis Pacey = PQUCV, ~ u)(1 = 0s 8) = 1000(0.81)(51.4)(102.8 - 51.4)(1 ~ cos 165°) + 746 = 5640 piace 768(4500)!2 Pas = 4500 bhp, Ny, = 284500)" fo gjgyst 7593+ Fig 1127, teal he < 80% say. 75% Actual power output = 7Pjooq = 0.75(5640) = 4230 bhp Ans.56 11.93. An idealized radial turbine is shown in Fig. P11.95. The absolute flow enters at 25° with the blade angles as shown, The flow rate is 8 m/s of water at 20°C. The blade thickness is constant at 20cm. Compute the theoretical power developed at 100% efficiency. Solution: The inlet (2) and ontlet (1) velocity vector diagrams are shown at right. The normal velocities are 8.0 =Q/A, = ———_—_. 31 Q 2n(1.2)(0.2) ms 80 Vy = A, = 99 __ 27.96 mvs im = Q/A1= 50802) " From these we can compute the tangential velocities at each section: u, =o =90( Ge 2) =10.1 mis; ° 60 u, «04, =80(2)(0.8) 6.70 mis 60 Vig = Vy: cot25°= 114 mis; Vy =u, -V,,tan30° = 2.11 mis Prreory = PQ(U;V,> = Uy Vi.) = 998(8)[10.1(1 1.4) -6.7(2.11)] + 800,000 W Ans.57 11.96. The flow through an axial-flow turbine can be idealized by modifying the stator-rotor diagrams of Fig. 11.12 for energy absorption, Sketch a suitable blade and flow arrangement and the associated velocity vector diagrams. For further details, see Chap. 8 of Ref. 25. Solution: Some typical velocity diagrams are shown below, where u = or = blade speed. The power delivered to the turbine, at 100% ideal shock-free flow, is Pigeat = PQU Vy1 — U2Ve2) where V,.2 are the tangential components of V, » Rotor Fig. P11.96 11.97 A dam on a river is being sited for a hydraulic turbine. The flow rate is 1500 m°/h, the available head is 24 m, and the turbine speed is to be 480 r/min. Discuss the estimated turbine size and feasibility for (a) a Francis turbine; and (b) a Pelton wheel. Solution: Assume 1) = 89%, as in Fig. 11.2ld. The power generated by the turbine would be P = /QH = (0.89)(9810 Nim5)(0.417 m5/s)(24 m) = 87,379 W = 117 hp. Now compute Nep (480 rpm)(117 hp)!2/(24 m)** = 98, appropriate for a Francis turbine. (a) A Francis turbine, similar to Fig. 11.21d, would have C}= 0.34 = (0.417 m‘Js)/ [(480/60 1/s)D°]. Solve for a turbine diameter of about 0.54 m, which would be excellent for the task. Ans. (a) (b) A Pelton wheel at best efficiency (half the jet velocity) would only be 0.46 m in diameter with a huge nozzle, d= 0.15 m, which is too large for the wheel. We conclude that a Pelton wheel would be a poor design. Ans. (b) 11.98 Figure P1198 shown on the following page, shows a crossflow or “Banki” turbine (Ref. 55], which resembles a squirrel cage with slotted curved blades. The flow enters at about 2 o'clock, passes through the center and then again through the blades, leaving at about 8 o'clock. Report to the class on the operation and advantages of this design, including idealized velocity vector diagrams.Brief Disenssion (not a Solution”): The crossflow turbine is ideal for small dam owners, because of its simple, inexpensive design. It can easily be constructed by a novice (such as the writer) from wood and plastic It is not especially efficient (= 60%) but makes good, inexpensive use of a small stream to produce electric power. For details, see Ref. 55 or the paper “Design and Testing of an Inexpensive Crossflow Turbine,” by W. Johnson et al., ASME Symposium on Small Hydropower Fluid Machinery, Phoenix, AZ, Nov. 1982, ASME vol. H00233, pp. 129-133 Fig, P11.98 11.99 A simple crossflow turbine, Fig. P11.98 above, was constructed and tested at the University of Rhode Island. The blades were made of PVC pipe cut lengthwise into three 120°-are pieces. When tested in water at a head of 1.62 m and a flow rate of 2.4 m”/min, the measured power output was 0.6 hp. Estimate (a) the efficiency; and (b) the power specific speed if m = 200 rpm. Solution: We have sufficient information to compute the available water power: Pray = p2QH = (9810)( 24\(1.62)=636+746=0.852 hp, +. n=2S = 70% Ans. @) * 0} 0.852 a At200spm, Ny 2000.6)" 285 Ans. () (1.62)