Hyperbola Week 5

Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of conic sections and systems of
nonlinear equations
Performance Standards
The learner shall be able to model situations appropriately and solve problems accurately
using conic sections and systems of nonlinear equations
Most Essential Learning Competencies
The learners define a hyperbola and graph a hyperbola given an equation in standard form

Lesson Presentation

Hyperbola
1. Definition and Equation of a Hyperbola
2. Degenerate Cases of a Hyperbola
3. Situational Problems Involving Hyperbolas

Definition and Equation of a Hyperbola

The locus point that moves such that the difference of its distances from two fixed points called the foci
is constant. The constant difference is equal to 2a, which is the length of the transverse axis.

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Hyperbola Week 5

Standard Form (𝑥−ℎ)² (𝑦−𝑘)²

𝑎²
+ 𝑏²
=
1

Horizontal Transverse Axis

Center (h,k)
Vertices (h ± a, k)
c2 = a2 − b2
Foci (h ± c, k)

Asymptote 𝑏
y=k± 𝑎
(x – h)

Standard Form (𝑥−ℎ)² (𝑦−𝑘)²

𝑎²
+ 𝑏²
=
1

Vertical Transverse Axis

Center (h,k)
Vertices (h, k ± a)
c2 = a2 + b2
Foci (h, k ± c)

Asymptote 𝑎
y=k± 𝑏
(x – h)

(1) center: origin (0, 0)

(2) foci: F1(c, 0) and F2(c, 0)

• Each focus is c units away from the center.
• For any point on the hyperbola, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is
2a.

(3) vertices: V1(a, 0) and V2(a, 0)

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Hyperbola Week 5

● The vertices are points on the hyperbola, collinear with the center and foci.
● If y = 0, then x = ±a. Each vertex is a unit away from the center.
● The segment V1V2 is called the transverse axis. Its length is 2a.

𝑏 𝑎
(4) asymptotes: y = k ± 𝑎
(x − h) and y = k ± 𝑏
(x − h)

● The asymptotes of the hyperbola are two lines passing through the center which serve as a guide in
graphing the hyperbola: each branch of the hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, in
the direction towards which the branch extends.

● An aid in determining the equations of the asymptotes: in the standard equation, replace 1 by 0,
𝑥² 𝑦²
and in the resulting equation 𝑎² ─ 𝑏² = 0, solve for y.

● To help us sketch the asymptotes, we point out that the asymptotes line 1 and line 2 are the
extended diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle. This rectangle has sides 2a and 2b with its diagonals
intersecting at the center C. Two sides are congruent and parallel to the transverse axis V1V2. The
other two sides are congruent and parallel to the conjugate axis, the segment shown which is
perpendicular to the transverse axis at the center, and has length 2b.

Degenerate Cases of a Hyperbola

Each of the cases

(𝑥−ℎ)² (𝑦−𝑘)² (𝑦−ℎ)² (𝑥−𝑘)²

𝑎²
─ 𝑏²
= 0 and 𝑎²
─ 𝑏²
= 0 yields the degeneracy for hyperbolas.

(𝑥−ℎ)² (𝑦−𝑘)²
In the case of 𝑎²
─ 𝑏²
= 0, we form two intersecting lines

𝑏 𝑏
y=k+ 𝑎
(x − h) and y = k ─ 𝑎
(x − h)

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Hyperbola Week 5

(𝑦−ℎ)² (𝑥−𝑘)²
In the case of 𝑎²
─ 𝑏²
= 0, we obtain two intersecting lines

𝑎 𝑎
y=k+ 𝑏
(x − h) and y = k ─ 𝑏
(x − h)

Thus, degeneracy among hyperbolas result into two intersecting lines.

Example 1.4.1. Determine the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola
with an equation, then a graph.

𝑥² 𝑦²
9
─ 16
=1

Solution:

STEP 1 STEP 2:

Center: (0, 0) Vertices: a2 = 9 b2 = 16

a=±3 b=±4

( ± 3, 0 )
STEP 3: STEP 4:
𝑏
2 2 2
Asymptote: y=k± 𝑎
(x − h)
Foci: c =a +b
= 9 + 16
4
y=0± 3
(x − 0)
= 25

4
c = ±5 y= ± 3
x

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Hyperbola Week 5

(±5, 0)
STEP 5:

Example 1.4.2. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with the
given equation. Sketch the graph, and include these points and lines, the transverse and
conjugate axes, and the auxiliary rectangle.

(𝑦−2)²
(𝑦+2)²
25
─ 9
=1

Solution:

STEP 1 STEP 2:

Center: (7, – 2 ) Vertices: a2 = 25 b2 = 9

a=±5 b=±3

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Hyperbola Week 5

(h, k ± a) (h ± b, k)

(7, −2 ± 5) (7 ± 3, −2)

(7, 3) (7, – 7) (10, −2) (4, –2)

STEP 3: STEP 4:
Foci: c2 = a2 + b2 Asymptote: y=k±
𝑏
(x − h)
𝑎
= 25 + 9
= 34
c ≈ 5.8 y=–2±
5
(x − 7)
3
(h, k ± c)
5 41 5 29
(7, −2 ± √34) y= 3
x– 3
y= 3
x+ 3

(7, −2 + √34) (7, −2 − √34)

STEP 5:

Example 1.4.2. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices of the hyperbola with the given equation.

Sketch the graph, and include these points.

4x2 − 5y2 + 32x + 30y = 1

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Hyperbola Week 5

4(x2 + 8x + 16) − 5(y2 − 6y + 9) = 1 + 16(4) − 9(5)

4(x + 4)2 − 5(y − 3)2 = 20

(𝑦−3)²
(𝑥+4)²
5
─ 4
=1
Center: (−4, 3)

Vertices: a2 = 5 b2 = 4
≈ ± 2.23 b=±2
(−4 + 5, 3) (−4 − 5, 3) (−4, 5) (−4, 1)

Foci: (−7, 3) (−1, 3)

Asymptote: y = 2
5
x+= 8
5
+3 y= 2
5
x─= 8
5
─3

Example 1.4.3 Convert the general equation 9x2 − 4y2 = 36 to its standard form.

Step 1. Divide both sides of the equation by 36.

9𝑥² 4𝑦² 36
36
─ 36
= 36

Step 2. Simplify the equation

Step 3. Write the equation in standard form. (x 2 + 6x) − 4(y2 + 2y + 1) = −1

𝑥² 𝑦²
4
─ 9
=1

𝑥² 𝑦²
Therefore, the standard form of the equation is 4
─ 9
=1

Example 1.4.4. Change the equation x2 − 4y2 + 6x − 8y + 1 = 0 to its standard form.

Step 1. Group terms with the same variables.

(x 2 + 6x) − (4y2 + 8y) = −1

Step 2. Factor 4 out of y − terms.

(x 2 + 6x) − 4(y2 + 2y) = −1

Step 3. Create a perfect square trinomial by completing the squares. Whatever terms you have added

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Hyperbola Week 5

to the left side should also be added to the right side to keep the equation true.

(x2 + 6x + 9) − 4(y2 + 2y + 1) = −1 + 9 + (−4) (1)

Step 4. Simplify the equation.

(x2 + 6x + 9) − 4(y2 + 2y + 1) = 4

Step 5. Write the equation in completed form.

(x + 3)2 − 4(y + 1)2 = 4

Step 6. Divide both sides of the equation by 4.

(𝑥+3)² 4(𝑦+1)² 4
4
─ 4
= 4

Step 7. Write the equation in standard form.

(𝑥+3)² (𝑦+1)²
4
─ 1
=1

(𝑥+3)² (𝑦+1)²
Therefore the standard form of the equation is 4
─ 1
=1

1.4.3. Situational Problems Involving Hyperbolas

Example 1.4.6. An explosion is heard by two stations 1200 m apart, located at F1 (600, 0) and F2 (600, 0).
If the explosion was heard in F1 two seconds before it was heard in F2, identify the possible
locations of the explosion. Use 340 m/s as the speed of sound.

Solution. Using the given speed of sound, we deduce that the sound traveled 340(2) = 680 m farther in
reaching F2 than in reaching F1. This is then the difference of the distances of the explosion
from the two stations. Thus, the explosion is on a hyperbola with foci are F1 and F2, on the
branch closer to F1.

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Hyperbola Week 5

We have c = 600 and 2a = 680, so a = 340 and b2 = c2 − a2 = 244400. The explosion could therefore be
anywhere on the left branch of the hyperbola

𝑥² 𝑦²
115600
─ 244400
=1

To Do’s

Seatwork 1: Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and the asymptotes of the hyperbola
with the given equation. Sketch the graph, and include these points and lines.

𝑥² 𝑦²
1. 49
─ 81
=1

𝑥² 𝑦²
2. 49
─ 81
=1

(𝑥−4)² (𝑦+3)²
3. 15
─ 25
=1

4. 6x2 −5y2 = 30

5. 16x2 +25y2 − 64x −336 = 0

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Hyperbola Week 5

Summary of Lesson

• The locus point that moves such that the difference of its distances from two fixed points called the foci
is constant.
• For any point on the hyperbola, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 2a.
• The vertices are points on the hyperbola, collinear with the center and foci.

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Hyperbola Week 5

𝑏 𝑎
• asymptotes: y = k ± 𝑎
(x − h) and y = k ± 𝑏
(x − h)
• The asymptotes of the hyperbola are two lines passing through the center which serve as a guide in
graphing the hyperbola: each branch of the hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, in the
direction towards which the branch extends.
• An aid in determining the equations of the asymptotes: in the standard equation, replace 1 by 0, and in
𝑥² 𝑦²
the resulting equation 𝑎²
− 𝑏²
= 0, solve for y.

Standard Form (𝑥−ℎ)² (𝑦−𝑘)²

𝑎²
+ 𝑏²
=
1

Horizontal Transverse Axis

Center (h,k)
Vertices (h ± a, k)
c2 = a2 − b2
Foci (h ± c, k)

Asymptote 𝑏
y=k± 𝑎
(x – h)

Standard Form (𝑥−ℎ)² (𝑦−𝑘)²

𝑎²
+ 𝑏²
=
1

Vertical Transverse Axis

Center (h,k)
Vertices (h, k ± a)
c2 = a2 + b2
Foci (h, k ± c)

Asymptote 𝑎
y=k± 𝑏
(x – h)

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Hyperbola Week 5

• General form to standard form by completing the square in both variables.

• Standard form to general form, expand the expression using (a + b) 2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) and set equal to 0.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Math for Engaged Learning
Author: Yvette Lim, Rizaldi Nocon, Ederlina Nocon, and Leonor Ruivivar

Online Instructional Videos

•https://francisjosephcampena.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/8/6/17869691/ched_precalculus-part1.pdf

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