KENYA SCHOOL OF GOVERMENT

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

THE EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOUR ON THE CHILDREN PERFORMANCE IN

PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA: A FOCUS IN TETU SUB COUNTY.

BY: PIUS NTHIGA NJERU

SUPERVISOR: DR. ALEX MIRARA

TOPIC: CHILD LABOUR

PROJECT PROPOSAL DOCUMENTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT

OF DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC ADMISTRATION (D.P.A)

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 DECLARATION

This proposal is my original work for a diploma in public Administration and has not been
presented in any other institution.

Name: Pius Nthiga Njeru.

Signature:

Date: 22.05.2018

This project proposal has been presented for examination with our approval as the institution
supervisor(s)

----------------------------- -------------------------------

Name of supervisor date

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 DEDICATION

I sincerely dedicate this work to the Almighty GOD for granting me the energy and the chance
and to my wife and children for the moral support in the pursuance of the diploma course.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I heart fully thank all those who assisted me during my study notably the directly Director of the
institution prof Buzeki the course coordinator Mr Kanyumbi all the lectures and the non
teaching staff. The learning environment was very conducive and I appreciate it without any
reservation.

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 ACRONYMS

F.P.E: Free Primary Education.

I.L.O: International Labour Organization.

I.P.E.C: International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour

S.T.D: Sexually transmitted diseases.

K.C.P.E: Kenya Certificate of Primary Education.

K.C.S.E: Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

KNBS: Kenya national Bureau of Statistics.

SPSS: Statistical Packages for Social Sciences.

UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.

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 ABSTRACT

Children who are engaged in any sort of work are faced with inhibited growth both mentally and
physically. There are some legislatives that that are formulated aimed at protecting children from
menace of child labour (Molankal, 2008). Children are the most susceptible section of the society
and likely to be exploited by various companies who pay the pittance where they make
handsome profits (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2015). Poverty coupled with rapidly growing
population, ignorance and increasing dependency load are behind the grim incidence of children
employment in the villages and towns of developing countries (Naseem, 2010). Though Kenya is
signatory of various international Conventions and Agreements, there is growing number of child
labour in Kenya. They work under very hazardous conditions. Given the magnitude and
complexity of the problem, this article is an attempt to formulate integrated approach and various
intervention strategies towards eradication of the problem of child labour.

Table of Contents

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CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

Introduction..................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background and problem statement.......................................................................................1

1.2 Conceptual framework...........................................................................................................3

1.2.1 Operational definition of terms.......................................................................................3

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY.............................................................................................................4

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................5

1.4.1 To establish the various forms of child labour....................................................................5

1.4.2 To find out the causes of child labour.................................................................................5

1.4.3 To determine the effects of child labour..............................................................................5

1.4.4 To explore the various interventions government can put in place to reduce child labour. 5

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................5

1.5.1 What are the various forms of child labour?.......................................................................5

1.5.2 What are the causes of child labour?...................................................................................5

1.5.3 What are the effects of child labour?..................................................................................5

1.5.4 How can child labour be reduced?......................................................................................5

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................5

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................6

1.9 ETHICAL ISSUES....................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7

2. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................7

2.1 Definition and meaning of labour..........................................................................................7

2.2 Child labour definition...........................................................................................................8

2.3 FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR.............................................................................................9

2.3.1 Types of work children do...............................................................................................9

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 2.3.2 WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR......................................................................10

2.4 CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR.............................................................................................14

2.4.1 Child labour is caused by several factors..........................................................................14

2.4.1.1 Poverty...........................................................................................................................14

2.4.1.2 Exploitation of cheap and unorganized labour...............................................................14

2.4.1.3 Parents also lack education and exposure......................................................................14

2.4.1.4 Ignorance and social apathy...........................................................................................15

2.4.1.5 Peer pressure..................................................................................................................15

2.5 THE EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOUR...................................................................................15

2.5.1 Children are exposed to accidental and other injuries at work.........................................16

2.5.2 Sexual abuse......................................................................................................................16

2.5.3 Physical abuse...................................................................................................................16

2.5.4 Emotional regret................................................................................................................16

2.5.5 Physical neglect.................................................................................................................16

2.5.6 Lack of schooling..............................................................................................................16

2.5.7 Competition of children....................................................................................................16

2.5.8 Children who work as child laborers’ do not have time to complete their education.......16

2.6 Reduction elimination of child labour.....................................................................................17

2.6.1 Fuel education:..................................................................................................................17

2.6.2 Bringing laws....................................................................................................................17

2.6.3 Poverty is a key factor for the existence of child labour...................................................17

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................18

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.........................................................................................................18

3.2 TARGET POPULATION.....................................................................................................18

3.3 SAMPLE DESIGN..............................................................................................................18

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 3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS............................................................................................19

3.5 VALIDITY...........................................................................................................................20

3.6 RELIABILITY.....................................................................................................................20

3.7 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................20

3.8 Data Presentation.................................................................................................................20

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21

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CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
It is very difficult to make a precise estimate of the magnitude of child in labour.

In most parts of the world on account of numerous limitations basic being lack of data. The study
in this research paper intends to find out the various forms, the causes, effects and the intentions
being undertaken to reduce even eradicate it altogether.

1.1 Background and Problem Statement

Several surveys here been conducted in various countries in the world over and in Kenya to
establish the various forms of child labour. The baseline survey conducted in Pakistan by the
international labour organization (I.L.O) reported deplorable and hazardous working conditions
for children working in glass bangle manufacturing industry in Hyderabad district (Naseem,
2010). These included low wages, long working hours, a high risk of injury, and lack of access to
medical facilities inaccessibility to medical resources, lack of financial resources and alternate
employment opportunities.

The children’s parents told the and there was no guarantee that their children would find jobs
after they conflicted their education. In Kenya the case is not much different from Pakistan as
many children work mostly in the agriculture sector in the rural areas. They do land cultivation,
fishing and in forestry as hewers of firewood. They also work in retail services sector which
include hawking of goods in the streets, restaurants and hotels (Naseem, 2010). They also work
in domestic settings as housekeepers and childcare in a home environment. Sometimes this
domestic work is often hidden from public view making child laborers vulnerable and gets
exploited.

It is in the light of the above issues that the research intends to do a survey and possibly
recommend viable and workable solutions.

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Problem statement

Child labour in Kenya as a developing country with a special focus on Tetu sub county has
problems associated with it and in this project the following points are the guide.

i. Effects of child labour in the society.

ii. Roles of parents in child labour.
iii. Ways of eradicating child labour.
iv. Government’s role in eradicating child labour.

As the adage goes children are the hope of tomorrow. It is therefore imperative to engage in
endeavours that will enhance their welfare by drawing attention to their present predicaments
thereby aid in formulating policies that will uphold the rights of these vulnerable ones.

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1.2 Conceptual framework
Independent variable Moderating variable: dependent variable

Government policies

Culture

Lack of parental care and education

Drop out of school

Social pressure Drug use and abuse

Poverty Physical abuse

Poor school performance

Cheap labor Prostitution

Depressed wages
Peer pressure

Contraction of diseases

Low self esteem

1.2.1 Operational definition of terms

Parent care – looking after children

Social pressure – societal orientations such as culture, beliefs and norms affecting a person

Poverty – scarcity or lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money.

Cheap labour – cost of labour that is below the actual cost of labour

Peer pressure – the influence of ones behavior by another person(s) in a certain group setting.

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Drug abuse – compulsive, excessive and self-damaging use of habit forming drugs or substances
leading to addiction or dependence.

Physical abuse: any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person by way of a bodily
contact.

Prostitution – the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for
payment.

Depressed wages – distressed by relative economic hardship

Contract disease – to get infected with disease

Low esteem: low value or admiration.

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1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The main purpose of the study is to find out the major forms of child labour and how these
affects the child’s learning in school.

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 To establish the various forms of child labour

1.4.2 To find out the causes of child labour

1.4.3 To determine the effects of child labour

1.4.4 To explore the various interventions government can put in place to reduce child
labour.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.5.1 What are the various forms of child labour?

1.5.2 What are the causes of child labour?

1.5.3 What are the effects of child labour?

1.5.4 How can child labour be reduced?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is conducted to find out the major form causes and effects of child labour on the
holistic development of a child. It is more driven from a personal experience whereby my parents
were tobacco farmers. The crop was highly labour intensive and we the children then in late 1970
and end 1980s were vividly involved in its cultivation (Harsch, 2001). More after we would miss
classes during the transplanting time, weeding, harvesting, sorting, grading and taking to the
market leaf collection centres.

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It is out of this experience that I intend to find out whether there exists any form of child labour
in tea growing areas. Tea is a highly labour intensive crop. The farmers also undertake dairy
farming and other business. If there will be any from the research findings, I will recommend
solutions to eradicate the child labour activities to the policy makers. The findings will also help
the legislators to add to the existing laws that protect the welfare of children.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The data collected from the field survey will be highly qualitative and may pose a problem on
quantification for analysis. The participants may not necessarily give responses as required due
to the framing of the questions or even how they understand them. Building trust to the
participants will be difficult as they may withhold some crucial information yet the research is
not supposed to manipulate or give leading questions.

1.9 ETHICAL ISSUES

In relation to the research itself all the work cited from others will be acknowledged to avoid
plagiarism or academic theft. Informed consent of the participants shall be sought at all times so
that they will feel forced or intimidated.

The identity of the individuals shall be separated from the information they give and will remain
anonymous. Finally, all the information given will remain confidential and shall not be revealed
to any unauthorized persons or agencies.

Finances channelled towards this research will be spent economically to ensure financial probity
and accountability in accordance with the chapter six of the constitution (constitution of Kenya
2010)

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CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition and meaning of labour

Only “that pant of man’s physical or mental exertion is labour, which is willingly or unwillingly
undergone with the object of creating some utility or rendering some service” (Edmonds and
Pavcnik, 2015). The result as such labour must be capable of being measured in terms of money.

There are some small services that are render unto us that cannot be regarded as labour. Personal
exertion simply means to make on enjoyment which cannot be viewed as labour. Similarly,
labour of a thief, a gambler, mendicant or a gambling speculator in business cannot be economic,
for all these classes of persons only transfer wealth from one person to another, without adding to
utility (Harsch, 2001). They render no service to the community but their acts; they do not
increase the usefulness of that wealth by their transactions. All such labour is therefore only
wasteful.

Some labour is unproductive in intention but ultimately results into nothing. During the course of
digging a pit hole, it was found that the place was rocky and the pit could not be sunk. Therefore,
the attempt is given up. Judging from the results this labour may be regarded as unproductive.

2.2 Child labour definition

The term “child labour” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood their
potential and dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work
that is; mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children (Edmonds
and Pavcnik, 2015).

Child labour also refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives them of their
childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school and that is mentally, physically,
socially or morally dangerous and harmful.

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According to the international labour organization (I.L.O) not all work done by children should
be classified as child labour which international programs such as the international program on
the elimination of child labor (I.P.E.C) target to be eliminated.

In its most extremes, child labour involves children being enslaved, separated from their familiar,
exposed to serious hazards and illness and or left to themselves on the streets of large cities.

What forms of work can be termed as child labour depends on the child’s age the type and the
hours of work performed, under what circumstances. Furthermore, the I.L.O states
diplomatically that, “the answer varies from country to country.

UNICEF defines “child labour” as work that exceeds a minimum number of hours depending on
the age of a child, and on the type of work. Such work is confined as harmful to the child and
should therefore be eliminated.

 Ages 5-11 years – At least one hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per
week.
 Ages 12-14 years – At least 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per
week.
 Ages 15-17 years – At least 43 hours of economic or domestic work per week.

The problem of much work undertaken by children in that it interferes with education and thus is
detrimental to their life opportunities. Asset owning may imply a greater burden of work borne
by children. Such as herding livestock or doing physical labour in the fields such as cultivation,
hewing of wood, fetching water and others. These kings of work can thus be detrimental to a
child’s education by diminishing regular school attendance. However, assets are found to be
related positively to other dimensions of child wellbeing such as health.

2.3 FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR

2.3.1 Types of work children do

The use of child labour can be found in the production of diverse range of products and services,
covering all major economic sectors. Child labourer can undertake a wide range of roles some
more hazardous than others.

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What are the numbers?

2.3.1.1 Agriculture 58.6%. The sector includes work in farming, fishing and forestry.

2.3.1.2 Retail and services sector 25.4% includes work in restaurants, hotels, retail trade,
transport and storage.

2.3.1.3 Industry and manufacturing 7.2% sector includes mining and quarrying, making items to
sell and consumption.

2.3.1.4 Domestic work 6.9% includes housekeeping and childcare in a home environment.
Domestic work and be hidden from public view making child labourers in this sector particularly
vulnerable to exploitation (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2015).

In agriculture setting, children do the general cultivation in the fields, the herd livestock, are
hewers of wood and fetch water for domestic use.

2.3.2 WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR

According to the international labour organization convention No. 182 concerns itself with the
worst forms of child labour. This sector will provide more information of what forms these are.

2.3.2.1 Slavery
Slavery is where one person is owned by and made to work for another person without having
any say over what happens to them. Slaves are held against their will from the time of their
capture, purchase or birth and are not allowed to leave or refuse to work.

2.3.2.2 Child trafficking

It is the illegal trading (buying and selling and movement) of children for labour or sexual
exploitation. They could also be trafficked for child labour, prostitution and recruitment as child
soldiers and beggars.

2.3.2.3 Debt bondage

This is a forced labour where work is exchanges to pay off loans that people cannot pay off with
money or gods. For example, poor family hands over a child and that child will have to work for
years until the debt is cleared.

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2.3.2.4 Serfdom
It is when a person is made to work on land belonging to another person often with little or no
pay.

2.3.2.5 Children in armed conflict are forced to fight or to work as cooks, porters and
messengers. These children are exploited often being forced to kill or main other human beings.

2.3.2.6 Sexual exploitation is mistreating, abusing and/or taking advantage of someone for
personal gain and profit by involving them in prostitution or commercial sex activity and
exchange for money. Children are also used by adults for sex or used in sexual images
(pornography) or performances. They may be bought and sold in marriages, prostitution
or slavery.
2.3.2.7 Producing and trafficking drugs.

Children are forced to do this against then will or with the belief that this will give them status.
Children who produce or traffic drugs are at great risk of abuse and many also become addicted
to drugs at a very young age.

Children are also involved in other crimes as defined in international laws such as buying stolen
goods, shoplifting, robbery, hijacking cars theft and burglary. They may be forced with threats
and violence to the part in such activities or under pressure to final money for their survival.

Street children, runaways or children living in poverty are also used in organized beggary. They
are often disfigured very initially to attract more money from passersby and they may be beaten
to collect enough money.

2.3.2.8 Work which is likely to harm the health safety or morals of children. This could be
working in dangerous environment such as mine where they might die if the tunnel collapses or
even obnoxious gases emitted. There could also be accidental explosions or rock falls.

Work which may be physically harmful may include bending in one position for a long time.
These may include crawling into small spaces, breaking bricks and rocks for road building and
construction or constantly carrying loads that are too heavy while bent. This may cause spinal
injuries (Harsch, 2001).

10
All these types of work interfere with a child’s education as most have neither the time now the
energy to attend school. Their families rely on the little wages the children make to survive.

In 2016, India made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child
labour. The government adopted the child labour (prohibition and regulation) amendment act
which set the minimum age at 14 years and raised the hazardous work to 18 years bringing India
to international standards (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2015). Children in India are engaged in worst
forms of labour including forced labour in production of garments and quarrying stones. Despite
the registration in India to reduce child labour, gaps remain in the legal framework as the
recruitment of children by no-state armed groups is not criminally prohibited.

Reports from the United States department of labour, the findings reveal that there is child labour
and forced labour in 2016, South Africa made a moderate advancement in the efforts to eliminate
child the global action to prevent and address trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrant’s
partnerships. Children engage in the worst forms of child labour including in commercial sexual
exploitation and forced begging (De Hoop and Rosati, 2014). Government social programs are
not sufficient to address the scope of child labour, and barriers to education remain especially
children with disabilities. In addition the government does not collect comprehensive data on
child labour to form policies and programme.

A survey carried by John Chigiti on “child labour is still rife in Kenya despite laws” indicate that
children on the inhuman highway carry njugu karanga, sweets and wooden saving boxes which
they always persuade you to buy as you wait for lights to turn green. It is also not unusual to find
children scavenging though the huge piles of garbage in the Dandora dumpsite.

In many of our tea, coffee and flower industries, quarries children who are of school going age
are involved in labour. In tobacco growing areas where the crop is highly labour intensive child
are engage from nursery preparation, transplanting, weeding, and sorting of cured leaf buying
/collection Centre. Thus consummate a lot of their time at the expense of attending classes.

Poverty and its related problems are some of the causes of child labour in Ethiopia. The 2001
survey reported that about 90% of the children working in productive activities relied that they
were working to either supplement family income (23.8%) or to improve to (66%) poverty in

11
Ethiopia is chronic due to among other population pressure, land degradation, unemployment
and underemployment among adults and school leavers (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2015). Children
are paid lower average than adults.

The other main cause of child labour is cultural values. The Ethiopia culture encourages children
to work to develop skills. Children are considered as assets to generate income in time of
poverty. Children should therefore be given work at home in early life and be obliged to assist
parents.

2.4 CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR

2.4.1 Child labour is caused by several factors. Some of them include:

2.4.1.1 Poverty: children who come from poor families may be forced to work to support those
siblings and parents or supplement the household income when expenses are more them parent’s
earnings (Kistenbroker, 2011). In most of the family settings in Kenya, many live below the
power live, over 60%. This is cause by over reliance on rainfall agriculture which more often
than not is sufficient or it is excessive flooding the farms. The pay for the casual labour is little
between two hundred shillings and three hundred shillings.

This kind of labour is also occasionally seasoned and therefore the parents remain in
unemployment for longer periods forcing the children to engage in activities that reminder them
child laborers’ to earn a hiring for their familiar.

2.4.1.2 Exploitation of cheap and unorganized labour: In most of our rural areas the available
labour is in farms whereby cultivation is highly labour intensive. Hoes and pangas are the tools
commonly used to cultivate land as farms are small (Molankal, 2008). Farming is mainly for
subsistence and there is no or only little surplus for sale. Owing to this the farm owners take
advantage and pay very cheaply to the detriment of the workers.

2.4.1.3 Parents also lack education and exposure. The demand for education by Kenyans is a
tune reflector of their expectations of the returns that can accrue from the education. Education
equips citizens with understanding and knowledge that enables items to make informed choices
about their lives and those facing Kenyan society. There is need to make sure education is of

12
quality standard and its contents relevant to the needs of the society and economy (Kistenbroker,
2011). Lack of education makes most parents vulnerable as they have little or no access to the
labour market that requires requisite skills, expertise and knowledge.

2.4.1.4 Ignorance and social apathy: ignorance plays a role in child labour related issued some
of the value systems in some communities deter children from going to school. In pastoralist
community, a child is sent out to go herding livestock at the expense of undergo some rituals
such as circumcision that make them “men”. They are forced to early manage with young girls
who also attend to domestic chores.

In some instances parents are apathetic because they find no need to take their children to school
on claims that even those that have been to formed schools don’t get jobs. This is a large
discussion as many think that attaining a K.C.P.E and K.C.P.E certificate is enough. They do not
send them children to tertiary colleges, vocational training institutes which could prepare them
with skills to be self-employed in areas such as masonry, plumbing, tailoring and others.

2.4.1.5 Peer pressure: most children tend to join a group they want to identify with such as
classmates or the age masters. These are likely to influence the behavior of a child, for example
if in a school a group mates may recruit others and engage in criminal activities. These may
include stealing fruits from the farms; shoplifting and even way laying young girls as the track
back home from schools.

2.5 THE EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOUR

Children involved in the various forms of child labour related activities are affected both
physically and emotionally.

2.5.1 Children are exposed to accidental and other injuries at work. These include general
child injuries and abuses like cuts, burns and lacerations, fractures, tiredness and dizziness
excessive fears and nightmares.

2.5.2 Sexual abuse, particularly sexual exploitation of girls by adults, rape, prostitution, early
and unwanted pregnancies, abortion, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV and AIDS,
drugs and alcoholism.

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2.5.3 Physical abuse that involves corporal punishment, emotional maltreatment such as
blaming, humiliation and bad remarks.

2.5.4 Emotional regret such as deprivation of family love and affection resulting in loneliness
and hopelessness.

2.5.5 Physical neglect like lack of adequate provision of food, clothing, shelter and medical
treatment.

2.5.6 Lack of schooling results in missing educational clarification and higher skills thus
perpetuating their life in poverty.

2.5.7 Competition of children with adult’s workers leads to depression of wages and salaries.

2.5.8 Children who work as child laborers’ do not have time to complete their education.
They may have little parent monitoring so they are first target for illegal activities. They are
easily addicted to drugs thereby mining their entire life.

2.6 Reduction elimination of child labour

Several governments and international organization have undertaken several measures to try to
reduce or eliminate child labour. Every child born has a right to have the dreams and pursue
those dreams.

2.6.1 Fuel education: fuel education holds the key to elimination of child labour parents that do
not have money to provide them children with education. Free primary education (F.P.E) was
introduced in Kenya in 2003 to endure that all the children of school going age go to school.

2.6.2 Bringing laws that makes it illegal for children work until they reach a certain age makes it
much easier to combat the culture of child labour. Such laws should use just provide an explicit
statement that child labour and exploitation are wrong. They should also provide a framework
and set of prerogatives which mean that anyone who wants to challenge child labour has the
official backing of the government.

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2.6.3 Poverty is a key factor for the existence of child labour. A family living in poverty may
require additional child labour to meet the basic needs. This situation is exacerbated by the
absence of one or both the parents. The young children are left to be taken care of by the older
siblings or elderly grandparents. Government can intervene by formulating policies that provide
for a social welfare of the orphaned children and the elderly persons.

15
CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design to be applied to the study will be Ex.Post facto. This is because the study
will be looking into the forms and the effects of child labour in a retrogressive manner. The
researcher in this sense will not manipulate the characteristics of human participants. The design
in s substitute for experimental research which has a deliberate control and manipulation of the
independent variable to observe the effect on the change on the dependent variable.

The design establishes the casual relationship or the associations and their meanings and is
flexible by nature. It was therefore serve the purpose for the research on how child labour affects
the performance in schools.

3.2 TARGET POPULATION

The target population in the area of study is 3,500

3.3 SAMPLE DESIGN

A random sample of 100 families will be selected. In the five locations of Tetu west, twenty
families will be selected from each which will then be narrowed down to the respective 13 sub
locations.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS.

16
METHODOLOGY

Interviews will be conducted among the tea growing families in the area of study. One member
of each family will be interviewed more of the mother of the minor. In instances where the
mother is not available, the grandmother or the grandfather will be interviewed.

Data from the Kenya national beaurue of statistics (KNBS) will be to determine the classification
of the familiar and help to obtain the mean of the members in each family.

Categories of the group of variables will be used to compare how each affects academic
performance. Each of the categories will be ascribed a weight using a scale from 1 to 6
depending on the agree of preference in this way each of the categories will have to be compared
to determine a concrete academic performance factor.

In the process of interviewing on questionnaire will be filled to capture the details both
qualitative and quantitative data. A filed notebook will be necessary to also capture some of the
characteristics that may not have been noted in the questionnaire.

Prior to the conduct of the interview a semi-structure interview will be held with the parent prior
to the inclusion of the minor so that an appropriate climate for interview in set. The parent will
be a source of information on the social economic activities and the participation of the minor in
such. The minor will then be invited to respond to a few questions. This process will allow the
creation of an atmosphere of trust that will facilitate the families’ responses.

The limitation to this design is that the sample cannot be considered random because the
distribution of the families is not even as it’s either clustered or dispersed. Also there may be no
information on those that drop one of the school or the hidden domestic chores that the children
undertake.

3.5 VALIDITY
Validity in this study will refer to extent to which the researchers believes the instrument used is
appropriate. The statement in the questionnaire will be assessed to find the extent to which it
relates to child labour. For the sampling validity the researcher will find out whether the

17
statement, questions and indicators content of the instrument adequately represent the property
being measured. The sampling to be measured will also represent the time or the universal set.

3.6 RELIABILITY
The measured devised for the concepts will be consistent in that the occasions will seem to be
consistent when measured. These when applied in another sample will be repeatable and possibly
give similar results if not the same.

3.7 Data Analysis

The analysis of the results obtained will follow a series of the measures of central tendency and a
series of logistic regression models adjusted for the academic performance.

The analysis will be carried with the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) in order to
prepare the necessary charts, graphs and other computerized data.

3.8 Data Presentation

The final output information will be presented in form of bar graphs, line graph, text reports
tables and charts.

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REFERENCES
De Hoop, J., & Rosati, F. C. (2014). Cash transfers and child labor. The World Bank Research
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