STREAM TURBINE POWER PLANT

2021OD350

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

VISHAAL M 7376211SE152

A steam turbine is a device that uses supercharged steam's thermal energy to drive
mechanical work on a revolving output shaft. Charles Parsons created it in its present
incarnation in 1884. Modern steam turbines are made utilising complicated metalworking
techniques that were first made possible in the 20th century. The continuous improvement of
steam turbines' robustness and profitability is still essential to the energy economics of the
21st century. A boiler, a steam turbine and generator, as well as various auxiliary equipment,
help compensate a steam power plant. The boiler produces steam at high pressure and
temperature. The steam turbine evolves steam heat energy into mechanical energy. The
mechanical energy is transformed into electrical power by the generator. Highly efficient and
eco - friendly power plants will help to ensure a fairly constant supply of power whereas
minimizing environmental impact. The steam turbine is a type of heat engine that enhances
thermodynamic efficiency via using multiple stages in the expansion of the steam,
culminating in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process. Because the
turbine generates rotary motion, it is well suited to cruising an electrical generator. In 2014,
steam turbines produced 85 percent of all electricity produced in the United States. A turbo
generator is a steam turbine energy to an electrical generator.
The classic Aeolipile, presented in the 1st century by Protagonist of Alexandria in Roman
Egypt as a reaction steam turbine, was little more than a toy. Taqi al-Din described a steam
turbine with the effective implications of rotating a spit in Ottoman Egypt in 1551. Giovanni
Branca, an Italian, and John Wilkins, a Welshman, both described steam turbines (1648).
Steam jacks are the instruments described by Taqi al-Din and Wilkins. Ferdinand Verbiest
designed an impulse turbomachinery car in 1672. An unknown German mechanic established
a more contemporary interpretation of this car sometime in the late 18th century. As of 2021,
the Arabelle steam turbines designed and produced by GE based on an original design by
Alstom are one of the largest steam turbines in the world. An Arabelle turbine is 7 meters
wide, weighs 4000 metric tonnes, and spins at 1500 rotations per minute. Another 4000
metric tonnes of supporting steel structure, as well as 1000 metric tonnes of pumps, valves,
and pipes, have been required in a quintessential nuclear installation. In 1775, James Watt
structured a reaction turbine in Soho that was put to use. Polikarp Zalesov designed and
developed an impulse turbine in 1807, that he used to strength a fire pump. Real and Pichon,
multiple Frenchmen, patented and established a compound compulsion turbine in 1827.

Turbine blades are categorized into two types: blades and nozzles. The progression of the
blades is entirely due to the impact of steam on them, and their profiles do not converge. As a
result, there is indeed a decrement in steam velocity but virtually no decrease in pressure as
the steam moves through the blades. An impulse turbine, Curtis turbine, Rateau turbine, or
Brown-Curtis turbine is a turbine dreamed up of alternating blades and fixed nozzles. Nozzles
mimics blades in presence, but their profiles converge near the exit. As the steam moves
through the nozzles, the pressure falls and the velocity increases. Nozzles move due to the
impact of steam on them as well as the reaction of elevated steam at the exit. A reaction
turbine, also known as a Parsons turbine, is a turbine that consisted entirely of moving
nozzles that toggle with fixed nozzles.
One of the most challenging problems in turbine design was minimising the creep
encountered by the blades. Steam turbine materials were also damaged by all these
mechanisms due to the high temperatures and stresses of operation. Creep becomes
significant as temperature exceeds in an attempt to improve turbine efficiency. Thermal
coatings and super alloys with solid-solution reinforcing and grain boundary strengthening
are used in blade designs to limit creep. Thermal damage is diminished and oxidation is
largely confined by protective coatings. These coatings are quite often zirconium dioxide-
based ceramics that have been realigned. The use of a thermal protective coating limits the
nickel super alloy’s temperature exposure. This reduces the creep mechanisms felt even by
blade. The use of oxidation coatings reduces efficiency losses caused by build-up on the
outside of the blades, which would be especially important in high-temperature region. To
improve strength and creep resistance, the nickel-based razors are alloyed with aluminium
alloys and titanium. The morphology of these alloys is made up of many different stylistic
regions. Due to the obvious microstructure, a homogeneous dispersion of the gamma-prime
phase a combination of nickel, aluminium, and titanium promotes the strength and creep
resistance of the blade.

Condensing, non-condensing, defrosting, extracting, and induction turbines are descriptions

of turbine types. Condensing turbines seem to be the most frequent cause of turbine found in
power plants. These turbines consider taking steam from a boiler and banish it to a condenser.
The depleted steam is at a pressure well below atmospheric, partially condensed, and
typically of near-90 percent quality. Non-condensing turbines are most popularly used for
process steam applications, in which the steam is replicated after being exhausted from the
turbine. A regulating valve restricts the exhaust pressure to satisfy the requirements of the
process steam pressure. These are repeatedly detected in refineries. Reheat turbines are also
almost solely used in power plants. A reheat turbine yields steam flow from a high-pressure
segment of the turbine to the boiler, where supplementary superheat is added. The steam then
reverts to the turbine's intermediate pressure section and keeps expanding. Extracting turbines
are widespread used in all applications. Steam is released from varying phases of an
extracting type turbine and used for industrial operations needs or sent to boiler feed water
heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows could be enforced with a valve
or left unsupervised. Extracted steam causes a decline of power in the turbine's downstream
stages.

Steam turbines are classified into two types: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Steam
Turbine Compounding relates to the procedure of harnessing energy from steam in numerous
phases instead of a single stage in a turbine. The goal of using steam turbine compounding is
to limit the rotational speed of the turbine to practical limits. Compounding turbines are
categorized into four types: velocity compounding, pressure compounding, and pressure-
velocity compounding. Steam turbines have been used in nuclear power plants to generate
electricity. The heat source in nuclear power plants is ordinarily a nuclear reactor. The
nuclear reactor heat is used to generate steam, which drives the steam turbine, just as it is in
other thermal power plants. The steam turbine is interconnected to the generator, which
generates power. There have been countless reports of steam turbine failures.

One advantage of a steam turbine is that its thermal efficiency is typically higher than that of
an internal combustion engine. When compared to internal combustion engines, the power-
to-weight ratio is incredibly high. There are fewer moving parts than in reciprocating engines.
Large thermal power plants can profit from steam turbines. steam turbine operation principle
in simple terms, a steam turbine works by steam generation to extremely high temperatures
(gas, coal, nuclear, or solar) and then transforming it to steam. As the steam flows past the
spinning blades of a turbine, it expands and cools.
 DECLINE IN RURAL FEMALE LABOUR FORCE
PARTICIPATION IN INDIA
2021OD376

DEPARMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VISHAAL M 7376211SE152

A decrease in female employment levels is seen as an economy shifts from an agricultural

economy to an industrial economy. This is attributed to the change from large-scale
production in industrial units to production based on family units. Whereas most women are
illiterate or have poor levels of education, they find it difficult to find jobs at home and are
reluctant to try manual labour in other professions. Nevertheless, when family wealth rises
and women's educational levels rise, more and more women begin to enter the labour sector,
particularly in positions that are not physical or service-oriented. The percentage of rural
female workers who work in agriculture is around 70%, and throughout several NSSO
rounds, the percentage of workers who work in agriculture in both principal and subsidiary
professions is somewhere around 75%. The ratio of rural females engaged in agriculture,
whether it's in a major or minor capacity, was seen to be shorter in 2004–2005 than it was in
1999–2000 as the RFLFPR soared. However, during 2004 and 2005, there were far more
women working in non-farm professions. The employment contribution of agriculture has
dropped from 2009 to 2010, both in a primary and secondary capacity.
The primary industry in which rural women workers are employed is agriculture. the job
prospects of the agriculture - based economy. The ratio of the own account worker category,
both in the major status and subsidiary status, doubled in the agricultural sector among rural
females who reported being self-employed. What is alarming is that a substantial share of
rural female farmers labour in both a principal and auxiliary capacity as unpaid labourers.
The number of rural women who fell under the self-employed category and were employed
as employers was essentially non-existent. However, there was an increase in the number of
people working for their own account in the major and subsidiary capacities. Although being
a substantial number, the reported unpaid work shows a diminishing tendency. This raises
questions on whether relatives who had been hired as assistance in the past have now started
reporting as own account employees. Rural women's employment in the regular rate of pay
category increased in major capacity, while it decreased significantly in subsidiary capacity.
In emerging nations, average patterns of women's workforce participation are more diverse;
in 2010, they spanned from as low as 21% in the Middle East and North Africa to as high as
71% in the East Asian and Pacific region. The Middle East, North Africa, and South Asian
regions do have broadest gender gaps in employment levels, having men's rates over 50
percent higher than women's rates in any of these regions.
The proportion of indigenous women working in manufacturing as a main sector decreased
from 12.7% in 1993–1994 to 9.4% in 2011–2012, while the ratio engaged in industrial as a
potential contributing factor decreased from 32% in 1993–1994 to 7.1% in 2009–2010 and
significantly improved to 10.2% in 2011–2012. This suggests that women who worked in
manufacturing have lost their employment. This may be ascribed to the drop in demand for
goods produced by conventional industries, which culminated in the termination of jobs for
women. Rural women's participation in primary status has significantly increased in the
services sector from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012, although it has fluctuating in subsidiary
sectors. So, meanwhile the services sector has seen an excess of positive for rural women
over the past two decades, agriculture has showed a diminishing trend, and the industry
sector has just recently begun to reverse this trend. However, the issue of job loss can only be
addressed if the fall in agriculture jobs is comparable to the rise in jobs in non-farm fields.

Around half of all women worldwide are employed, and recent improvements in the ratio of
women in the labour force have helped many economies' gender wage disparity to close.
However, the trends for women's inclusion in the market economy in India are going in the
other direction. The share of Indian women who work has decreased over time, despite a
quick transition in fertility, substantial gains in women's educational attainment, and
significant economic growth over the previous 20 years. Only about a third of India's 500
million young females report being employed at the moment. A multitude of factors acting
independently interact to cause the decline in rural women's labour force participation. The
results demonstrate that women in rural areas have been obliged to stay out of the labour
force because there are simply not enough non-farm positions available, even though the
emphasis is on the impact of education and income. As per wage figures in the rural labour
market, women have benefitted more from pay raises than males, which indicates that the
wage gap between the sexes is begun to shrink. However, the number of chances in rural
India that are appropriate for their level of education is declining steadily.
Vocational and basic skills training have to be presented to females in the 15–24 age bracket
who are about to join the workforce so they can enter the labour market despite the social
inhibitions and restrictions. Women may be deterred from working in the areas adjacent due
to the inadequate road and communication infrastructure. Therefore, increasing connectivity
between rural areas and small towns and cities will also enhance the participation of women
in the labour sector. India has already got to recognize its demographic dividend, and the
female population, which compensates close to 50% of the population, is a commodity that
must be carefully managed if we are to take full advantage of this moment of opportunity.
What is concerning is that a significant share of rural female farmers labour in both a
principal and auxiliary capacity as unpaid assistance. A rise in the percentage of rural females
employed in agriculture as helpers and a substantial increase in the labour force and
workforce in 2004–2005 were also two additional effects of this abrupt increase. Female
workers may find it much easier to come out due to multiple factors like the dropping fertility
rate as well as the child dependency ratio. In other words, a flourishing rural economy is
desperately needed to generate jobs and accommodate the burgeoning population of
economically conscious women.

By boosting household incomes and improving consumption of products or services,

women's employment is helping families out of poverty. Women’s engagement in the labour
force is vital because, conversely, as nations grow, women's talents often increase and social
restrictions loosen. This makes it possible for women to work outside the home. The
econometric findings show that household size and income, the presence of small children in
the home, women's level of education, religion and social perceptions of women, and
household size all influence the probability that women in India will engage in the labour
market. We demonstrate that changes in the underlying demographics of the female working-
age population have not had as much of an impact on participation rates as structural factors
in the labour market. The prolonged fall in agricultural employment and these institutional
obstacles, such as beliefs that restrict women's work possibilities, are probably the main
causes of the female participation rates' long-term stagnation.  The results pointed to the need
for a careful investigation by the NSSO into assessment of female activities, particularly with
regard to difficulties in trying to distinguish between domestic duties and contributing family
work, as evaluation issues also seem to have played a role in changes in female participation
estimates across questionnaire rounds.