BMCG1113 Statics

2 Force Vectors
Masni-Azian Akiah, PhD
010-371 7277
[email protected]
 TEACHING PLAN
WEEK CHAPTER REMARK WEEK CHAPTER REMARK
1 Chapter 1: Maulidur Rasul 9 Chapter 6:
General Principles (9/10) Structural Analysis
10
Assignment
Chapter 2:
Force Vectors 11
12 Chapter 7: Krismas
2 Friction (25/12)
Chapter 3:
Equilibrium of a Particle 13 New Year
(1/1)
14 Chapter 8: Quiz 3
3 Chapter 4: Deepavali Centre of Gravity and
(24/10) Due submission
Force System Resultants Centroid
of assignment
4 Quiz 1 15
5 Chapter 5: 16 Study Week
Equilibrium of a Rigid
6 Body Quiz 2

7
EXAM 17-18
FINAL
8 Mid-Semester Break
EXAM
FORCE VECTORS

 Scalar and Vectors  Addition and Subtraction of

 Vector Operation Cartesian Vectors (scalar
analysis)
 Vector Addition of Forces
 Position Vectors (scalar
 Addition of a System of analysis)
Coplanar Forces
 Force Vector directed along a
 Cartesian Vectors (scalar line
analysis)
Scalars and Vectors
Measurement of the physical quantities in engineering mechanics.

Scalar Vector

Defined by its magnitude only. Defined by its magnitude AND direction.

Example: Mass, length, time. Example.: Force, position, moment
tension force
It is represented with of the
arrow to indicate its spiderman’s
string.
Length
direction.
10 cm
Mass
0.14 kg Label in equation: F
with arrow on
top of the
label
Vector Operations
Multiplication or Addition or Subtraction (+)
Division (x or ÷)
Obey the parallelogram law.
Vector can be multiplied Resultant vector is the addition of two vectors.
by scalar quantity.

• F×2=2F

F ×2 =2F
=
• F×(−1)= − F

F ×(−1) =−F
Vector Addition of FORCES
Resultant Force
Force vectors can be added together
to form the resultant force.

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵

FR FR =FA +FB
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
Vector Addition of FORCES
Component Force
Force vectors can also be resolved
into two components in a specific y
direction.

𝐹𝐹⃗
𝐹𝐹⃗ Fy

x
Fx
𝐹𝐹⃗ v

𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝐹𝐹⃗
F𝑣𝑣

u F𝑢𝑢
Vector Addition of FORCES
Analysis Procedure Cosine law
Half portion of the parallel diagram can be
redrawn to form a triangle.

From the triangle, the magnitude of either 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 cos 𝑐𝑐
resultant and component force can be
determined using trigonometry function.
Sine law

𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝑐𝑐 = =
𝐶𝐶⃗ 𝐶𝐶 sin 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑏 sin 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴⃗ 𝐴𝐴
𝑏𝑏
𝐵𝐵
Vector Addition of FORCES
Example 1: Resultant Force
The anchored hook shown is subjected to two
forces, 𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴 = 100 N and 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 150 N. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Vector Addition of FORCES
Example 2: Component Force
Resolve the horizontal 600 N force into
components acting along the u and v axes and
determine the magnitudes of these components.
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
The force is resolved in x- and y-direction.
In scalar notation:
𝐹𝐹⃗ Fy
𝐹𝐹⃗  Component vector:
𝜽𝜽 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝐹𝐹 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝐹𝐹 sin 𝜃𝜃

Fx  Magnitude of resultant force

2 2
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
• In vector form:
𝐹𝐹⃗ = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦  Direction of force:
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
θ = tan−1
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝒋𝒋�
In Cartesian vector notation:
Fy
𝐹𝐹⃗  x-component is represented in 𝒊𝒊� unit vector
𝜽𝜽  y-component is represented in 𝒋𝒋� unit vector
𝒊𝒊�
Fx 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊� + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝒋𝒋�
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

Example 3
Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force in x- and y-direction. Express each
force as Cartesian vector.
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

Example 4
Determine the magnitude of the resultant
force acting on the plate and its direction,
measured counterclockwise from the
positive x-axis.
Cartesian Vectors

Right-Handed Coordinate System

 x-component is represented in 𝒊𝒊� unit vector

 y-component is represented in 𝒋𝒋� unit vector
 z-component is represented in 𝒌𝒌� unit vector
Cartesian Vectors

Consider a The force

system in 3D vector, 𝐹𝐹⃗
space crosses x, y and
z axis.

3D images
Cartesian Vectors

 Identify the x, y and z

axis using the right-
hand rule.

 In vector form:
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 + 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧

In Cartesian vector:

𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊� + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝒋𝒋� + 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 𝒌𝒌� where: 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝐹𝐹 cos 𝛼𝛼

𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝐹𝐹 cos 𝛽𝛽
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 = 𝐹𝐹 cos 𝛾𝛾
Cartesian Vectors

In scalar notation:

2
 Magnitude of resultant force: 𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 + 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 2

 Direction of force can be determine using the trigonometry

function:
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧
cos 𝛼𝛼 = cos 𝛽𝛽 = cos 𝛾𝛾 =
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹

cos2 𝛼𝛼 + cos 2 𝛽𝛽 + cos 2 𝛾𝛾 = 1

Cartesian Vectors

Example 5
Express the force 𝐹𝐹⃗ as a Cartesian vector.
Cartesian Vectors

Example 6
The bolt is subjected to the force 𝐹𝐹 ,
which has components acting along the
x, y, z axes as shown. If the magnitude
of F is 80 N, and α = 60° and γ= 45°,
determine the magnitudes of its
components.
Addition and Subtraction of Cartesian Vectors
Addition (or subtraction) or TWO or MORE vectors
can be simplified by expressing each vector in
Cartesian components.

𝑹𝑹 is the resultant force of vector 𝑨𝑨 and 𝑩𝑩 .

• In Cartesian form:
𝑨𝑨 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊� + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝒋𝒋� + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝒌𝒌�
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊� + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝒋𝒋�+ 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒌𝒌�

• So, resultant force:

𝑹𝑹 = 𝑨𝑨 + 𝑩𝑩
= (𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 +𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 )𝒊𝒊� + (𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 +𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 ) 𝒋𝒋�+(𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 +𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 ) 𝒌𝒌�

In general form:

𝑭𝑭𝑹𝑹 = � 𝐹𝐹 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊� + � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝒋𝒋� + � 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝒌𝒌�

Addition and Subtraction of Cartesian Vectors

Example 1
Determine the magnitude and the coordinate
direction angles of the resultant force of the
Spiderman's net shown assuming that he
remains in a static condition.
Position Vector
• A quantity which measure the vector across Consider 2 boys holding on each end of a
two-points in space. rope string.

• Normally represented as 𝒓𝒓 • Boy 1

Coordinate = (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 , 𝑧𝑧1 )
Position vector, 𝑟𝑟1 = 𝑥𝑥1 𝒊𝒊� + 𝑦𝑦1 𝒋𝒋�+ 𝑧𝑧1 𝒌𝒌�

(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 , 𝑧𝑧1 ) • Boy 2

1 Coordinate = (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 , 𝑧𝑧2 )
Position vector, 𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑥𝑥2 𝒊𝒊� + 𝑦𝑦2 𝒋𝒋�+ 𝑧𝑧2 𝒌𝒌�
𝒓𝒓
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 • Using triangle rule, position vector of the rope
from Boy 1 to Boy 2 is:
2 𝑟𝑟 = −𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐
= 𝑟𝑟2 − 𝑟𝑟1
(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 , 𝑧𝑧2 ) = (𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥1 )𝒊𝒊� + (𝑦𝑦2 −𝑦𝑦1 ) 𝒋𝒋�+(𝑧𝑧2 −𝑧𝑧1 ) 𝒌𝒌�
Position Vector

Example 2
An elastic rubber band is attached at point A
and point B. Determine the length and the
direction of the rubber band measured from
point A towards point B.
 Force Directed along a Line
Position vector vs.
B B
𝑭𝑭 Force vector
𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓 • Position vector only define the
A A position between two points
(location).

• Position vector ≠ Force vector

• Force vector can be

determined using the
relationship below:

For example, If somebody is pulling that 𝒓𝒓

The length of the arm can be hand, then there would be a 𝑭𝑭 = 𝐹𝐹𝒖𝒖 = 𝐹𝐹
determined by using the position FORCE acting along line A
𝑟𝑟
vector, 𝒓𝒓 . to B.
Force Directed along a Line

Example 3
The man pulls on the cord with a force of 350 N.
Express the force acting on the support A as a
Cartesian vector. Determine its direction.