AS101 – MATHEMATICS I

TOPIC 1 – ADVANCED CALCULUS

KEY QUESTIONS AND KEY IDEAS

I. Limits
1. The formal definition of a limit and the Epsilon-Delta definition of limits.

II. Differentiation
1. Finding and deriving the differentiation formula and derivatives of advanced functions:
i. Trigonometric functions
ii. Inverse trigonometric functions
iii. Hyperbolic functions
iv. Inverse hyperbolic functions

III. Integration
1. Finding and deriving the integration formula of advanced functions:
i. Trigonometric functions
ii. Inverse trigonometric functions
iii. Hyperbolic functions
iv. Inverse hyperbolic functions

2. Advanced techniques of integration:

i. Substitution
ii. By Parts
iii. Partial Fraction Decomposition
iv. Trigonometric Substitution
v. Reduction formula

3. Applications of integration: Arc length and surface area.

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 1

 I. LIMITS

INTRODUCTION

 The definition of limits (general definition):

Definition 1

If the values of can be made as close as we like to by taking the values of sufficiently close to
(but not equal to ), then we write

which is read as “the limit of as approaches is ”.

This relationship can also be written informally as as

 The definition of one-sided limits:

Definition 2

If the values of can be made as close as we like to by taking the values of sufficiently close to
(but greater than ), then we write

and if the values of can be made as close as we like to by taking the values of sufficiently close
to (but less than ), then we write

The first expression is read as “the limit of as approaches from the right is ” and the second
expression is read as “the limit of as approaches from the left is ”.

 The relationship between one-sided limits and two-sided limits:

Definition 3

The two-sided limit of a function exists at if and only if both of the one-sided limits exist at and
have the same value; that is

if and only if

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 2

THE EPSILON-DELTA DEFINITION OF A TWO-SIDED LIMIT

 The epsilon-delta definition of a two-sided limit is as given below:

Definition 4

Let be defined for all in some open-interval containing the number with the possible exception
that need not be defined at We write

if given any number we can find a number such that | | if | |

 Definition 4 is mostly used to prove that the limit of a function is equal to a certain value/term.

Examples:

Question 1

Use the epsilon-delta definition to prove that

Solution:

For

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| || | | |

| | | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 3

Question 2

Prove, using the epsilon-delta definition that

Solution:

The domain of √ is , therefore √ is only valid for .

For

|√ | | |

|√ | | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 4

Question 3

Prove that

Solution:

For , such that

| | whenever | |

| | whenever | |

| || | whenever | |

Let where is a constant.

| |

| |

This implies that

| | whenever | |

This statement holds true if , -.

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 5

 II. DIFFERENTIATION

DERIVATIVES OF A FUNCTION

The definition of the derivative of a function:

Definition 1

The derivative of a function , denoted by is

( )

if this limit exists.

Definition 1 is also known as the first principles method for differentiation.

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

The formulas for the differentiation of the most commonly used mathematical functions are as follows:

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - POLYNOMIALS

Function Derivative
(constant) 0

√ [ ] [ ]

√ [ ] [ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 6

 A) TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Here we are going to prove and derive the derivatives of the most commonly used trigonometric functions
using the method of first principles.

The following are needed for this purpose:

(a) The property of limits involving :

(b) The formula for first principles:

Let be any function, then

(c) The sum and differences formulae that are needed for the manipulation are given by:

( * ( *

( * ( *

( * ( *

( * ( *

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 7

Examples:

Question 1

Prove using first principles, if then

Solution:

[ ] [ ]
( * ( *

* + ( )

* + ( )

( ) ( )

( )
[ ( * ]
( )

( )
( *
( )

( )
( *
( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 8

Question 2

Prove, using first principles, that .

Solution:

[ ] [ ]
( * ( *

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )
[ ( * ]

( )
( *
( )

( *

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 9

Question 3

Find the derivative of using the method of first principles.

Solution:

[ ]

0 1

0 1

0 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 10

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 11
Question 4

Find the derivative of using the first principles method.

Solution:

[ ] [ ]
( * ( *

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
[ ]

( ) ( )
[ ]
( )

( ) ( )

( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 12

 ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 13

Question 5

Find the derivative of using the method of first principles.

Solution:

[ ] [ ]
( * ( *

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
[ ]

( ) ( )
[ ]
( )

( ) ( )

( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 14

 ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 15

Question 6

Find the derivative of using the first principles method.

Solution:

{ [ ] [ ]} { [ ] [ ]}

[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 16

OR

[ ]

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 17

Recall that the formula for the differentiation of various forms of trigonometric functions are as given in
the table below:

Trigonometric function Derivative

[ ] ( )

[ ] ( )

[ ] ( )

[ ] ( ) ( )

[ ] ( ) ( )

[ ] ( ) ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 18

 B) NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

In this section, we will prove and derive the differentiation formulas for natural logarithmic functions and
its inverse, the exponential functions.

The following result is used to find the derivative of the said functions using the first principle method:

Now using first principles, find the derivative of

Solution:

( * ( )

( *

Let

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 19

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

( )

For
For
[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 20

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

A technique that is very useful for differentiating complicated functions that are composed of products,
quotients and powers.

This technique involves rewriting the function in terms of logarithms and subsequently simplifying it
using the properties of logarithms before differentiating it.

Examples:

Question 1

Find the derivative of the following functions:

√
(a)

.( ) √ /
(b)
( )
(c)
√

(d) √
(e)
(f)

(g) ( )

Solution:

√
(a)
√
[ ] 0 1

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]
Differentiate both sides with respect to .

[ ]

√
[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 21

 .( ) √ /
(b)

√
[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]
Differentiate both sides with respect to .

0 1

√
0 1

( )
(c)
√

[ ] 0 1
√

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Differentiate both sides with respect to .

( )
[ ]

[ ]
√

[ ]
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 22

 (d) √

[ ] [( * ]

[ ] ( *

[ ] [ ]

Differentiate both sides with respect to .

[ ]

[ ]

(e)

[ ]

[ ]

Differentiate both sides with respect to .

(f)

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Differentiate both sides with respect to .

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 23

 ( )

(g) ( )

[ ] [( * ]

[ ] ( *

Differentiate both sides with respect to .

( *

[ ( *]

( * [ ( *]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 24

 C) INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The six basic trigonometric functions: sin, cos, tan, sec, cosec and cot do not have inverses because their
graphs repeat periodically and hence do not pass the horizontal line test.

To circumvent this problem, the domains of these functions are restricted in order to produce one-to-one
functions and then define the „inverse trigonometric functions‟ to be the inverses of these restricted
functions.

The table below summarizes the definition and domain of the inverses of four of the most commonly used
basic trigonometric functions.

Function Domain Range Basic Relationships

if
[ ] * + if

if
[ ] [ ] if
if

( ) if

if
] * ) ( + if | |
[

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 25

DERIVATIVES OF THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The complete list of differentiation formulas for inverse trigonometric functions, each of which is valid on
the natural domain of the function is given.

Let be a differentiable function of . Then applying the chain rule to the results obtained above, the
following generalized derivative formulas are obtained.

1. Let

Differentiate both sides with respect to , 𝑥

√ 𝑥

√
√ √

2. Let
𝑥
√𝑥
Differentiate both sides with respect to ,

√
√
Since represents the side of the triangle, therefore

| |√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 26

 Function Derivative

| |√

| |√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 27

Examples:

Question 1

Find for the following functions:

(a)
(b)
(c) ( )
(d)
(e)
(f) (√ )

Solution:

(a)

Let

(d)

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 28

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 29
 D) HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Hyperbolic functions are a special class of functions that are essentially combinations of and .

The definition of the six most basic hyperbolic functions are as given in the table below:

Function Definition

Hyperbolic sine

Hyperbolic cosine

Hyperbolic tangent

Hyperbolic secant

Hyperbolic cosecant

Hyperbolic cotangent

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 30

IDENTITIES FOR HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The following table summarizes some of the more useful and more commonly used hyperbolic identities.

Hyperbolic Identities

1. 8.

2. 9.

3. 10.

4. 11.

5. 12.

6. 13.

(even function)

7.
(odd function)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 31

DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The next table gives the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions defined above. Here, let be a
differentiable function of Then applying the chain rule to the results obtained above, the following
generalized derivative formulas are obtained.

[ ] . /

[ ]

[ ] . /

[ ]

[ ] . /

( *

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 32

The definition of the six most basic hyperbolic functions are as given in the table below:

Function Derivative

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 33

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Since hyperbolic functions are expressed in terms of exponential functions, therefore the inverse
hyperbolic functions are expressed in terms of natural logarithms.

The definitions of the inverses of the six basic hyperbolic functions are given in the table below.

The definition of the six most basic hyperbolic functions are as given in the table below:

Function Definition

Inverse of the hyperbolic sine ( √ )

Inverse of the hyperbolic cosine ( √ )

Inverse of the hyperbolic tangent

( *

Inverse of the hyperbolic secant √

. /

Inverse of the hyperbolic √

. /
cosecant | |

Inverse of the hyperbolic

( *
cotangent

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 34

Prove that ( √ ).

Solution:

Let

Since , therefore √ only.

( √ )

( √ )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 35

How do we know that √ is a negative number?

√ √

| | √ | |

| | √

Suppose , then

Suppose , then

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 36

DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The following table gives the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions defined above. Here, let be a
differentiable function of Then applying the chain rule to the results obtained above, the following
generalized derivative formulas are obtained:

The definition of the inverses of the six most basic hyperbolic functions are as given in the table below:

Function Derivative

| |√

| |

| |√

| |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 37

Examples/exercises:

Question 1

Find the derivative of the following hyperbolic functions.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Solution:

(a)

Let

(d)

Let

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 38

 (i) √

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] { [[ ] ]}

{ [ ] [ ]}
√

{ [ ] }
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 39

 (e)
(f)
(g) ( )
(h)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 40

 (i) √
(j)
(k) (√ )
(l)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 41

 (m) ( )
(n) ( )
(o)
(p)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 42

 (q)
(r)
(s)
(t)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 43

 (u) (√ )
(v)
(w)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 44

 (x) √
(y)
(z)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 45

 III. INTEGRATION

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

The integration formula of some simple but commonly used functions are given in the table below:

Function Integral

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 46

SUBSTITUTION METHOD

The chain rule for differentiation is used to derive the substitution rule. This rule is as given in the table
below:

Examples:

Question 1

Integrate the following:

(a)  x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx.

(b) ∫ √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 47

 (c) ∫
√
(d) ∫ √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 48

INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONS

A) TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 Some trigonometric functions can be integrated a lot more easily using some of the trigonometric
identities and formulas that we have learnt such as the double angle formula, the addition of
angles formula, etc.
 A few trigonometric identities, addition of angles formulae, double angle formulae & the
sum/differences formulae are given below:
 Trigonometric identities:

 Addition of angles formula:

 Double angle (or duplication) formulae:

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 49

  Sum or differences formulae:

( * ( *

( * ( *

( * ( *

( * ( *

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 50

A few of the basic rules of integration and the general result of the integration of some basic forms of
trigonometric functions are summarized in the table given below:

Rules of integration
Function (integrand) Integral









Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 51

Examples/exercises:

Question 1

Integrate the following functions with respect to x:

a)
b)
c) √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 52

 d) ( )
e)
f)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 53

 g)
h)
i)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 54

 j)
k)
l)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 55

 m)
n)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 56

Question 2

Integrate the following trigonometric functions with respect to :

(a)
(b)
(c)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 57

 (d)
(e)
(f)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 58

 (g)
(h)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 59

 (i)
(j)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 60

 (k)
(l)
(m)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 61

 (n) √
(o)
(p)
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 62

 (q)
(r)
(s)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 63

 (t)
(u)

(v)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 64

 (w)
( )

(x)

* ( )+
∫ ∫
( ) ( )

( * ( * [ ( *] ( * ( *

( ) ( )
∫
( )

( ) ( )
∫
( ) ( )

[ | ( *| ]

∫ | ( *|
( )

OR

∫ ∫
( ) * ( )+
{ }

∫
[ ]

∫ ∫
( )

Let

∫ ∫
( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 65

 ∫ ∫
( )

[ | | ]

∫ | |
( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 66

 (y)
(z)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 67

Question 3

Consider the function .

(a) Show that .

(b) Hence, find ∫ .

Solution :

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

∫[ [ ]] ∫[ ]

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 68

Question 4

Integrate the following functions with respect to :

[Hint: Use the sum and differences formulae to convert the equations below to a simpler form.]

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Solution :

∫ ∫ { [ ]}

[ ]

∫[ ]

∫ ∫

OR

∫ ∫

∫ { [ ]}

[ ]

∫[ ]

∫{ [ ]}

∫[ ]

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 69

 ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 70

 (e) ( )
(f)
(g)
(h)

∫ ∫ [ ]

[ ]

∫[ ]

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 71

 (i)
(j) ( ) ( )
(k) ( ) ( )
(l) ( ) ( )

∫ ∫ [ ]

[ ]

∫[ ]

∫[ ]

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 72

 (m) ( )
(n)
(o)
(p) ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 73

 (q) ( ) ( )
(r)
(s)
(t) ( ) ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 74

 (u)
(v)
(w)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 75

 (x) ( ) ( )
(y) ( )
(z)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 76

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 77
 B) INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Based on the formula for the derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, we have the following
formula for the integration of inverse trigonometric functions.

∫
√
∫

∫
√
∫
√
∫

∫
√
∫ ( )
√
∫ ( )

∫ ( )
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 78

Examples/exercises:

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 79

 √
∫
⁄
√

√ √
∫ ∫
⁄ ⁄
√ √

[ ]√ ∫
⁄
√

[ (√ ) ( *]
√

( ) ( ) √ ( )
√
√
∫
⁄
√

√
∫
√

√ √
∫ ∫
√ √

[ ]√ ∫
√

[ ( * ( *]
√

( ) ( ) ( )
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 80

 ∫
√

Let
√

When

When

∫ ∫
√ √

0 1

[ ]

[( ) ]

∫
√

Let

When

√
When √

√ √

∫ ∫

√
∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 81

 √
√
∫ ∫

[ ]√ ∫

[ (√ ) ]

( ) ( ) √

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫

| |

Let

When

When

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 82

 ∫ ∫ ∫

[ ] ∫

[ ]

( )

∫
√

Let
√

∫ ∫
√ √

| |

∫ | |
√

∫
√

∫ ∫
√ √

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
√ √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 83

 ∫
√

Let

∫ ∫
√ √

∫
√

( ) ∫ ( )
√

∫
√

∫
√

Let

∫ ∫
√ √

∫
√

( ) ∫ ( )
√

∫
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 84

 ∫
√

Let √ √

∫ ∫
√ (√ ) √

[ ( ) ] ∫ ( )

∫ (√ )
√

Let

∫ ∫

[ ( ) ] ∫ ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 85

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 86
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

∫ ∫

An easier to remember form of the formula above would be:

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

The key here is to choose the right term to be and

The key to choose the right term to be .

Logarithmic (Best)
Inverse trigonometric
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Exponential (Worst)

The key to choose the right term to be .

Exponential (Best)
Trigonometric
Algebraic
Inverse trigonometric
Logarithmic (Worst)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 87

Question 1

Evaluate the following integrals.

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 88

 ∫

Let ,

, ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Let ,

, ∫

∫ ∫

∫ [ ∫ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 89

 ∫

Let ,

, ∫ ∫

Let

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

0 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 90

 ∫

Let

{ [ ] }

[ ]

and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ [ ] ∫[ ]

[ ]

( *

( *

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 91

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Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 96
 2. PARTIAL FRACTION DECOMPOSITION

In this section, we will learn to integrate rational functions by using the method of partial fraction
decomposition.

The three basic cases of the partial fraction decomposition method are given below:

Case 1: The denominator only contains distinct linear factors (e.g. )

Multiply both sides by , we have

Let ,

Let ,( ) ( ) ( )( )

Let , [ ]

( ) ( ) ( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 97

Case 2: The denominator contains repeated linear factors (e.g. )

Consider .

Multiply both sides by , we have

Let ,

Let ,

Let ,

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 98

Case 3: The denominator contains a quadratic factor that is irreducible (e.g. )

Multiply both sides by , we have

Let ,

Let , [ ] [ ]

Let , [ ] [ ]

Adding (1) to (2), we obtained

Subtracting (2) from (1), we will have

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 99

Case 4: Combination of Case 1 and/or 2 and/or 3

Example 1 :

Example 2 :

Multiply both sides by , we have

Comparing coefficients:

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 100

Examples/exercises

Question 1

Find ∫ .

Solution:

∫ ∫

∫[ ]

∫
0 ( ) ( ) 1
[ ]

∫
0( ) 1
[ ]

∫[ ]
( )

∫[ ]
* ( )+

∫[ ]

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Let

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 101

 ( )
∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫
(√ )

| | [ ( * ]
√ √

∫ [ ] ∫ ( )

| | [ ( * ]
√ √

∫ | | ( *
√ √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 102

Question 2

Find ∫ , where

Solution:

Multiply both sides by , we have

Let ,

Let ,

( ) ( )

∫ ∫ ∫

| | | |

[ | | | |]

∫ | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 103

Question 3

√
Find ∫

Let √

√
∫ ∫

∫0 1

∫ ∫

[ | | ] ∫ | |

√ √
∫ √ | |
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 104

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 105
Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 106
Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 107
 ∫

Multiply both sides by , we will have

Choose , [ ]

Choose , [ ]

( *

Choose , [ ] [ ]

( )

∫ ∫ ∫

| | ∫

∫ | | [∫ ∫ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 108

 ∫ | | | | ∫ ( *
( )

| | | | ∫
√
( ) . /

| | | | [ ( , ]
√ √

∫ ( )

∫ | | | | ( *
√ √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 109

 ∫

Multiply both sides by , we will have

Compare,

Coefficient of Coefficient of

Coefficient of Constant:

∫ ∫[ ]

∫0 1

∫[ ]

∫ ∫ ∫
(√ )

∫
* (√ ) +

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 110

∫ ( * ∫ ( )
(√ ) √ √

∫ ∫
[ ]
0 1 ∫ [ ]

∫
* (√ ) +
Let √
√
√
∫ ∫ √
* (√ ) + *(√ ) +

√ ∫
[ ]
√ ∫
[ ]
√ ∫
[ ]
√
∫
√
∫
√
∫
√
[∫ ∫ ]
√
[ ]
√
[ ( * ]
√
√ √
0 ( * 1
√ √ √
√
∫ ( *
* (√ ) + √

√
∫ ( * ( *
√ √ √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 111

 √
∫ . / ( *
√ √

√ √
∫ . / ( *
√

√
∫ ( *
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 112

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Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 121
 3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Trigonometric substitution is an effective method in dealing with the integration of radical expressions,
especially those of the form

√ √

The table given below lists the trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given radical
expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities.

In each case, the restriction on is imposed to ensure that the function that defines the substitution is
one-to-one.

Expression Substitution Identity

√ ,

√ ,

√ ,
or

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 122

Examples

Question 1

√
Evaluate ∫

Let ( )

√ √ 𝜃
∫ ∫
√ 𝑥
√ √
∫

√
∫

[ ] ∫

√ √ √
∫ 0 ( ) 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 123

Question 2

Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

. /

. /

Let be the area of ellipse in the first quadrant.

∫ √

Let

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 124

When ,

When ,

∫√

∫√ √

∫ √

∫( *

∫ ∫

[ ] ∫

[ ( ) ] [ ]

* ( ) +

Therefore, area of the ellipse is

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 125

Question 3

Find ∫
√

Let

√𝑥
𝑥
∫ √
∫
√

∫
√ √

∫
√

∫[ ]

∫0 1

∫[ ]

[ ]

√
∫
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 126

Question 4

Evaluate ∫ where
√

Let

∫√ ∫
√
𝑥
√𝑥 𝑎
∫
√ √

∫ √ 𝑎

∫[ ]

| |

√ √
| |

√
∫ | |
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 127

Question 5

√
Find ∫

Let

When ,

√
When , √

√
( )
∫ ∫
0√ ( ) 1

∫
[√ √ ]

∫
[ √ ]

∫( *

∫( *

∫ ∫0 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 128

Let

When ,

When ,

∫ ∫

∫. /

0 1

[ ]

[ ]

{[ ( *] [ ]}
( )

[( * ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 129

Question 6

Evaluate ∫
√

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

∫ ∫
√ √

Let

∫√ ∫
√
𝑥
∫
√ √

∫ √ 𝑥
√

[ ]

√
[ ( * ( + ]

∫ ( * √
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 130

Exercises

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 131

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Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 142
PROVING AND DERIVING THE INTEGRATION FORMULA OF OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Next, we will prove and derive the integration of some commonly encountered trigonometric functions
that are complicated and uses advanced integration techniques. The integrations of these functions usually
involves the use of partial fractions, ordinary substitution, trigonometric substitution and integration by
parts, in some cases a combination of all of the above-mentioned techniques. However, the integration of
these functions are often tedious to be performed and can usually obtained from a table of integrals.

The methods of proving and deriving the integration formula for the trigonometric functions will now be
discussed.

(a) Integration of

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 143

ALTERNATIVE METHOD:

∫ ∫[ ]

∫ | | ∫ | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 144

 (b) Integration of

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 145

ALTERNATIVE METHOD:

∫ ∫[ ]

∫ | | ∫ | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 146

 (c) Integration of
By integration by parts

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ | |

∫ | |

∫ | |

( *∫ | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 147

ALTERNATIVE METHOD:

By Partial Fraction Decomposition

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 148

 (d) Integration of

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 149

 (e) Integration of

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 150

 (f) Integration of

∫ ∫( *

∫( )

∫ ∫

Let

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 151

 (g) Integration of

∫ ∫

[ ]
∫ [ ]

OR

∫ ∫

[ ]
∫ [ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 152

 (h) Integration of

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 153

 (i) Integration of

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[∫ ∫ ]

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ 0 | | 1

∫ | |

∫ | |

∫ | |

( *∫ | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 154

 4. REDUCTION FORMULA

In this section, we will learn to derive the reduction formula of the most commonly used trigonometric
functions and subsequently use these reduction formula to determine the integration of trigonometric
functions with a power.

Integration by reduction formula in integral calculus is a technique of integration, in the form of

a recurrence relation. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter, usually in the form
of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of
arbitrary degree, can't be integrated directly. But using other methods of integration a reduction
formula can be set up to obtain the integral of the same or similar expression with a lower integer
parameter, progressively simplifying the integral until it can be evaluated. This method of integration is
one of the earliest methods used in the history of the development of calculus.

The reduction formula can be derived using any of the common methods of integration, like integration
by substitution, integration by parts, integration by trigonometric substitution, integration by partial
fractions, etc. The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a
function, represented by In, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower
power) of that function, for example In-1 or In-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence
relation. In other words, the reduction formula expresses the integral

in terms of

where

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 155

The method of deriving the reduction formula for some of the most commonly used trigonometric
functions are as given below:

(a)

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[∫ ∫ ]

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫

[ ]∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 156

 (b)

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[∫ ∫ ]

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫

[ ]∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 157

 (c)

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[ ]
∫ ∫ ∫ [ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 158

 (d)

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[∫ ∫ ]

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫

[ ]∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 159

 (e)

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫ [ ]

[∫ ∫ ]

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫

[ ]∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 160

 (f)

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[ ]
∫ ∫ ∫ [ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 161

Examples/exercises:

Find the integration of the following functions using the reduction of orders formula.

(a)
(b)

Solution:

∫ ∫

[ ]
∫ ∫

[ ]

[ ]
∫ ∫

0 1( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 162

 (c)
(d)

Solution:

∫ ∫

[ ]
∫ ∫

[ ]

[ ]
∫ ∫

0 1( )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 163

Question 2

Use integration by parts to prove the reduction formula for the following functions:

(a) ∫ ∫
(b) ∫ ∫

Solution:

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 164

 (c) ∫
(d) ∫

Solution:

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Let and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 165

 (e) ∫

Let [ ] and

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑛
Let 𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 { 𝑏𝑥 [ 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 [𝑏 𝑏𝑥 ] }𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 [𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 {𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 [ 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 [𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 {𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 [ 𝑛 ]} 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 [𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑛 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥

and

𝑑𝑣 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑𝑣 ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 𝑒𝑎𝑥
𝑎

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 166

 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑎

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑛 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏𝑛
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏𝑛
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

∫ 0 ∫

∫ 1

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

( +∫

( +∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 167

∫

∫ [ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 168

 ∫

Let [ ] and

[ ] ∫ ∫

[ ]

∫ ∫ [ ]

∫ ∫

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑛
Let 𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥

{ 𝑛 [𝑏 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 [ 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 ] }𝑑𝑥

[𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥

{𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 [ 𝑏𝑥 ]} 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥

[𝑏 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥

{𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥

[𝑏𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥

and

𝑑𝑣 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑𝑣 ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 𝑒𝑎𝑥
𝑎

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑎

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑏𝑛 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑛 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 169

 𝑏𝑛
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏𝑛
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

∫ 0 ∫

∫ 1

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

. /∫

. /∫

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 170

∫ [ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 171

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

1. ARC LENGTH

In this section, we discuss one of the main applications of integration, which is the computation
of the arc length of a curve.

The formula to compute the arc length is as given below:

If we use the alternative notation for derivatives, we can rewrite the formula (2) as follows:

Equation 3

If a curve has the equation x = g (y), c  y  d, and g (y) is continuous, then by interchanging the
roles of x and y in Formula 2 or Equation 3 (the one above), we obtain the following formula for
its length:

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 172

Examples

Question 1

Find the exact length of the following curves.

(a)

∫√ ( *

∫√ ( √ )

[ ] ∫

*(√ ) +

[(√ ) (√ ) ]

[ √ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 173

 (b)

∫√ ( *

∫√ [ √ ]

∫√

[ ] ∫

*(√ ) +

[(√ ) (√ ) ]

*(√ ) (√ ) +

[ √ √ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 174

 (c)

𝑑𝑦
( * ( 𝑥 *
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑥
𝑥

𝑥
𝑥

( 𝑥 * ( 𝑥 *( * ( *
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
( * ( 𝑥 * 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

∫√ ( *

∫ √( *

∫| | √ | |

∫( *

0 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 175

 0 1

0 1 0 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 176

 (d)

𝑑𝑥 𝑦
( * . /
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

𝑦
𝑦

𝑦
𝑦

𝑦 𝑦
. / . /( * ( *
𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑦
( * . / 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

∫√ ( *

∫ √. /

∫| | √ | |

∫. /

0 1

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 177

 0 1

0 1 0 1

( *

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 178

 (e) √

√ √
√

𝑑𝑥 √𝑦
( * . /
𝑑𝑦 √𝑦

𝑦
𝑦

𝑦
𝑦

√𝑦 √𝑦
. / . /. / . /
√𝑦 √𝑦

𝑑𝑥 √𝑦
( * . / 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 √𝑦

∫√ ( *

√
∫ √. /
√

√
∫| | √ | |
√

√
∫( *
√

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 179

 [ ]
( ) ( )

[ (√ ) √ ]

[ (√ ) √ ] [ (√ ) √ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 180

 (f)

∫√ ( *

∫√

∫√

∫√

∫| | √ | |

∫( *

∫. /

[ | |] ∫ | |

* | ( ) ( )|+ [ | |]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 181

 [ | √ |] [ | |]

( √ )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 182

 (g)

∫√ ( *

∫√

∫√

∫√

∫| | √ | |

∫( *

∫. /

[ | |] ∫ | |

* | ( ) ( )|+ [ | |]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 183

 [ |√ |] [ | |]

(√ )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 184

 (h)

∫√ ( *

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 185

 (i)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 186

 (j)

∫√ ( *

∫√ ( *

∫√

∫√

∫√

∫ √. /

∫| | √ | |

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 187

 ∫ ∫

[ | |] [ ] ∫ | |

[ | |] [ ]

( )
[ | | | |]
( )

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 188

 2. SURFACE AREA

In this section, we discuss another one of the main applications of integration, which is the
computation of the surface area of a curve.

The formula to compute the surface area is as given below:

In the case where f is positive and has a continuous derivative, we define the surface area of the
surface obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x), a  x  b, about the x-axis as:

Formula 1

If the curve is described as x = g(y), c  y  d, then the formula for the surface area obtained by
rotating the curve about the x-axis is:

Formula 2

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 189

For rotation about the y-axis, the surface area formula obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x), a 
x  b, about the y-axis is given by:

Formula 1:

∫ √ ( *

For rotation about the y-axis, the surface area formula obtained by rotating the curve
, about the y-axis is given by:

Formula 2:

∫ √ ( *

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 190

Examples/exercises

Question 1

The curve √ is an arc of the circle Find the area of the

surface obtained by rotating this arc about the axis.

( * ( *
√

( *

∫ √ ( *

∫ (√ )√

∫ (√ )
√

[ ]

[ ]

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 191

Question 2

The arc of the parabola from to is rotated about the axis. Find the area of
the resulting surface.

∫ √ ( *

∫ √

[ ]
[ ] ∫ [ ]
( )

[(√ ) ]

{*√ + *√ + }

( √ √ )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 192

Exercises

Question 1

Find the exact area of the surface obtained by rotating the following curves about the -axis.

(a)

∫ √ ( *

∫ √

∫ √

[ ]
[ ] ∫ [ ]
( )

[(√ ) ]

{*√ + *√ + }

( √ )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 193

 (b)

( * ( *
√

( *

∫ √ ( *

∫ √ √

√
∫ √
√

[ ] ∫
( )

*(√ ) +

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 194

 {*√ + *√ + }

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 195

 (c) √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 196

 (d) √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 197

 (e)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 198

 (f)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 199

 (g)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 200

 (h)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 201

Question 2

The curves given below are all rotated about the -axis. Find the area of the resulting surface.

(a) √

∫ √ ( *

∫ √

∫ √

∫ [ ]

[ ]
[ ] ∫ [ ]
( )

[(√ ) ]

{*√ + *√ + }

( √ √ )

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 202

 (b)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 203

 (c) √

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 204

 (d)

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 205

Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 206
Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 207
Dr. Ganeshsree/AS101_Mathematics I/Topic 1_Advanced Calculus Page 208