JAVA

1. Explain Static keyword

Answer: static keyword is mainly used for memory management. It can be used
with variables, methods, blocks and nested classes. It is a keyword which is used to
share the same variable or method of a given class. Basically, static is used for a
constant variable or a method that is same for every instance of a class.

2. Explain Final keyword

Answer: The final keyword is used in several contexts to define an entity that can
only be assigned once. Once a final variable has been assigned, it always contains
the same value.

3. Explain this keyword.

Answer: This keyword refers to the current object in a method or constructor. The
most common use of this keyword is to eliminate the confusion between class
attributes and parameters with the same name (because a class attribute is
shadowed by a method or constructor parameter).

4. Explain super keyword.

Answer: The super keyword refers to superclass (parent) objects. It is used to call
superclass methods, and to access the superclass constructor. The most common
use of the super keyword is to eliminate the confusion between superclasses and
subclasses that have methods with the same name.

5. Difference between this and super keyword.

Answer: This vs super keyword. this keyword points to a reference of the current
class, while super keyword points to a reference of the parent class. this can be
used to access variables and methods of the current class, and super can be used
to access variables and methods of the parent class from the subclass.

6. Difference between final and abstract class

Answer:
Final Class: A class which is declared with the “Final” keyword is known as the final
class. The final keyword is used to finalize the implementations of the classes, the
methods and the variables used in this class. The main purpose of using a final class is
to prevent the class from being inherited (i.e.) if a class is marked as final, then no
other class can inherit any properties or methods from the final class. If the final class
is extended, Java gives a compile-time error.

Abstract Class: A class that is declared using the “abstract” keyword is known as an
abstract class. The main idea behind an abstract class is to implement the concept
of Abstraction. An abstract class can have both abstract methods (methods without
body) as well as the concrete methods (regular methods with the body). However, a
normal class (non-abstract class) cannot have abstract methods.

7. Explain OOPS concept

Answer: Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) is a Programming concept that
works on the principles of abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
The basic concept of OOPs is to create objects, re-use them throughout the
program, and manipulate these objects to get results.
8. Explain the OOPS concept implemented in your project
Answer:

ABSTRACTION
In Page Object Model design pattern, we write locators (such as id, name,
xpath etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests but we can’t see these
locators in the tests. Literally we hide the locators from the tests.
Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation of internal details and
showing the functionality to the users.

INTERFACE
Basic statement we all know in Selenium is WebDriver driver = new
FirefoxDriver ();

WebDriver itself is an Interface. So based on the above statement WebDriver driver

= new FirefoxDriver (); we are initializing Firefox browser using Selenium WebDriver.
It means we are creating a reference variable (driver) of the interface (WebDriver)
and creating an Object. Here WebDriver is an Interface as mentioned earlier and
FirefoxDriver is a class.

An interface in Java looks similar to a class but both the interface and class are two
different concepts. An interface can have methods and variables just like the class
but the methods declared in interface are by default abstract. We can achieve 100%
abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java with Interface.

INHERITANCE
We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver interface,
WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc., in the Base Class.
We extend the Base Class in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class.
Extending one class into other class is known as Inheritance.

POLYMORPHISM
Combination of overloading and overriding is known as Polymorphism. We
will see both overloading and overriding below.
Polymorphism allows us to perform a task in multiple ways.

METHOD OVERLOADING
We use implicit wait in Selenium. Implicit wait is an example of overloading. In
Implicit wait we use different time stamps such as SECONDS, MINUTES, HOURS
etc., A class having multiple methods with same name but different parameters is
called Method Overloading.

METHOD OVERRIDING
We use a method which was already implemented in another class by
changing its parameters. To understand this, you need to understand Overriding in
Java. Declaring a method in child class which is already present in the parent class is
called Method Overriding. Examples are get and navigate methods of different
drivers in Selenium.

ENCAPSULATION
All the classes in a framework are an example of Encapsulation. In POM
classes, we declare the data members using @FindBy and initialization of data
members will be done using Constructor to utilize those in methods.
Encapsulation is a mechanism of binding code and data together in a single unit.
9. Explain the difference between Array and Collection
Answer:

ARRAYS COLLECTION
Arrays are fixed in size that is once we create an Collection are growable in nature that is based
array we cannot increased or decreased based on on our requirement. We can increase or decrease
our requirement. of size.
With respect to memory Arrays are not With respect to memory collection are
recommended to use. recommended to use.
With respect to performance Arrays are With respect to performance collection are not
recommended to use. recommended to use.
Arrays can hold only homogeneous data types Collection can hold both homogeneous and
elements. heterogeneous elements.
There is no underlying data structure for arrays Every collection class is implemented based on
and hence ready-made method support is not some standard data structure and hence for
available. every requirement ready-made method support
is available being a performance. we can use
these method directly and We are not
responsible to implement these methods.
Arrays can hold both object and primitive. Collection can hold only object types but
primitive.

10. Explain the Collection architecture

Answer:
The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store
and manipulate the group of objects. Java Collection framework provides many
interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList,
PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet).

11. Difference between list and set

Answer:
List is an ordered sequence of elements whereas Set is a distinct list of
elements which is unordered.
List is a type of ordered collection that maintains the elements in insertion
order while Set is a type of unordered collection so elements are not maintained any
order.
List allows duplicates while Set doesn't allow duplicate elements. All the
elements of a Set should be unique if you try to insert the duplicate element in Set it
would replace the existing value.
List permits any number of null values in its collection while Set permits only
one null value in its collection.
New methods are defined inside List interface. But, no new methods are
defined inside Set interface, so we have to use Collection interface methods only
with Set subclasses.
List can be inserted in in both forward direction and backward direction
using Listiterator while Set can be traversed only in forward direction with the help of
iterator.
12. Explain Multithreading
Answer: Multithreading is the ability of a central processing unit (CPU) (or a single
core in a multi-core processor) to provide multiple threads of execution
concurrently, supported by the operating system. This approach differs from
multiprocessing.

13. Explain Synchronization

Answer: Synchronization is the precise coordination of multiple events or
mechanical devices. In computing, it refers to the coordination of hardware devices,
such that the data they contain or provide is made to be identical.
The synchronization is usually done in a short time frame.

14. Explain Serialization

Answer: Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes
to store the object or transmit it to memory, a database, or a file. Its main purpose is
to save the state of an object in order to be able to recreate it when needed. The
reverse process is called deserialization.

15. Explain final, finally and finalize

Answer:

Final class can't be inherited, final method can't be overridden

and final variable value can't be changed. Finally, is used to place important
code, it will be executed whether exception is handled or not. Finalize is used
to perform clean up processing just before object is garbage collected.
Finalize is a method.

16. What is Thread in Java

Answer: Every java application has at least one thread – main thread. But from
application point of view – main is the first java thread and we can create
multiple threads from it. ... Multithreading refers to two or more threads executing
concurrently in a single program.

17. Explain String

Answer: A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and
floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised
of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers.

18. Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder.

Answer: String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable
classes. StringBuffer is thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder
is not. That's why StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer. String concatenation
operator (+) internally uses StringBuffer or StringBuilder class.

19. Exception Handling

Answer: An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program,
that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instructions. When an error occurs
within a method, the method creates an object and hands it off to the runtime system.
This block of code is called an exception handler.
20. Difference between throw and throws
Answer: Throw is a keyword which is used to throw an exception explicitly in
the program inside a function or inside a block of code. Throws is a keyword used in
the method signature used to declare an exception which might get thrown by the
function while executing the code.

21. Explain Reflection in java

Answer: Reflection is an API which is used to examine or modify the behaviour of
methods, classes, interfaces at runtime. The required classes for reflection are
provided under java. lang. reflect package. ... Through reflection we can invoke
methods at runtime irrespective of the access specifier used with them.

22. What is Garbage collector

Answer: Java applications obtain objects in memory as needed. It is the task
of garbage collection (GC) in the Java virtual machine (JVM) to automatically
determine what memory is no longer being used by a Java application and to recycle
this memory for other uses.

23. Local, Instance and Static variable

Answer:
Local Variables: A variable defined within a block or method or constructor is called
local variable.
 These variable are created when the block in entered or the function is called
and destroyed after exiting from the block or when the call returns from the
function.
 The scope of these variables exists only within the block in which the variable
is declared. i.e. we can access these variable only within that block.
 Initialization of Local Variable is Mandatory.

Instance Variables: Instance variables are non-static variables and are declared in a
class outside any method, constructor or block.
 As instance variables are declared in a class, these variables are created when
an object of the class is created and destroyed when the object is destroyed.
 Unlike local variables, we may use access specifiers for instance variables. If
we do not specify any access specifier, then the default access specifier will be
used.
 Initialization of Instance Variable is not Mandatory. Its default value is 0
 Instance Variable can be accessed only by creating objects.

Static Variables: Static variables are also known as Class variables.

These variables are declared similarly as instance variables; the difference is that
static variables are declared using the static keyword within a class outside any
method constructor or block.
Unlike instance variables, we can only have one copy of a static variable per
class irrespective of how many objects we create.
Static variables are created at the start of program execution and destroyed
automatically when execution ends.
Initialization of Static Variable is not Mandatory. Its default value is 0
If we access the static variable like Instance variable (through an object), the
compiler will show the warning message and it won’t halt the program. The
compiler will replace the object name to class name automatically.
24. Explain Java Generics
Answer: The Java Generics allows us to create a single class, interface, and
method that can be used with different types of data (objects). This helps us to reuse
our code. Note: Generics does not work with primitive types ( int , float , char , etc).

25. Explain about Constructor

Answer: A constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an
instance of the class is created. At the time of calling constructor, memory for the
object is allocated in the memory.
It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.
Every time an object is created using the new() keyword, at least one constructor is
called.
It calls a default constructor if there is no constructor available in the class. In such
case, Java compiler provides a default constructor by default.

26. Difference between Constructor and Methods

Answer: Constructor is used to initialize an object whereas method is used to
exhibits functionality of an object. Constructors are invoked implicitly
whereas methods are invoked explicitly. Constructor does not return any value
where the method may/may not return a value.

27. Explain about Access Modifier

Answer: Access modifiers (or access specifiers) are keywords in object-oriented
languages that set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members. ...
When the class is declared as public, it is accessible to other classes defined in the
same package as well as those defined in other packages.

28. Explain about Interface

Answer: Like a class, an interface can have methods and variables, but the methods
declared in an interface are by default abstract (only method signature, no body).
 Interfaces specify what a class must do and not how. It is the blueprint of the
class.
 An Interface is about capabilities like a Player may be an interface and any
class implementing Player must be able to (or must implement) move (). So it
specifies a set of methods that the class has to implement.
 If a class implements an interface and does not provide method bodies for all
functions specified in the interface, then the class must be declared abstract.

29. What is tagged interface

Answer: An interface with no methods in it is referred to as a tagging interface. A
class that implements a tagging interface does not need to define any methods
(since the interface does not have any), but the class becomes an interface type
through polymorphism

30. Difference between Interface and Abstract class

Answer: Abstraction: Hiding the internal implementation of the feature and only
showing the functionality to the users. i.e. what it works (showing), how it works
(hiding). Both abstract class and interface are used for abstraction.
 Abstract class vs Interface
1. Type of methods: Interface can have only abstract methods. Abstract class can
have abstract and non-abstract methods. From Java 8, it can have default and static
methods also.
2. Final Variables: Variables declared in a Java interface are by default final. An
abstract class may contain non-final variables.
3. Type of variables: Abstract class can have final, non-final, static and non-static
variables. Interface has only static and final variables.
4. Implementation: Abstract class can provide the implementation of interface.
Interface can’t provide the implementation of abstract class.
5. Inheritance vs Abstraction: A Java interface can be implemented using keyword
“implements” and abstract class can be extended using keyword “extends”.
6. Multiple implementation: An interface can extend another Java interface only, an
abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces.
7. Accessibility of Data Members: Members of a Java interface are public by default.
A Java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc.

31. Difference between Method Overriding and Method Overloading

Answer: Overloading occurs when two or more methods in one class have the
same method name but different parameters. Overriding means having
two methods with the same method name and parameters (i.e., method signature).
One of the methods is in the parent class and the other is in the child class.

32. Can we overload java main method?

Answer: Yes, we can overload the main method in Java, but When we execute
the class JVM starts execution with public static void main(String [] args) method.

33. Can we override java main method?

Answer: No, we cannot override main method of java because a
static method cannot be overridden. The static method in java is associated with
class whereas the non-static method is associated with an object. ... Therefore, it is
not possible to override the main method in java.

34. Can we override static method?

Answer: No, we cannot override static methods because method overriding is
based on dynamic binding at runtime and the static methods are bonded
using static binding at compile time. ... If we call a static method by using the
child class object, the static method of the child class will be called.

35. Explain about Run time polymorphism

Answer: Run time polymorphism where at run time we came to know which method
is going to invoke, it can be achieved through dynamic binding, Inheritance is
involved, Method overriding is an example of runtime polymorphism.

36. Explain about Compile time polymorphism

Answer: Compile time polymorphism means binding is occurring at compile time, It
can be achieved through static binding, Inheritance is not involved, Method
overloading is an example of compile time polymorphism.
37. Difference between Parent objp = new Child (); | Child objc = new Child ();
Answer: Object 'objc' has access to child's properties as well as its parent class
properties. Hence accessing objc.name and objc.age was possible. By using child
reference we can call both parent and child class (state)Fields and
(behaviour)methods.

Parent objp = new Child ();

It is called as up-casting. Object 'objp' has limited access. It can only access parent
class properties, because p is a reference to parent class. Hence accessing
'objp.age' was not possible even though objp is a child object. So by using parent
reference we can call only methods available in parent class and child specific
methods are not accessible.
It is nothing but polymorphism. If we don't know exact runtime type of object, then we
should use this approach(polymorphism).

38. Difference between == operator and. equals () method

Answer: == checks if both objects point to the same memory location
whereas. equals () evaluates to the comparison of values in the objects.

39. Difference between length variable and length () method

Answer: length () method returns the number of characters presents in the string.
The length variable is applicable to array but not for string objects whereas
the length () method is applicable for string objects but not for arrays. To directly
accesses a field member of array we can use.

40. Explain Daemon Thread

Answer: Daemon thread is a low priority thread that runs in background to perform
tasks such as garbage collection. Properties: They cannot prevent the JVM from
exiting when all the user threads finish their execution. If JVM finds running daemon
thread, it terminates the thread and after that shutdown itself.

41. What is toString () method

Answer: A toString () is an in-built method in Java that returns the value given to it
in string format. Hence, any object that this method is applied on, will then be
returned as a string object.

42. Explain java main method

Answer: The main () method is the entry point into the application. The signature of
the method is always: public static void main (String [] args) Command-line
arguments are passed through the args parameter, which is an array of String s.

43. Explain System.out.println();

Answer: println () is used to print an argument that is passed to it. The statement
can be broken into 3 parts which can be understood separately as: System: It is a
final class defined in the java. out: This is an instance of PrintStream type, which is
a public and static member field of the System class.
44. How will you create object for singleton class?
Answer: You cannot make objects of singleton class outside the class because
the constructor is private. Constructor instantiate the object. if the constructor itself is
private then the object will never be instantiated outside the class rather
you can use getInstance method.

45. JDBC connectivity

Answer: The JDBC Connection class, java. sql. Connection, represents a
database connection to a relational database. Before you can read or write data
from and to a database via JDBC, you need to open a connection to the database.

Code :

public class DataBaseConnectionExample {

public static void main (String [] args) throws
SQLException, ClassNotFoundException {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://[email protected]
.0.1/demo");
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
ResultSet result = statement.executeQuery("Select *
from student");

while(result.next()) {
System.out.println(result.getString(2));
}
}
}
46. what is the return type of constructor?
Answer: No, constructor does not have any return type in Java. ... It does not
have a return type and its name is same as the class name. Mostly it is used to
instantiate the instance variables of a class. If the programmer
doesn't write a constructor the compiler writes a constructor on his behalf.

47. Enum Keyword?

Answer: The enum keyword declares an enumerated (unchangeable) type.
An enum is a special "class" that represents a group of constants (unchangeable
variables, like final variables).
To create an enum, use the enum keyword (instead of class or interface), and
separate the constants with a comma.
Selenium
1. Explain the Selenium components
Answer: Selenium is an automation testing tool used to test web-based
applications. Selenium is not a single tool but a suite of tools. There are
four components of Selenium – Selenium IDE, RC, WebDriver, and Grid. Last two
being the most famous one.

2. Explain the Selenium WebDriver Architecture

Answer: Selenium WebDriver API enables interaction between browsers and
browser drivers. This architecture consists of four layers namely the Selenium Client
Library, JSON Wire Protocol, Browser Drivers and Browsers.
 Selenium Client Library consists of languages like Java, Ruby, Python, C# and so
on. After the test cases are triggered, entire Selenium code will be converted to
Json format.
 JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation. It takes up the task of transferring
information from the server to the client. JSON Wire Protocol is primarily
responsible for transfer of data between HTTP servers. Generated Json is made
available to browser drivers through http Protocol.
 Each browser has a specific browser driver. Browser drivers interact with its
respective browsers and execute the commands by interpreting Json which they
received from the browser. As soon as the browser driver gets any instructions,
they run them on the browser. Then the response is given back in the form of
HTTP response.
3. Explain the locators in Selenium
Answer: Locators in Selenium are one of the most powerful commands
ID, Name, Class, Xpath, LinkText, Partial LinkText, Css Selector, Tag Name.

4. What will you prefer Xpath or ID

Answer: By.ID () is the faster technique because at its root, the call goes down to
document. getElementById (), which is optimized by most browsers. But, finding
elements using XPath is better for locating elements having complex selectors, and
is no doubt the most flexible selection strategy.

5. Explain css selector

Answer: CSS selectors are used to select the content you want to style. Selectors
are the part of CSS rule set. CSS selectors select HTML elements according to its id,
class, type, attribute etc.
There are several different types of selectors in CSS.
1. CSS Element Selector
2. CSS Id Selector
3. CSS Class Selector
4. CSS Universal Selector
5. CSS Group Selector

6. When Using findElement and findElements but element no found, what exception will
throw.
Answer:
ByfindElement - Throws NoSuchElementException if the element is not found
ByfindElements - Returns an empty list if no matching element is found
7. WebDriver is class or interface
Answer: Selenium WebDriver is an interface that defines a set of methods.
However, implementation is provided by the browser specific classes. Some of the
implementation classes are AndroidDriver, ChromeDriver FirefoxDriver,
InternetExplorerDriver SafariDriver etc.

8. ChromeDriver is class or interface

Answer: The major implementation classes of
WebDriver interface are ChromeDriver, EdgeDriver, FirefoxDriver,
InternetExplorerDriver etc. Each driver class corresponds to a browser. We simply
create the object of the driver classes and work with them. It helps you to
execute Selenium Scripts on Chrome browser.

9. Explain about Remote WebDriver

Answer: Remote WebDriver consists of a server and a client.
The server is a component that listens on a port for various requests from a
Remote WebDriver client. Once the request is received, it forwards the request to the
browser driver: FirefoxDriver, IDE Driver and ChromeDriver.

The client libraries serve as a Remote WebDriver client. The client translates test
script requests to JSON payload and sends it across to the Remote WebDriver
server using the JSON wire protocol. The diagram below depicts the remote
webdriver architecture.

10. Explain webdriver commands.

Answer: we can generally classify Webdriver commands as:

 Browser commands,
 Get commands,
 Navigation commands,
 Webelement commands,
 Action commands and
 Result commands.
List of 25 More Popular WebDriver Commands & Examples
1. Get ()
2. GetCurrentUrl ()
3. GetTitle ()
4. GetText ()
5. FindElement ()
6. FindElements ()
7. isEnabled ()
8. SendKeys ()
9. Submit ()
10. Size ()
11. ImplicityWait ()
12. Untill ()
13. Navigate ()
14. MoveToElement ()
15. Click ()
16. Close ()
17. SwtichTo ()
 18. Accept ()
19. Dismiss ()
20. GetWindowHandel ()
21. GetWindowHandels ()
22. GetConnection ()
23. Quit ()

11. How will you handle dropdown?

Answer:
1. selectByIndex - It is used to select an option based on its index, beginning
with 0. dropdown. SelectByIndex (5);
2. selectByValue - It is used to select an option based on its 'value'
attribute. dropdown. selectByValue("Database");
3. selectByVisibleText - It is used to select an option based on the text over
the option.

12. How will you handle drop down without using Select class.
Answer:
If you want to select an option directly without using the Select class, you
can achieve it by using Xpath [get the tag 'select' and then it's child tag 'option'], as.

13. How will you handle pop-ups and alert in selenium?

Answer:
Handling alerts manually is a tedious task. To reduce human intervention and
ease this task, Selenium provides a wide range of functionalities and methods to
handle alerts.
The following methods are useful to handle alerts in selenium:
1. Void dismiss (): This method is used when ‘Cancel’ button is clicked in
the alert box.
Syntax: driver (). SwtichTo (). Alert (). Dismiss ();
2. Void accept (): This method is used to click on the ‘OK’ button of the
alert.
Syntax: driver (). SwtichTo (). Alert (). accept ();
3. String GetText (): This method is used to capture the alert message.
Syntax: driver (). SwtichTo (). Alert (). getText ();
4. Void SendKeys (String stringToSend): This method is used to send
data to the alert box.
Syntax: driver (). SwtichTo (). Alert (). SendKeys (“Text”);

14. How will you handle window/desktop pop up?

Answer:
1. Driver. getWindowHandles (); In order to handle the opened windows by
Selenium webdriver, you can use Driver. getWindowHandles () to switch between
the windows.
2. Driver. getWindowHandle (); When the webpage is loaded, you can handle the
main window by using driver. getWindowHandle ().
15. How will you handle frames?
Answer:
Select a frame by its (zero-based) index. That is, if a page has multiple
frames (more than 1), the first frame would be at index "0", the second at index "1"
and so on. Once the frame is selected or navigated, all subsequent calls on
the WebDriver interface are made to that frame.
Syntax: driver (). switchTo (). frame (0); / driver (). switchTo (). frame (“frame1”);

16. Explain about Actions class?

Answer: Actions class is an ability provided by Selenium for handling keyboard and
mouse events. In Selenium WebDriver, handling these events includes operations
such as drag and drop, clicking on multiple elements with the control key, among
others.

17. Explain the types of xpath?

Answer:
Two Types of xpath.
1. Absolute xpath
2. Relative xpath.

18. Explain about HTML DOM structure

Answer: The DOM represents the document as nodes and objects so that programs
can change the document structure, style, and content. In that hat way, programming
languages connect to the webpage.

19. Explain about parent child/siblings/ansector-descendant/contains in xpath?

Answer:
1. Contains () in Selenium is a function within Xpath expression which is
used to search for the web elements that contain a particular text. We can
extract all the elements that match the given text value using the contains
() function throughout the webpage. It has the ability to find the element
with partial text.
Syntax: “//h4/a[contains(text(),’SAP M’)]”
2. A Sibling in Selenium Webdriver is a function used to fetch a web
element which is a sibling to the parent element. If the parent element is
known, then the web element can be easily found or located that can use
the sibling attribute of the Xpath expression in selenium webdriver.
Syntax: “//di[@class=’canvas’]/following-sibling::h4”
3. Ancestor: To find an element on the basis of the parent element we can
use ancestor attribute of XPath.
4. Parent in Selenium is a method used to retrieve the parent node of the
current node selected in the web page. It is very useful in the situation
when you select an element and need to get the parent element using
Xpath. This method is also used to get the parent’s parent.

20. Difference between findelement and findElements

Answer: findElement: A command used to uniquely identify a web element within
the web page. findElements: A command used to identify a list of web elements
within the web page.
21. Explain about selenium Synchronization?
Answer: Synchronization meaning: when two or more components involved to
perform any action, we expect these components to work together with the same
pace. The co-ordination between these components to run paralelly is
called Synchronization. Synchronization (Wait) in Selenium has a great significant
value.

22. Difference between implicit and explicit wait?

Answer: Implicit waits are used to provide a default waiting time between each
consecutive test step/command across the entire test script. ... Explicit waits are
used to halt the execution until the time a particular condition is met or the maximum
time has elapsed.

23. What class is used for explicit wait?

Answer: WebDriverWait Class
In order to declare explicit wait, one has to use “Expected Conditions”. The following
Expected Conditions can be used in Explicit Wait. To use Explicit Wait in test scripts,
import the following packages into the script. Then, Initialize A Wait Object using
WebDriverWait Class.

24. What is fluent wait?

Answer: The Fluent Wait command defines the maximum amount of time for
Selenium WebDriver to wait for a certain condition to appear. To put it simply, Fluent
Wait looks for a web element repeatedly at regular intervals until timeout happens or
until the object is found.

25. What is Wait? Class or Interface?

Answer: Wait is the generic interface, which makes selenium to wait for a particular
time with the associated event. Events like elements to be click-able, element to present.
FluentWait, and WebDriverWait implements Wait interface.

26. What is different method to launch the web browser and explain?

27. Write a code for Screenshot

Answer: We have two type in TakesScreenshot.

public class TakeScreenShotExample {

public static void main (String [] args) throws
IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver ();
driver.get("https://www.hilton.com/en/");

TakesScreenshot screenshot = (TakesScreenshot)

driver;
File srcfile =
screenshot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
File file = new File("D://hiltonhome.png");
FileUtils.copyFile(srcfile, file);
}
}
 Another Way:
public class TakeScreenShotExample {
public static void main (String [] args) throws
AWTException {
Robot robot = new Robot ();
Dimension screenSize =
Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize ();
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(screenSize);
BufferedImage soruce = robot. createScreenCapture
(rectangle);
File desfile = new File("D://hiltonhomerobot.png");
ImageIO.write(soruce, "png", desfile);
}
}

28. Difference between getWindowHandle and getWindowHandles?

Answer: getWindowHandles () – It stores the set of handles for all the pages
opened simultaneously. driver. getWindowHandle () – It fetches the handle of the
web page which is in focus. It gets the address of the active browser and it has a
return type of String.

29. How will you handle browser window?

Answer: Get the handles of all the windows that are currently open using the
command: Set<String> allWindowHandles = driver. getWindowHandles (); which
returns the set of handles. Use the SwitchTo command to switch to the
desired window and also pass the URL of the web page.

30. Write the code for Excel read and write?

Answer:
Read Excel

public class ReadExcelExample {

public static void main (String [] args) throws
IOException {
FileInputStream fis = new
FileInputStream("D:\\Test.xlsx");
XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(fis);
XSSFSheet sh = wb. getSheetAt (0);
for (int i=0; i<=2; i++) {
System.out.println(sh. getRow(i). getCell(0));
}
wb.close ();
}
}
Write Excel
public class WriteExcelExample {
public static void main (String [] args) throws
IOException {
File file = new File("D:\\Test.xlsx");
 FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(fis);
XSSFSheet sh = wb.getSheetAt(1);
for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
XSSFRow row = sh.createRow(i);
WebElement alltitle =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class
='_3LU4EM']/div"));
String name = alltitle.getText();
sh.getRow(i).createCell(0).setCellValue(name);
}
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
wb.write(fos);
wb.close();
}
}

31. How will you handle the dynamic web table?

32. How will you perform scroll down?

Answer:

public class JavaScriptScrollDown {

public static void main (String [] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver ();
driver.get
("http://www.leafground.com/pages/Edit.html");
JavascriptExecutor e = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
e.executeScript ("window.scroll(0,750)", "");
}
}

33. What all are the exceptions in selenium?

Answer: there are many Exception classes under WebDriverException, we
commonly see the below ones.
 NoSuchElementException
 NoSuchWindowException
 NoSuchFrameException
 NoAlertPresentException
 InvalidSelectorException
 ElementNotVisibleException
 ElementNotSelectableException
 TimeoutException
 NoSuchSessionException
 StaleElementReferenceException
34. Explain about StaleElementException?
Answer: Stale Element means an old element or no longer available element.
Assume there is an element that is found on a web page referenced as a
WebElement in WebDriver. If the DOM changes then the WebElement goes stale. If
we try to interact with an element which is staled then
the StaleElementReferenceException is thrown.

35. How will you handle stale element exception?

Answer: We can handle Stale Element Reference Exception by using POM. We
could avoid StaleElementException using POM. In POM, we use initElements ()
method which loads the element but it won't initialize elements. initElements () takes
latest address.

36. What exception we will get for timeout?

Answer: Thrown when a response is not received within a specified time period.
And TimeoutException. Exception thrown when a blocking operation times out.
Blocking operations for which a timeout is specified need a means to indicate that
the timeout has occurred.

37. Difference between quit and close?

Answer: quit() is used to exit the browser, end the session, tabs, pop-ups etc. But
the when your driver. close (), only the window that has focus is closed.

38. Difference between isDisplayed, isEnabled and isSelected?

Answer:
isDisplayed () is the method used to verify a presence of a web element within the
webpage. isEnabled () is the method used to verify if the web element is enabled or
disabled within the webpage. isEnabled () is primarily used with buttons.
isSelected () is the method used to verify if the web element is selected or not.

39. Explain about properties file?

Answer: properties files are mainly used in Java programs to maintain project
configuration data, database config or project settings, etc. Each parameter
in properties file is stored as a pair of strings, in key-value pair format, where each
key is on one line.

40. How will you handle time outs in selenium?

Answer: This is used to set the amount of time the WebDriver must wait for an
asynchronous script to finish execution before throwing an error. If the timeout is
negative, then the script will be allowed to run indefinitely.
Types:

1. implicitlyWait ()
2. setScriptTimeout ()
3. pageLoadTimeout ()
4. Thread. Sleep ()
41. How will you create generic methods for object creation?
Answer: To create objects of generic class, we use following syntax. //
To create an instance of generic class BaseType <Type> obj = new BaseType
<Type>() Note: In Parameter type we can not use primitives like 'int','char' or 'double'.
We can also pass multiple Type parameters in Generic classes.

42. Different types of interface in Selenium?

Answer:
TestNG
1. What is TestNG
Answer: TestNG is an automation testing framework in which NG stands for "Next
Generation". TestNG is inspired from JUnit which uses the annotations
(@). TestNG overcomes the disadvantages of JUnit and is designed to make end-to-
end testing easy. The TestNG in Selenium provides an option, i.e., TestNG-failed.

2. Advantages of TestNG
Answer:
o It gives the ability to produce HTML Reports of execution.
o Annotations made testers life easy.
o Test cases can be Grouped & Prioritized more easily.
o Parallel testing is possible.
o Generates Logs.
o Data Parameterization is possible.

3. Explain the TestNG annotation in sequence

Answer:
@BeforeSuite
@BeforeTest
@BeforeClass
@BeforeMethod
@Test
@AfterMethod
@AfterClass
@AfterTest
@AfterSuite

4. Explain the Attributes of TestNG (Groups, dependOnMethod, priority,

invocationcount, enabled, invocationTimeout, Excepted Exception)
Answer:
Groups - The 'groups' attribute is used to group the different test cases that
belong to the same functionality.
Syntax: In Java File - @Test(groups= {"software company"})
In Xml File
<test>
<groups>
<run>
<include name = “software company”/>
</run>
</groups>
</test>

dependOnMethod - When the second test method wants to be dependent on the

first test method, then this could be possible by the use of "dependOnMethods"
attribute. If the first test method fails, then the dependent method on the first
test method, i.e., the second test method will not run.

Syntax: @Test(dependsOnMethods= {"WebStudentLogin"})

5. Explain about @Factory annotation?
Answer: TestNG @Factory annotation is used to specify a method as a factory for
providing objects to be used by TestNG for test classes. The method marked with
@Factory annotation should return Object array.

6. What is Assertion in selenium?

Answer:
In Selenium, Asserts are validations or checkpoints for an
application. Assertions state confidently that application behaviour is working as
expected. One can say that Asserts in Selenium are used to validate the test cases.
They help testers understand if tests have passed or failed.

7. Difference between Soft Assert and Hard Assert?

Answer:
Soft Assert: Soft Assert collects errors during @Test. Soft Assert does not throw
an exception when an assert fails and would continue with the next step after
the assert statement.
Hard Assert: Hard Assert throws an AssertExceptionimmediately when
an assert statement fails and test suite continues with next @Test.

8. Explain @Parameters in TestNG?

Answer:
One of the important features of TestNG is parameterization. This feature
allows user to pass parameters to tests as arguments. This is supported by using
the testng @Parameters annotation. There are mainly two ways through which we
can provide parameter values to testng tests.
1. Xml File – parameter tags.
2. @parameters annotation.

9. Explain about DataProvider in TestNG?

Answer:
An important features provided by TestNG is the testng
DataProvider feature. It helps you to write data-driven tests which essentially means
that same test method can be run multiple times with different data-sets. It helps in
providing complex parameters to the test methods as it is not possible to do this from
XML.

10. Explain about TestNG Listeners?

Answer:
TestNG provides the @Listeners annotation which listens to every event that
occurs in a selenium code. Listeners are activated either before the test or after the
test case. It is an interface that modifies the TestNG behaviour.

11. How will you retry the failed test cases in TestNG?
Answer:
1. After the first run of an automated test run. Right click on Project – Click on
Refresh.
2. A folder will be generated named “test-output” folder. Inside “test-output” folder,
you could find “testng-failed. xml”
3. Run “testng-failed. xml” to execute the failed test cases again.
12. Explain about TestNG.xml file?
Answer:
TestNG. xml file is a configuration file that helps in organizing our tests. It
allows testers to create and handle multiple test classes, define test suites and tests.
It makes a tester's job easier by controlling the execution of tests by putting all the
test cases together and run it under one XML file.

13. How will you do parallel execution in TestNG.xml file?

Answer:
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd" >
<suite name="Test Suite" verbose="2" parallel="methods" thread-count="2">
Tests All the test cases inside <test> tag of Testing xml file will run parallel.

classes All the test cases inside a Java class will run parallel

methods All the methods with @Test annotation will execute parallel.

instances Test cases in same instance will execute parallel but two methods of two
different instances will run in different thread.

14. Advantage of TestNG over Junit?

Answer:
There are three major advantages of TestNG over JUnit:
1. Annotations are easier to understand.
2. Test cases can be grouped more easily.
3. Parallel testing is possible.

15. Explain about @cacheLookup?

Answer:
PageFactory annotation @CacheLookup is used to mark the WebElements
once located so that the same instance in the DOM can always be
used. CacheLookup attribute can be used to instruct the InitElements () method to
cache the element once its located and so that it will not be searched over and over
again.
16. Explain about ExtentReport?
Answer:
ExtentReport is an open-source reporting library for test automation which
can be easily integrated with all test-frameworks such as TestNG, JUnit, NUnit etc.
These reports are high rich HTML reports. It provides results in the form of PIE
charts. Using Extent Reports we could generate custom logs, add snapshots. We
could use external XML file to provide extra information.
Cucumber
1. Explain about BDD framework.
Answer: Cucumber is a testing approach which supports Behaviour Driven
Development (BDD). It explains the behaviour of the application in a simple English
text using Gherkin language.

2. Explain about Cucumber

Answer: A cucumber is a tool based on Behaviour Driven Development (BDD)
framework which is used to write acceptance tests for the web application. It allows
automation of functional validation in easily readable and understandable format (like
plain English) to Business Analysts, Developers, Testers, etc.

3. Difference between TDD and BDD framework

Answer:
TDD - TDD stands for Test Driven Development. In this software development
technique, we create the test cases first and then write the code underlying those test
cases. Although TDD is a development technique, it can also be used for automation
testing development.
The teams that implement TDD, take more time for development however,
they tend to find very few defects. TDD results in improved quality of code and the
code that is more reusable and flexible.
TDD also helps in achieving high test coverage of about 90-100%. The most
challenging thing for developers following TDD is to write their test cases before
writing the code.

BDD - BDD stands for Behaviour Driven Development. BDD is an extension to TDD
where instead of writing the test cases, we start by writing a behaviour. Later, we
develop the code which is required for our application to perform the behaviour.
The scenario defined in the BDD approach makes it easy for the developers,
testers and business users to collaborate.
BDD is considered a best practice when it comes to automated testing as it
focuses on the behaviour of the application and not on thinking about the
implementation of the code.
The behaviour of the application is the center of focus in BDD and it forces
the developers and testers to walk-in the customer’s shoes.

4. How does Cucumber works

Answer:
http://www.seleniumframework.com/cucumber-2/make-a-case/how-cucumber-
works-2/

5. Explain about Features file, step definition file and cucumber runner class?
Answer:

Feature File:
Features file contain high level description of the Test Scenario in simple language. It
is known as Gherkin. Gherkin is a plain English text language.
 Step Definition:
Step definition maps the Test Case Steps in the feature files (introduced by
Given/When/Then) to code. It which executes the steps on Application Under Test
and checks the outcomes against expected results. For a step definition to be
executed, it must match the given component in a feature. Step definition is defined
in java files under "features/step_definitions/*_steps.java".
Runner Class:
The test runner class also acts as an interlink between feature files and step
definition classes. It is in test runner class, that you provide the path for both
feature file and step definition class.
6. Explain about Gherkin syntax
Answer: Gherkin is the format for cucumber specifications. It is a domain specific
language which helps you to describe business behavior without the need to go into
detail of implementation. This text acts as documentation and skeleton of your
automated tests.

 Feature: A feature would describe the current test script which has to be executed.
 Scenario: Scenario describes the steps and expected outcome for a particular test
case.
 Scenario Outline: Same scenario can be executed for multiple sets of data using
scenario outline. The data is provided by a tabular structure separated by (I I).
 Given: It specifies the context of the text to be executed. By using data tables
"Given", step can also be parameterized.
 When: "When" specifies the test action that has to performed
 Then: The expected outcome of the test can be represented by "Then"

7. Advantage of BDD framework?

Answer:
1. Coverage of User Stories
2. Clarity of Scenarios
3. Automation of Test Scenarios
4. Code Reuse in Framework
5. Parameterization in Feature File
6. Continuous Integration – Easy to integrate

8. Keywords in cucumber?
Answer:
Primary Keywords are:
Feature, Rule, Example, Scenario, Given, When, Then, And, But, Background,
Scenario Outline, Scenario Template and Examples
Secondary Keywords are:
(“”) Doc String, (||) Data Tables, (@) Tags, (#) Comments

9. Explain about Scenario Outline?

Answer: Scenario outline basically replaces variable/keywords with the value from
the table. Each row in the table is considered to be a scenario.
10. Explain about cucumber runner class?
Answer: Cucumber test runner class is one of the many mechanisms using which
you can run Cucumber feature file. ... In addition to running a cucumber feature
file, the test runner class also acts as an interlink between feature files and step
definition classes.

11. Explain about cucumber options

Answer:

Following Main Options are available in Cucumber:

12. Explain about tags in cucumber?

Answer: When we just have one, two, or maybe five scenarios in a feature file. For
this, Cucumber has already provided a way to organize your scenario execution by
using tags in feature file. We can define each scenario with a useful tag.

13. Different ways to achieve data driven in cucumber framework?

Answer:

 Parameterization using Excel Files.

 Parameterization using Json.
 Parameterization using XML.

14. What is the return type of raw()

15. Explain about hooks and tagged hooks
POM
1. What is POM
Answer: Page Object model is an object design pattern in Selenium, where
web pages are represented as classes, and the various elements on the page are
defined as variables on the class. ... In this case we will use Page Factory to initialize
web elements that are defined in web page classes or Page Objects.

2. What is page object

Answer: Page Object Model, also known as POM is a design pattern in Selenium
that creates an object repository for storing all web elements. It is useful in reducing
code duplication and improves test case maintenance. In Page Object Model,
consider each web page of an application as a class file.

3. What is page factory.

Answer: Page Factory is a class provided by Selenium WebDriver to
support Page Object Design patterns. In Page Factory, testers use @FindBy
annotation. The initElements method is used to initialize web elements. @FindBy: An
annotation used in Page Factory to locate and declare web elements using different
locators.

4. Advantage of POM
Answer: Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern, popularly used in test
automation that creates Object Repository for web UI elements. The advantage of
the model is that it reduces code duplication and improves test maintenance
Maven
1. What is Maven
Answer:
Maven is an automation and management tool developed by Apache
Software Foundation. It was initially released on 13 July 2004. In Yiddish language
the meaning of Maven is "accumulator of knowledge".
It is written in Java Language and used to build and manage projects written
in C#, Ruby, Scala, and other languages. It allows the developer to create projects
using Project Object Model and plugins.
It helps to build projects, dependency, and documentation. Its development
process is very similar to ANT. However, it is much advanced than ANT.
Maven is also able to build any number of projects into desired output such as
jar, war, metadata.

2. Advantage of Maven
Answer:
Maven can add all the dependencies required for the project automatically by
reading pom file. One can easily build their project to jar, war etc. Maven makes easy
to start project in different environments and one doesn't needs to handle the
dependencies injection, builds, processing, etc.

3. Explain about POM.xml

Answer:
Project Object Model (POM) Files are XML file that contains information
related to the project and configuration information such as dependencies, source
directory, plugin, and goals etc. used by Maven to build the project. When you should
execute a maven command you give maven a POM file to execute the commands.
Maven reads pom.xml file to accomplish its configuration and operations.

4. What is Maven Artifact

5. Maven Build life cycle
6. What is group id, artifact id, version
7. Explain about maven repository and types
8. Explain about super POM
9. Explain about build plugins in maven
10. Explain about surfire and complier plugin
11. Maven command to execute the testcase in cmd
JIRA
1. What is JIRA?
Answer: Jira Software is part of a family of products designed to help teams of all
types manage work. Originally, Jira was designed as a bug and issue tracker. But
today, Jira has evolved into a powerful work management tool for all kinds of use
cases, from requirements and test case management to agile software development.

2. How will you create issue in JIRA?

Answer:

1. Select the project.

2. Choose the issue type.
3. Add a summary.
4. Add optional details: a description, due date, sprint, priority, assignee, etc.

3. Explain JIRA workflow

4. Issue types in JIRA
Answer:
Jira Core – Task and Sub Task
Task: A task represents work that needs to be done.
Sub Task: A subtask is a piece of work that is required to complete a task.
Jira Software - Epic, Bug, Story, Task and Sub Task.
Epic: A big user story that needs to be broken down. Epics group together bugs,
stories, and tasks to show the progress of a larger initiative. In agile development,
 epics usually represent a significant deliverable, such as a new feature or experience
in the software your team develops.
Bug: A bug is a problem which impairs or prevents the functions of a product.
Story: A user story is the smallest unit of work that needs to be done.
Task: A task represents work that needs to be done.
Sub Task: A subtask is a piece of work that is required to complete a task. Subtasks
issues can be used to break down any of your standard issues in Jira (bugs, stories or
tasks).
Jira Service Management – Change, IT help, Incident, New feature, Problem,
Service request, Service request with approval, Support.
Change: Requesting a change in the current IT profile.
IT help: Requesting help for an IT related problem.
Incident: Reporting an incident or IT service outage.
New feature: Requesting new capability or software feature.
Problem: Investigating and reporting the root cause of multiple incidents.
Service request: Requesting help from an internal or customer service team.
Service request with approval: Requesting help that requires a manager or board
approval.
Support: Requesting help for customer support issues.

5. Colour code in JIRA?

Answer:
Blue – To Do
Orange – In Progress
Green – Done
Red - Bug
6. Clone in JIRA?
Answer: Cloning means to copy. To clone an issue means to create a duplicate
issue within the same project. A cloned issue can be treated as a new issue and
edited like other issues.
We should consider the following points while cloning an issue.
 A cloned issue is completely a separate issue from the original issue.
 Any action or operation taken on the original issue does not have any impact
on the clone issue and vice-versa.
 The only connection between the original and clone is the link that is created.
Jenkins
1. What is Jenkins?
Answer: Jenkins is an open-source automation tool written in Java with plugins
built for Continuous Integration purposes. Jenkins is used to build and test your
software projects continuously making it easier for developers to integrate changes to
the project, and making it easier for users to obtain a fresh build.

2. What is CI and CD
Answer: Continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD) embody a culture,
set of operating principles, and collection of practices that enable application
development teams to deliver code changes more frequently and reliably. The
implementation is also known as the CI/CD pipeline.

3. Difference between continuous delivery and continuous deployment?

Answer: Continuous Delivery (CD) is a practice of automating the entire software
release process. ... Continuous Deployment is a step up from Continuous
Delivery in which every change in the source code is deployed to production
automatically, without explicit approval from a developer.

4. How will you create job in Jenkins?

5. What is cron pattern
6. What is automated deployment process
7. What is pipeline
 8. When will you go for nightly execution and day execution
9. What is your contribution towards Jenkins
10. How will you automate the defect life cycle
11. What is upstream and downstream job
12. Explain about pre-build and post-build actions

GITHUB
1. What is git.
Answer: Git is the most commonly used version control system. Git tracks the
changes you make to files, so you have a record of what has been done, and you
can revert to specific versions should you ever need to. Git also makes collaboration
easier, allowing changes by multiple people to all be merged into one source.

2. What is GitHub.
Answer: GitHub is a code hosting platform for version control and collaboration. It
lets you and others work together on projects from anywhere.
GitHub essentials like repositories, branches, commits, and Pull Requests.

3. Difference between git and GitHub?

Answer: Git is a version control system that lets you manage and keep track of your
source code history. GitHub is a cloud-based hosting service that lets you
manage Git repositories. If you have open-source projects that use Git, then GitHub
is designed to help you better manage them.

4. Explain the GitHub workflow

Answer: GitHub flow is a lightweight, branch-based workflow that supports teams
and projects where deployments are made regularly.
5. Difference between git pull, git fork and git clone?
Answer:
git clone means you are making a copy of the repository in your
system. git fork means you are copying the repository to your Github account. git
pull means you are fetching the last modified repository. ... Clone is generally used
to get remote repo copy.

6. Git push, git fetch, git conflict, git stash, git revert, git reset, git clean, git squash, git
merge, working tree
Answer:
Git revert - The git revert command is a forward-moving undo operation that offers
a safe method of undoing changes. Instead of deleting or orphaning commits in the
commit history, a revert will create a new commit that inverses the changes
specified. Git revert is a safer alternative to git reset in regards to losing work.

Git Merge - The git merge command lets you take the independent lines of
development created by git branch and integrate them into a single branch. Note that
all of the commands presented below merge into the current branch.

Git Clean - To recap, git clean is a convenience method for deleting untracked files
in a repo's working directory. Untracked files are those that are in the repo's directory
but have not yet been added to the repo's index with git add.

Git Reset - git reset is a powerful command that is used to undo local changes to
the state of a Git repo. Git reset operates on "The Three Trees of Git". These trees
are the Commit History (HEAD), the Staging Index, and the Working Directory. There
are three command line options that correspond to the three trees.

Git Push - The git push command is used to upload local repository content to a
remote repository. Pushing is how you transfer commits from your local repository to
a remote repo.

Git Fetch - The git fetch command downloads commits, files, and refs from a
remote repository into your local repo. Fetching is what you do when you want to
see what everybody else has been working on. When downloading content from a
remote repo, git pull and git fetch commands are available to accomplish the task.

Git Conflict – Git can handle most merges on its own with automatic merging
features. A conflict arises when two separate branches have made edits to the
same line in a file, or when a file has been deleted in one branch but edited in the
other. Conflicts will most likely happen when working in a team environment.

Git stash - git stash temporarily shelves (or stashes) changes you've made to your
working copy so you can work on something else, and then come back and re-apply
them later on.

7. What is staging area

Answer: Staging area is files that are going to be a part of the next commit, which
lets git know what changes in the file are going to occur for the next commit.
 8. What is origin in “git push origin master”?
Answer: With git push origin master you tell git to push all of the commits in the
currently checked out local branch (i.e. from your file system) to the remote repo
identified by the name origin on its remote branch named master.

9. How will you check the version id?

10. What is Head?

Answer: When working with Git, only one branch can be checked out at a time - and
this is what's called the "HEAD" branch. Often, this is also referred to as the "active"
or "current" branch. Git makes note of this current branch in a file located inside
the Git repository,

11. What is SSH key?

Answer: An SSH key is an access credential for the SSH (secure shell) network
protocol. This authenticated and encrypted secure network protocol is used for
remote communication between machines on an unsecured open network. SSH is
used for remote file transfer, network management, and remote operating system
access.

12. What is git restore?

Answer: The "restore" command helps to unstage or even discard uncommitted
local changes.
One the one hand, the command can be used to undo the effects of git
add and unstage changes you have previously added to the Staging Area.
On the other hand, the restore command can also be used to discard local
changes in a file, thereby restoring its last committed state.

Manual
1. Explain about SDLC process
2. Explain about STLC process
3. Principle of Software Testing
4. What is regression, integration, system, module, user acceptance testing
5. What is exploratory, adhoc, buddy, pair testing
6. What is smoke and sanity testing
7. What is alpha and beta testing
8. Explain about defect life cycle
9. What is latent bug
10. What is show stopper bug
11. What is entry and exit criteria
12. Difference between QA and QC
13. Difference between verification and validation
14. What is RTM
15. What is test plan
16. What is test strategy
17. Explain about test execution report and test summary report
General Questions
1. Self Intro
Answer:
 I am Raj Mohammed, currently work as software test analysis in Accelerated
Development Machine, I got nearly 4.5 years of experience in testing, where as one
year in manual testing and three years in automation testing using selenium web
driver in java.
I graduated with master of computer application in 2013 and was offered as
data analyst position in data matrix work till 2015 and the started my carrier as tester
in Accelerate development machine. During this time, I completed my ISTQB
certification too.

2. Explain about project

Answer:

Gird Collection – Path Plastics, south Africa (Scrum Call – 12.30pm ITS)

The purpose of the project is a widely implemented strategy for managing a

company’s interactions with vendor and purchase prospects.
Establish and maintain strong vendor relationship while reducing inquires to
finance department with an integrated vendor center that provides vendors with self-
service access to purchase orders, accounts payable data and other key documents.
We worked as 7 members team in both manual and automation testing, we
followed the Data driven and Behaviour data driven Framework approach to test an
entire application.
We followed the industry standard agile principles and ceremonies like daily
stand-ups, monthly retrospection and completion of sprint review meeting.
Programming language we used is Java and Testing Tools like Selenium,
TestNG, Data Driven/Cucumber with Selenium.

3. Explain about the current project framework architecture.

Answer:
Framework as a Set of Rules or Best Practices which we can follow
in a systematic way to achieve the desired Goals.

Programming Language: Java

Framework: Data-Driven

Structure of Framework:
Test-Base Class: Every framework has a Base Class; we do initialize
WebDriver and implicit waits and bloggers, reports, etc in the test base
class.
Page Object Model: Do your tests independent of element locators. You
have to specify where you store all your element your locaters such as ID
XPath CSS whatever, if you are using a Page Object model to separate
element locators with tests then clearly explain that. Nowadays everyone is
using the Page Object design model to do this. We can also keep Element
locators in property files.
Functions Library: Every project has some Functions Library but in most
of the cases, we do use separate Functions as Generic Functions and
Project-Specific functions also called Business functions. Sometimes asked
in an interview, what is the difference between Generic and Business
Function?
Don't get confuse and reply Generic Functions are related to Operations we
do perform like Click, select etc., of an Element and Business Functions are
more related for B2B Business to Business applications nature. Example
Transfer Funds Functionality is more related to Banking Application,
whereas Order Booking Functionality more over related to Retail Business
applications like Amazon and Flipkart. If you call Test data from the excel
sheet comes under Generic Function and more technically we call it as
Utility functions property.
Property Files: Details such as browser type URL could be placed in
property files and also specify what are the Test NG Annotations that you
have used in your Framework.
Test NG: In case if you are using Test NG Annotations you can explain how
you do use Test NG Annotations into your Framework.
@BeforeSuite
@BeforeTest
@BeforeClass
@BeforeMethod
@Test
@AfterMethod
@AfterClass
@AfterTest
@AfterSuite
Parameterization: You can explain how you do Parameterize Test cases
using Excel files or Test NG Annotations.
Screenshots: Explain how you captured Error screenshots image into
Screenshot folder for the Pass or Failed Test Cases.
Test Reports: Explain how you Generate Reports like HTML, Extent
Reports etc. in your Test Reports Folder and how you send those Reports
to your peers like sending that email to your leads or related Peers.
Version Control: Mention what is the Version Control you have used as a
GIT Repository or SVN.
Continuous Integration Tool: Mention continuous-integration tools like
Jenkins if you use the same into your Project.

Sample:
Let's get started with the language you can tell that in our selenium
project. Like we are using Java language in our project because most of the
Automation developers know selenium with Java type of framework or any
language which you use Python, C# etc.
Types of Framework: In our project, we are using a Data -driven or Keyword-
driven or Hybrid Framework by using the Page Object Model design pattern
with Page Factory.

To continue in detail related Page Object Model you can mention for the
Page Object Model. Under POM we have maintained a Class for Every Web
Page separately under each Web Page has a separate Class and that Class
holds the functionality and members of that Particular Web Page. We have
separate classes for every individual Test case.

Packages: we have separate Packages for pages and Test scripts. All the
web page related Classes comes under Pages Package and all the Tests
related Classes comes under Tests Package. And all the Tests are kept in
the SRC tests Java. Remaining files such as
Config. properties Element Locators Utility Files Test data, etc. are kept in
SRC may in Java.

For Example: Homepage and login page of the Application have a separate
class to store element locators for the login Tests.

There would be a separate class that calls the method from the Homepage
class and login page.

To continue about Test base class, Test base class deals with all the
common functions used by all the pages. This class is responsible for
loading the configurations from property files, Initializing the WebDriver
implicit waits, External reports and to create the Object of a file Input
stream. Which is responsible for pointing towards the file from which the
data should be read?

To continue about Functions Library, Utility file class - which we also

call it as Functions class it stores and handles the Functions. A code that is
repetitive such as waits, actions or capturing screenshots or accessing
Excel sheets and sending emails these are the repetitive Tasks. These
repetitive tasks can be commonly used across the entire framework. These
repetitive tasks we make it as a function and we use the entire framework.
The main reason behind creating utility classes is to achieve with reusability
of code. Like we create Login and Logout Functions and add in our
Function’s Library we can call the same and use for every Test case into
our Project Application Framework. This class extends the Test Base class
to inherit the properties of Tests Based on Test Util.
 To be continue related Properties File - This file stores the
information that remains static throughout the framework such as Browser -
specific information, Application URL and Screenshots path etc. All the
details which change as per the Environment and Authorization such as
your Login credentials are kept in config.Property files keeping these details
in a separate file makes easy to maintain.

Screenshots: will be captured and stored in a Separate Folder also the

Screenshots of the Failed Test cases will be added in the Extent Reports.

Test Data, All the historical test data will be kept in the excel sheet by
using this particular Excel Sheet we pass this data and handle Data -driven
testing. We use Apache to point to handle Excel sheets

Test NG, we use Test NG annotations for Assertions, Grouping and parallel
Execution.

Maven, we are using Maven for build execution and dependency purpose.
We integrate the Test NG dependency in POM.XML file and ru nning this
POM.XML file using Jenkins

Version Control Tool - In our project, we use GIT as a Repository to store

our Test scripts.

By using Jenkins's continuous-integration tool, we execute Test cases daily

basis also for nightly execution based on the s cheduled. Test Result will
send to the Peers using Jenkins.

Extent Reports, For the Reporting purpose, we are using Extent Reports it
generates beautiful HTML reports. We use the Extent Reports for
maintaining logs also to include the screenshots of Faile d Test cases in the
External reports.

4. Roles and responsibilities.

Answer:

 Created automation framework in Selenium WebDriver using behaviour driven

approach like Cucumber and also Data Driven.
 Developed automation test scripts
 Designed & developed Hybrid framework using Cucumber, TestNG and Apache
POI
 Involved in the preparing & Maintenance of Planned schedule and Defect log &
Test Results review
 Status update on daily basis through e-mails and discussing the same in the
Daily Scrum calls.
 Co-ordination with Functional & Technical teams and defining the scope of
Testing for each phase.
 Developed Maven Build scripts to run Smoke and Regression Test scripts
developed in Selenium WebDriver
 Involved in the Continuous Integration of the automation framework with Jenkins
 Performed Defect Tracking & Management in JIRA
5. Agile Methodology.
Answer:
Agile methodologies are approaches to product development that are aligned
with the values and principles described in the Agile Manifesto for software
development. Agile methodologies aim to deliver the right product, with incremental
and frequent delivery of small chunks of functionality, through small cross-functional
self-organizing teams, enabling frequent customer feedback and course correction as
needed.
In doing so, Agile aims to right the challenges faced by the traditional
“waterfall” approaches of delivering large products in long periods of time, during
which customer requirements frequently changed, resulting in the wrong products
being delivered.
Application of Agile Methodology

Through most of its brief history (since 1999-2000), “Agile” has been
predominantly an approach to software development and IT application development
projects. Since then, however, it now extends to other fields, too, especially in the
knowledge and services industries.

Agile is about being responsive to the market and to the customer by

responding quickly to their needs and demands and being able to change direction
as the situation demands. Be it IT or software development or any other field where
there is a flow of work and delivery of work products, Agile methods are applicable.
Agile methods attempt to maximize the delivery of value to the customer and
minimize the risk of building products that do not – or no longer – meet market or
customer needs.

They do this by breaking up the traditionally long delivery cycle (typical of the
legacy “waterfall methods”) into shorter periods, called sprints or iterations. The
iteration provides the cadence for delivering a working product to the customer,
getting feedback and making changes based on the feedback.

Thus, Agile methods have sought to reduce delivery times (delivering early,
delivering often) to ensure that smaller vertical chunks of the product get to the
market, enabling customers to provide feedback early and ensure that the product
they finally get meets their needs.

Agile has become an umbrella term for a variety of planning, management

and technical methods and processes for managing projects, developing software
and other products and services in an iterative manner. These methods include
Scrum, by far the most prevalent and popular method for software, XP (eXtreme
Programming or Paired Programming), and more lately Kanban.

Agile methods also include technical practices – most of which fall under the
umbrella term DevOps – that enable Test Automation, Continuous Integration/
Continuous Delivery/ Deployment (CI/ CD) and overall, an ever-shrinking delivery
cycle for software and other products and services.

The use of Agile as an approach to project management has increased

dramatically in recent years. Gartner predicts that agile development methods will
soon be used in 80% of all software development projects.
 What is the Agile Manifesto?

The Agile Manifesto is a statement of core values and principles for software
development. The Agile Manifesto for software development was set up in 2001 and
it is a declaration of 4 vital rules and 12principles that serve as a guide for people
in agile software development. It was created by 17 professionals who already
practiced agile methods such as XP, DSDM, SCRUM, FDD, etc, gathered in the
snowy mountains of the US state of Utah, convened by Kent Beck.

4 Core values of Agile Manifesto

 Individuals and interactions over processes and tools – The first value
emphasizes teamwork and communication. We must understand that software
development is a human activity and that the quality of interaction between people is
vital. Tools are an important part of software development, but making great software
depends much more on teamwork, regardless of the tools team may use.
 Working software over comprehensive documentation – Documentation has its
place and can be a great resource or reference for users and co-workers alike. The
main goal of software development, however, is to develop software that offers
business benefits rather than extensive documentation.
 Customer collaboration over contract negotiation – Development teams must
work closely and communicate with their customers frequently. By listening to and
getting feedback, teams will understand what all stakeholders really want.
 Responding to change over following a plan – Changes are a reality in Software
development, a reality that your Software process should reflect. A project plan must
be flexible enough to change, as the situation demands.

12 Principles of the Agile Manifesto

  Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of
valuable software.
 Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness
change for the customer’s competitive advantage.
 Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months,
with a preference to the shorter timescale.
 Businesspeople and developers must work together daily throughout the project.
 Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support
they need, and trust them to get the job done.
 The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a
development team is face-to-face conversation.
 Working software is the primary measure of progress.
 Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and
users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.
 Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.
 Simplicity–the art of maximizing the amount of work not done–is essential.
 The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing
teams.
 At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective, then tunes
and adjusts its behaviour accordingly.

Key Agile Methodologies

Agile is an umbrella term for several methods and practices. Let’s look at some of the
popular methodologies:

 Scrum
 Extreme Programming (XP)
 Adaptive Software Development (ASD)
 Dynamic Software Development Method (DSDM)
 Feature Driven Development (FDD)
 Kanban
 Behaviour Driven Development (BDD)

6. Explain Scrum Process?

Answer:

Scrum is an agile way to manage a project, usually software development.

Agile software development with Scrum is often perceived as a methodology; but
rather than viewing Scrum as methodology, think of it as a framework for managing a
process.
What is Scrum?
All the foundational knowledge of Scrum including: the framework, values,
different roles, meetings, backlogs, and improving efficiency & quality.
In the agile Scrum world, instead of providing complete, detailed descriptions
of how everything is to be done on a project, much of it is left up to the Scrum
software development team. This is because the team will know best how to solve
the problem they are presented.

This is why in Scrum development, for example, a sprint planning meeting is

described in terms of the desired outcome (a commitment to a set of features to be
developed in the next sprint) instead of a set of Entry criteria, Task definitions,
Validation criteria, Exit criteria (ETVX) and so on, as would be provided in most
methodologies.

Scrum relies on a self-organizing, cross-functional team. The scrum team is

self-organizing in that there is no overall team leader who decides which person will
do which task or how a problem will be solved. Those are issues that are decided by
the team as a whole.

And in Scrum, a team is cross functional, meaning everyone is needed to

take a feature from idea to implementation.

Within agile development, Scrum teams are supported by two specific roles.
The first is a Scrum Master, who can be thought of as a coach for the team, helping
team members use the Scrum process to perform at the highest level.

The product owner (PO) is the other role, and in Scrum software
development, represents the business, customers or users, and guides the team
toward building the right product.

Scrum Development: What’s Involved?

The Scrum model suggests that projects progress via a series of sprints. In
keeping with an agile methodology, sprints are time boxed to no more than a month
long, most commonly two weeks.

Scrum methodology advocates for a planning meeting at the start of the

sprint, where team members figure out how many items they can commit to, and then
create a sprint backlog – a list of the tasks to perform during the sprint.

During an agile Scrum sprint, the Scrum team takes a small set of features
from idea to coded and tested functionality. At the end, these features are done,
meaning coded, tested and integrated into the evolving product or system.

On each day of the sprint, all team members should attend a daily Scrum
meeting, including the Scrum Master and the product owner. This meeting is time
boxed to no more than 15 minutes. During that time, team members share what they
worked on the prior day, will work on that day, and identify any impediments to
progress.

The Scrum model sees daily scrums as a way to synchronize the work of
team members as they discuss the work of the sprint.
At the end of a sprint, the team conducts a sprint review during which the
team demonstrates the new functionality to the PO or any other stakeholder who
wishes to provide feedback that could influence the next sprint.

This feedback loop within Scrum software development may result in changes
to the freshly delivered functionality, but it may just as likely result in revising or
adding items to the product backlog.

Another activity in Scrum project management is the sprint retrospective at

the end of each sprint. The whole team participates in this meeting, including the
Scrum Master and PO. The meeting is an opportunity to reflect on the sprint that has
ended, and identify opportunities to improve.
Scrum Process: The Main Artifacts
The primary artifact in Scrum development is, of course, the product itself.
The Scrum model expects the team to bring the product or system to a potentially
shippable state at the end of each Scrum sprint.

The product backlog is another artifact of Scrum. This is the complete list of
the functionality that remains to be added to the product. The product owner
prioritizes the backlog so the team always works on the most valuable features first.

The most popular and successful way to create a product backlog using
Scrum methodology is to populate it with user stories, which are short descriptions of
functionality described from the perspective of a user or customer.

In Scrum project management, on the first day of a sprint and during the
planning meeting, team members create the sprint backlog. The sprint backlog can
be thought of as the team's to-do list for the sprint, whereas a product backlog is a
list of features to be built (written in the form of user stories).

The sprint backlog is the list of tasks the team needs to perform in order to
deliver the functionality it committed to deliver during the sprint.

Additional artifacts resulting from the Scrum agile methodology is the sprint
burn-down chart and release burn-down chart. Burn-down charts show the amount of
work remaining either in a sprint or a release, and are an effective tool in Scrum
software development to determine whether a sprint or release is on schedule to
have all planned work finished by the desired date.

The Agile Scrum Project: Main Roles

Even if you are new to Scrum, you may have heard of a role called the Scrum
Master. The Scrum Master is the team's coach, and helps Scrum practitioners
achieve their highest level of performance.

In the Scrum process, a Scrum Master differs from a traditional project

manager in many ways, including that this role does not provide day-to-day direction
to the team and does not assign tasks to individuals.

A good Scrum Master shelters the team from outside distractions, allowing
team members to focus maniacally during the sprint on the goal they have selected.

While the Scrum Master focuses on helping the team be the best that it can
be, the product owner works to direct the team to the right goal. The product owner
does this by creating a compelling vision of the product, and then conveying that
vision to the team through the product backlog.

The product owner is responsible for prioritizing the backlog during Scrum
development, to ensure it’s up to par as more is learned about the system being built,
its users, the team and so on.

The third and final role in Scrum project management is the Scrum team
itself. Although individuals may join the team with various job titles, in Scrum, those
titles are insignificant. Scrum methodology states that each person contributes in
whatever way they can to complete the work of each sprint.
 This does not mean that a tester will be expected to re-architect the system;
individuals will spend most (and sometimes all) of their time working in whatever
discipline they worked before adopting the agile Scrum model. But with Scrum,
individuals are expected to work beyond their preferred disciplines whenever doing
so would be for the good of the team.

One way to think of the interlocking nature of these three roles in this agile
methodology is as a race car.

The Scrum team is the car itself, ready to speed along in whatever direction it
is pointed. The product owner is the driver, making sure that the car is always going
in the right direction. And the Scrum Master is the chief mechanic, keeping the car
well-tuned and performing at its best.