PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF SECOND YEAR PSYCHOLOGY

STUDENTS AMIDST THE ONLINE LEARNING MODALITY

A Concept Paper Presented to

the Faculty of College of Liberal Arts and Sciences of
STI West Negros University

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Psychology

Cordova, Geraldine T.

Mendez, Mark Bryan D.

Mercurio, Charis Faith L.

Permalan, Allesandra C.

Sisles, Charisse Louise A.

JANUARY 2022
Background of the Study

Psychological well-being is an important factor in students’ successful adaptation to

college or university life (Morales-Rodríguez, et.al, 2020). However, the education system has

faced an unprecedented health crisis that has shaken up its foundation ((Barrot J., et al., 2021).

As the face-to-face classes pose higher risk of spread, the most viable solution is through online

teaching and learning.

Meanwhile, in the Philippines, a low-middle-income country in Southeast Asia, classes in

all levels were suspended in mid-March of 2020, after the government had put the country’s

largest island Luzon and other major cities under lockdowns (Baticulon, R. et.al, 2021). This

phenomenon is causing a lot of difficulties especially as voiced out by students in the context of

developing countries (Cahapay & Rotas, 2020). Although the efficacy of online learning has

long been acknowledged by the education community (Barrot, et.al, 2021), evidence on the

challenges in its implementation continues to build up (Boelens et.al, 2017).

One aspect that supports the success of online learning is the ability of students to survive

in difficult conditions or coping skills. (Nur Fadhilah Umar et al.,) Benefits for such success

include enhanced ability for (online) socializing, increased learning opportunities and greater

access to health-promoting information, among others (O’Keefee et al., 2011).

The current distant teaching and learning because of the crisis, is an opportunity to

determine the psychological well-being of the college students. Supporting the psychological

needs of online students, therefore, is a critical mission for each university (Schroeder, 2020).

Approaches to online learning involved the learner pursuing key ideas through new inquiry to

develop a more comprehensive knowledge on a topic. (Barrett et al., 2011).

 The online platform challenges both the teachers and the students as they are new to them

(Ancheta H., 2020). In an open letter posted on social media, the student network of the

Association of Philippine Medical Colleges called for the suspension of online learning and

termination of the ongoing semester, citing difficulties that the students had encountered,

particularly poor internet connection, limited access to gadgets, and lack of study space at home

(Baticulon, R. et.al, 2021). Academic assignments and assessments, social life, mood disturbance

and adaptation to university life and environment can all make a student's life difficult

(Aglamma, et.al, 2021). Most frequently encountered were difficulty adjusting learning styles,

having to perform responsibilities at home, and poor communication between educators and

learners (Baticulon, R. et.al, 2021).

However, local, national and international researches on the psychological well-being of

college students have pertained only to the physical environment and conditions. There are also

only limited studies on the online modality of the college students caused by the two-year

pandemic. Hence, this research would be conducted to determine the psychological health of the

psychology students of STI West Negros University amidst their online modality.

The primary goal of this study is to assess the psychological well-being of the year

psychology students of STI West Negros University during the school year 2022 - 2023 in this

method of learning. The findings of the study may serve as a basis in improving the effectiveness

of online learning modality that can also aid in the betterment of the psychological well-being of

the psychology students, wherein the workload and learning load of adopting a new delivery

mode is taking a huge toll on the lives of those in higher education.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the degree of psychological well-being and the online

learning modality of second year psychology students in STI West Negros University, Bacolod

City during the academic year 2021-2022, when taken as a whole and grouped according to sex

and monthly family income.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference in the degree of psychological well-being of the second

year psychology students when grouped and compared according to the aforementioned

variables?

2. Is there a significant difference in the degree of online learning modality of second

year psychology students when grouped and compared according to the aforementioned

variables?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the degree of psychological well-being and

online learning modality of second year psychology students?

Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference in the degree of psychological well-being of second

year psychology students when grouped and compared according to the aforementioned

variables.

2. There is no significant difference in the degree of online learning modality of second

year psychology students when grouped and compared according to the aforementioned

variables.
 3. There is no significant relationship between the degree of psychological well-being

and online learning modality of second year psychology students.

Significance of the study

This study would be beneficial to the institution and authorities in identifying the

advantages and disadvantages of online learning on the psychological well-being of the students

so that they could come up with solutions that would help enhance the education system for the

psychological well-being of every student. The situation portrayed in this study would assist the

teachers, staff and academic administrators in assessing and evaluating the current difficulties

faced by the students. The study would also be beneficial to the students as the students are

adapting to the new normal they are also facing challenges with regards to online learning.

Lastly, this study would be beneficial to the future researchers, the ideas presented may be used

as reference data in conducting new researches.

Review of Related Literature

Psychological Well-being

The concept of well-being has received considerable interest in recent years, both in the

scientific and lay literature. The American Psychological Association (2020) defined well-being

as a state of happiness and contentment with low levels of distress, overall good physical and

mental health and outlook, or good quality of life. Psychological well-being is the combination

of feeling good and functioning effectively. The concept of functioning effectively in a

psychological sense involves the development of one's potential, having some control over one's
life, having a sense of purpose (e.g., working towards valued goals), and experiencing positive

relationships (Huppert, 2009).

Furthermore, according to Ryan and Deci (2001), psychological well-being is a complex

construct that concerns optimal psychological functioning and experience. Psychological well-
being is a core feature of mental health, and may be defined as including hedonic (enjoyment,
pleasure) and eudaimonic (fulfillment) happiness, as well as resilience (coping, emotion
regulation, healthy problem solving) (Tang et.al, 2019). Newer definitions include “a state of
well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with normal life
stressors, can work productively and fruitfully, can contribute to his or her community”, (WHO,
2001). Huppert (2012) stated that feeling good encompasses not only happiness and contentment,
but also interest, engagement, confidence, and affection. Developing one's potential, having some
control over one's life, having a sense of purpose (e.g., working toward valued goals), and having
positive relationships are all aspects of psychologically functioning effectively.

Psychological well-being stands as an important personal resource to favor adaptive

coping strategies for students (Freire et.al, 2016). In psychological research, stress is one of the
variables of greatest impact due to its effect on people’s well-being. In this sense, high levels of
stress appear to negatively affect the quality of student learning (Lumley and Provenzano,2003)
and, even more importantly, students’ psychological well-being (Garlow et al., 2008). Moreover,
research shows that high levels of psychological well-being of students are associated with
increased learning, creativity and productivity, more pro-social behavior and positive social
relationships, and with improved physical health (Miskin, 2021).

Current research on well-being is based on two broad perspectives: the hedonic approach,

which focuses on happiness and defines well-being in terms of pleasure attainment and pain

avoidance, and the eudaimonic approach which focuses on meaning and self-realization and

defines well-being in terms of a person's level of functioning (Ryan & Deci, 2001). Vector

(2018) emphasized that well-being equips students with essential skills and information to

navigate the stressors and emotional challenges associated with college life. This helps learners
practice self-care strategies, recognize when they or their peers are in distress, and take

action to find additional support.

Psychological Well-being and Variables

According to Akhter (2015), the level of satisfaction with life among males and females

can differ. When these differences interact with organizational environment or situations they

can lead to different outcomes. The differences could be because of comfortable and better

personal/family life, good interpersonal relationships (both in workplace and outside), effective

communications skills. Differences in psychological well-being of females and males are

important because of the many efforts being made in contemporary society to empower all

individuals to achieve self-actualization and utilize their full potential. Although research has

consistently reported that studies on differences in psychological well-being between women

and men have not yielded conclusive results (Matud et al., 2019), a study conducted by

Visani in 2011 stated that reater prevalence of depressive and anxious symptoms and emotional

distress appear in females compared to males. Furthermore, females show lower psychological

well-being levels and displayed significantly more psychiatric and somatic symptoms, thus

scoring lower on scales reflecting positive mental health when compared to males. Moreover, the

total effect of sex on both well-being and health problems was found to be significant (Gomez-

Baya, 2018).

It is well recognized that income is an important social determinant of physical and mental

health. Low-income populations may also have greater exposure to chronic stressors, amplifying

the risk of developing or exacerbating mental health problems. Poverty or low socioeconomic

status has been associated with a greater likelihood of smoking and problematic alcohol use,
perhaps because substance use may be a coping mechanism for stress. Moreover, higher income

was associated with reduced psychological distress (Zeeman et. al., 2021). Low levels of

household income are associated with several lifetime mental disorders and suicide attempts, and

a decrease in income is associated with a higher risk for anxiety, substance use, and mood

disorders (Sareen et. al., 2011). According to Chan et. al. (2014), children from low‐income

families reported statistically significant lower scores in self‐esteem and quality of life, but

higher scores in depressive symptoms than those from high‐income families.

Income disparity had their greatest impact on children's self-esteem. Income and

psychological well-being are intertwined and that a particularly vulnerable group, namely the

poor with low levels of psychological well-being, may be disproportionately affected by shocks

(Alloush, 2018).

Online Learning Modality

Online learning is thought to have several advantages over traditional face-to-face

and blended education, including flexibility and accessibility to study anywhere, at any time,

without requiring one’s physical presence at a campus location (Means, et. al., 2009). Distance

education technology allows students to take advantage of the convenience and flexibility of

taking classes at the times and locations they prefer (Tuckman, 2007). The Philippines also

adapted online learning because it was brought about by the pandemic that is affecting the world.

According to Mathes (2020), online learning uses the internet as a delivery modality to

offer thoughtfully designed, quality, student-focused learning experiences, built on proven best

practices that create effective interactions between learners, peers, instructors, and content. This

is in line with the definition of Means which regards that online learning as an educational
instruction that occurs using web-based technology, which may be engaged in completely

asynchronously or with components of synchronous learning, and with no located face-to-face

class time (Means, et. al., 2009).

Students' digital literacy is an important factor in online learning in view of the fact that

without it, the challenge in learning would be much greater. Internet connectivity is a popular

complaint being highlighted among teachers and students as the Philippines is still one of the

countries in Asia with slow internet connection. Wireless connectivity is another challenge as

the nation has seen on television or read news of Filipino children in rural areas climbing

mountains to get an internet signal, for them to attend classes or submit assignments (Natividad,

2021). Additionally, Adonis (2020) cited that teachers suspected the decrease in class size was

related to poor internet connection as millions of students and parents struggled to familiarize

themselves with the new learning platforms prompted by the new normal. The internet

connectivity is one of the problems the Filipino students are facing amidst this pandemic.

Online Learning Modality and Variables

Schools can help students and provide them with what they need to reach their academic

achievement. Students need to have the material inside and outside schools. However, not each

family can help their students outside schools with all the materials or technology they need. As

a result, the family income can play an important role in student’s achievement. The family

income, high or low, can have its impact on student’s achievement in all their learning years

(Humlum, 2011). If they are in the working class or lower middle class then the parents must

work for them, which means there will be no time to help their children with homework.

Another thing is the stress they have and their family at home. These may affect their grades
because no one help them or even, sometimes, care about their success in schools (Jensen, 2013).

Some schools may help and support students from low-income families. They can provide them

with computers and some materials for better learning. These kinds of schools are built to help

these students outside schools (Demski, 2011). This is the problem of most students, not all of

them can have computers or other technology in their homes. While our education these

days depend on technology especially when they have homework or research paper that

should be done at home. Moreover, not all the families can provide this technology for their

children. No matter what their backgrounds or their families’ income are, schools must find

solutions to help them for better education and not judge them for their family low income

(Beck, 2011).

Kanwar (2013) observes that sex refers to both men and women, and in distance online

learning, the focus must be on promoting equality, whichever sex is disadvantaged. There is

clearly a need for more understanding of the sex dimensions of online learning to ensure equality

in online course design and provision. Findings regarding the sex differences in online learning

outcomes tend to be inconsistent and even paradoxical. Online female learners prove more

perseverant and engaged than males (Richardson & Woodley, 2003), while males tend to hold

more stable positive attitudes toward online learning (Nistor, 2013). While females have stronger

self-regulation than males in online learning contexts (Alghamdi et al., 2020), males can use

more learning strategies and have better technical skills than females. Hsiao and Shiao (2018)

proposed gender differences in distance learning performance and found that females

perform significantly better than male.

Psychological Well-being and Online Learning Modality

 According to (Diener 1984), a psychological well-being is characterized by being bias,

the presence of positive indicators, the absence of negative factors such as the overall assessment

in your life. If a person is having a happy life, it does not mean that he or she has a good

psychological well-being, but also being able to overcome and to handle complicated, painful

and conflicting processes (Cuadra and Florenzano, 2003). It also focuses on self-realization and

defining the terms of degree if a person if a person is still functioning very well (Ryan and Deci,

2001). College is known as the most stressful period especially that they are used to easy tasks

and the transition from childhood to adulthood (Burris, et al., 2009) and with these stressors,

students could be off track and it affects their psychological well-being (Chao, 2012). The

students will encounter some issues like fatigue, eating disorders, anxiety, and other psychiatric

illnesses (Burris, et al., 2009).

This online learning modality affects our overall functioning of our mental condition and

it gives us major risks and on our physical, emotional and on our body parts because it drives us

away from our active leisure to achieve it and it leads us towards a lifestyle that there is no

physical activity is done (Wang Lao et al., 2012). This pandemic has brought the students to an

online learning situation wherein students’ mood changed because of the loads of the

performance tasks given to them as part of their online learning and find the behavior ineffective

(Andi et al., 2020). According to Castillo et al., 2011, our psychological well-being increased

with leisure time and physical activities. In online learning we have less physical activity and

achieving a healthy well-being is by having a leisure-time physical activities on a daily basis.

Studies show that online learning and working from home leads to a feeling of being anxious,

having insecurities and hopelessness (Hajdúk et al., 2020; Wang and Zhao, 2020) and it affects

the students’ learning performance and psychological well-being negatively.

Methodology

Research Design

This study will employ the descriptive-comparative and descriptive-correlational research

design. According to Jang (1999), the purpose of a research design is to provide a plan of study

that permits accurate assessment of cause-and-effect relationships between independent and

dependent variables. The goal of descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon and its

characteristics. This research is more concerned with what rather than how or why something has

happened. Correlational research measures two variables, understands and assesses the statistical

relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable. The descriptive-

comparative research will specifically measure the difference between the psychological well-

being and the variables of this study, and the difference between online learning modality and the

variables. With the use of standardized tests to extract statistical data, descriptive-correlational

research will be used to measure the relationship between psychological well-being and online

learning modality of second year psychology students of STI West Negros University.

Respondents

The respondents of the study will be the only class consisting of eighty (80) second year

psychology students enrolled in STI West Negros University from the Department of College of

Liberal Arts and Sciences in the school year 2022 – 2023.

Research Instrument
 This study, being quantitative, uses two standardized questionnaires to measure

psychological well-being and online learning modality. The medium form of Ryff’s Scales of

Psychological Well-being (RSPWB) is the first tool which is a 54-item test divided into six

aspects of well-being: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations

with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. The test-retest reliability coefficient of RPWBS

was 0.82. The subscales of the model were found to be 0.71, 0.77, 0.78, 0.77, 0.70, and 0.78

respectively, which were statistically significant (Bayani et al., 2008). The researchers will also

conduct the 14-item Online Learning Questionnaire. Adnan and Anwar (2020) conceptualized

the Online Learning Questionnaire, with the aim of discovering the general attitudes of the

students related to online learning. The responses to its 14 items are given on a five-point rating

scale, with 1 representing the response “strongly disagree” and 5 being “strongly agree.”

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter will be sent to the Dean’s office of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences to

ask for permission to conduct the study. After the approval of the letter, the researchers would

schedule the actual date of conducting the standardized questionnaires which would be sent

through online with the inclusion of the objectives of the researchers together with a consent

form to the respondents. To determine the degree of Psychological Well-being and Online

Learning Modality of the respondents, when taken as a whole and grouped according to the

aforementioned variables, the researchers would use the appropriate statistical tools. After that,

data would be gathered, tabulated, and the raw data encoded by the researchers would be sent to

a statistician for analysis and interpretation.

Data Analysis Procedure

 To determine the respondent’s profile, when grouped according to sex and monthly

family income, the researchers would use frequency count to determine the degree of

Psychological Well-being and Online Learning Modality of the respondents, the researchers

would use z-test, when taken as a whole and grouped according to the aforementioned variables.

To determine the relationship and difference between Psychological Well-being and Online

Learning Modality, Pearson r and t-test would be used, respectively.

Ethical Considerations

Several ethical considerations for this study include ensuring the respondent's identity to

be kept completely confidential, assuring voluntary participation and anonymity, and informing

participants about the objectives of the study. Informed consent would be gathered from the

respondents to conduct the research ethically. Confidentiality would be rigorously enforced

during the study. Voluntary participation and withdrawal would be considered. After the study is

presented and published, the raw data containing the materials would be destroyed and properly

disposed of, and files would be encrypted.

 Time Table of the Study

OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES TIME FRAME

To make the background of the Distribution to the group

study members their parts from

November 2021
Paragraphs 1 – 6, proofread, then

compile

To make the statement of the Brainstorming, analyzation, and

problem and hypotheses formulating concrete ideas

November 2021
suitable for these parts

To make the significance of the Identification and formulation of

study those who would be benefiting

November 2021
from the study

To submit Chapter 1 Compilation and finalization of

the parts of the chapter for the

December 2021
deadline of submission

To revise chapter 1 Revision on the background of

the study as recommended by

January 2022
the subject teacher
To make the literature review Gathering of related studies,

(Chapter 2) compilation, and writing of the

January 2022
literature review

To make the methodology Gathering and analyzation of all

(chapter 3) the necessary information and

January 2022
tools to be used

To submit Chapters 2 and 3 of the Compilation and finalization of

concept paper the parts of the chapters for the

January 2002
deadline of submission

Budgetary Requirement

ITEMS AMOUNT

Supplies Php 500.00

Fees Php 2,000.00

Photocopying Php 200.00

Binding Php 2,500.00

TOTAL Php 5,200.00

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