VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

LEVELLING
BS IS FS HPC R. L ADJ. R. CHAINAGE REMARKS
LEVEL
4.500 74.500 70.000 TBM= 70.0
4.130 70.370 70.344 0+000
3.489 71.011 70.986 0+020
2.958 71.542 71.516 0+040
2.089 72.411 72.385 0+060
0.750 73.750 73.724 0+080
4.585 0.785 78.300 73.715 73.664
3.039 75.261 75.210 0+100
2.049 76.253 76.202 0+120
3.845 1.070 81.075 77.230 77.153
2.590 78.485 78.408 0+140
1.870 79.205 79.128 0+160
1.490 79.585 79.508 0+180
1.509 79.566 79.489 0+200
1.657 79.418 79.341 0+220
1.980 79.095 79.018 0+240
2.085 78.990 78.913 0+260
1.889 79.186 79.109 0+280
1.360 79.715 79.638 0+300
0.829 80.246 80.169 0+320
0.440 80.635 80.558 0+340
0.229 80.846 80.769 0+360
0.220 80.855 80.778 0+380
0.450 80.625 80.548 0+400
0.455 80.620 80.543 0+420
0.400 80.675 80.598 0+440
0.669 80.406 80.329 0+460
0.320 0.700 80.695 80.375 80.273
0.890 79.805 79.703 0+480
1.779 78.916 78.814 0+500
2.249 78.446 78.345 0+520
2.490 78.205 78.103 0+540
2.840 77.855 77.753 0+560
3.560 77.135 77.033 0+580
1.370 3.590 78.475 77.105 76.977
2.685 75.790 75.662 0+600
2.700 75.775 75.647 0+620
 BS IS FS HPC R. L ADJ. R. CHAINAGE REMARKS
LEVEL
0.340 78.135 78.007
2.710 0.310 80.875 78.165 78.011
0.340 80.535 80.381
1.089 0.365 81.599 80.510 80.331
2.208 79.391 79.212
2.510 79.089 78.910
0.165 2.590 79.174 75.009 74.804
4.059 75.115 74.910
0.055 4.169 75.060 70.005 69.775
4.500 70.560 70.330
4.830 70.230 70.000 TBM= 70.0

HPC= BS + RL
Arithmetic checks

∑ BS -∑ FS =Last RL -First RL
18.639-18 .409 = 70.230-70.00
0.23 – 0.23
Misclosure = 0.23
For adjustment;
misclosure
e= where n = number of BS
n
0.23
e=
9
e = 0.0256
Adjusted R.L = R.L – e
 B (78.5) m B(78.5)m

+p
-q

A (75.7) m A(72.3)m

487m 593.4m 50m 206.5m

∆H
M=
X
78.5−75.7
M= × 100
487−593.4
M = -2.63
∆H
M=
X
78.5−72.3
M= × 100
206.5−50
M = +3.96
P = +3.96 and q = -2.63
L = KA
Limit speed of 40km/h is selected because the road is a minor secondary, from design speed for
vertical alignment, K = 8
L = KA
L = 8×|3.96-(-2.63) |
L = 52.72m
PVI chainage = 0+305
52.72
PVC chainage = (0+305)-
2
PVC chainage = 0+278.64
PVT chainage = L+PVC
PVT chainage = (0+278.64) + 52.72
PVT chainage = 0+331.36
PVI elevation = 82.6m
L
PVC elevation = PVI elevation – ( P × )
2
52.72
PVC elevation = 82.6 – (0.0396 × )
2
PVC elevation = 81.56m
L
PVT elevation = PVI elevation – (q × )
2
52.72
PVT elevation = 82.6 – (0.0263 × )
2
PVT elevation = 81.907m

TANGENT ELEVATION
PVC + P×X
i. 81.56 + (0.0396×0.00) = 81.56
ii. 81.56 + (1.36×0.0396) = 81.61
iii. 81.56 + (0.0396×21.36) = 82.13
iv. 81.56 + (0.0396×41.36) = 83.20
v. 81.56 + (0.0396×52.72) = 83.65

VERTICAL OFFSET
q−p 2
Y= ×x
2L
−0.0263−0.0396
i. ×(0)2 = 0
2(52.72)
−0.0263−0.0396
ii. ×(1.36)2 = -0.0012
2(52.72)
−0.0263−0.0396
iii. ×(21.36)2 = -0.285
2(52.72)
−0.0263−0.0396
iv. ×(41.36)2 = -1.069
2(52.72)
−0.0263−0.0396
v. ×(52.72)2 = -1.737
2(52.72)
CURVE ELEVATION
T.E + Offset
i. 81.56+0.00 =81.56
ii. 81.61 – 0.0012 = 81.61
iii. 82.41 – 0.285 = 82.13
iv. 83.20 – 1.069 = 82.13
v. 83.65 – 1.737 = 81.91

STATION DISTANCE TANGENT VERTICAL CURVE

from PVC elevation (m) offset elevation
(X)m PVC +P×X q−p 2 T.E + Offset
Y= ×x
2L
PVC 0+278.64 0.00 81.56 0.000 81.56
0+280 1.36 81.61 -0.001 81.61
0+300 21.36 82.41 -0.285 82.13
0+320 41.36 83.20 -1.069 82.13
PVT 0+331.36 52.72 83.65 -1.737 81.91
 GRADING TEST
 APPARATUS
Refill box, tray, beam balance, sieves (19mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 0.6mm,
0.425mm, 0.3mm, 0.150mm, 0.075mm).
 MATERIALS
Water, soil sample
 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION METHOD
 The soil sample was carried (taken) from Arch bishopoter Girls Secondary School
and was brought the laboratory to be air dried.
 After air drying, the soil sample was passed through the refill box for three times to
evenly distribute the particles into two equal parts.
 Some amount of the soil particles was passed through the 19mm sieve into a tray. The
weight of the empty tray was measured, recorded and the retained soil was reserved
for measurement.
 The soil that passed through the 19mm sieve into the tray was measured and
recorded.
 The soil sample was poured and washed in a metallic bowl.
AIM: To wash away the clay content from the soil sample.
 The soil sample was served through 0.75mm sieve
 After sieving the clay content out of the soil sample, it was placed in the oven at
o
115 C temperature at 4:00pm for the next 24hours.
 The sample was taken from the oven then next day at exactly 4:00pm and weighed
and recorded.

 BELOW ARE THE DATA OBTAINED.

Weight of empty pan = 701.5g
Weight of soil sample retained after passing through the 19mm sieve = 1643.7g
Weight of the samples that passed through the 19mm sieve + the pan = 3453.4g
Weight of soil sample after washing + pan = 2486.4g
Weight of the sample after air drying in the oven + the pan = 2184.7g
Weight of sample = weight of sample before washing – weight of the empty pan =
3453.4g – 701.5g =2751.9g
 Weight of sample = weight of sample after washing – weight of the empty pan =
2486.4g – 7015.5g = 1784.9g
Weight of sample = weight of sample after drying – weight of the empty pan =
2184.7g – 701.5g = 1483.2g

 OBSERVATIONS
 The moisture content in the soil sample dried up and was placed in the oven for
24hours under 115o C temperature.
 Mass of the soil sample reduced from 1784.9g to 1483.2g. Thus, the difference of
301.7g in weight.
The dried sample was passed through various sieves and the mass recorded are as fellows;
Sieve size (mm) Mass of passing % Mass of retained (g)
10 1288.5 199.7
4.75 1090.6 192.9
2.36 984.4 106.2
1.18 917.3 67.1
0.60 851.5 65.8
0.425 780.6 70.9
0.30 576.1 204.5
0.150 95.4 480.7
0.75 13.9 81.5

Mass of the pan =753.2g

19mm sieve retained mass = 1643.7g
 RESULTS

 For % Retained;
Mass retained
Percentage retained = ×100 %
total mass retained
Total mass retained = 1469.3g
199.7
% Retained in 10mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 13.591%
192.9
% Retained in 4.75mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 13.129%
 106.2
% Retained in 2.36mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 7.228%
67.1
% Retained in 1.18mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 4.567%
65.8
% Retained in 0.60mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 4.478%
70.9
% Retained in 0.425mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 4.825%
204.5
% Retained in 0.30mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 13.918%
480.7
% Retained in 0.150mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 32.716%
81.5
% Retained in 0.075mm sieve = ×100 %
1469.3
= 5.547%
 For % Passing
Percentage Passing = 100 – percentage retained
% Passing 10mm = 100 – 13.591 =86.409 %
% Passing 4.75mm = 86.409 – 13.129= 73.280%
% Passing 2.36mm = 73.280 – 7.228 = 66.052%
% Passing 1.18mm = 66.052 – 4.567 = 61.485%
% Passing 0.60mm = 61.485 – 4.478 = 57.007%
% Passing 0.425mm = 57.007 – 4.825 = 52.182%
% Passing 0.30mm = 52.182 – 13.918 = 38.264%
% Passing 0.150mm = 38.264 – 32.716 = 5.548%
% Passing 0.075mm = 5.548 – 5.47 = 0.001%

Sieve size (mm) Mass of retained (g) % Retained (%) % Passing (%)
10 199.7 13.591 86.409
4.75 LANE DAY 1
192.9 DAY 2
13.129 TOTAL 73.280
2.36 Lane 1 106.2431 4547.228 885 66.052
1.18 Lane 2 67.1314 3754.567 689 61.485
0.60 65.8 4.478 57.007
0.425 70.9 4.825 ∑ ¿1574
52.182
0.30 204.5 13.918 38.264
0.150 480.7 32.716 5.548
0.75 81.5 5.547 0.001

TRAFFIC COUNTS

Total number of cars for lane 1 = 431 + 454 = 885 cars

Total number of cars for lane 2 = 314 + 375 = 885 cars
Total number of cars for lane 1 and 2 = 885 + 689 = 1574 cars
Hence the total number of cars = 1574 cars
number of cars∈lane1
% of cars in lane 1 = × 100 %
total number of cars
885
= × 100 %
1574
=56.23%
number of cars∈lane2
% of cars in lane 2 = × 100 %
total number of cars
689
= × 100 %
1574
 =43.77%
Classification Day 1 Day 2
Cars 600 785
Pickup/van 79 64
Small bus 43 33
Large bus 1 0
Light bus 16 21
Medium truck 2 1
Heavy truck 3 0
Semi-trailer (light) 0 0
Semi-trailer (medium) 0 0
Semi-trailer (heavy) 0 0
Medium (mammy bus) 6 6

Traffic counts was done between the hours of 2pm – 3pm.

Hence hourly expansive factor (H.E.F) is 1.4.
Daily expansive factor for Wednesday is 6.5.
Daily expansive factor for Thursday is 7.3.
6.5+7.3
Hence the daily expansive factor (D.E.F) =
3
= 6.9.
Therefore, the daily expansive factor to be used is 6.9.
The counting was done in the month of July.
Hence the monthly expansive factor (M.E.F) is 0.5
Finding the AADT as follows;
 For cars;
600+785
Average number of cars = =692.5=693 cars
2
24hours volume =693×H.E. F
= 693×1.4 = 970.2
970.2× D . E . F
ADT =
7
970.2× 6.9
=
7
= 956.34
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 956.34×0.5
 = 478.17

 For pickups;
79+64
Average number of pickups = =71.5=72 pickups
2
24hours volume =72×H.E. F
= 72×1.4 = 108
108× D . E . F
ADT =
7
108× 6.9
=
7
= 106.5
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 106.5×0.5
= 53.25

 For small bus;

43+33
Average number of small bus = =38
2
24hours volume =38×H.E. F
= 38×1.4 = 53
53× D . E . F
ADT =
7
53× 6.9
=
7
= 52.24
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 52.24×0.5
= 26.12
 For large bus;
1+ 0
Average number of large buses = =0.5=1
2
24hours volume =1×H.E. F
= 1×1.4 = 1.4
1.4 × D . E . F
ADT =
7
1.4 ×6.9
=
7
= 1.38
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 1.38×0.5
 = 0.69
 For medium trucks;
2+ 1
Average number of medium trucks = =1.5
2
24hours volume =1.5×H.E. F
= 1.5×1.4 = 2.1
2.1× D. E . F
ADT =
7
2.1× 6.9
=
7
= 2.07
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 2.07×0.5
= 1.04

 For light bus;

16+21
Average number of light bus = =18.5=19
2
24hours volume =19×H.E. F
= 19×1.4 = 27
27 × D . E . F
ADT =
7
27 ×6.9
=
7
= 26.6
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 26.6×0.5
= 13.3
 For heavy trucks;
3+0
Average number of heavy trucks = =1.5=2
2
24hours volume =2×H.E. F
= 2×1.4 = 2.8 = 3
3× D . E . F
ADT =
7
 3× 6.9
=
7
= 2.96
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 2.96×0.5
= 1.48
 For mammy bus;
6+6
Average number of mammy bus = =6
2
24hours volume = 6×H.E. F
= 6×1.4 = 8.4
8.4 × D . E . F
ADT =
7
8.4 ×6.9
=
7
= 8.28
AADT = ADT×M.E. F
= 8.28×0.5
= 4.14

From the growth rate of Ghana in the year 2019 is 6.5% (worldbank.org)
n
(1+r ) −1
Fg =
r
R= 6.5% and n = 10
10
(1+0.065) −1
Fg =
0.065
Fg = 13.49

Vehicle Equivale AAD AADT Average Average Cumulative

nt factor T (0.5623 ESAL/da ESAL/yea ESAL
(E.F) ) × 2- y r
way
flow
Cars 0.00002 478.1 268.87 0.00537 1.960 26.4404
 7 5
Pickup/ 0.00018 53.25 29.942 0.00538 1`.964 26.4940
van
Small bus 0.012 26.12 14.687 0.176 64.240 866.5976
Large bus 0.460 0.69 0.387 0.178 64.970 876.4453
Light bus 0.012 13.3 7.478 0.089 32.485 438.2226
Medium 0.237 1.04 0.584 0.197 71.905 969.9985
truck
Heavy 4.8 1.48 0.832 3.993 1457.445 19660.9330
truck
Mammy 0.00209 4.14 2.327 0.004 1.46 19.6954
bus
∑ ¿22104.8268
The Cumulative ESAL for design period of 10 years = 22104.8268≈ 0.022×106 esa .

FORMATION LEVEL

1m = 1000mm
X = 275mm
275 mm× 1 m
X=
1000 mm
X = 0.275m
Finished Level = Pavement thickness + Formation level

Formation level Thickness of Finished level Chainage

pavement
70.344 0.275 70.619 0+000
71.100 0.275 71.375 0+020
71.900 0.275 72.175 0+040
72.700 0.275 72.975 0+060
73.450 0.275 73.725 0+080
74.300 0.275 74.575 0+100
75.100 0.275 75.375 0+120
75.900 0.275 76.175 0+140
76.700 0.275 76.975 0+160
 77.500 0.275 77.775 0+180
78.300 0.275 78.575 0+200
79.100 0.275 79.375 0+220
79.900 0.275 80.175 0+240
80.750 0.275 81.025 0+260
81.670 0.275 81.945 0+280
82.130 0.275 82.405 0+300
82.130 0.275 82.405 0+320
81.800 0.275 82.075 0+340
81.350 0.275 81.625 0+360
80.900 0.275 81.175 0+380
80.450 0.275 80.725 0+400
80.050 0.275 80.325 0+420
79.550 0.275 79.825 0+440
79.080 0.275 79.325 0+460
78.600 0.275 78.875 0+480
78.110 0.275 78.385 0+500
77.650 0.275 77.925 0+520
77.200 0.275 77.475 0+540
76.800 0.275 77.075 0+560
76.450 0.275 76.725 0+580
76.000 0.275 76.275 0+600
75.647 0.275 75.922 0+620

Level below formation (Fill A) Number of times Product

0.000 1 0.000
0.915 2 1.830
0.384 2 0.768
0.315 1 0.315
Total =6 =2.913

Level above formation Cut (A) Number of times Product

0.274 1 0.274
0.910 2 1.820
1.102 2 2.204
1.508 2 3.016
2.428 2 4.856
2.008 2 4.016
1.189 2 2.378
0.241 1 0.241
Total = 14 =18.805
Level below formation Fill Number of times Product
(B)
0.882 1 0.274
1.837 2 3.674
2.561 2 5.122
2.492 2 4.984
1.961 2 3.922
1.242 2 2.484
0.581 2 1.162
0.122 1 0.122
Total = 14 = 22.352

Level above formation Cut Number of times Product

(B)
0.098 1 0.098
0.493 2 0.986
1.048 2 2.096
1.279 2 2.558
1.103 2 2.206
0.704 2 1.408
0.453 2 0.906
0.903 2 1.806
0.953 2 1.906
0.583 1 0.583
Total = 18 =14.553

Level below formation Fill Number of times Product

(C)
0.338 1 0.338
0.000 1 0.000
Total =2 =0.338
Total Cut = Cut B + Cut A
= 14.553 + 18.805
= 33.338
Total Fill = Fill A + Fill B + Fill C
= 2.915 + 22.352 + 0.338
= 25.655
Lane width = 3.6m
Width of road = 3.6 × 2 = 7.2m
 Length to fill (A) = 76m – 0m
= 76m
product
Height of fill (A) =
∑ of the number of ׿ ¿
2.915
=
6
= 0.485m
Volume for fill (A) = 7.2m × 76m × 0.485
= 265.848m3

 Length to fill (B) = 387m – 223m

= 164m
product
Height of fill (B) =
∑ of the number of ׿ ¿
22.352
=
14
= 1.596m
Volume for fill (B) = 164m × 1.596m × 7.2m
= 1885.23m3
 Length to fill (C) = 620m – 591m
= 29m
product
Height of fill (C) =
∑ of the number of ׿ ¿
0.338
=
2
= 0.169m
Volume for fill (C) = 0.169m × 7.2m × 29m
 = 35.257m3

 Length to Cut (A) = 223.1m – 75.5m

= 147.6m
product
Height of Cut (A) =
∑¿¿
18.805
=
14
= 1.343m
Volume for Cut (A) = 147.6m × 7.2m × 1.343m
= 1427.460m3

 Length to Cut (B) = 591m – 387m

= 204m
product
Height of Cut (B) =
∑ ¿¿
14.553
=
18
= 0.8085m
Volume for Cut (B) = 7.2m × 0.8085m × 204m
= 1187.525m3
Total volume of cut = Cut (B) + cut (A)
= 1187.525m3 + 1427.460m3

= 2614.985m3
Total volume of fill = Fill (A) + fill (B) +fill (C)
= 265.848m3+ 1885.23m3+ 35.287m3

= 2186.365m3