MODERN FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE

Modern periodic table consists of elements

arranged in
increasing order of atomic number
elements
Physical and chemical properties of
are periodic functions of atomic no 2

into 18
Elements are arranged groups
I 18 and 7 periods

He modern form of periodic table

can study
through the following classifications

INTO BLOCKS 18
1
13
2
S block

tt
iEfI

Ac

46
S BLOCK

entres the valence

The differentiating e

shell S sub shell b w s block elements

group X 4
251 Be 25
Liz ns
u 4M
351 Mg 35
Nap iz
c general electronic
2 l Z
K ca 20 4S
g4s configuration ns

Rb Sr in nature
Metallic

Cs Ba

Fr Ra
ns ns

P BLOCK

enter the valence shell

Differentiating e

P sub shell

general electronic configuration

 I 6
ns rip

6
13 to 18 p block groups
group
ns.vnpf
np3nsvnpqnsvnp
nsvnplnsvnptns15 16 17 18 is
13 14 5 He
2skp2 zsV2p3 zsVzp4
2 SIP
252ft C N 7 O6 F Ne
G
35 SP p s Ch Ar
g i
Al
13
Se Br Kr
Ga

I Xe
In m M

Rn
M M M
M µ

In P block we observe the presence of

metals non metals and metalloids

D BLOCK

Differentiating e entres the penultimate

 shell d sub shell

valence shell

1 nm
h 21 n Dth penultimate
1
Anti penultimate

From 3 to 12 IO
group groups
4 to 7
Period
He
H 2 elements
He
2 Li 8 elements
At
3 Ma 8 elements

as 45 Kr
Sc Zn ga e
4 K Ca c

s p
d
5
 I
8 10 11 12
3 5 6 7 9
4
Ni In
Sc Ti v Mn Fe co
26 27 28 29 30
21 23 24 25
22
453dB
3d 343 I 4 45 3d 3d 3ds
I
4531 451395 4s sd
w w
r t
configuration
general electronic
1 10 I 2
n 1 d ns

All the d block elements are

generally
metallic in nature

F BLOCK

block elements are present in the Eth

f
and 7th periods and in the 3rd
group of
 modern periodic table

4S 3d
IS 25 Lp 35 3p

subshell 4th shell 4f

f
i

65 if Jd

is
2252
s3P

4S 4p Gd 4 f

bs 5p Sd

IS
O A
I
group

Liesl
Ma 3s
 Kgs
Rbss
Hence f block elements
607 Csis Ba sTqf must be in the 6th

Fr and 7thperiods

risen 1 d
f l 14
65
Hr 5
45311
K ca
20
Sazi 5
Iq 4
y 5sV4d
Rb Sr 1 14

65 5d 4f
Cs Ba gy or N

T ACO 7sV6d
Fr Ra

r
58 71

65 5dL 4ft ts 5d Gf

90
t
756d 5ft Ts Gd's f
general electronic configuration

f block are those in which the differentiating

I entres the anti penultimate shell f subshe

ii
VIII

n zgthanti penultimate

1 14 l O 2
n 2 f n D d ns

a INERT GASES

Elements belonging to 18th are

considered as
group

chemically inert due to their completely filled

valence e
configuration
b REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

All the resmaining S and p block elements

are called representative elements
1 2 and 13 to IT

C TRANSITION ELEMENTS

All the d block elements except 12th

group
2h Cd are called transition elements
Hg

Transition elements should have incompletely

their
either
grou nd
d sub shell in
filled

state or in one of their stable oxidation

States to
12th ns 1 d
group zz 2 to
to Zn 3d
3d
2h30 TAD g 4
Cd Gd
Cd 5s 4d
ZI 2 to
 cos Sd g od
g w w

Hence 12th is not considered a

part
group
of transition metals

Ar 3d
Cuza g4s
2

gary 45 3d

d INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS

Inner shell Canti penultimate shell e are

being tilled
Hence block elements in which anti
f

penultimate shell Cn 2 f subshell is being

filled are called inner transition elements

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

Period Subshells no of elements

2
I is

CH He
8
2
25 ZP
2 6

Li Ne
3 10
8
3 35 310
z 6

Ma Ar
Il 18
18
4S 3d 4P
4 6
2 10

Kg kr36

55 4d 5p I
5 6
2 10

Xe
Rbg
 51

3 2
65 Jd 4T cop
6 2 10 14 6

Csg Rmg

Is bd 5 f incomplete
7
s d c
16
H
He group

z Liz
f s Me 082cg
Sto 18
Ma
AV
Ee 34 f
q 18
Kr
eggs
c K Te
52cg 32
R c s Xe Poses

c511805 Rn
b 32
55
Fo 320
877
11 12 13
3
39 48 491 54
3g E
Atomic number
th th
d block group 5 period
l 47
nd
2 6th period
2 56 S block group
d
3 101 f block 3 7th period
group
4 88 S block 2nd 9th period
group
6
f block egg tug
of Lr 7
Th
90 103

b
3 period
I 63 f block group
i 5
14 period
2 50 P block group
8 b
76 d block period
3 group

block 16 period 4
5 34 p group
 O
4 I 12
3

Y
J Cd

torso
the
TIE I
Ce La

58 71

COVALENT RADIOS

For atoms that often form covalent bonds

this radius is usually estimated

Internuclear distance bw 2 atoms forming

I
covalent bond

Ex da I
I II's
e c

atomic radius of Cl
 c

s a

valent radius of cl

METALLIC RADIUS

Metallic bond

Metal atoms are assumed to lose their valence

cations with the lost e forming

e and exist as

a sea of Ye charge
Ma metal

was
Nat e heat e Nat
f
e
ie
mate Na Gate
Nat

Force of attraction b w E and metal cations

results in metallic bond formation

 Internuclear distance b w 2 metal atoms

forming metallic bond

1
metallic radius

VANDERHAAL'S RADIUS

Vanderwaal's force
Force of attraction developed b w induced

neutral molecules
dipoles of a
system of
e cloud

5 55

in neutral atom
When the e density a

it can
undergoes a
momentary polarization
induce the formation of dipoles on its neighbour
 atoms
ring
The attraction developed b w these
force of

dipoles is called Vanderwaal's force

Inert cannot borm covalent Cor

gases
their radius is
metallic Hence
bonding
to Vanderwal's radius
defined according

b the atoms
I Internuclear distance w

attracted by Vanderwal's force

Vanderwaal's radius

Vanderwaal's force
Covalent bond metallic bond 7
 order of atomic radii

L t
covalent Metallic Vanderwaal'S

NOTE
We can calculate Vanderwaal's radius for covalent

molecules also
entradices
I al

4
Cd d
f

Ft de
ch
I
b w Cl atoms of
t Internuclear distance
adjacent 42 molecules

I
Vanderrwaal's radius of 4

PERIODIC PROPERTIES

1 Atomic radius
2
Ionization energy
3 Electron affinity
4 Electronegativity
5 Electropositivity

ATOMIC RADIUS

radius increases
down the atomic
group
new shell
due to addition of a

Li zs

Nass
k as
a pig
Rb gS

Cs

Fr

in period atomic
From left to right a

radius
As the E in a period are filled in
the same shell

Be B He
Li
z s 25 252ft 25kg6

9
the atom having
In a
given period
highest atomic radius generally belongs to
18th
group
He calculate Vanderwal's radius for

18h group elements

For I Metallic radius
group

t covalent metallic Vanderwaal's

 In d block elements the differce b w

successive elements is
atomic radius of
not significant
3
Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
3d Sc Ti V Cr Hn
to Cd
49 Y Zr

Ht5d4 Hg
5d La 72
57

Ac
5d 4814
ce Lug
assai 103
90

b atomic radius of
Also the differce w

is much
Lsd and 54 series of elements

smaller than 3d and Gd series

 bd
49
a O

elements

d sub shell is
being
In d block as n 1

nuclues can't be effectively

filled the
the valence e
shielded from attracting

s d
Hence due to poor shielding effect of d E

the valence e are attracted by nucleus

with a more
stronger force of attraction

H
Hence atomic radius won't be
much
changing

In 5d series e are filled after 46

Hence both n 2 and n i Subshelles

contain dispersed e
density that cannot

effectively shield nuclear fore of attraction

H

Hence atomic radius is

very close

b w id and 59 series

lanthanide contraction

Decrease in atomic radius due to poor

Shielding effect caused by
n 2
f sub shell
e

2 IONIZATION ENERGY

Amount required to remove an

of energy
neutral atom from its
e from gaseous
called ionization energy
ground state
is

can be effected by
Ionization energy
a Atomic radius

As atomic radius 4 distance of e from

nucleus 9 hence t
ionization energy

Effective nuclear
b charge
As nuclear force of attraction 9 ionization

energy also 4

c
shielding effect
As 4
 g gy
14
nuclear force of attraction
Effective screening of
inner orbitals
by
e
density of
order of shielding effect
s pod b

A s A te

f 2
lez
At A I

1 Ez than IE
is always greater
e
HP lie p
Ma
u v
I 1

the effective nuclear

As the no of e I
Hence le is
on each e increases
charge
than IE
greater
 general variation of IE

Down the group y

Across the period 4

L F h Ne
Liz L 437471357 L Cbs g o

zs 252 252ps 2p2 zp3 2pct 2ps 2106

in a given shell
At distance nucleus will attract
a
given
than
spherical shaped s e more strongly
P d and t E Hence IE of Be B
dispered

ra 8 off
s p d
k

is than 0 as N contains
i E of N greater
a stable half tilled e
configuration
2522ps
 c ces Me
Ha
Matesic 3 76
35 35 353yd 3p 3ps 3104 3105

QUESTIONS
ions
1 order of atomic radius of following
2 3
12 E
a Nat Mg Alt 0 µ

t
Isoelectronic species

2 13 2 3
Na Al a
Ng p o

P Z 11 12 13 9 8 I

e
If 10
1 to
10 10 10

l 2 I 3 0.9 0.8 O T
I 1 I
e

Hence order of atomic radius

Alt's Mg Nats F co his

 13
b Lit heat µgt2 Ae

z 3 11 12 13
Literal13µg Nat
lo
e 2 10 10

2 1 I 1 2 1.3
1.5
e

N C
2 lez order of 0 F

M C
Og F 6
e
I it
e
IT e f
c
B
o
M 0 f µ
TE SE GE SE
25 193 2sIp4 SIP 25 10

l t t t

07F7N
3 ELECTRON AFFINITY

Amount of energy released when an e

atom in
is added to a neutral
gaseous
its state
ground
A i A energyf
I
electron affinity
be effected by
Electron affinity can

a Atomic radius As atomic radius 4

Hence
e added far away from nucleus
is

released upon addition of e f

energy
b Nuclear As effective nuclear charge 4
charges
EA also 9 as incoming e is
strongly
attracted
c
Screening effects As
shielding effect 9
nuclear attraction
 t b

NOTE

be released laborobed when

Energy can

e is added to an atom We call these energy

electron
gain enthalpy
as
changes
measured
Enthalpy Energy changes generally
constant Pressure

general
variation of e
affinity
1
group
period 9

Consider halogens
te
octect
F 52ps
I 353ps
Br 454ps
I 555ps
Order of EA Ct F Br 7 I

FA value depends on

Effective nuclear charge

Repulsions faced by incoming e

18 e
F
chg
85
JE
g
D
Z
3
se
I

2
353ps
251ps
l
FINE Metal
less canc of
High conc of
F Ve
Ye charge on charge
NOTE

Exothermic energy releasing process

Endothermic energy consuming process

absorbed

F t E F Exo

n Endo
N t
c

2SVzp3 2p4
in
stable half filled

E o Exo
0 t

2p4 2p5
2
o o Endo

Repulsions
4 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

bonded atom to attract the

Tendency of a

bond E closer to itself

pair of

Ex HF x

S S
t I element
FM
less EN more
element

Electronegativity depends on

a t
at atomic size EN

b Effective nuclear charge EN

order of EN

F 7 O 7 MY Cd
 4 o 3.5 3.0

1 down the group

group

period 4 across a period

ELECTROPOSITIVTY

Ease of loss of E

atomic radii and

Elements having high
contain
lesser effective nuclear charge

greater electropositivity

group 9 down the group

I across a period
period

period
 Electropositivity T d

1 T
Electronegativity
d T
Ionization energy
T t
Atomic radius

INERT PAIR EFFECT

E
valence shell s
Non participation of
in the bond formation due to poor

caused by inner shell

shielding effect
d and f Subshell E

13th B
25210
Ex group
Al 352310
n5np Ga 3d040541
as

In Gd sp
T
 i 465406561
Tl

When nucleus is not properly shielded by

inner shell e then valence I are strongly

attracted by the nucleus

HE
h 21
HA h i

In the valence shell s sub shell e are

Nucleus than
even strongly attracted by
P sub shell E
 8
s P

13th 3 oxidation
In elements
group
State becomes less stable down the group
3E 3
H t 35
M Cnsvnpl
13th
group element
v
M t e
M Cn
Ipl
it is the most
In Tl we observe that
behaves
state Hence Tl
stable oxidation

like a 1 element
group
3
11
Ex
If D AI Iz
w
3 I
 0
Th I3

Iz t E Ij

Tle Th
0

riot
i i I
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
At the same
As almost remains
Ash 41,131
Na 1
i Mg nuclear Chf
Same effective
k ca H
Similar ease of E
gain loss
14
Similar chemical properties
 the 2nd
Elements located diagonally in

and 3rd periods of modern form of

some
periodic table show similarities in

due to diagonal relationship

properties

My
2 Mgs Nz
3h 2 Liz N
13
µ 13 E
N N t 3 II 3
Na k e Rb Cs H2 X