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Ch05 OBE-Transmission Media

This chapter discusses different types of transmission media that can carry information from the source to the destination. It describes guided media such as twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses wireless transmission media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. The key characteristics and applications of each transmission medium are provided.

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58 views31 pages

Ch05 OBE-Transmission Media

This chapter discusses different types of transmission media that can carry information from the source to the destination. It describes guided media such as twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses wireless transmission media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. The key characteristics and applications of each transmission medium are provided.

Uploaded by

NooraFukuzawa Nor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ITT300

Introduction To Data Communication


and Networking

Chapter 5
Transmission Media

Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2011


4-1 INTRODUCTION

•Transmission Media – anything that can


carry information from source to
destination.

Figure 4.1 Transmission medium

4.2
4-2 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Figure 4.2 Classes of transmission media

4.2
4-3 GUIDED MEDIA

•Provide a physical conductor from


one device to another.
•A signal traveling is directed and
contained by the physical limits of the
medium.
•Three usual types: twisted-pair wire,
coaxial cable and fiber-optic.

4.3
TWISTED-PAIR CABLE
• Consists of two conductors, each with its own
plastic insulation, twisted together.

Figure 4.3 Twisted-pair cable

• With twisted, the cumulative effect of the


interference is equal on both wires and the
total effect is 0.

4.4
Unshielded Vs Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable

• UTP : The most common twisted-pair cable


used in communication
• STP has a metal shield – preventing the
penetration of noise or crosstalk.

4.5 Figure 4.4 UTP and STP cables


Connectors
• Most common UTP connector is RJ45 (registered jack)
• The RJ45 is a keyed connector, meaning the connector can be
inserted in only one way

Figure 4.5 UTP connector

4.6
Applications

•Twisted-pair cables are used in


telephone lines to provide voice and
data channels.
•Local-area networks, such as 10Base-
T and 100Base-T, also use twisted-pair
cables.

4.7
COAXIAL CABLE

• Carries signal of higher frequency


ranges than twisted-pair cable.

Figure 4.6 Coaxial cable

4.8
Coaxial Cable Standards

• Each cable defined by an RG rating.


• Each RG number denotes a unique set of
physical specifications, eg. the thickness and
type of the inner insulator, the construction of the
shield, and the size and type of outer casing.

Category Impedance Use


RG-59 75 Ω Cable TV
RG-58 50 Ω Thin Ethernet
RG-11 50 Ω Thick Ethernet
Table 4.1 Categories of coaxial cables

4.9
Coaxial Cable Connectors
• Common connector is BNC (Bayone-Neill-
Concelman)
• Three popular types:
•BNC connector – used to connect in TV set
•BNC T connector – used in Ethernet networks
•BNC terminator – prevent signal reflection

Figure 4.7 BNC connectors

4.10
Applications

•Coaxial cable was widely used in


analog telephone networks.
•Also used in Cable TV networks.
•Coaxial cable also applied in traditional
Ethernet LANs.

4.11
FIBRE-OPTIC CABLE

• Made of glass or plastic.


• Outer jacket is made of either PVC or
Teflon.
• Inside jacket are Kevlar (strong material
used to strengthen the cable).
• Below inside jacket is another plastic
coating to cushion the fiber.
• Fiber is at the center – consist of
cladding and core.

4.12
Fiber Size

•Optical fiber are defined by the ratio of


the diameter of their core to the
diameter of their cladding (in
micrometers).

Table 4.2 Fiber types

4.13
Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors

•MT-RJ is a connector that is the same


size as RJ45.

Figure 4.8 Fiber-optic cable connectors


4.14
Applications

•Often found in backbone networks


(bus topology).
•Used in some TV companies.
•This is cost-effective configuration.

4.15
Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Fiber

See in the Manual.

4.16
LIGHT PROPAGATION
• Light travel in a straight line. If a ray of light
traveling through one substance enters
another substance with different density, the
ray change direction and two process occur:
the refraction and reflection.

Figure 4.9 Bending of light ray

4.17
Light Travelling
•Optical fibers use reflection to guide through a
channel.
•A glass or plastic core is surround by a cladding
of less dense glass or plastic.
•The difference in density must be such that to
enable the beam in the core is reflected off the
cladding instead of being refracted into it.

Figure 4.10 Optical fiber

4.18
Propagation Modes

Figure 4.11 Propagation modes

4.19
Propagation Modes

Multi Mode
• Multiple beams from a light source move
through the core in the different paths
• Multimode step-index fiber
–Density of the core remains constant from
the center to edge.
• Multimode graded-index fiber
–Density is highest at the center of the
core and decreases gradually to its lowest
at the edge.

4.20
Propagation Modes

Single-Mode
• Smaller diameter – limits beams to a
small range of angles, all close to
horizontal.
• Propagation of different beams is
almost identical and delays are
negligible
• All the beams arrive at the destination
“together” and can be recombined with
little distortion to the signal.
4.21
Propagation Modes

Figure 4.12 Propagation Modes

4.22
Propagation Methods
• Unguided signals travel from source to destination in
several ways.

Figure 4.14 Propagation methods

4.24
Propagation Bands

Figure 4.15 Propagation bands

4.24
Wireless Transmission Types

Figure 4.15 Wireless transmission waves

4.25
RADIO WAVES
• Frequency range between 3kHz
to 1GHz.
• Omnidirectional – sends out
signals in all directions
• Radio waves can penetrate
walls.
• Radio waves are used for
multicast communications, such
as radio and television, and
paging systems. Figure 4.16
Omnidirectional
antenna

4.26
MICROWAVES
• Frequency range between 1 and 300 GHz
• Unidirectional
– The sending and receiving antenna need to be
aligned
• Characteristics of microwave propagation :
– Microwave propagation is line-of-sight.
– Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate
walls.
– The microwave band is almost 299 GHz.
• Used for unicast communication, e.g. cellular
telephones, satellite networks, and wireless
LANs.

4.27
Unidirectional Antenna

• Parabolic dish antenna


–Refer to the manual.

• Horn antenna
–Refer to the manual.

4.28 Figure 4.17 Unidirectional antennas


Unidirectional Antenna

4.28 Figure 4.17 Unidirectional antennas


INFRARED
• Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz, use
for short-range comm.
• Having high frequencies, cannot penetrate
walls. So can prevents interference between
one system and another.
• Infrared signals can be used for short-range
communication in a closed area using line-of-
sight propagation such as those between a PC
and a peripheral device. It can also be used
for indoor LANs.

4.29

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