INSTAGRAM INTENSITY AND ITS EFFECT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING

AND SELF ESTEEM OF BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of the College and Behavioral Sciences
Bataan Peninsula State University
City of Balanga, Bataan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of

Arts in Psychology

By:

AQUINO, MA. LOUISE PAULEEN

Q. MANAHAN, RICHMON M.
MONTEMAYOR, ANGELA L.
SAMPANG, JORIE DELLE M.
June 2022

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Psychology,
this dissertation entitled “INSTAGRAM INTENSITY AND ITS EFFECT ON
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING AND SELF ESTEEM OF BATAAN PENINSULA
STATE UNIVERSITY” has been prepared and submitted by MA. LOUISE PAULEEN Q.
AQUINO, ANGELA L. MONTEMAYOR, JORIE DELLE M. SAMPANG, RICHMON
M.
MANAHAN, who are hereby recommended for oral examination.

Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in
Psychology by the BPSU-CSBS Specialization Committee.

Chairman

Critic/Member External Critic

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology.

MS. JULIET R. MASANGCAP

Dean, CSBS
June 2022

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research paper took the dedicated and passionate help of family, friends, and

advisers to make it happen.

Special thanks go to our families, who, in the midst of the stressful weeks it takes to

finish a thesis like this, constantly tap our shoulders to remind us to slow down and breathe

through the process. We also offer our unending thanks to the following people: to our adviser,

Ms. Ma. Fatima Bacala, for her comfort and generous encouragement during all stages of

putting this thesis proposal together; to our thesis adviser, Ms. Jennielyn Gallardo, for her help in

giving us feedback we needed, and to Mr. Ernani Manalac, for his help as our statistician. We

want to thank all of the people who agreed to participate in our surveys. We could never have

created this whole paper without you. And lastly, we want to express our gratitude to our

Almighty God, for His gift of wisdom. We are grateful for the many hands and hearts that have

made this thesis possible.

iii
 DEDICATION

We dedicate this work to God, who has always blessed and guide us. Our genuine

dedication also goes to our families and friends who are always with us even in the trenches of

life. We really thank them. And lastly, we dedicate our work to all of the aspiring future

researchers of this generation, whose hearts are committed and set on creating change and

improving our society.

iv
 ABSTRACT

The study investigated the effects of Instagram use on psychological well-being and self-

esteem of Bataan Peninsula State University students. The dependent variables were self-esteem

and psychological well-being, while Instagram intensity was the independent variable.

The data generated from the distributed questionnaires was organized and analyzed.

Furthermore, proper interpretation was achieved through the use of a quantitative approach. In

the current study, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used to analyze survey data

from Google Form. The survey responses were downloaded and transferred to Microsoft Excel,

where they were then analyzed and recoded with SPSS.

In the study, statistical techniques such as frequency count, percentage, mean, and

Pearson r were used. Factors such as self-esteem and psychological well-being were described

using the mean. To see if these variables were related to Instagram usage, a Pearson's correlation

was performed. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences output can easily show the level of

significance of statistical tests (SPSS).

The null hypothesis was accepted after it was discovered that there is no significant

relationship between Instagram intensity and self-esteem. Furthermore, it was discovered that

Instagram intensity and psychological well-being have a significant relationship, therefore the

alternative hypothesis is accepted.

It is recommended that mental health educators and practitioners should advocate for

more targeted mental health education and interventions to assist students in improving their

psychological well-being. Young people, like students, have become reliant on digital

technology, spending most of their free time staring at the screen with social media opened.

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Students should be made aware of the adverse effect of intense usage of Instagram, how it is

being modified and altered to make people more attached to it as possible and make people into

the product they need.

More research is needed to fully comprehend the implications of this study on the effect

of Instagram use on self-esteem and psychological well-being.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

DEDICATION iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES x

LIST OF APPENDICES xi

I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 4

Notes in Chapter I 6

II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Relevant Theories 8

Related Literature 10

Related Studies 22

Conceptual Framework 37

Paradigm of the Study 38

vii
 Hypothesis of the Study 39

Definition of Terms 39

Notes in Chapter II 41

III METHODS OF RESEARCH

Methods and Techniques of the Study 52

Population and Sample of the Study 52

Research Instruments 53

Construction and Validation of the Instruments 54

Data Gathering Procedures 54

Statistical Treatment of Data 55

Notes in Chapter III 56

IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Instagram Intensity of the Respondents 57

Level of Self Esteem of the Respondents 59

Level of Psychological Well Being of the Respondents 60

Instagram Intensity and Self Esteem 62

Instagram Intensity and Psychological Well Being 63

Self Esteem and Psychological Well Being 65

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 66

Conclusion 67

Recommendations 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY 69

viii
APPENDICES 70

CURRICULUM VITAE 78

ix
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Title Page

1 Paradigm of the Study 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Respondents’ Instagram Usage Intensity 57

2 Respondents’ Level of Self Esteem 59

3 Respondents’ Level of Psychological Well-being 60

4 Relationship between Instagram Intensity and Self Esteem 62

5 Relationship between Instagram Intensity and Psychological Well Being 63

5.1 Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-being 65

x
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Questionnaire 70

B Informed Consent 72

C Request Letter to Conduct Survey 76

D Curriculum Vitae 78

xi
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Throughout the last few years, social networking sites have surged in popularity. Since

the earliest appearance of social media in 1996, many individuals all over the world have been

captivated by the internet's revolutionary access, which has given them unprecedented chances

for self-presentation, learning, and social involvement (Ospina, 2019). Its emergence has been

well received, with 7.7 billion individuals utilizing social media in different areas of the world.

There were approximately 970 million active social media users in 2010, and these numbers

have steadily increased, reaching 4.48 billion in July 2021 (Dean, 2021). This digital revolution

has also broken down conventional communication barriers through the creation of mobile

phones. These advancements have now enabled people to collaborate and engage in video and

photo sharing processes, making it a part of people's social lives. Among the mobile applications

(apps) that are embraced by the social media users, Instagram is one of most popular applications

that captured the increasingly interdependent nature of social life and it also dominates the

world's social connectivity (Auxier & Anderson, 2021).

“Instagram is a photo-based application for mobile devices that allows users to create and

share photographs, videos, and stories with their friends and followers.” It now has more than

1.074 billion active users all around the world (Explained: What is Instagram? - 2018).

In the Philippines, Instagram usage is continually increasing and growing in numbers. As

stated in statistics syndicated by Statista (2020), 15.5% of the country’s population are active

users of Instagram and it is equivalent to 17.4 million Filipino users. Furthermore, 43.3% of the

1
population attributes to Filipino Instagram users who were aged between 18-24 years old. In

addition, the majority of Instagram users in the Philippines were led by women with 64% of its

total population (Philippines: share of Instagram users by age 2021 | Statista, 2021).

Robinson (2020) states that with the advent of social media, people can achieve certain

levels of engagement, particularly on Instagram. Users can check out what other people are up to

and like, share, and comment on images. Furthermore, because it is mostly a photography

software, one of its features is to beautify, enhance one's beauty, and add special effects to

images in order to add more aesthetics to one's life's highlights. It has a wide range of filters that

individuals can use to incorporate their photos. Nonetheless, like any other applications,

Instagram can also become an outlet for negative thoughts, ideas, and perceptions, affecting their

perceptions and self-esteem (Robinson, 2020). Branden (1990) described self-esteem as “the

feeling of being worthy, deserving, entitled to assert one's needs and wants”. On Instagram, lists

of unrealistic and idealized standards of beauty are inevitably seen from feeds and timelines.

Additionally, most Instagram users are prone to believe that everyone else is enjoying their best

life when a lot of continuous streams of nicely filtered photographs and reels are shared to their

Instagram feed. Low self-esteem and feelings of inadequacy might result from comparing

oneself to a false reality or carefully selected highlights of others (Sinacola, 2020). Moreover,

various occasions have shown that despite the broad spaces and numerous chances provided by

social media, these applications can also be detrimental to one’s psychological well-being

(Hobson, 2017).

Robertson (2018) described psychological well being as “a reflection of a positive mental

state, such as happiness or satisfaction.” Positive experiences and the ability to perform

efficiently reflect and influence psychological well-being. But the understanding of a healthy

2
psychological well-being does not always exclude unpleasant events and feelings such as

disappointments, failures, and sadness, as these are all part of the human complexities.

Furthermore, being able to find a means to combat these negativities gives people a better chance

of long-term successful well being. However, psychological well-being is more likely to be

jeopardized when long-term negativities and stressors occur. On Instagram, people can see and

observe other people’s lives mostly only of the happy parts of life, and therefore can heightened

their senses and affective states thinking that everyone else is living the best life except them.

The majority of existing literature and studies place a greater emphasis on the evident

correlations between Instagram use, self-esteem and psychological well being, but despite efforts

to highlight them, the literature that seeks to find such relationships still fails to clearly explain

how and why these variables are associated. Furthermore, many past research studies have

primarily focused on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, but it is equally

critical to investigate other quickly growing social networking sites. Instagram, which is

primarily a photo-sharing social networking platform, is also an interesting area to examine and

explore.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of instagram use on the

psychological well-being and self-esteem of students of Bataan Peninsula State University. This

research is carried out among all students of BPSU - Balanga Campus.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of this study is: How does Instagram use affect users' self-esteem

and psychological well-being?

Specifically, it answers the following:

1. What is the Instagram intensity usage of the respondents?

3
 2. What is the level of self-esteem of the respondents?

3. What is the level of psychological well-being of the respondents?

4. Is there a significant relationship between Instagram intensity and self-esteem?

5. Is there a significant relationship between Instagram intensity and psychological

wellbeing?

Significance of the Study

This study can also be helpful to the following:

Students. The outcome of this study would be significantly helpful for students to

become mindful of their activities, and this can help them avoid staying around in unrealistic

contents that they see on Instagram. Students would also be more aware of potential dangers of

heavy social media use and this research will give them a better understanding of the impact of

Instagram use on their mental health.

Mental Health Professionals. This research will be greatly useful to mental health

providers in promoting self-esteem and psychological well-being interventions for teenagers and

young adults, which is sometimes overlooked. Also, this will give them valuable insights into

how to establish mental health awareness campaigns and education in the digital age to gain

understanding of the influence of social media on health and psychological well-being.

Further Researchers. Future researchers will benefit greatly from the findings of this

study because it can serve as a secondary source for their research. This will also assist them

since it will give them valuable information on the topic, and the findings of this study can serve

as a foundation for future hypotheses related to it.

Scope and Delimitation

4
 The researchers focused on assessing the effect of Instagram use to the psychological

well-being and self-esteem of Bataan Peninsula State University students.

This study is only limited to Bataan Peninsula State University - Balanga Campus. The

key respondents of this study consist of students of Bataan Peninsula State University - Balanga

Campus A.Y. 2021-2022 who must be an active Instagram user. There are a total of four colleges

participating in this study: College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public

Administration, College of Business and Accountancy, and College of Education.

In addition, the study will focus on the Instagram use and its effect on the psychological

well-being and self-esteem of students. The effects of Instagram use will be described based on

the following issues of self-esteem and psychological well being.

And finally, as a proper strategy for safer data collection, the researchers employed

Google Form to disseminate survey questionnaires. The data will be analyzed using appropriate

statistical tools.

5
 NOTES IN CHAPTER 1

Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021, April 7). Social Media Use in 2021. Pew Research Center;

PewResearchCenter.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/

Dean, B. (2021, October 10). How Many People Use Social Media in 2020? Backlinko.

https://backlinko.com/social-media-users

Explained: What is Instagram? -. (2018, August 9). Webwise.ie.

https://www.webwise.ie/parents/explained-image-sharing-app-instagram/

Forgas, J. P. (2006). Affective influences on interpersonal behavior: Towards understanding the

role of affect in everyday interactions. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Affect in social thinking and

behavior (pp. 269–289). Psychology Press

Hobson, K. (2019). NPR Choice page. Npr.org. Retrieved from

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-muc

h-time-on-social-media-may-be-why

Instagram Scene in Southeast Asia. (2016, April 13). Starngage.com.

https://starngage.com/instagram-scene-southeast-asia/

Khouly, C. (2018). Instagram and its Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Depression

Amongst Young Adults.

Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019, September 18). The rise of social media. Our World in Data; University

of Oxford. https://ourworldindata.org/rise-of-social-media

Philippines: share of Instagram users by age 2020. (2021, December 7). Statista.

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1139969/philippines-share-of-instagram-users-by-age/

6
Robinson, L. (2020, January 16). Social Media and Mental Health. HelpGuide.org.

https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/social-media-and-mental-health.html

Sinacola, G. (2020, October 2). Why Instagram Filters are Hurting Our Confidence.

MirraSkincare; MirraSkincare. https://inthemirra.com/blogs/news/instagram-filters

7
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature and studies, conceptual

framework, hypothesis and definition of various relevant terms used in the study.

Relevant Theories

Leon Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory (1954) assumed that people are born with a

drive to evaluate themselves, usually by making comparisons. It basically states that when

people are unsure of their own abilities or opinions, they make evaluations by comparing

themselves to others.

The Social Comparison Theory explains how people invariably compare themselves in

order to get appropriate self-evaluation information. Examining and comparing oneself to others

generates desires and sets of factors that affect one's values and experiences. Each comparison

made by an individual serves a certain purpose and, in turn, yields its own general system of

criticism, possibilities, and changes.

This theory is relevant to the present since evidence of negative social comparisons

among young adults are prevalent up to this day, and the results of such comparisons tend to

dominate mostly in digital spaces of social media. It is also relevant in the sense that, on

Instagram, where idealized photos abound that causes negative impact on their well-being, social

comparison theory can help in aiding understanding the factors behind such situations.

Another theory that has bearing on this study is Katz and Blumler’s (1974) Uses and

Gratification Theory which states that people use media to satisfy specific wants and needs.

8
Unlike many media theories, which consider media users to be passive, uses and gratifications

considers media users to be active agents with control over their media consumption.

Two principles about media users underpin gratifications theory. For starters, it

characterizes media consumers as being active in their media consumption choices. People do

not consume media passively according to this viewpoint. They are interested and motivated by

the media they choose. Second, people understand why they choose various media options. They

rely on their understanding of their motivations to make media selections that will assist them in

meeting their specific wants and needs.

However it is relevant to our study since the impact of Instagram usage on behavior is

sifted through social and mental components. In this way, identity and social setting affect the

media choices an individual makes and one’s elucidation of media messages. Instagram also is in

competition with other shapes of communication, and with that said, gratification theory touches

and addresses individual media users and how Instagram platform can fulfill their needs and

wants.

At the same time, Swanns’ (1983) Self Verification theory imposed that most people

wanted to be known by others in the pursuit of establishing their self-views. Firm beliefs are

highly considered, and these beliefs serve as guidelines for their full involvement toward a

reasonable self- validation and social interactions. Moreover, Swann (1983) stated that people

want validation from others to make themselves feel empowered and validated.

This theory is closely tied to the study, as Instagram trends propelled its road to

popularity and people now consider this application to be a part of their daily life. And, since the

launch of Instagram, people who take and upload selfies online are claimed to seek approval and

9
comments from others, simulating self-verification. Favorable likes and comments on Instagram

make people feel better and thus boosting their self-confidence and self-validation.

The three theories: Leon Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory, Katz and Blumler’s

Uses' and Gratification Theory and Swann's Self Verification Theory involve various ideas that

can help the students comprehend their social media activities at a deeper level and this will

prevent them from doing reckless approach to social media that often results in certain

psychological issues. More so, these theories will help them recognize the technical and social

roots of their actions and students will become more inclined to approach the digital area from a

point of view of a healthy and mindful consumer.

Related Literature

Instagram: Photo Sharing Networking Site

Hochman and Manovich (2018) addressed how the smartphone application Instagram has

been widely accepted and how it has been intertwined with cultural trends. Instagram, which

debuted in 2010, shared features with pre-existing media such as photo sharing, video sharing,

and manipulation; but, its small form as a mobile application altered the mobile user experience

as a content producer. It has attracted many as it is way easier for them to build a community

where they can freely express themselves and connect with others in the virtual world. With its

filters, users may edit and manipulate their photos to make them look the way they want them to,

resulting in a completely different 'feel' to the image. It allows users to have more authentic and

intimate experiences with how they represent themselves online (Sinacola, 2020).

With an estimated 100,000,000 unique monthly visitors, Instagram has become a

massively popular form of recreation (Mughal, 2021). The idea behind this software is to share

photos or videos that other users can react to or "like." In contrast, on Facebook, acquaintances

1
must "add" you in order for their information to be visible (Sreenivasan, 2021). Anyone on

Instagram can "follow" without reciprocating the relationship. As a result, some people may

follow celebrities and comment on them, or they may imitate them to an astonishing degree.

Non-reciprocal relationships may trigger negative emotions, particularly among users who

follow a high number of strangers. The urge for perfection and approval is continually pushed on

internet platforms in today's modern technology age.

The new media's transformative impact on society has been exponential. Image-based

social media platforms, such as Instagram, have seen a surge in popularity as these platforms are

adopted by this generation's youth (Furedi, 2017). Furthermore, social media sites offer an

infinite number of immediate benefits in the form of attention from others for relatively little

work. As a result, over-involvement in social media might distort its users' perspectives,

resulting in deterioration of life's other important areas.

In support of this contention, Kelly et al. (2018) suggested that social media use was

associated with poor sleep, low self-esteem and poor body image, which in turn were all related

to depressive symptoms. Moreover, the study supported the previous prior research on the

correlation of social media use and depressive symptoms which directly lead to other negative

psychological outcomes. Social media users do not necessarily realize the negative outcome of

their online activities as most of them were not aware of the media exposure on cognition,

emotion, and behavior.

As previously discussed, correlations between social media particularly Instagram and

measurable effects on users are scarcely known in many existing literature. In accordance with

the article of Elsesser (2021), Instagram has been negatively affecting the youth’s mental health,

especially young women. Furthermore, too much exposure and usage of social media can

1
intensify negative mental health issues when not noticed. It was also stated that the individuals

who spend more time on online social networks feel less happy in almost all aspects of their

lives.

Age

Age can be defined as “The length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.”

The study used age as a profile of Bataan Peninsula State University students.

According to Statista (2021), 17.9% of the global users of Instagram were ages between

18-24 years old. Instagram is considered one of the most influential social networking sites

among Gen Z, particularly among female users. With recent technological advancements and

cultural shifts, the introduction of such sites has become advantageous to the young at some

point in their lives. Although social media sites such as Instagram have become increasingly

intertwined in people's lives, full control over social media activities and usage remains in the

hands of its users.

Huang (2018), states that 59% of adults have become reliant on social media use,

indicating that they spent about three hours every day surfing and accessing social media sites.

Moreover, in a background survey conducted in Taiwan, university graduates under the age of 24

participated in the study. It was revealed that 71% of the participants are active Instagram users.

Undoubtedly, Instagram has become one of the most preferred social media applications of

young individuals today.

Roesler (2015) states that Instagram helps the majority of Instagram users develop

community in an online world driven by collaborative people. Furthermore, it enables teens and

young adults to participate in the shaping of their identity, online profile, and the discovery of

people with similar interests or even emotional connections. Furthermore, the new media of the

1
internet world appeals to people because of the degree of freedom they enjoy online, which is not

always the case in traditional social connections. According to a Facebook survey, 53% of those

surveyed between the ages of 13 and 24 said Instagram has helped them establish their identity

since they may choose whatever gender, persona, or lifestyle to embody.

On the other hand, with social networking sites dominating the lives of teenagers and

young adults, who are the most frequent users of these platforms, the impact of ideas and views

they acquire on them is significant. Instagram usage has been studied to discover if it generates

negative emotions in young adults. According to Merle and Freberg's study (2016), the intensity

of Instagram use is not directly associated with negative emotional states. Time spent on

Instagram, on the other hand, increases the likelihood of developing negative states such as

depression and anxiety. Other variables, such as low self-esteem and competitive ideation, could

contribute to negative states.

Sex

Tolland (2019) defined sex as “something that is assigned at birth, which is generally

male or female”. Male and female differ in terms of how they utilize their social media activities

and how they absorb information online. The period of adolescence is the point where self

concept and identity is being developed. Moreover, social relationships influence these factors

which can also affect gender identity and overall life satisfaction (Nesi & Prinstein, 2015).

According to Sheldon and Bryant (2016), females are more engaged in using Instagram than

males. Females use Instagram as a means of communication and socialization whereas males

depend on using Instagram for collecting information and only use it in their leisure time (Al-

Hajiri, 2016).

1
 Additionally, studies revealed that self esteem gradually decreases over time and appears

to diminish throughout adulthood (Bleidorn et al., 2016). Furthermore, Kearney-Cooke (2020),

stated that females tend to have a lower self-esteem than males, and have more negative self-

assessments towards themselves. Females tend to use social media more frequently compared to

males. Enhancing their physical attributes and characteristics online and achieving great photos

are what drives females to use social media more. The inclination towards achieving these goals

is what makes females more vulnerable and susceptible in having lower self-esteem (Vogel et al.,

2014).

Fox & Vendemia (2016) states that since photo sharing is the main integral part of

Instagram and other visual-based applications, users were normally focused on how beautiful

their photos are, making them overly conscious. Issues of body image played the potential of

being acquired by females. This self-reflection has a strong impact on females that often leads

them to develop eating disorders and are more likely to have low levels of self esteem than

males. Females also utilize Instagram in terms of using filters to make their photos become more

aesthetic and enhanced.

Nevertheless, Anderson (2015) states that males and females differ in their preferences

such as in social media platforms preferences. According to Pew Research Center (2014), social

media platforms such as Pinterest, Facebook and Instagram are dominated by female users

whereas Reddit and Digg, which are online discussion forums, generate more male users.

Moreover, females tend to use Instagram and Facebook applications more than males, with 31%

versus 24% percentage differences. On the other hand, only 11% of females use online forum

platforms. Male and female adolescents both are at risk of acquiring problematic usage of social

media platforms and low self-esteem scores. The need for approval and social comparison are

1
almost prevalent among young people. Small percentage of young adults fall into the 'at risk'

category when using social networking sites, and a good number of young adults are also

reported to have no risk of poor social media usage (Banyai et. al., 2017). However, if

moderation of use is not practiced, developing low self-esteem could also be possible.

1. Self Esteem

As previously described in the study, self-esteem is defined as “the overall positive and

negative evaluation of a person to himself and how a person perceives oneself” (Cherry, 2021).

A healthy level of individual self-esteem is the emotional, physical and social well-being.

Individuals who embrace themselves as well as those people who acknowledge their own

potential are more likely to lead fulfilled lives and to be appreciated and regarded by others

(Cherry, 2021). Low self-esteem, on the other hand, has been related to personal and social

issues.

According to Cast & Burke (2002), Self-esteem is seen in two dimensions: Efficacy-

based Self-Esteem and Worth-based Self-Esteem. Efficacy-based self-esteem measures how a

person is capable and effective in life while Worth-based self-esteem highlights the importance

of value. It also measures how a person is most likely to feel that they have worth and has

value as a person. In addition, they also stated that self-esteem has three conceptualizations

which are individually independent of each other. The first one is that self-esteem is an outcome.

Self-esteem can manifest positively and negatively as an outcome based on the approval of

others and social comparison. Second, self-esteem is self-motivation. People tend to show

actions that are beneficial to them and control their behavior to maintain and elevate their self-

esteem. Third, as a shield for the self. People use self-esteem as a guard to protect themselves

from harmful experiences.

1
 Additionally, endless comparisons can take place in virtual worlds, wherein most people

can harbor an unhealthy sense of self that sometimes leads to deteriorate their self-esteem. They

have created a digital identity in order to be acknowledged and have a good reputation online.

Steer et al. (2014) emphasized that individuals who use Facebook were noticed to be depressed

as a consequence of evaluating themselves to what they have been seeing on their feeds.

Instagram, on the other hand, is also reported to be harmful to psychological well-being of

people, especially teens and young adults (Royal Society for Public Health, 2017). One of the

reasons that Instagram is a hugely popular social media network is because of its social

engagement that comes with liking photos. Users are lured to the notion of likes and attention,

whether or not they are considered influencers. But in 2019, the Instagram platform made it

possible to hide its number of ‘likes’ in an attempt to relieve pressure on its users (BBC News,

2019). Moreover, Instagram made the choice to remove likes from users' posts in order to

alleviate the ongoing aggravation of social comparison which is often resulting in low self-

esteem (Marsden, 2021).

2. Instagram Use and Self Esteem

Self-esteem was defined as “the overall positive and negative evaluation of a person to

himself and how a person perceives oneself” (Cherry, 2021). Self-esteem has an impact on a

person's judgment, interactions, psychosocial functioning, and overall well-being. It also affects

motivation because people with a healthy, positive self-image see their own potential and may be

inspired to take on new objectives. It is primarily important in the overall life aspect of a person

since it gives profound solidarity to any individual's personality. Self-esteem entails an

individual’s attitude to make choices that can produce either favorable or unfavorable changes in

his life. It is important for people to recognize their own and be empowered so that they would

1
not remain stagnant and depreciative of their own skills and abilities. Nevertheless, persons who

have poor self-esteem are more susceptible to suffer from depression, anxiety disorders, and a

general lack of psychological well-being (Treitel, 2020).

Now that Instagram has become an inevitable part of people’s daily lives, studying the

effect it has on individuals is an important aspect to explore (Dion, 2016). In an article

written by Elsesser (2021), it is addressed that people who spend time on social media have a

greater risk for social comparison, therefore decreased in level of their self-esteem. Frequent and

excessive participation in social networking sites is predicted to be significantly involved in

generating psychological distress in its users. Furthermore, many studies have also suggested that

interaction and involvement in social media causes individuals to acquire and develop unhealthy

social comparison with their friends and people that they follow online, which eventually leads

to negative self-report and self-esteem (Eckles, et., al 2015).

According to the study of Wok (2020), individuals who use Instagram go back and forth

like five times a day because of the motivation that this social media platform is bringing them.

However, the findings have found that these individuals feel that they are not that worthy on

their personal level. As Instagram is about sharing photographs, engaging with others through

likes and comments, and following friends, strangers, and even celebrities, there is a strong

likelihood that these activities can alter one's confidence and be a determining factor in one's

self-esteem and well-being (Lup et al., 2015). Studies have shown that when frequency of

Instagram usage is too much, psychological variables such as depression, low-self esteem, and

body dissatisfaction can occur and too much participation can produce unproductive outcomes

that can further worsen one's psychological well-being (Wagstaff, 2018).

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 Instagram aided in the start of the selfie revolution, in which users photograph

themselves. Instagram features filters and photo editing tools that allow you to tweak your

photos before posting them. Some users share a great variety of photographic shots and so on,

but many people utilize this social platform to upload photos of themselves. As a result, daily

exposure on photos that have been photoshopped, and unrealistic images may have a negative

impact on their self-esteem. According to a recent survey,'selfies' are almost never natural and

unedited photographs. People that post selfies are frequently either highly apprehensive for fear

of being mocked by their friends or followers, or they are confident enough to share them but

will utilize various tools such as filters and editing programs to make them look better. Although

using filters and manipulating images has been the standard for many people these days, it

should not be advertised because it creates a false impression making an individual become

dependent on filters to seem better and project their 'ideal self,'. While people are trying to go

with the flow of revolutionized technology such as this, individuals nowadays may feel even

more uneasy about themselves resulting in low self-esteem.

According to Fox (2017), Instagram is by far “the most damaging social media

application for young adults”. This is echoed by the study of Kuss (2016) observing the social

networking sites (SNS) usage and depression which results indicated that time spent on

Instagram was considered to be a significant predictor of depression. Spending more time on

Instagram may give rise to heightened perceptions that other people live happier lives and that

life is unfair to them. Furthermore, viewing other people's lives as if they are living the best life

can cause emotional distress, resulting in a potentially harmful social comparison that often

exacerbates low levels of self-esteem and an increased risk of developing mental health issues.

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 Additional research conducted by Royal Society for Public Health (2017), 1500 young

people of age 15-24 participated in the study. It was indicated that the most affected by the

negative outcome of using Instagram were women. Instagram has built them the notion of

unrealistic and unattainable representation of a girl, in which they should be mirroring and

achieving. Those perfect body images consisting of a perfect ‘coca-cola’ body shape that are

digitally manipulated on Instagram make female Instagram users feel like they are not beautiful

and worth it of their own natural beauty. These instances make women more susceptible to

becoming insecure of their own body image, feeling of inadequacy arises together with lower

self-esteem and if not prevented early, can lead to depression.

3. Psychological Well Being

According to Huppert (2009), psychological well-being is "the combination of feeling

well and performing effectively." Various explanations for the definition of psychological well-

being have been discovered in numerous studies. Other researchers focused on the absence of

negative psychological health variables including depression, anxiety, loneliness, and stress

(Burke & Kraut, 2016). Additionally, in many researchers, the link between psychological well

being and social media use are associated with these psychological variables as outcomes.

Loneliness is utilized as an indication of well-being in Huang's (2010) meta-analysis studies, 33

studies explored the association of social media use to well-being using depression as an

indicator, and another 7 studies used life satisfaction as an indicator.

Different forms of media have emerged and served different purposes. Generally, media

is used to access information, to express an opinion, or to entertain. At present, technology

comprises an entirely new mode and forms and media, parallel to those already in existence but

much improved. Ever since the creation of social media such as Facebook and Instagram, much

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research rests on assumptions whether the use of social media affects well-being. Different

results were yielded from them. Reports with mixed of negative and positive implications were

seen, and no effects of the social media and time spent on it were also brought to light regarding

different indicators of well being.

Social networking sites (SNS) is “a website created to enable individuals to communicate

and share information and images” (What is Social media | IGI Global, 2022). According to Nesi

(2008), social networking sites provided young people with transformative experiences in terms

of social and developmental aspects of their lives. Several SNS features have enhanced the

priority of online communication, self-disclosure, self-expression, and deliberately direct life in

terms of visual information such as likes and comments. Furthermore, these visuals, quantitative

characteristics, and accessibility are among the significant factors that are currently emerging in

the majority of Instagram users, affecting their psychological well-being.

Instagram and other social networking platforms are primarily intended for photography

and visual entertainment. Because photo sharing is unquestionably its primary function, photos

and images can be modified and enhanced (Underwood & Faris, 2015). Although most SNSs

have advantages and downsides, individuals tend to provide clear and favorable feedback on the

ramifications of using such applications. Exposure to such compelling activities and positive

portrayal on SNSs is thought to mold and impact passive browsing, which has been connected to

poor psychological well-being (Vogel & Rose, 2016). Exposure to other people's life highlights

and images may be internalized, adding to the concept of social comparison (Chou & Edge,

2012). Viewing other people's visual representations of their lives online, on the other hand, may

have a good impact on well-being, possibly through a healthy self esteem (Vogel & Rose, 2016).

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 Consequently, quantitative indicators such as reaction or likes, as well as comments, have

a big impact on user feedback. Feedback raises users' expectations, which they hold in high

regard (Baker et al., 2009), and is associated with a much healthier psychological state

(Valkenburg et. al., 2006). Successful online self-representation evokes favorable feedback (Sas

et al., 2009); as a result, Instagram users are eager and driven to utilize the program to acquire

such feedback. It is not impossible that receiving good feedback can improve one's psychological

well-being, whereas receiving favorable input from others may also impair one's psychological

well-being. It is feasible to do so by comparing oneself to others in terms of the number of likes

and comments received. Other studies also revealed that alternative pathways via which

communication improves well-being; taken together, these findings imply that targeted,

composed communication with strong linkages will yield the greatest advantages.

4. Instagram Usage and Psychological Well-being

In the article of John & Graff (2021) further described the “use of too much social

media”. Excessive use of social media can be considered harmful. One of the most appealing

aspects of social media is that it gives users some control over how they appear to others. While

seeking approval from others, people can change their online look and sometimes present

themselves inappropriately which often leads to a variety of problems. John & Graff (2021)

discovered that spending one and a half hours per day on the platforms was linked to an

increased desire to be slim, heightened awareness of how other people perceive them, and

motivation to exercise to lose weight in women.

The reality is now mediated by technology and its numbing effects were greatly felt

mostly by young adults as social media sites, such as Instagram. It tends to foster an unhealthy

environment causing great harm to their mental health and their overall psychological

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well-being. Moreover, as Instagram is just one click away from being accessible, alarming cases

of mental health conditions are likely to be an outcome when its users are unconsciously

overusing the application in the daily. Consequently, social media has become its headspring of

social influence and self-representation. In the same way, it is assumed that people nowadays

spend more time online rather than offline. According to Pantic (2014), social media has already

overtaken offline communication as the modern media, causing people to feel disconnected in

actual face-to-face settings, leading to major mental health problems.

In the study of Hunt et al. (2018), No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases

Loneliness and Depression, a group of university students had been asked to refrain themselves

from using social media for three weeks. A control group did not cut back on their use of social

media. In comparison to the control group, those who lowered their social media presence felt

less lonely and depressed. As predicted, experimentally restricting social media usage on using a

cell phone for 10 minutes per platform per day for three weeks had a substantial impact on well-

being. In the experimental group, both loneliness and depressed symptoms decreased. Also,

subjects who began with fairly severe depression symptoms observed their symptoms decrease to

the mild range by the end of the study.

In addition, Rifiro (2021) indicated that active usage of Instagram affects the users’ well-

being leading to some moderate psychological health issues. People’s social media involvement

varies depending on the intensity of their use. As such, depending on the Instagram usage

pattern, the study showed that people who are more engaged and more active on it were

anchored with lower psychological well-being. Also, the more time people have on Instagram,

the more that these individuals feel lost and excluded from the application’s online community.

Related Studies

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 Based on the study of Indrawati (2021), the intensity of Instagram use has a substantial

effect on subjective well-being with a total of 279 participants from University of Semarang in

Indonesia. The researcher employed a stratified random sampling technique to select the

respondents. In terms of data analysis, descriptive quantitative techniques were employed for

Instagram intensity use, as well as simple regression on the effect of Instagram intensity on

participant wellbeing. According to the results of a simple regression test, attention has a

significant influence on the subjective well-being of students, with a p value = 0.000 < 0.005, it

also showed the significant influence of Instagram intensity on the subjective well-being of

students, with p value = 0.000 < 0.005. Statistically, the B. value obtained of -0.843 which

indicates the aspect of frequency negatively affects subjective well-being of students. It was also

reported that there is a strong correlation between duration of Instagram use and subjective well

being.

Jurimae (2019) investigated the relationship between Instagram usage and its consumers'

emotional states. The study's conclusions could be crucial in the development and investigation

of the Instagram application as a whole. The study included 339 adult participants ranging in age

from 18 to 51 years old. The total number of responses was 279 females and 57 males. To collect

data, the researchers employed the EST-Q2 to assess emotional state and the Instagram

frequency scale to assess Instagram usage. According to the statistical findings, there is little to

no association between Instagram usage and emotional condition. It was also discovered that

women are more likely than men to utilize Instagram.

In 2018, Dungo described the Instagram use in emerging adults. As a result, she

researched the behavior of those who use the application, as well as the motivations that lead

these people to use Instagram. This study included 110 undergraduate university psychology

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students from King's University College in London ranging in age from 18 to 22. The survey

found that self-representation and coolness are two of the reasons why young emerging adults

are so obsessed with Instagram, based on the self-reported questionnaire. Furthermore, this

study's correlation analysis found that deceptive like-seeking was substantially connected with

all three false self representation subscales: deceit (r =.28, p.01), exploration (r =.32, p.01), and

comparison (r =.34, p.01). In addition, the study found that 16.4 percent of the students are

always checking their Instagram account at least 25 times a day, revealing that social media

applications such as Instagram have already become a vital part of their lives.

Trifiro (2018) researched the “effect of Instagram use on well-being and self-esteem.” He

intended to investigate the relationship between the frequency of social media usage and the

well-being of those who use it. The survey included 358 students from colleges and universities

around the United States, with an average age of 20 years old. Based on the statistical findings,

the study found statistical significance between Instagram usage poorer self-esteem (p.05, r =.13)

and well-being (p.05, r =.15). Trifiro also looked into the connection between the intensity of

Instagram use and user outcomes. Moreover, the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a

substantial positive relationship between intensity and both self-esteem (p.05, r =.16) and well-

being (p.05, r =.23). It was discovered that those who spend a lot of time on Instagram had better

self-esteem and well-being, whereas those who use Instagram less frequently have lower self-

esteem and well-being. The researcher came to the conclusion that user effects are not

determined by Instagram usage patterns. In actuality, it appears that user outcomes are

determined by intensity.

Prena (2018) assessed the ‘active instagram usage and its association with self-esteem

and well-being’. The researcher illustrated the role of intensity of instagram usage on user

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outcomes and through utilizing a snowball effect, a total of 359 college students throughout the

United States have participated in the study. The findings of this study revealed that the more

active in Instagram an individual is, the less intense is that person’s self-esteem.

Soltero (n.d.) investigated how Facebook and Instagram affects self-esteem and anxiety.

Throughout the study, a sample of 298 individuals were gathered, and about half of the

aforementioned participants said that the use of social media programs such as Facebook and

Instagram reduces their life pleasure. According to the study's findings, social media users tend

to compare their personal accomplishments to those of their online peers. Furthermore, as they

compare their life to others, the participants' self-esteem was found to degrade and decrease. The

data also revealed that the majority of the participants had suffered at some point in their lives

due to the manifestation of the superficial and unrealistic ideas that they see in different social

networking sites.

Another findings conducted by Ngien & Shaohai (2020), the relationship between

Instagram use, social comparison, and self-esteem is proven strong. Social comparison

negatively affects self-esteem. It was proven by other works of literature that a person with a

higher tendency to self-compare will have poorer self-perception and lower self-esteem. People

who believe they are different from the accepted standards are more likely to adjust their

attitudes and expectations based on the referent group to boost their self-esteem using social

comparison. Another important finding is that when a person’s self-esteem declines, the person

is most likely to muster unfavorable social network direction and interpretation. This concluded

that self-esteem can counter negative emotions coming from disapproving responses or

comments and decrease negative social interaction.

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 Dion's (2016) study, "The Effect Of Instagram On Self-Esteem And Life Satisfaction,"

seeks to understand how Instagram use affects people in their daily lives. To carry out the study,

she utilized a quasi-experimental approach, and female college students were randomly assigned

to the control and experimental groups, where they had to follow certain selected celebrities on

Instagram for roughly 4-6 weeks. In conclusion, those assigned to follow celebrities for a short

period of time indicated a drop in life satisfaction as well as unfavorable thoughts about

themselves.

Eckles et al. et al. (2014) investigated the "impact of brief exposure to social media on

self-esteem." The researchers conducted a correlation analysis to investigate two variables:

Facebook frequency usage and exposure to social media accounts. The first study found that

participants who use Facebook have a negative self-esteem attribute. Meanwhile, in the second

study, it was found that when examining profiles, there is a high likelihood of social comparison

occurring, making individuals feel tiny, and a fall in self-esteem and self-evaluations were

recorded.

Khouly (2018) assessed “Instagram and its Relationship Between Self-Esteem and

Depression Amongst Young Adults.” A total of 129 respondents aged between 18-25 took part

in the survey. The study focused on the association of Instagram usage on depression,

loneliness and self-esteem. The results gathered from this study reported no statistical

significance between Instagram usage and self-esteem. It also suggested that less time spent on

Instagram could contribute to low levels of self-esteem. Moreover, depression and loneliness

were reported to be correlated with intense Instagram usage.

Treitel’s study (2020) entitled “The Impact of Instagram Usage and Other Social Factors

on SelfEsteem Scores” dig deep about the connection between Instagram use and self-esteem by

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considering factors such as gender, marriage, happiness in marriage, and culture. In his study,

results turned out that the only significant predictor was gender. Females were reported to have

lower self-esteem than males. Moreover, Instagram usage did not correlate with self-esteem,

along with the other variables.

Assoc (2021) investigated the relationship between social media use and self-esteem,

with age serving as a moderator. The study included 229 participants, and the statistical tool used

was Pearson correlation r. Furthermore, the study considered age and gender differences.

According to the findings, image-based applications such as Instagram and Snapchat are the

most popular among the younger generation. These young people are vulnerable to social

comparisons as a result of their fascination with these applications. Furthermore, based on these

findings, younger generations continue to use these applications despite their negative aspects

because it has long served as a medium for self-expression and identity. Overall, the study's

findings concluded that age and gender were related to self-esteem, but social media usage had

no significant effect on self-esteem.

Kelly et al. (2018) addressed the association of social media in mental health. In their

longitudinal study entitled “Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the

UK Millennium Cohort Study”, around 10,000 children aged 14 years old came from 19,244

families in the United Kingdom participated in the study. A stratified sampling design was the

sampling used in this study to ensure that the population sampling was represented equally. In

addition, multivariate regression and path models were the given statistical tools to examine

depressive symptoms among children and also to assess the potential pathways in sleep, body

image, harassment, and self-esteem. In their results demonstrated, the prominence of depressive

symptoms when using social media was more visible and associated in girls than boys.

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Moreover, greater time spent on social media contributes to lower body image, harassment, poor

sleep, and poor self-esteem thus leading to a higher depressive score. Consequently, greater time

spent on social media is highly concerning as it is related to body dissatisfaction. It yields

statistical results of (≥5 h 31%), meaning excessive usage of social media is assumed

accountable and linked to depressive symptoms directly and indirectly via self-esteem.

Smouse (2017) studied the “Frequency of Instagram Use and Presence of Depressive

Symptoms in Young Adults”. Their systematic review includes two studies that met the

inclusion and exclusion criteria. One cross-sectional investigation found a link between social

media use, particularly Instagram, and increased depression symptoms. Furthermore, those who

spent the most overall time each day on social media had considerably higher probabilities of

experiencing depressed symptoms. The second cross-sectional study discovered a statistically

significant link between greater Instagram use and higher depression symptoms in those who

followed a large number of strangers.

A study conducted by De Vries et al. (2018), includes that browsing someone’s

Instagram post, especially if the post is pleasing or positive, can have negative moods like envy

and feeling of having shortcomings in life (not being successful). Their study showed that

Instagram use harms self-esteem and life satisfaction by using Social Comparison Theory. A

total of 51 participants aged 18-25 were asked to fill out surveys about Instagram usage and to

measure their self-esteem, and life satisfaction. After that, the participants were separated into

two groups: the control group (continues to use Instagram naturally) & the experimental group.

The experimental group was asked to follow at least 15 celebrities they consider “Instagram

famous” for 6 weeks. Post-test participants were asked to share their thoughts about the

experiment. Unfavorable feelings about themselves, feeling pleased, and motivated by

celebrity posts, and

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having a negative attitude toward celebrities are the four categories of responses. Individual

variances in processing tendencies drive people to respond to social information on social media

in opposite ways, according to these studies.

A study conducted by Ngien & Shaohai (2020), showed that Instagram users who

frequently use Instagram will most likely be associated with social comparison. Their study

focuses on Instagram use and social anxiety, while social comparison is used as a mediator to

link them. It was said that social comparison is the reason why people’s social anxiety increases.

Too much exposure to idealized images can trigger your comparison instinct in many aspects of

life that will result in poor self-concept and self-esteem. Social comparison constantly triggers

negative emotions, especially, when the posted images aren’t within your reach, it will result in

poor psychological well-being. As society constructs and provides beauty standards and other

corrected judgments against which we may evaluate ourselves, there is a greater risk that we will

believe we are different from the accepted norms. Lastly, it was proven that Instagram use is not

directly linked to social anxiety; instead, social comparison’s role as a mediator linked them

together and formed a negative bond.

Kim (2021) addressed Instagram users' issues about social comparison, self-esteem, and

physical image. The goal of the study was to look at how people's perceptions change as they use

Instagram. The researcher employed an online survey questionnaire and linear regression

through SPSS as a proper statistical tool to determine the significant associations of the variables

in order to collect the necessary data. The findings revealed that Instagram stories had a

detrimental impact on social comparison and body image issues, but no significant impact on

self-esteem. Kim (2021) also discovered that those who engage in social comparison have lower

self-esteem and are more likely to have body image issues and concerns.

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 Zebroski (2019) looked at the impact of "Mindful Instagram Use on Social Comparison

and College Life Satisfaction". The research involved a series of surveys as well as a week-long

Instagram intervention. In addition, regression analysis was used as a statistical technique to look

at the potential predictor of excessive Instagram use. According to the findings, if Instagram

users use the app over time, the mere possibility of social comparison increases. Additionally,

problematic and excessive use of Instagram was significant and negatively correlated with envy,

implying that too much Instagram use was associated with lower feelings of envy and higher

likelihood of social comparison could occur and intensify.

Pittman (2015) conducted a study titled "Creating, Consuming, and Connecting:

Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Engagement and Loneliness", investigating

the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness among college students. The

researcher explored the three most popular social media platforms, namely Facebook, Twitter,

and Instagram. To collect the necessary data, an adapted questionnaire from College Students

Facebook Questionnaire was used, which included three components: social media attitude,

behavior, and loneliness. Additionally, Likert scale was used to operationalize the data.

Furthermore, the adapted questionnaire was administered to 432 undergraduate students from

two colleges in the United States, with the majority of respondents being female, accounting for

75% of the total population of respondents. According to the statistical report of this study, using

Pearson correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient between Loneliness and Twitter Attitude

was found to be negative and significant (r = -.245, p =.001). It was likewise negative and

significant for the relationship between Loneliness and Instagram Attitude (r = -.264, p.001). The

more positive the mindset, the less lonely the individual reported. The link between Loneliness

and Facebook Attitude, on the other hand, was not significant (r =.015, p >.05). The study's

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assumption was met, claiming that as students' fondness for Twitter and Instagram increased, so

did their self-reported loneliness. There were no significant associations between Facebook

usage and attitudes, behaviors, or loneliness.

A survey was conducted by The Cigna Health Insurance Company (2018), on how

Instagram use is associated with loneliness even though Instagram is formally used for

communication, sharing photos, and is known for its built-in filter to beautify photos. A total of

20,000 respondents was asked to answer a survey regarding how much time they would spend on

Instagram in a day and the study used the UCLA Loneliness Scale consisting of a 20-item

questionnaire to measure the level of loneliness they feel using Instagram and other social media

apps. To extract the negative and positive emotions of the respondent, the 20-item questionnaire

was a mixed balance with negative and positive statements. The results showed 46% of the

respondents always feel lonely because of spending too much time on Instagram and say that the

real connection in person is replaced by social media platforms. It demonstrates how a person's

intense use of Instagram may make them lonely, even though they upload and share happy

photographs. (Cigna, 2018).

On the contrary, research conducted by Hunt et al. (2018), examined and investigated the

role of social media in loneliness and depression, and whether or not limiting their usage of

social media will have a favorable impact on their psychological well-being. The experimental

study monitored 143 college students of the University of Pennsylvania and asked them to limit

their use of social media platforms to 10 minutes-30 minutes per day. The experimental study

used several tools to measure the respondent’s psychological well-being. For loneliness, they

used UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure social isolation, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety

Inventory to measure anxiety symptoms, the Beck Depression Inventory to measure depressive

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symptoms, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to measure how a person perceived oneself. After

three weeks of observation, the participants' loneliness and depression levels were significantly

decreased. It has been demonstrated that those who use social media in moderation are less likely

to experience loneliness and depression, and are more likely to have a good psychological well-

being.

In their study "Hiding Instagram Likes: Effects on Negative Affect and Loneliness," Buil

and Wallace (2020) investigated whether hiding likes on Instagram affects users' psychological

well-being. Their study's hypothesis supported the idea that hiding likes decreases loneliness and

intensity of competition. A total of 280 Instagram users in the United States took part in the

study to acquire the data. ANCOVA was also utilized to test the hypothesis regarding the

dependent variables: loneliness and negative affect. According to the findings, the number of

likes has a substantial impact on the negative affect. Furthermore, the number of likes was found

to have a significant impact on loneliness (F(1, 275) = 7.10; p 0.05; partial 2 = 0.03). Participants

with fewer 'likes' on their Instagram account are believed to be more lonely than those with a

large number of likes. The results of the visibility of likes were (F(1, 275) = 6.44; p 0.05; partial

2 = 0.02), indicating that it has a substantial impact on the negative affect of its users, and it was

also stated that loneliness was higher when Likes were visible (M Likes seen = 2.31; MLikes not seen =

2.23). The researchers also proposed that social comparison could contribute to loneliness; when

Instagram users see people who are significantly better than them, feelings of inadequacy may

occur, particularly if the amount of likes is accessible to everyone. The findings of their

investigation support the hypothesis that Instagram use has a detrimental psychological impact

on its users.

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 In the study of Bagautdinova (2018) entitled “The Influence of Instagram Selfies on

Female Millennials’ Appearance Satisfaction” aimed to know the everyday life on Instagram and

how social comparison happens when exposed to selfies and to determine the effects of selfies in

womens’ appearance satisfaction. The author used a qualitative research design and utilized in-

depth interviews among 26 female millenials with ages ranging from 18 to 32. Based on the

findings, participants’ body image idealization were mostly influenced by Instagram famous

personalities. It was also mentioned that negative feelings towards attractive friends arise after

the social comparison made. Additionally, likes and comments on photos were identified to be of

importance to female millennials, and those serve as an important role in their identity

construction in the society that eventually contribute either positively or negatively in their self-

perception, self-esteem, appearance and body satisfaction.

Beyens et al., (2020) examined the differences between adolescents’ social media usage.

Their study entitled “The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to

adolescent” revealed the impact of social media on their affective well-being. A number of 2,55

real time assessments were executed, and the sample adolescents were examined within six days

to quantify their social media’s susceptibility. Moreover, 68.17% of the participants had used

social media which includes Instagram and WhatsApp that includes passive and active browsing.

The study found that the passive and active browsing of social media differs substantially among

adolescents. A percentage of 46% of the participants did not feel or worse upon passively using

the social media, while 45.90% amounted to participants that felt better when using social media,

and 9.84% of the sample participants felt worse when exposed to using the social media. In

addition, the majority of the adolescents which is 73.91% that use Instagram were reported not

affected, and did not feel better or worse upon browsing the Instagram content. A percentage of

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17.39 said that they felt better and in contrast, 8.70% of the participants felt worse upon viewing

other’s Instagram content.

Buglass et al., (2017) assessed the “Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of

social network site use and FOMO”. The study highlights the link between social media usage,

fear of missing out (FOMO) and online vulnerability among UK respondents. The study was

composed of 506 respondents from the United Kingdom, which are Facebook users. In addition,

the study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the variables. The statistical report

states there is a relationship between SNS use and decreased self esteem, which is mediated by

FOMO. Moreover, research suggests that there is an implication between social media use and

vulnerability online.

Burke and Kraut (2016) investigated if the "Relationship Between Facebook Use and

Well-Being Depends on Communication Type and Tie Strength." A three-wave panel poll of

1,910 Facebook users was conducted from June to August of 2016. Respondents completed a

well-being scale and a series of questionnaires assessing their relationship with their eight

Facebook friends. According to the study's findings, excellent communication has a favorable

impact on well-being. Viewing a wide broadcast of a friend, on the other hand, has a detrimental

impact on well-being. It was also discovered that people respond positively when the

communication targeted to them benefits them as well.

In the study of Burnell et al., (2020) entitled “Browsing Different Instagram Profiles and

Associations With Psychological Well-Being” examined the changes in emerging adults’ state

affect in terms of Instagram profile viewing: an acquaintance, an influencer, or one's own

profile. This study also aimed to assess how individual differences affect the impact of social

media usage, and to make it possible, they also explored FOMO in emerging adults and the drive

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for feedback behavior. The study found that browsing own Instagram profile emanates a positive

psychological well being, whereas browsing activities that include profiles of an acquaintance or

an influencer exhibit negative psychological well being. Additionally, the research suggests that

participants’ characteristics are also significant in terms of levels of FOMO and feedback

seeking. The study also suggests that social networking sites (SNS) indeed affect emerging

adults’ psychological well being, whereas it only depends who and what content these

individuals are browsing.

A study conducted by Sarafraz, Mehdi Reza et al., (2019), where they hypothesized that

using SNS like Facebook, Telegram, Instagram, and Whatsapp has a negative effect on students'

Psychological Well-being, mental health, and educational performances. Pearson correlation

coefficient was used and as the matrix showed, SNS had negative impacts on students’

psychological well-being and academic performances. It was also shown that SNS is positively

correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The results indicated that too much time spent on

SNS could lead the students to poor academic performances, decreased psychological well-

being, and other psychological variables like depression, anxiety, and stress.

In the meta analysis of Huang (2017) entitled “Time Spent on Social Network Sites and

Psychological Well-Being” examined whether there is a correlation between social media usage

and psychological factors such as self-esteem, life satisfaction, loneliness, and depression. The

study includes 61 studies, which is composed of 67 individual samples involving 19,652

individuals that participated. The statistical report gathered a mean of r = -0.07 which indicates

low correlations between social media time spent and psychological well-being. Correlations

between self-esteem and life satisfaction and social media use were close to 0, and correlation

3
between social media use between depression and loneliness were poor. Moreover, participants’

age and gender were not reported to be significant.

Park & Lee (2012) examined the “Social implications of smartphone use: Korean college

students' smartphone use and psychological well-being”. Per the relationship between variables,

the motivations for smartphone use were positively associated to bonding relationships but

negatively related to bridging relationships. The multiple regression analysis uncovers

relationships between smartphone use motivations, social relationships, perceived social support,

and psychological well-being variables. The findings show that desires for caring for others are

inversely connected to loneliness and sadness, but positively related to self-esteem.

Communication motivations, on the other hand, are not a significant predictor of self-esteem,

loneliness, or depression. Furthermore, connecting and bridging social relationships, as well as

social support, dramatically boost self-esteem while decreasing loneliness and despair.

Ivan Jati Kusuma & Muhamad Yuniardi, 2020) conducted a study about “The Use of

Instagram and Psychological Well-Being in the Digital Era”. The researcher seeks to investigate

the positive and detrimental effects of social media. With 20 participants gathered, the researcher

used qualitative techniques with interviews and observations. Upon investigation, 13 participants

stated that Instagram use improves their psychological well being, while 7 out of 20 participants

revealed that Instagram, on the other hand, worsen their psychological well- being. Additionally,

advantages such as inspiration, useful information, and motivation were elucidated by the

participants. On the other hand, social inequality can be some of the disadvantages of Instagram

use, as well as Instagram can be a channel of bad things as stated by the participants.

Wang et al., (2014) stated in their study “The effects of Social Networking Site (SNS)

use on college students’ friendship and well-being”, the influence of SNS in well -being and the

role

3
of friendship quality and self-disclosure mediation in SNS usage and well-being. A number of

337 students from the undergraduate universities from China participated in the study. SEM

modeling was used as the statistical tool to analyze the data. The reports yielded positive

correlation between SNS usage and well-being. Moreover, SNS which focused on entertainment

negatively correlated with well-being. Additionally, friendship quality is positively significantly

correlated with online disclosure. In contrast, SNS use is negatively correlated with online

disclosure, whereas friendship quality over social networking sites have no significant

relationship with well being.

Conceptual Framework

This study's conceptual framework integrated the input, process, and output (IPO Model)

in order to precisely represent the required data in the study, how the process was undertaken

out, and the potential product of the study.

3
 Figure 1. Research Paradigm
This first box, which is the input section, discusses the Instagram intensity usage of the

respondents, the level of self-esteem and psychological well-being of the respondents. Moreover,

it encompasses the relationship between Instagram intensity and self-esteem, and relationship

between Instagram intensity and psychological well-being of the respondents.

The second box, which represents the process, was linked to the first box. These were

created by the researchers in order to achieve the research aims. It includes the administration of

surveys, data collection and analysis, as well as the recommended statistical tools.

3
 The last box, which is the output, contains the planned study product which are inputs to

psychological society as well as to Bataan Peninsula State University students’ self-esteem and

psychological well-being.

Hypothesis

The goal of this research is to study how Instagram usage affects the psychological well-

being and self-esteem of BPSU students - Balanga Campus. This paper will conclude with a

discussion of what implications this line of research has to propose inputs on psychological

development and it hypothesized that:

1. Is there a significant relationship between Instagram intensity and self-esteem?

Null Hypothesis (H01) There is no significant relationship between Instagram intensity

and self-esteem.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha1) There is a significant relationship between Instagram

intensity and self-esteem.

2. Is there a significant relationship between Instagram intensity and psychological well-being?

Null Hypothesis (H02) There is no significant relationship between instagram intensity

and psychological well-being.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha2) There is a significant relationship between instagram

intensity and psychological well-being.

Definitions of Terms

For the purpose of clear understanding of the variables and terms included in the study,

the words are defined operationally as it follows:

3
1. Self-esteem - variable that refers to the overall positive and negative evaluation of a

person to himself and how a person perceives oneself.

2. Psychological well-being - the variable that refers to the combination of feeling well and

performing effectively.

3. Social networking sites (SNS) - it refers to a website created to enable individuals to

communicate and share information and images.

4. Sex -refers to something that is assigned at birth, which is generally male or female.

4
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 CHAPTER III

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter presents the methods and techniques, population and sample, research

instrument, construction and validation of instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical

treatment of data employed in the study.

Methods and Techniques

This research aims to determine the effect of Instagram usage on psychological well-

being and self-esteem of BPSU students. To answer this problem, the researchers employed a

quantitative approach and data collection method such as questionnaires.

According to Nora (2021), descriptive correlational designs are used to describe the

variables and the natural relationships that exist between them. It is also a sort of non-

experimental quantitative study in which the researcher does not control or change variables.

The questionnaire is divided into three sections to assess the respondents' Instagram

usage, self-esteem, and psychological well being. It would take 5-10 minutes to respond to them

all. According to Bhandari (2020), a questionnaire is a set of questions or items designed to elicit

information from respondents about their attitudes, experiences, or opinions.

Population and Sample of the Study

This study included 306 undergraduate students from the BPSU Balanga campus, ranging

in age from 18 to 24. Convenience sampling procedure was employed to collect the data, in

which the respondents were chosen based on their availability and by means of posting it on

Facebook. The selection criteria include that the respondent must be a BPSU Balanga student,

and have one Instagram account.

5
Research Instruments

The following measures were utilized in a Google Form-created online survey:

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was designed to measure the self-esteem levels among

respondents. According to Rosenberg (1979), Rosenberg’s Self-esteem is a ten-item scale with

four-point responses ranging from "strongly agree," "agree," "strongly disagree," and "disagree."

On questions 1, 3, 4, 7, and 10, low self-esteem responses are identified as ‘strongly disagree'

and 'disagree.' Positive self-esteem responses, on the other hand, are identified as ‘strongly agree'

and 'agree' on items 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9. The RSE has a Guttman scale coefficient of repeatability

of.92, which indicates that it is highly reliable. showing that there is a lot of consistency inside

the company. RSE test-retest dependability reveals .85 and .88 correlations, showing high

stability.

Facebook (Instagram) Intensity Scale

The Instagram Intensity Scale was adapted from a study by Ellison et al. (2007), who

utilized the scale to gauge how often people used Facebook. Instead of measuring Facebook

usage, the scale was created specifically for Instagram. Unless otherwise stated, Instagram

Intensity Use is a self-reported assessment using the Likert-scale approach, with response

categories ranging from 1 to 5. The average of all the items on the scale is used to calculate the

Instagram Intensity score. This scale is the most relevant instrument to use in this study to

measure the intensity use of Instagram of the respondents. The adapted survey questionnaire,

composed of 10 items, has a reliability index (Cronbach’s Alpha) of 0.710. The result suggests

that the research instrument has a good internal consistency.

Psychological Well Being Scale

5
 The revised 18-item Psychological Well-Being Scale was created by Psychologist Carol

D. Ryff and examines six dimensions of well-being and happiness: autonomy, environmental

mastery, personal growth, positive relationships with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance.

The 18-item version takes 3-5 minutes to complete. The 18-item questionnaire is evaluated and

assessed on a Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree, with high scores indicating

good psychological well-being (Stanford, n.d). The Psychological Well-being Scale made by

Ryff is used in this study to measure the overall status of the well-being of the respondents. In

assessing aspects of Psychological well-being it is important to know if the instruments we use

are valid and reliable. RPWS test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.82. On the other hand, its six

subscales for Self-acceptance, Positive Relation with Others, Autonomy, Environmental

Mastery, Purpose in Life, and Personal Growth were found to be 0.71, 0.77, 0.78, 0.77, 0.70, and

0.78, individually, are found significant (Asghar et al., 2008).

Construction and Validation of Research Instrument

In terms of gathering the data needed to assess the psychological well being and self-

esteem of students, the researchers adapted three research instruments namely Rosenberg Self-

esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1979), Instagram Intensity Scale (Ellison, 2007) and Psychological

Well Being Scale (Ryff, 1995).

For the validation, the researchers asked for guidance of our professional advisers in this

field in order to review the instruments and if they are the right instruments for the study. Their

comments and suggestions further assist the researchers in employing the correct tools for the

research. Their suggestions are integrated into the instrument's final format before it is

distributed.

Data Gathering Procedure

5
 For this study, the researchers selected information from the internet, articles, theses, and

journals, as well as relevant literature and studies. It also aided the researchers in data collection.

These sources supplied up-to-date data, which is critical for this research.

The questionnaires were distributed online using Google form. As a result, their

respective responses were kept in accordance with the respondents' and researchers' agreement.

The collected data were categorized and tallied based on the results of the statistical

instrument. At this point, the service of a statistical consultant was required.

Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment of Data

1. Mean

To obtain the mean of psychological well being and self-esteem of students on the

provided indicators in the study, the researchers used the mean; the mean is equal to the sum of

all the values in the data set divided by the number of values in the data set.

2. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r

To test if there is significant relationship between Instagram Intensity and Psychological

Well Being and the relationship between Instagram Intensity and Self Esteem of BPSU students

- Balanga Campus, the researchers used the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

known as Pearson’s r given by the formula:

5
 Notes in Chapter III

Asghar, A., Koochekya, M., & Ali, B. (2008a). Reliability and Validity of Ryff’s Psychological

Well-being Scales. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(2), 146–

151. https://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.html

Bhandari, P. (2020, June 12). An introduction to quantitative research. Scribbr.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:”

Social capital and college students use of online social networks. Journal of Computer-

Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168.

Fernando, J. (2021). What Is the Correlation Coefficient? Investopedia.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/correlationcoefficient.asp

Hargrave, M. (2021). What Is the Standard Deviation? Investopedia.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standarddeviation.asp

University, S., Stanford, & California 94305. (n.d.). Psychological Wellbeing Scale |

SPARQtools. Sparqtools.org.

https://sparqtools.org/mobility-measure/psychological-wellbeing-scale/

5
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The general problem of this study is: How Instagram use affects the psychological well-

being and self-esteem of Bataan Peninsula State University?

For clarity of presentation, this chapter is subdivided into five (5) parts corresponding to

the statement of the problem in Chapter 1.

Part 1 determines the Instagram intensity of the respondents.

Part 2 provides the level of self-esteem of the respondents.

Part 3 reveals the level of psychological well-being of the respondents.

Part 4 determines the relationship between Instagram intensity and self-esteem.

Part 5 examines the relationship between Instagram intensity and psychological

well-being.

Part 1. Instagram Intensity of the Respondents

Table 1 shows the Instagram intensity of the respondents.

Table 1
Respondents’ Instagram Usage Intensity
Frequency Percent
Very Low 12 3.9
Low 54 17.6
Average 60 19.6
High 54 17.6
Very High 126 41.2
Total 306 100.0
Mean = 19.892 SD = 4.83
Scale Description

5
 7 – 10 Very Low

11 – 14 Low

15 – 18 Average

19 – 22 High

23 – 28 Very High

Table 1 shows the Respondents Instagram usage intensity level. It can be gleaned from

the table that respondents who have ‘Very High’ intensity level of Instagram usage comprises

41.2% or 126 of the total 306 respondents. Respondents who have ‘Average’ Instagram usage

intensity level make up the 19.6% or 60 respondents. Moreover, ‘Low’ and ‘High’ levels of

Instagram usage Intensity both have 17.6% or 54 respondents each. And lastly, only 12

respondents out of the 306 total respondents indicated ‘Very Low’ level. The results suggest that

just like other social media platforms, Instagram is very common among the population.

Instagram is very popular among young adults because this generation is now living in a

digital era where social media platforms are vastly improving on a daily basis. Furthermore, the

pandemic increased young adults' interest in social media platforms such as Instagram. Despite

the current crisis today, Instagram usage allows the majority of students to divert their attention

to something enjoyable for them. The results state that young people, like college students, are

mostly inclined to use social media applications like Instagram. Given the social connectivity it

brings to its users, the reason why it is appealing to the young is its photo-sharing nature. It

became their avenue for enhancing their information, in the form of photos and videos. However,

excessive Instagram use may harm these people without their knowledge; social envy and social

comparison are prevalent on Instagram nowadays, so they may unconsciously compare their

lives to others.

This finding is supported by Dungo's study (2018), which shows that most students are

eager to check their phones and social media accounts. The factors that drive the majority of

5
students to use Instagram are self-representation, coolness, and like-seeking. But despite the

positive aspects of Instagram as perceived by its users, Zebroski (2019) claims that the longer

Instagram users use the app, the greater the possibility of social comparison. According to Kim

(2021), Instagram had a detrimental impact on social comparison and body image issues

however, Instagram had no significant impact on self-esteem.

According to Statista (2021), 17.9% of the global users of Instagram were ages between

18-24 years old. With recent technological advancements and cultural shifts, the introduction of

such sites has become advantageous to the young at some point in their lives. Moreover, Roesler

(2015) states that Instagram helps the majority of Instagram users develop community in an

online world driven by collaborative people. Furthermore, it enables teens and young adults to

participate in the shaping of their identity, online profile, and the discovery of people with

similar interests or even emotional connections.

Part 2. Self Esteem of the Respondents

Table 2 presents the respondents’ level of self-esteem.
Table 2
Respondents’ Level of Self Esteem
Level Frequency Percent
Low 6 2.0
Average 276 90.2
High 24 7.8
Total 306 100.0
Mean = 24.852 SD = 1.845

Scale Description

10 – 15 Very Low

16 – 21 Low

22 – 27 Average

28 – 33 High

5
34 – 40 Very High

Table 2 shows the level of respondents' self esteem. It can be gleaned from the table that

the respondents who have an ‘Average’ level of self-esteem are 90.2 or 276 out of 306

respondents, while only 7.8% or 24 respondents have ‘High’ level of self-esteem. Only 6

respondents or only 2% of the total number of respondents have a ‘Low’ level of self-esteem.

The findings imply that self-esteem involves sensing and meaning-making in all aspects

of life. People with healthy self-esteem have good knowledge and expertise in absorbing external

information, acknowledging their own good qualities, and appreciating their own worth. This can

also be attributed to one of the dimensions proposed by Cast and Burke (2002), which is Worth-

based Self-Esteem which emphasizes the importance of value. It contributes to the idea that

people want to be valuable and worthwhile, thereby improving their self-views.

In support of this contention, Trifiro (2018) pointed out that people who had more time to

use Instagram had better self-esteem and well-being. Likewise, Beyens et. al., (2020) study

revealed that the majority of Instagram users did not feel worse upon browsing the said

application. And lastly, in Park & Lee (2020) study findings revealed that connection and social

relationships as well as social support greatly enhance self-esteem and lower students’ loneliness

and despair.

Part 3. Psychological Well Being of the Respondents

Table 3 includes the results of the level of psychological well-being of the respondents.

Table 3
Respondents’ Level of Psychological Well-being
Frequency Percent

6
 Low 12 3.9
Average 270 88.2
High 24 7.8
Total 306 100.0
Mean = 73.36 SD = 7.465
Scale Description

18 – 39 Very Low

40 – 61 Low

62 – 83 Average

84 – 105 High

106 – 126 Very High

Table 3 shows the level of psychological well-being of the respondents. It can be gleaned

from the table that 88.2% of the respondents or 270 of the total 306 respondents have an

‘Average’ level of psychological well-being. Respondents with ‘High’ level of psychological

well-being comprises just 7.8% or 24 of the total respondents. And only 3.9% or 12 respondents

have ‘Low’ level of psychological well-Being.

According to the findings, the majority of respondents exhibit normal psychological well-

being. It implies that a person's psychological well-being is determined by how good they feel

and how well they judge life. People with good self-esteem experience positive emotions that

lead to a greater accomplishment in life and improved relationships. On the other hand, the more

a person dwells on bad and negative events, the more vulnerable he or she becomes to anxiety

and depression. It is just as important to recognize bad events in life as it is to recognize good

events in order to have a good psychological well-being.

Accordingly, Hunt et al. (2018), pointed out that those who use social media in

moderation are less likely to experience loneliness and depression, and are more likely to have a

good psychological well-being. It suggests that through moderation of use, individuals will

6
understand the values and necessity of self-discipline in terms of social media use. In addition,

Wang et. al., (2014), suggests that social media use which is ‘social’ SNSs are positively

correlated with well-being.

Part 4. Relationship between Instagram Intensity and Self Esteem

Table 4 determines the relationship between Instagram intensity and self-esteem.

Table 4

Relationship between Instagram Intensity and Self Esteem

R Sig. Decision

Instagram Usage Intensity and Self -0.248 0.079 Not Significant

Esteem

N=306
Table 4 shows the correlation between Instagram usage intensity and self-esteem and

psychological well being of the respondents. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

was computed to assess the relationship between Instagram usage intensity and self-esteem and

psychological well being of the respondents. There is a low negative correlation (r = -0.248)

between the respondents’ instagram usage intensity and self-esteem. The results indicated that

Instagram usage intensity does not affect the self-esteem of the respondents.

The findings show that Instagram intensity usage has no effect on the respondents' self-

esteem. It can be said that individuals who see themselves as worthy and the world as a nurturing

place where they must strive are more willing to try new tasks, learn new skills, and take risks in

life. Furthermore, these findings imply that individuals can achieve healthy self-esteem by

focusing a significant amount of time and attention on improving themselves.

6
Individuals' sense of self-worth is still influenced by how they judge and approve of themselves,

regardless of whether they use social media apps like Instagram.

In relation to hypothesis 1, which examines whether there is a significant relationship

between Instagram intensity and self-esteem, Pearson's correlation coefficient found that there

was no significance (p=0.079) between the Instagram intensity usage and self-esteem. Therefore,

accepting the null hypothesis.

Despite much of the prior literature elucidating the negative effects of Instagram use, the

study hypothesized that there would be a relationship between Instagram intensity usage and

self-esteem. According to Elsesser (2021), people who spend time on social media have a higher

risk of social comparison, resulting in a lower level of self-esteem. It implies that frequent and

excessive participation in social networking sites will play a significant role in causing

psychological distress in its users. However, this study found no statistical relationship between

Instagram usage and self-esteem. It is related to Treitel's (2020) study, which also found no

statistical significance between Instagram usage and self-esteem. Despite the fact that the null

hypothesis was accepted, this study still suggests moderation in using the Instagram application.

Part 5. Relationship between Instagram Intensity and Psychological Well Being

Table 5 determines the relationship between Instagram intensity and psychological well-

being.

Table 5

Relationship between Instagram Intensity and Psychological Well Being

R Sig. Decision

6
 Instagram Usage Intensity and -0.418 0.002 Significant

Psychological Well-Being

N=306

There is a low negative correlation (r= -0.418) between Instagram usage intensity and

psychological well being. Moreover, there is a significant relationship (p=0.002) between

instagram usage intensity and psychological well being of the respondents. The results indicated

that Instagram usage intensity does not affect the self-esteem of the respondents, but the

psychological well-being of the respondents is affected by Instagram usage indicating that there

is a relationship between Instagram intensity and psychological well-being which is found to be

significant. These findings indicated that too much use of Instagram led to decreased

psychological well-being. It is also plausible that students can become more prone to negative

psychological variables like depression and anxiety. This photo-sharing platform is one of the

most growing social media sites today. With its photo-sharing nature, it can imply that people

can become critical of how they look and the other aspects of themselves and their lives. A

tendency to compare their lives to others and suffer from self-critical thoughts is high and

therefore impacts their overall psychological well-being.

Accordingly, Burnell et. al., (2020) concluded that social networking sites indeed affect

psychological well-being. Together with Sarafraz, Mehdi Reza et al., (2019), they suggested that

SNS like Facebook, Telegram, Instagram and WhatsApp had a negative impact on students’

psychological well-being and academic performances. They indicated that too much time spent

on these SNSs could lead to deteriorate students’ psychological well-being and academic

performances. It was also concluded in their study that SNSs are correlated with depression,

6
anxiety and stress. Additionally, Cigna Health Insurance Company (2018), indicated that too

much use of Instagram makes individuals feel lonely despite uploading and sharing happy

photographs.

In relation to hypothesis 2, which examines whether there is a significant relationship

between Instagram intensity and psychological well-being, Pearson's correlation coefficient

found that there was a significance (p=0.002) between the Instagram intensity usage and

psychological well-being. Therefore, accepting the alternative hypothesis.

Table 5.1

Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-being

R Sig. Decision

Self-Esteem and Psychological 0.310 .027 Significant

Well-being

Furthermore, we take note of the relationship between self-esteem and psychological

well-being. A significant relationship between these variables were found. It suggests that if self-

esteem increases or decreases so is psychological well-being. It implies that a failure to provide

the nurturing and appreciation of the full extent of one’s personality, psychological well-being is

compromised. The level of our self-esteem affects every aspect of life. It affects an individual's

choices in life, ability to take actions when things need to be changed, our aptitudes, abilities,

and our stability. The level of self-esteem would affect one’s psychological well-being in

general.

6
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations made

in the study.

Summary of Findings

The summary of the findings were summarized according to the statement of the

problems stated in Chapter 1.

1. What is the Instagram intensity usage of the respondents?

Most of the respondents have an intense Instagram usage. The results of this study

indicated that people may be using Instagram to broaden their horizons and find a wide range of

information. Instagram can be used for a variety of purposes, including self-presentation,

entertainment, and learning.

2. What is the level of self-esteem of the respondents?

Respondents’ overall self-esteem level is on Average (M=24.852, SD=1.845). The results

suggest that the respondents tend to spend time on Instagram although their self-esteem is within

normal.

3. What is the psychological well-being of the respondents?

Respondents’ overall psychological well-being level is on Average (M=73.36,

SD=7.465). The results suggest that the respondents tend to spend time on Instagram although

their psychological well-being is within normal.

6
 4. Is there a significant relationship between Instagram usage intensity and self-

esteem?

The data revealed that no significant relationship (p=0.079) between the Instagram usage

intensity and self esteem. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted. This reveals that Intensity of

Instagram use does not have a subsequent effect on users’ self-esteem.

5. Is there a significant relationship between Instagram usage intensity and

psychological wellbeing?

The data revealed a significant relationship (p=0.002) between Instagram usage intensity

and psychological well-being of the respondents. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is

accepted. This reveals that users’ Instagram intensity usage impacts their psychological well-

being.

Conclusion

Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The findings revealed that students’ level of self-esteem and psychological well-being are

within the range of a healthy and normal self-esteem.

2. The result of the relationship between Instagram intensity use and self-esteem implies

that students’ Instagram use does not necessarily affect their self-esteem. However;

3. Prolonged/intense Instagram use can have a negative impact on students’ psychological

well-being.

The researchers concluded that students enjoy using Instagram applications. With that

said, the students were given the chance for self-presentation and social involvement. Students

6
who spend time on Instagram have considerably good self-esteem. Students who have an intense

usage of Instagram, on the other hand, have a lower psychological well-being. Instagram is a

double-edged sword in today's digital world. It must be used with caution because it has the

potential to be both useful and harmful to one's mental health. The usage of social media is

merely a tool, not a cause. Social media applications, like Instagram, can be a powerful tool if

used properly.

Recommendations

The study revealed the effect of Instagram use on self-esteem and psychological well-

being of Bataan Peninsula State University students. Thus, the following recommendations are

hereby presented:

1. Based on these conclusions, mental health practitioners and other mental health

professionals should consider providing more mental health education and awareness, as

increased access to support lowers the level of depression and anxiety, therefore giving

young people a chance to improve and strengthen their overall psychological well-being.

2. In order to better understand the implications of these findings, future studies should

conduct an in-depth study on this topic, as well as a larger group of subjects, to see if the

same findings will be established.

6
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Branden, N., & Archibald, S. (1982). The Psychology Of Self-Esteem. Bantam Books.

Frey, D., & Carlock, C. J. (1989). Enhancing Self Esteem.

Accelerated Development Inc., 3400 Kilgore Ave., Muncie, IN 47304-4896.

B. Unpublished/ Published Theses and Dissertations

Nayenggita, S. K., & Adishesa, M. S. (2021). Social Comparison as Mediator: Does

Instagram Intensity Predict Self-Esteem? (Published Research, Atma Jaya Catholic

University of Indonesia. 2021).

Carinio, X., Mondelo, R., Tobongbanua, L., & Polancos, J. (2018). Social Media and

Self-Esteem of Filipino College Students as Mediated by Body Image. (Unpublished

Research, Adventist University of the Philippines. 2018).

C. Electronic Sources

James Mageto (Author. (2017). Impact of Social Media on the Youth. Grin.com.

https://www.grin.com/document/358350. Retrieved 22 January 2022.

Kim, J.-H., & Lennon, S. J. (2007). Mass Media and Self-Esteem, Body Image, and Eating

Disorder Tendencies. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 25(1), 3–23.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302x06296873

Livingstone, S., & Brake, D. R. (2010). On the Rapid Rise of Social Networking Sites: New

Findings and Policy Implications. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x.

Retrieved 15 January 2022.

6
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION 1. Ellison’s Facebook (Instagram) Intensity Scale

1. Instagram is part of my everyday activity. 1 2 3 4

2. I am proud to tell people that I'm on Instagram. 1 2 3 4

3. Instagram has become part of my daily life. 1 2 3 4

4. I feel out of touch when I haven't logged onto 1 2 3 4

Instagram for a while.

5. I feel I am part of the Instagram community. 1 2 3 4

6. I would be sorry if Instagram shuts down. 1 2 3 4

SECTION 2. Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale

1. I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with 1 2 3 4

others.

2. I feel that I have a number of good qualities. 1 2 3 4

3. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. 1 2 3 4

4. I am able to do things as well as most other people. 1 2 3 4

5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of. 1 2 3 4

6. I take a positive attitude toward myself. 1 2 3 4

7. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. 1 2 3 4

8. I wish I could have more respect for myself. 1 2 3 4

9. I certainly feel useless at times. 1 2 3 4

10. At times I think I am no good at all. 1 2 3 4

7
SECTION 3. Ryff’s Psychological Well Being Scale

1. “I like most parts of my personality.” 1 2 3 4

2. “When I look at the story of my life, I am pleased with how 1 2 3 4

things have turned out so far.”

3. “Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of 1 2 3 4

them.”

4. “The demands of everyday life often get me down.” 1 2 3 4

5. “In many ways I feel disappointed about my achievements in 1 2 3 4

life.”

6. “Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and 1 2 3 4

frustrating for me.”

7. “I live life one day at a time and don't really think about the 1 2 3 4
future.”

8. “In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live.” 1 2 3 4

9. “I am good at managing the responsibilities of daily life.” 1 2 3 4

10. “I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life.” 1 2 3 4

11. “For me, life has been a continuous process of 1 2 3 4

learning, changing, and growth.”

12. “I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge 1 2 3 4

how I think about myself and the world.”

13. “The demands of everyday life often get me down.” 1 2 3 4

14. “I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my 1 2 3 4

life a long time ago”

15. “I tend to be influenced by people with strong opinions” 1 2 3 4

16. “I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships 1 2 3 4

with others.”

17. “I have confidence in my own opinions, even if they are 1 2 3 4

different from the way most other people think.”

18. “I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values 1 2 3 4

of what others think is important.”

7
 INFORMED CONSENT RELEASE

Group Researchers:

“We are fourth year CSBS students from Bataan Peninsula State University who are currently
working on our research study entitled, “Instagram Intensity and Its Effect on Psychological
Well Being and Self Esteem of Bataan Peninsula State University Students”. We are inviting you
to participate in a research study. Involvement in the study is voluntary, so you may choose to
participate or not. We are now going to explain the study to you. Please feel free to ask any
questions that you may have about the research; We will be happy to explain anything in greater
detail.

“We are interested in learning more about the effects of Instagram use on the psychological well-
being and self-esteem of students of Bataan Peninsula State University. You will be asked to fill
out our online survey questionnaire regarding Instagram intensity, self-esteem, and
psychological well-being using the google form link provided to you. This will take
approximately 5-10 minutes of your time. All information will be kept anonymous and
confidential, in the case where data collection does not allow responses to be connected with a
particular subject.

If anonymous, this means that your name will not appear anywhere and no one except me will
know about your specific answers. If confidential, we will assign a number to your responses,
and only we will have the key to indicate which number belongs to which participant. In any
articles I write or any presentations that I make, I will use a made-up name for you, and we will
not reveal details or we will change details about where you work, where you live, any personal
information about you, and so forth.

“The benefit of this research is that you will be helping us to understand the effects of Instagram
use on the psychological well-being and self-esteem of students of Bataan Peninsula State
University. This information should help us to gain a better understanding of the impact and
effects of quickly growing social networking sites, such as Instagram, on our mental health. We
guarantee you that participating in this study carries no risks. If you do not intend to continue,
you may withdraw from the study at any moment without penalty.

7
Participant:

“All of my questions and concerns about this study have been addressed. I choose, voluntarily,
to participate in this research project. I certify that I am at least 18 years of age (or have a signed
parental consent form on file.)

Printed name and signature of participant Date

Printed names and signatures of Researchers

Angela L. Montemayor
Ma. Louise Pauleen Q. Aquino

Richmon M. Manahan
Jorie Delle M. Sampang

March 28, 2022

Date

NOTED BY:

MA. FATIMA B. BACALA, RGC.

(CSBS- Research Instructor)

7
TO THE RESEARCHER:

ISSUES TO BE AWARE OF WHEN OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT

Abuse
If a researcher is asking about care-taking practices or observing in a child's home, the researcher
would need to indicate what his/her reporting responsibility is in the event of child abuse.
Another example might be if the researcher determined that subjects were at risk for harming
themselves or others. If the researcher felt bound to notify someone about that risk, subjects
should be notified of that obligation when asking for their participation.

Anonymous and Confidential Data Collection

Indicate whether data collection will be (a) anonymous or (b) confidential. The term
"anonymous" is used when the investigator collects no identifying information about subjects
and, thus, an individual data sheet cannot be connected with a specific subject (by the
investigator or anyone else) once the data are collected. As an example, tape-recording, by its
very nature, cannot be considered anonymous.

Confidentiality, in contrast, refers to collected data that can be linked to an individual subject.
For example, assigning subjects numbers, but then keeping a "key" that links the numbers to
identifying information, is a procedure one might use in order to preserve confidentiality. Not
identifying subjects by name or by any other identifying information in reports and presentations
also is a measure taken to preserve confidentiality. If individual subject data are used as
illustrative examples, you must assure subjects that this will be done in a way that does not allow
identification of the participant. Care must be taken to not only not divulge subjects' names, but
also other details about them or their experiences that would allow them to be identified.
Occasionally, it is important to the research to identify an individual who participated, or
subjects themselves may wish to have their contribution attributed to them. In such cases, it
would be necessary for a participant to sign a release form indicating their willingness to be so
identified.

Audio- and Videotaping

If you wish to tape subjects, please include a request to tape explaining the type (e.g. videotaping
in the classroom, audiotaping, single or group interviews, etc.), and the disposition of the tape(s)
when the study is complete. If the tapes will be used for any other purpose, clearly state the who,
where, and why of the other use; if there is no other use of the tape, simply stating that it will be
erased when the study is complete is sufficient.

Benefit to the Participant

If it is too strong a statement to say that the subject will benefit from the research, perhaps the
better statement would be that the subject may benefit from the research.

Contact Information
Include contact information - a phone number, and/or e-mail address where subjects may reach
you. If a student is conducting the study, the advisor's name and phone number should also be
provided.

Identifying References

7
In the event that potentially identifying references need to be included in publications or
presentations in order to maintain the basic integrity of the study, the researcher needs to
specifically include that fact in the written informed consent statement.

Illegal Activities
Researchers must indicate the limits of confidentiality. If the researcher plans to ask subjects
about their or others' illegal activities (underage drinking, drug use, etc.), the consent form must
indicate that the researcher's data can be subpoenaed. The consent forms should include the
following sentence: "The researcher is not immune to legal subpoena about illegal activities.
Although it is very unlikely, if law enforcement officials asked to see my data, I would have to
comply with that request."

Problematic Language
Language used in the informed consent form should be simple and direct.

Consider the following examples: (1) Problematic language: “The purpose of this study is to
validate the concept of citizenship and to determine the public’s view on the rights and
responsibilities citizenship entails.” (2) Preferred language: “This study is designed to find out
about what being a citizen means to you.”

Use of Minors
The special vulnerability of children makes consideration of involving them as research subjects
particularly important. To safeguard their interests and to protect them from harm, special
ethical and regulatory considerations are in place for reviewing research involving children.
Considerations must be taken of the benefits, risks, and discomforts inherent in the proposed
research and to assess the justification in light of the expected benefits to the child-subject or to
society as a whole.

Withdrawal from Study

You must state that participation is voluntary and that subjects "may withdraw at any time up
until the study has ended." You also must indicate that subjects will not suffer in any way from
withdrawing. Wording of this may depend upon the specifics of the study. Examples: (1) If
subjects are receiving a service from the agency where the research is occurring, they should be
told that they will still continue to receive services even if they decide not to continue
participating in the study. (2) If subjects are students in a class or employees in a company, they
should be told that their decision to stop participating will not negatively affect a grade or
performance evaluation, or participants will be informed on the consent form and by the test
administrator that "participation in the study is voluntary and that they can withdraw from
participation at any time without penalty."

7
 BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
College Of Social And Behavioral Sciences
Balanga City, Bataan

April 11, 2022

Dear Sir/Madam:

Greetings!
We, the graduating students of Bataan Peninsula State University - Balanga
Campus, would like to ask permission from your college to conduct a survey
relating to our thesis entitled “Instagram Intensity and its Effects on the
Psychological Well Being and Self Esteem of Bataan Peninsula State
University Students.”

The survey would take about 5-10 minutes and would be scheduled at a time that
was convenient for the students. The survey is completely voluntary, and there are
no known or anticipated risks associated with taking part in it. All given information
will be kept in strict confidence and used solely for academic reasons. Unless
otherwise agreed to, the names of the respondents will not appear in any thesis or
publication emerging from this study.

This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Arts in
Psychology.

We understand that we are carrying a huge responsibility. Rest assured that all
information will be treated with utmost confidentiality. We hope that this
request will merit your favorable approval.

Your permission to carry out this research will be greatly appreciated. Thank you in
advance for your time and interest in this research.

Sincerely,
Ma. Louise Pauleen Q. Aquino
Angela L. Montemayor
Jorie Delle M. Sampang
Richmon M. Manahan
Researchers

Noted by:

Ms. Jennielyn Gallardo

Ms. Ma. Fatima Bacala
Thesis Adviser CSBS - Adviser

7
 BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
College Of Social And Behavioral Sciences
Balanga City, Bataan

Approved by:

Mr. Leandro T. Olubia, Ed.D.

OIC-Dean, College of Education

Mr. Sisenando C. Masangcap Jr., MBA

Dean, College of Business & Accountancy

Ms. Juliet R. Masangcap

Dean, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences

Mr. Eduardo R. Cortez, MPA

Head, Department of Arts and Sciences - Balanga Campus

7
 APPENDIX D

CURRICULUM VITAE

MA. LOUISE PAULEEN Q. AQUINO

121 Purok 1 J.C Payumo Jr.
Dinalupihan, Bataan
Contact Number: 09386023228
Email Address: [email protected]

OBJECTIVE:
As a Psychology student, I was able to gather and gain knowledge that enhances
my skills and capabilities. I seek a challenging position that allows me to fully utilize my
skills and capabilities while also learning new knowledge and skills in order to contribute
to my chosen organization.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Tertiary : Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
Bataan Peninsula State University - Balanga Campus
Balanga City, Bataan
2018 - present

Senior High School : Academic Track

Humanities and Social Sciences
Saint John Academy Senior High School
Mabini Proper, Dinalupihan, Bataan
2016 - 2018

Secondary : Luakan National High School

Luakan, Dinalupihan, Bataan
2016

Primary : J.C Payumo Jr. Elementary School

J.C Payumo Jr., Dinalupihan, Bataa
2006 - 2012

7
 PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth : October 10, 1999

Place of Birth : Dinalupihan, Bataan
Age : 22
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Height : 5'2"
Religion : Roman Catholic
Nationality : Filipino
Dialect : Filipino/English
Hobbies : Reading, writing, gardening, playing badminton

CHARACTER REFERENCES:

Marites Dimacali
09276957429
Faculty - Saint John Academy

I hereby certify that above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.

______________
______________
Ma. Louise Pauleen Q. Aquino
Signature

7
ANGELA L. MONTEMAYOR
#64 Sto. Nino
Dinalupihan, Bataan 2100
Contact Number:
Email Address: [email protected]

OBJECTIVE:

To successfully find a job wherein I can fully utilize my skills and capabilities and acquire new knowledge
and skills to contribute to my chosen organization.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Tertiary Education : Bachelor of Arts in Psychology

Bataan Peninsula State University- Balanga Campus
Balanga City, Bataan
2018-Present
Senior High School : Humanities and Social Sciences

St. John Academy

Dinalupihan, Bataan
2016-2018
Secondary : St. John Academy
Dinalupihan, Bataan
2012-2016
Primary : Dinalupihan Elementary School
Dinalupihan, Bataan
2006-2012

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth : December 07, 1999

Place of Birth : Dinalupihan, Bataan
Age 22
Sex : Female

8
Civil Status : Single
Weight : 50 kg.
Height : 160 cm
Religion : Catholic
Nationality : Filipino
Language/ Dialect : English/ Tagalog

CHARACTER REFERENCES:

ARJAY A. ANTONIO
Teacher I- Old Cabalan Integrated School
Olongapo City
09486964929

I hereby certify that the above information I have made sure correct to the best of my knowledge and
belief.

ANGELA L. MONTEMAYOR
Applicant

8
Manahan, Richmon M.

#157 Daang Bago

Dinalupihan, Bataan

Contact Number: 09271808572

Email Address: [email protected]

OBJECTIVES:

A devoted individual to help in the general activities of a company. Expecting to acquire an entrance to .

offer the company and additionally expand my experience level for future advantages.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINTMENT:

Tertiary : Bachelor of Arts in Psychology

Bataan Peninsula State University

Balanga City, Bataan

2018- Present

Senior High School : Academic Track

Humanities and Social Sciences

Saint John Academy Senior High School

Mabini ext, Dinalupihan, Bataan

2016-2018

Secondary : Saint John Academy

Dinalupihan, Bataan

2012-2016

Primary : Dinalupihan Elementary School

Dimalupihan, Bataan
2006-2012

8
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth : March 26, 2000

Place of Birth : Dinalupihan Bataan

Age : 21

Sex : Male

Civil Status : Single

Weight : 75kg

Height : 5’9

Religion : Roman Catholic

Nationality : Filipino

Language Dialect : Filipino/English

CHARACTER REFERENCES:

 Ms. Priza Olarte

Business Immersion, Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Teacher
St. John’s Academy Inc.
Contact No: 09982333563

 Mrs. Gemma R. Yao, Ph. D.

School Principal
St. John’s Academy Inc.
Contact No: 0921-3165-752

I hereby certify that the above written information is true & correct to the best of my knowledge &
belief.

RICHMON M. MANAHAN

8
SAMPANG, JORIE

DELLE M. #97

CENTRO COLO

DINALUPIHAN

BATAAN
Contact Number: 09167547377

Email Address: [email protected]

OBJECTIVES:

Secure a responsible career opportunity to fully utilize my training and skills and a challenging

position in a reputable organization to expand my learnings, knowledge and skills, while making

a significant contribution to the success of the company.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINTMENT:

Tertiary : Bachelor of Arts in Psychology

Bataan Peninsula State University

Balanga City, Bataan

2018- Present

Senior High School : Academic Track

Humanities and Social Sciences

Saint John Academy Senior High School

Mabini ext, Dinalupihan, Bataan

2016-2018

Secondary : Saint John Academy

Dinalupihan, Bataan

2012-2016

Primary : Colo Elementary School

Colo Dinalupihan
Bataan

2006-2012

8
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth : January 29, 2000

Place of Birth : Sto. Tomas Pangasinan

Age : 21

Sex : Female

Civil Status : Single

Weight : 53kg

Height : 5’3

Religion : Roman Catholic

Nationality : Filipino

Language Dialect : Filipino/English

CHARACTER REFERENCES:

 Ms. Miracle Quintin

Business and Client Relation Assiociate in Cebuana Lhuillier
Abucay, Bataan
Contact No: 09367933852

I hereby certify that the above written information is true & correct to the best of my knowledge &
belief.

JORIE DELLE M. SAMPANG