THE TRACKS OF

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

An Academic Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Teacher Education

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

MTH 111 – History of Mathematics

Submitted by:

Kristine May S. Almacin

Hanna Leah Gabrillo
Lyla Jane R. Marcelo
Keith Aikeen R. Carin
Tzaddi Ezra P. Rebuta

October 2022
 Acknowledgement

First, we would like to thank and honor “ God “ the Almighty, for giving us many

opportunities, knowledge, and benefits that have finally allowed us to finish our

academic paper.

Beyond our efforts, the success of this work primarily relies on the support and

recommendations of many others. We appreciate the University of Mindanao Digos

College for exposing us to fresh experiences that have helped us broaden our

knowledge. We express our sincere gratitude to our History of Mathematics

professor, Mr. Conrado B. Panerio Jr. who provided us a fantastic chance to do this

excellent project on Egyptian Civilization. It aided us in conducting extensive

research and allowed us to learn a great deal of new information.

Lastly, we also want to express our gratitude to our parents, who significantly

contributed to this project's completion in the allotted time.

ii
 Table of Contents

PRELIMINARY PAGES
TITLE PAGE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..iii
ABSTRACT ..iv

DISCUSSION
The Egyptian Civilization 1
The Significant Discoveries, Inventions and
Development of Egyptian Civilization 2
The Egyptian Contributions Evident in the Modern World 5

SYNTHESIS 7
LIST OF REFERENCES 8
APPENDIX: Biography 10
CURRICULUM VITAE 12

iii
 Abstract

Students can gain a deeper understanding of the mathematics they have

already studied by seeing how it was developed over time in different places. This
academic paper helps students understand how events in the past shaped things the
way they are today. Letting students see historical proof that there are several and
entirely legitimate ways to conceptualize ideas, conduct calculations, promotes
imaginative and adaptable thinking. In addition to giving the researcher a firm
foundation and substantial knowledge about the research being undertaken, past
studies contribute to improving and enriching scientific research. We use information
from many publications we've read to learn more about the mathematical discoveries
and contributions made by the Egyptian civilization. Our findings indicate that the
Egyptians had to develop all the tools associated with a highly organized society,
including mathematics like Rhind mathematical papyrus, Horus' eye, writing and
number notation, metrological system, notation fractions, algebraic ideas, binary
arithmetic, calendar year, Egyptian triangle, fractional notation, linear algebra, and
other related fields. Greeks frequently claim to have invented mathematics, although
they learned it from Egyptians, who then expanded and improved upon it.

iv
 Discussion

The Egyptian Civilization

The Egyptian civilization is one of the four prehistoric civilizations considered to

have existed initially in the old world. Ancient Egypt was one of recorded history's
most influential and advanced civilizations. Ancient Egypt's civilization was situated
along the Nile River in northeastern Africa. Much of ancient Egypt's wealth came
from the Nile. Great Egyptian towns grew up along the Nile as the Egyptians learned
the art of irrigation and used the Nile water to grow abundant and lucrative crops.
The Nile gave the Egyptians access to food, soil, water, and transportation. Every
year, large floods would occur, bringing fertile soil for food production. The Egyptians
called their land Kemet, which meant black and fertile land.

Egyptians adopted a polytheistic form of religion in which they honored several

deities whom they associated with diverse natural events (such as wind, thunder, and
fertility). Amun Ra, the sun god, was the most revered deity, followed by Osiris, the
god of the dead. The ancient Egyptians thought the soul, known as "ka," was thought
to be immortal and incapable of existing outside of the body. To safeguard the body
and soul for the afterlife, they carried out significant rites and prepared the corpses
for death through the building of tombs, mummification, and funeral ceremonies with
the presentation of offerings (Egyptian Civilization, 2021).

Egyptian civilization was led by a pharaoh. Ancient Egypt's pharaohs served as

the nation's political and religious authorities. The term "pharaoh" refers to the
pharaoh's residence, the "Great House." The term "pharaoh" eventually replaced the
earlier term "king," which was used to describe Egyptian kings. The pharaoh was a
divine mediator between the Egyptian people and the Gods since he was their
spiritual leader. As the leader of the religion, the pharaoh was responsible for
maintaining religious unity and participating in rituals. As a statesman, the pharaoh
governed all of Egypt, conducted war, gathered taxes, and issued laws (which were
owned by the pharaoh). According to several scholars, Narmer, also known as
Menes, was the first pharaoh. While there is considerable disagreement among
scholars, many think he was the first pharaoh to combine upper and lower Egypt
(which is why pharaohs are known as "lords of two lands"). Although there were
notable female rulers like Hatshepsut and Cleopatra, pharaohs were primarily male.
Even though Hatshepsut, in particular, was a successful monarch, many of her
inscriptions and monuments were destroyed after her passing, possibly to prevent
other women from ascending to the position of pharaoh. Many pharaohs were
entombed and surrounded by wealth after passing away so they could use it in the
afterlife. These tombs were discovered by explorers and archaeologists, who used
them to gain valuable insight into ancient Egyptian culture (National Geographic
Society, 2019).

Before the rise of becoming a mighty civilization, Ancient Egypt was split into
two kingdoms in the Fertile Crescent, a territory bounded by Red Earth to the North
and White Earth to the South. The first ruler of the Egyptian pharaoh's dynasty, King
Menes, would rule the north a century later and unite the area. Around 3150 BC, the
first pharaoh of the First Dynasty, Menes, consolidated the administrative authority in
Upper and Lower Egypt, laying the groundwork for ancient Egyptian civilization. Most
Egyptian natives ruled the nation before the Achaemenid Empire's conquest of Egypt
in the sixth century BC. A former general of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy I Soter,
founded the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom in 305 BC due to the short-lived
Macedonian Empire, which the Macedonian dictator Alexander the Great founded in
332 BC. Cleopatra's death terminated Egypt's formal independence, and Egypt
afterward joined the Roman Empire as one of its provinces (Jarus, 2021).

1
The Significant Discoveries, Inventions and Development of Egyptian
Civilization

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, also known as the Ahmes Papyrus, serves
as the primary source of information regarding ancient Egyptian mathematics.
Although many non-mathematical papyri contain numeral-based hieratic and demotic
writing, these typically lack actual mathematics. A. Henry Rhind, a Scottish barrister,
traveled to Egypt in the middle of the nineteenth century on his doctor's advice
hoping that its dry environment would improve his ill health. He also developed a
keen interest in Egyptian antiquities. The Rhind Papyrus was created around 1650
B.C.E. during Rhind's involvement in Thebes' archaeological excavations; sparked by
this curiosity. Rhind bought the papyrus in Luxor, Egypt, in 1858. Later, it was
bequeathed to the British Museum, which is still located today. After 1922, a missing
fragment from the papyrus's center was discovered in New York City and returned to
the Rhind Papyrus. Take into account that the Rosetta Stone (which held the key to
unlocking the mystery of this ancient writing), also contained a sizable passage
written in demotic script. Allowing researchers to interpolate between the two
systems and decipher hieratic script as well. Champollion had deciphered Egyptian
hieroglyphic script between the years 1810 and 1830. Professor A. Eisenlohr first
translated the Rhind Papyrus into modern English in 1877 for his 1923 publication
Ein Matematisches Handbuch der Alten Gypter (Papyrus Rhind of the British
Museum). The papyrus is a scroll about 12 to 13 inches and 18 feet long. It is written
on both sides in the hieratic script using black and red ink from right to left. The
scribe Ahmes (or Ahmose) introduces himself as the author and states that he
transcribed this work from an ancient scroll from the Middle Kingdom era, which was
a few hundred years earlier. As a result, the mathematics on this papyrus and
another significant mathematical scroll, the Golenishev or Moscow Papyrus, are from
the same historical era. It begins by stating that he will provide a "full and thorough
study of all things" and expose "the knowledge of all secrets" before moving on to the
content, which consists of two tables of fractions and 84 completed problems (The
RHIND PAPYRUS, n.d.).

The Horus’ Eye

The Horus' Eye was divided into six parts known as the Heqat fractions, and
each was considered a symbol in its own right. The Heqat is one of the oldest
Egyptian measuring systems, with numerical values perceived as a logical pattern. In
their explanation of the ancient Egyptian mathematical measures in "The Rhind
Mathematical Papyrus," which is thought to be the oldest ancient mathematical script,
Gay Robins and Charles Shute discussed this idea. The Heqat was described in the
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus as a unit of volume used for measuring goods such as
grain and flour, and it was estimated to be 4.8 liters or slightly more than one gallon.
Similar to the myth, the fragments of the Eye of Horus were organized together to
form the entire Eye. These fragments were assigned numerical values with a
numerator of one and dominators to powers of two: 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64
(ReFaey et al., 2019).

The Invention of Writing and Number Notation

During the fourth millennium BCE, Egypt is credited with inventing writing.
Tomb U-j, attributed to King Scorpion sometime around 3200 BCE, is one of the
predynastic aristocratic tombs. The oldest examples of hieroglyphic writing from
ancient Egypt were found inside the building's twelve rooms. Inscriptions on two
different types of items were discovered in tomb U-j. On the other hand, nearly 200

2
labels are made of bone, ivory, stone, and ceramic vessels. If some primary
hypotheses regarding the earliest written objects from tomb U-j are accurate, the
earliest writing is connected to administrative requirements if the abstract signs were
the representation of numbers or quantities and the labels were attached to goods
that contained information (such as the indication of their amounts or origin or
owner).The creation of writing has greatly aided the development of humanity. The
ancient world initially used writing to create order and facilitate business, agriculture,
and calendars. The concept of writing, however, went beyond these practical
applications. Voltaire phrased writing as "the painting of the voice." All numbers can
be expressed using a small number of different digits, known as notation. Positional
notation, as opposed to other older notations like Roman numerals, is the notation
now used to represent number (Imhausen, 2020; Milmore, 2020).

Metrological Systems

The earliest measurements made by humans were of length and mass. Some
historians believe that the bega, a mass measurement unit used in Egypt between
7000 and 8000 B.C., is the oldest mass measurement system. It is assumed that the
weights used with a crude balance for commerce were most likely seeds, beans, or
grains. Early length estimations were frequently based on the king's body (the
pharaoh). Between 2800 and 2300 B.C., the unit of length known as a cubit was
likely invented. Cairo, Egypt, the word cubitum, which means elbow in Latin, was
used to describe the size from the elbow to the tip of his extended middle finger.
Later, a black marble about 52 centimeters (cm) long helped standardize the cubit.
The 28 digits of this standard cubit (about the width of a finger) could be further
subdivided into fractional parts, the smallest of which was slightly larger than a
millimeter (mm). The containers, made of gourds or clay, were filled with plant seeds
to measure volume. Counting these seeds was used to determine the volume. The
largest significant of these, measuring around 477 cm3, was known as the "hen."
(UNIDO, 2016).

Notation Fraction

One of the ancient Egyptian mathematics' most distinctive aspects was the
notation of fractions. Egyptian fractions were considered both awkward and a unique
aspect of Egyptian mathematics. Egyptian fractional calculation was cited as one of
the causes why Egyptian mathematics lagged behind Mesopotamian counterparts
and never proceeded above a certain point. Without a doubt, particular technological
challenges had to be addressed for fraction reckoning. The existing table texts,
primary tables for fraction reckoning, can be used to trace this. If one follows the
Egyptian story of the concept of a fraction and makes an effort to understand it
neither in conjunction with nor through the eyes of our modern system, one can see
Egyptian fractions as the evolution of a mathematical system into a new field rather
than as a failure that ultimately hampered further development. Observing how
Ancient Egyptians created tools to aid in overcoming technological challenges is
fascinating. We can infer from the surviving texts from later periods that fraction
reckoning was thought to be more sophisticated than manipulating numbers but that
skilled scribes could still perform it.

When a number is expressed in a fractional notation in mathematics, it can be

written as a/b, where the numerator is a and b is the denominator. The three types of
fractions were proper, improper, and mixed (BYJU’S, 2022).

Algebraic Ideas

3
 Egyptian mathematicians had a basic understanding of algebra and could solve
linear and simple quadratic equations by guessing and brute-forcing their way out of
them. This method was used for many centuries. (Shuttleworth, 2010). The treatment
as a whole demonstrates an appreciation of mathematical conceptions and
techniques that has not been given the proper credit, such as the insertion of means,
summation, the first appearance of linear equations, a type of simultaneous
quadratics, discussions of arithmetical and geometrical series, and formulas for areas
and volumes. By building pyramids and obelisks, the Egyptians proved they could
use mathematics for practical purposes. They also frequently encountered significant
arithmetic problems, such as feeding geese, bread ingredients, and other aspects of
the domestic economy (Karpinski, 1917).

4
The Egyptian Contributions Evident in the Modern World

Binary Arithmetic

All arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division,

employ the binary representation of numbers. Binary arithmetic is employed in digital
systems since the majority of computer systems store numbers (both decimal and
floating-point integers) in binary format (Digital Computer Design, n.d.).

The Calendar Year

Due to the mathematical prowess of Egyptian civilization, they were one of the
historical groups who were most adept in figuring out the "true year." Using their
calendar, the Egyptians calculated the number of days a year (The Ancient Egyptian
Number System, n.d.). The Sun sets directly between the Pyramids of Giza and its
neighbor on the evening of the summer solstice, as seen from the perspective of the
Sphinx. To accomplish this, the Egyptians must know the date of the summer
solstice, which requires them to be aware of the exact number of days in a year.
Another fact that was not founded before the pyramid builders passed away. The
perimeter of the Pyramid's base is 36,524 feet divided by 100 equals 365.24 feet,
which is the number of days in a year to the fifth decimal place. When calculated as a
circle, the diameter of the Pyramid is indeed 365.24. Hipparchus measured the year
to be 365 solar days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, and 12 seconds in the 2nd century BC.

According to Ryan (2014, p. 9), a contemporary computer model estimates 365

solar days as 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 19 seconds, demonstrating the precision of
the Egyptian calendar.

The Egyptian calendar had an impact on many other ancient civilizations’

calendars, whether solar or lunar. Even while the current calendar still governs
Egyptian agriculture today, the ancient Egyptian calendar, which depended on the
Nile flood to establish the beginning of the year, was developed thousands of years
ago. According to Egyptian scholar Joseph Mamdouh Tawfik, the ancient Egyptian
calendar is remarkably precise and was a wonder of its day. It does, however, have
some minor differences from the Gregorian calendar that is now in use worldwide.
(Ancient Egyptian Calendar, 2019)

The Egyptian Triangle

The Great Pyramid of Giza is among the most incredible displays of prehistoric
Egyptian mathematics. Egyptian builders discovered a reliable method for measuring
right angles using whole numbers. Carrying this rope instrument around fields and
building sites allowed the ancient Egyptians to make sure everything was neat and
ordered (Triangles in Egypt, 2021). They started by marking a rope with 12 equal
segments. After tying the rope's ends, they stretched it with three pegs. Unknowingly,
they formed a straight angle with three sides of 3:4:5, or 90 degrees (Egyptian
Triangle, n.d.).

The Egyptian triangle is what we know of today as right angle.

The Fractional Notation

5
 The Egyptians developed a fractional method for mathematical calculation and
division for all rational numbers circa 2,000 B.C., as was previously covered in this
work. E. Egyptian mathematicians exclusively utilized unit fractions, not the way we
conceive of vulgar fractions now (where the numerator is divided by the
denominator). For each different denominator, they specifically designated
hieroglyphics or symbols of equal division for any natural number. The Rhind
Papyrus, one of Ahmed's best-known works, contained a conversion table for sets of
Egyptian fractions in various terms (Egyptian Fractions, n.d.).

It demonstrated the importance of Egyptian fractions in the early development

of mathematics and the rise of Egyptian civilization. Understanding fractions is a
building block for learning more complex mathematical concepts. This contribution is
still current, and schools have utilized it to introduce elementary mathematics.
Additionally, fractions, a student's initial exposure to mathematical abstraction, are
the most important approach to introduce algebra in elementary and middle school.
(BYJU'S, 2022).

Linear Algebra

As forementioned, an Egyptian mathematician named Ahmes created "The

Rhind Papyrus," regarded as the most comprehensive ancient Egyptian
mathematical work ever created. Mainly, they employed linear equations. Linear
equation problems in the Rhind Papyrus are x + xa = b and x + xa + bx = c, where a,
b, and c are known terms and x is referred to as "aha" or heap. The equations were
resolved using the "method of false position" or "regular falsi," which involves
substituting a particular value on the left side of the equation and comparing the
answer to the right side after performing the necessary arithmetic operations (The
History of Algebra, 2020).

The primary focus of linear algebra is the study of vectors and linear functions.
It is a fundamental idea in almost all branches of mathematics (Linear Algebra
Introduction, n.d.).

The general linear equation is shown as follows:

a1x1 + a2x2………+anxn = b

Coefficients are represented by a’s. Unknowns are represented by x's. Constant is

represented by b.

There is a system of equations in linear algebra, which is the set of equations.

The matrices can be used to solve the equation system. It adheres to a linear
function like:

(x1, ........xn a1x a1x1 + a2x2……….+anxn = b1 + a2x2……….+anxn = b) = a1x1 +...

+ anxn

6
 Synthesis

The Egyptians were the first people who used mathematics for purposes other
than simple counting. Egyptian mathematics is known as applied arithmetic, at least
from the papyri. The Rhind Papyrus which is a collection of exercises with a largely
rhetorical structure that is primarily intended for math students contains exercises in
fractions, notation, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and mensuration (Egyptian
Mathematics, n.d.).
All the Egyptian mathematical contributions were made known because of the
translation of this Ahmes’ Papyrus. Because of its discovery, Egyptian Civilization
became one of the blueprints of how Modern Mathematics is striving today.
Especially on the essential component of Mathematics, arithmetic, which has
become the starting point for how we solve basic functions and linear algebra during
this modern times. The geometric shapes have led us to have different angles of
triangles, planes, and lines. While making this history, it was never on their mind that
they were creating a milestone for their civilization. It is evident from the constructive
works that they are focused on the creation of pyramids perfectly. And yet, they
became the predecessors of some of the Mathematical problems and equations we
use in our daily mathematical encounters.
The journey of the Egyptian construction workers, which was centered on arts,
led us to believe that Mathematics is indeed beautiful and mysterious.

7
 References
“Ahmes - Biography.” Maths History,
mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ahmes/

Ancient Egyptian calendar: 1st calendar known to mankind. (2019, September 11).
EgyptToday. Retrieved October 3, 2022, from
https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/74680/Ancient-Egyptian-calendar-1st-calendar-
known-to-mankind 

Ancient Mathematics: Triangles in Egypt. (2021a, September 24). WOW STEM.

Retrieved October 3, 2022, from https://www.wowstem.org/post/ancient-
mathematics-triangles-in-egypt 

Behind The Writer. (2015, October 8). Wordsmith Hub.

https://wordsmithhub.co.za/behind-the-writer/

Digital Computer Design - A Hands-On Approach. (n.d.). Cnx.org. Retrieved October

10, 2022, from https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:m8pZFghm@6/Binary-
Arithmetic#:~:text=Binary%20arithmetic%20is%20used%20in

Egyptian Civilization – Summary, History, Location, and Economy. (2021, September

29). Crgsoft.com. https://crgsoft.com/egyptian-civilization/

Egyptian Fractions | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2022,
from https://brilliant.org/wiki/egyptian-fractions/#:%7E:text=An%20Egyptian
%20fraction%20is%20the,frac%7B1%7D%7B11%7D.  

Egyptian Mathematics. (n.d.).

https://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/egypt_babylon/egypt.pdf

Egypt: The Ancient Egyptian Number System (Math), A Feature Tour Egypt Story.
(n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2022, from
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/numbers.htm 

Egyptian triangle | MATHVOX. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2022, from

https://mathvox.com/geometry/triangles/chapter-5-right-triangle/egyptian-triangle/

How the Pythagorean Theorem Helped Us Build Better Homes. (2022, May 14).
BYJU’S Future School Blog. Retrieved October 4, 2022, from
https://www.byjusfutureschool.com/blog/how-the-pythagorean-theorem-helped-us-
build-better-homes/ 

Imhausen, A. (2020). Mathematics in ancient Egypt: a contextual history. Princeton

University Press. 

Jarus, O. (2021, December 15). Ancient Egypt: History, dynasties, religion and
writing. livescience.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from
https://www.livescience.com/55578-egyptian-civilization.html 

Karpinski, L. C. (1917). Algebraical Developments Among the Egyptians and

Babylonians. The American Mathematical Monthly, 24(6), 257.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2973180

8
Knowledge Science – Universal Zulu Nation. (n.d.). Zulu Nation. Retrieved October
9, 2022, from https://www.zulunation.com/knowledge-science/

Leap Year: what is it, why does it exist, and when is the next one? (n.d.). Calendar.
Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.calendarr.com/united-states/leap-year/

Linear Algebra Introduction | Linear Functions, Applications and Examples. (n.d.).

BYJUS. https://byjus.com/maths/linear-algebra/

Mark, J. J. (2016, November 9). Ancient Egyptian Science & Technology. World
History Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/967/ancient-egyptian-science--technology/?
fbclid=IwAR2Zxism02e0hsh4PNPpruL_eEOOe_1eIKHE6gB384uktlAeOL7Cq12KNa
s 

“Menes.” World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/Menes/

Milmore, M. (2020). Egyptian Mathematics Numbers Hieroglyphs.
https://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic-writing/egyptian-mathematics-
numbers-hieroglyphs/ 

Martyn Shuttleworth (Jan 20, 2010). Egyptian Mathematics. Retrieved Oct 09, 2022
from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/egyptian-mathematics 

National Geographic Society. (2019, March). Pharaohs. National Geographic

Society. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/pharaohs/

“Ptolemy - Biography.” Maths History,

mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ptolemy/

“Ptolemy I.” World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/Ptolemy_I/

Ryan, J. (2014, April). Inside The Great Pyramid Of Giza [English].

https://http://jcryanbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Inside%20The%20Great
%20Pyramid%20Of%20Giza%20V1.0.pdf 

ReFaey, K., Quinones, G. C., Clifton, W., Tripathi, S., & Quiñones-Hinojosa, A.
(2019). The Eye of Horus: The Connection Between Art, Medicine, and Mythology in
Ancient Egypt. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4731

The Arithmetic of Allized page 14. (2022). 973-Eht-Namuh-973.com. https://973-eht-

namuh-973.com/coloured%20site/second%20button/12.HTM

The History of Algebra | al-Khwarizmi. (2020, October 27). Cuemath.

https://www.cuemath.com/learn/mathematics/algebra-history-of-algebra/

The RHIND PAPYRUS. (n.d.). Www2.Math.uconn.edu.

https://www2.math.uconn.edu/~leibowitz/math2720s11/RhindPapyrus.html

Why And How Did the Ancient Egyptians Use Mathematics | AstronomerGuide.
(n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://astronomerguide.com/why-and-how-
did-the-ancient-egyptians-use-mathematics/#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20writing
%2C%20ancient

9
 Appendix: Biography

Some of the influential people in Egyptian Civilization:

MENES Menes, the fabled first king of Egypt (c. 3150 BCE),
is credited with founding the First Dynasty and the
great city of Memphis and uniting Upper and Lower
Egypt through conquest. Menes was an honorific
title meaning "he who endures," not a personal name,
according to Egyptologist Flinders Petrie (1853-
1942 CE). The first historical pharaoh of Egypt was
Narmer (c. 3150 BCE), whose existence was firmly
established by the written record and archaeological
evidence (most notably, the Narmer Palette, a
siltstone engraving depicting Narmer's victory over
Lower Egypt). asserts that Menes is connected to
Narmer.

PTOLEMY I SOTER

One of Alexander the Great's successor kings was

Ptolemy I Soter (366-282 BCE). Rumors circulated
that he was the illegitimate son of Alexander's
father, Phillip II, which made him Alexander's half-
brother. Nevertheless, he served as both king of
Egypt and the founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, a
dynasty that included the notorious Cleopatra VII.

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY Claudius Ptolemy is a combination of the Greek and

Roman names Ptolemy and Claudius. The result of a
Roman emperor giving that "reward" to one of
Ptolemy's ancestors would suggest that he came
from a Greek family that had lived in Egypt and that he
was a citizen of Rome. The Almagest, a treatise in
thirteen books, is the most important of Ptolemy's major
works that have survived. He created the oldest known
table of a trigonometric function, a star catalog, and a

10
 mathematical proof that an object's mirror reflection
must be at an angle to the mirror.

AHMES The Rhind Papyrus was written by Ahmes (named

after the Scottish Egyptologist Alexander Henry
Rhind who went to Thebes for health reasons,
became interested in excavating, and purchased the
papyrus in Egypt in 1858). However, this asserts
that he is only a scribe, not the work's author. According
to him, the information is from an earlier piece from
around 2000 BC.

11
 Curriculum Vitae

TZADDI EZRA P. REBUTA

2nd Year
BSED-Mathematics
Department of Teacher Education

Education Background

College: University of Mindanao Digos College

(2021-Present)

Senior High School: University of Mindanao Digos College

(2016-2018)

Junior High School: Holy Cross Academy Inc. Digos City

(2012-2016)

Elementary: Ramon Magsaysay Central Elementary

School
(2006-2012)

12
 Curriculum Vitae

LYLA JANE R. MARCELO

1st Year
BSED-Mathematics
Department of Teacher Education

Education Background

College: University of Mindanao Digos College

(2022-Present)

Senior High School: Digos Central Adventist Academy

(2020-2021)

Junior High School: Digos City National High School

(2018-2019)

Elementary: Taculen Malamote Elementary School

(2014-2015)

13
 Curriculum Vitae

KRISTINE MAY S. ALMACIN

1st Year
BSED-Mathematics
Department of Teacher Education

Education Background

College: University of Mindanao Digos College

(2022-Present)

Senior High School: University of Mindanao Digos College

(2021-2022)

Junior High School: Holy Cross of Hagonoy, INC.

(2019-2020)

Elementary: Sinayawan Elementary School

(2015-2016)

14
 Curriculum Vitae

HANNA LEAH GABRILLO

1st Year
BSED-Mathematics
Department of Teacher Education

Education Background

College: University of Mindanao Digos College

(2021-Present)

Senior High School: Cor Jesu College

(2021-2022)

Junior High School: Digos City National High School

(2018-2019)

Elementary: Isaac Abalayan Elementary School

(2015-2016)

15
 Curriculum Vitae

KEITH AIKEEN R. KARIN

1st Year
BSED-Mathematics
Department of Teacher Education

Education Background

College University of Mindanao Digos College

2022-Present)

Senior High School Nazareth High School of Bansalan Inc

(2021-2022)

Junior High School Nazareth High School of Bansalan Inc

(2019-2020)

Elementary Buenavista Elementary School

(2015-20

16
i