URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

Module-4
Gravity Model Problems

1. A self contained town consists of four residential areas A, B, C and D and two industrial estates X and
Y. Generation equations show that, for the design year in question, the trips from home to work generated
by each residential area per 24 hour day are as follows:

A 1000
B 2250
C 1750
D 3200
There are 3700 jobs in industrial estate X and 4500 in industrial estate Y. It is known that the attraction
between zones is inversely proportional to the square of the journey times between zones. The journey
times in minutes from home to work are:
Zones X Y
A 15 20
B 15 10
C 10 10
D 15 20
Calculate and tabulate the inter zonal trips for journeys from home to work.

Given, n = 2
Aj
T i− j=Pi∗ ¿ ¿ ¿
P A∗A X 1000∗3700 1000∗16.5
T A− X = ¿¿ ¿
= ¿¿
¿=
16.5+11.25 = 604

P A∗A Y 1000∗4500 1000∗11.25

T A−Y =
¿¿
¿ = ¿¿
¿ = 16.5+11.25
= 396

P B∗A X 2250∗3700 2250∗16.5

T B− X =
¿¿
¿ = ¿¿
¿ = 16.5+ 45 = 604

PB∗A Y 2250∗4500 2250∗45

T B−Y = ¿¿ ¿
= ¿¿
¿ = 16.5+ 45
= 1646

PC∗A X 1750∗3700 1750∗37

T C−X =
¿¿
¿ = ¿¿
¿ = 37+ 45
= 790

1750∗4500 1750∗45
TC-Y = ¿¿
¿ = 37+ 45 = 960

3200∗3700 3200∗16.5
TD-X= ¿¿
¿ = 16.5+11.25 = 1980

3200∗4500 3200∗11.25
TD-Y = ¿¿
¿=
16.5+11.25 = 1220
The results are tabulated in the matrix below:

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

D X Y Ti-j for Origin zones A, B,

O C,D. Total Production
A 604 396 1000
B 604 1646 2250
C 790 960 1750
D 1980 1220 3200
Total calculated 3978 4222 8200
attractions, Cj
Total Predicted 3700 4500 8200
attractions, Aj

It will be seen that as a result of the distribution, the total attractions do not tally with the predicted
attractions. An iterative procedure is necessary to balance out both the predicted attractions are first adjust
adjusted as follows:
Aj
Ajk = C * Aj (m-1)
j(m−1)

For destination zones X and Y.

Where, Ajm = Adjusted attraction factor, iteration m.
Aj = Desired attraction
Aj(m-1) = Attraction factor, iteration m-1
C j (m −1) = Actual attraction factor, iteration m-1

For the second iteration: m =2

3700
Aj2 for zone X = * 3700 = 3440
3978

4500
Aj2 for zone Y =
4222
* 4500 = 4800
Recalculating,
1000∗15.3
TA -X = 1000∗3440 ¿ = = 560
¿¿ 15.3+ 12

1000∗12
TA -Y = 1000∗4800 ¿ = = 440
¿¿ 15.3+12

2250∗3440 2250∗15.3
TB -X =
¿¿
¿ = 15.3+ 48
= 540

2250∗48
TB -Y = 2250∗4800 ¿ = = 1710
¿¿ 15.3+ 48

1750∗3440 1750∗34.4
TC -X =
¿¿
¿ = 34.4+ 48
= 730

1750∗48
TC -Y = 1750∗4800 ¿ = = 1020
¿¿ 34.4+48

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

3200∗3440 3200∗15.3
TD -X =
¿¿
¿ = 15.3+ 12
= 1790

3200∗12
TD -Y = 3200∗4800 ¿ = = 1410
¿¿ 15.3+12
The results are tabulated in the matrix below:

D X Y Ti-j for Origin zones A, B,

O C,D. Total Production
A 560 440 1000
B 540 1710 2250
C 730 1020 1750
D 1790 1410 3200
Total calculated 3620 4580 8200
attractions, Cj
Total Predicted 3700 4500 8200
attractions, Aj

It will be seen that the results are now closer to the total predicted attractions. If more accuracy is needed,
further iterations can be done.

2. The total trips produced in and attracted to the three zones A, B & C of a survey area in the design year
are tabulated as:
It is known that the trips b/w two zones are inversely proportional to the second power of the travel time
b/w zones, which is uniformly 20 min. if the trip interchange b/w zones B & C is known to 600, calculate
the trip interchange b/w zones A & B, A & C, B & A and C & B.

Zone Trips Produced (P) Trips attracted (A)

A 2000 3000
B 3000 4000
C 4000 2000

Using the formula,

K∗P i ¿ A j
T i− j= n
t

K∗PB ¿ A C
T B−C =
tn

K∗3000∗2000
600 =
20 2

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

600∗20∗20 1
K = 3000∗2000 = 25

1 ¿ 2000∗4000
T A−B = = 800
25 20∗20

1 ¿ 2000∗2000
T A−C = = 400
25 20∗20

1 ¿3000∗3000
T B− A = = 900
25 20∗20

1 ¿ 4000∗3000
T C− A= = 1200
25 20∗20

1 ¿ 4000∗4000
T C−B= = 1600
25 20∗20

3. The total trips produced in and attracted to the three zones A, B & C of a survey area in the design year
area tabulated as:
Zone Trips Produced Trips attracted
A 2000 3500
B 3500 4800
C 4800 2000
It is known that the trips b/w two zones are inversely proportional to the second power of the travel time
b/w zones, which is uniformly 20 min. if the trip interchange b/w zones B & C is known to 300, calculate
the trip interchange b/w zones A & B, A & C, B & A and C & B. (Jan-2019)

Using the formula,

K∗P i ¿ A j
T i− j= n
t

K∗PB ¿ A C
T B−C = n
t

K∗3500∗2000
300= 2
20
K = 0.017

K∗P A ¿ A B 0.017∗2000∗4800
T A−B = = = 408
t n
20∗20

K∗P A ¿ A C 0.017∗2000∗2000
T A−C = = = 170
t
n
20∗20

K∗P B ¿ A A 0.017∗3500∗3500
T B− A = = = 520
t
n
20∗20

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

K∗PC ¿ A B 0.017∗4800∗4800
T C−B= = = 987
t n
20∗20

4. Trips between zones of a proposed New town are assumed to be proportional to the trips produced by the
zone of origin and trips attracted by the zone of destination and inversely proportional to th e 2nd power of
travel time between the zones.
Future Trips and travel times (min)
Zone Trips Produced Trips Attracted
A 3600 2400 O A B C
B 2000 1600 D
C 5000 4000 A ---- ---- X(12)
B Y(10) ---- ----
C 208(10) Z(15) ----
Determine the correct values of X, Y and Z assuming that the constant of proportionality is the same for all
zones. (Jun-2016)

Using the formula,

K∗P i ¿ A j
T i− j= n
t
K∗P C ¿ A A
T C− A=
tn
K∗5000∗2400
208=
102
208
K = 120000

208
K∗P A ¿ A C ∗3600∗4000
X = T A−C = n = 120,000 = 173.33 ~ 174 trips.
t 2
12

208
K∗P B ¿ A A ∗2000∗2400
Y = T B− A = = 120,000 = 83.2 ~ 84 trips.
tn 2
10

208
K∗PC ¿ A B ∗5000∗1600
Z = T C−B= n = 120,000 = 61.62 ~ 62 trips.
t 2
15

5. The total trips produced in and attracted to the three zones X, Y & Z of a survey area in the design year
area tabulated as:
Zone Trips Produced Trips attracted
X 2500 3800

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

Y 5800 5500
Z 4500 5500

It is known that the trips b/w two zones are inversely proportional to the second power of the travel time
b/w zones, which is uniformly 20 min. if the trip interchange b/w zones Y & Z is known to 1000, calculate
the trip interchange b/w zones X & Y, X & Z, and Z & Y. (June-2019)

Using the formula,

K∗P i ¿ A j
T i− j= n
t

K∗PY ¿ A Z
T Y− Z = n
t

K∗5800∗5500
1000=
202
K = 0.0125

K∗P X ¿ A Y 0.0125∗2500∗5500
T X −Y = = = 429.68 ~ 430 trips
t n
20∗20

K∗P X ¿ A Z 0.0125∗2500∗5500
T X −Z = = = 429.68 ~ 430 trips
t n
20∗20

K∗P Z ¿ AY 0.0125∗4500∗5500
T Z−Y = = = 773.43 ~ 774 trips
t n
20∗20

Opportunity Models Problems:

1. The number of trips produced in an attracted to the three zones, 1, 2, & 3 are tabulated below:
Zones 1 2 3 Total
Trips produced (Pi) 14 33 28 75
Trips attracted (Aj) 33 28 14 75
The order of closeness of the zones is including by the following matrix:
O 1 2 3
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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

D
1 1 2 3
2 2 1 3
3 2 3 4
The Zonal L factors are given below:
Zone L factors
1 0.04
2 0.02
3 0.04
Distribute the trips between the zones.
Ti-j = Oi (e-LB – e-LA)
T1-1 = 14 (e-0.04*0 – e-0.04*33) = 10.26 ~ 10
T1-2 = 14 (e-0.04*33 – e-0.04*(33+28)) = 2.52 ~ 2
T1-3 = 14 (e-0.04*(33+28) – e-0.04*(33+28+14)) = 0.52 ~ 1
T2-1 = 33 (e-0.02*28 – e-0.02*(28+33)) =9.11 ~ 9
T2-2 = 33 (e-0.02*0 – e-0.02*28) = 14.15 ~14
T2-3 = 33 (e-0.02*(33+28) – e-0.02*(33+28+14)) = 2.37~2
T3-1 = 28 (e-0.04*14 – e-0.04*(14+33+28)) = 12
T3-2 = 28 (e-0.04*(14+33) – e-0.04*(14+28)) =3
T3-3 = 28 (e-0.04*0 – e-0.04*14) = 12

The matrix can be constructed as below:

O 1 2 3 Total
D
1 10 2 1 13
2 9 14 2 25
3 12 3 12 27
Destination 31 19 15 65
total
It is thus seen that only 65 out of 75 trips have been distributed by this stage. Further iterations are needed.
The distribution total can be adjusted by the formula:

Dj
Dj (m) = C j(m−1) * D (m-1)
Where, Dj (m) = Adjusted destination total for iteration m.
Dj = Desired destination total.
Dj (m-1) = Adjusted destination total for preceding, iteration (m-1)
C j (m −1) = Actual destination totals, iteration (m-1)
The iteration is carried on till a reasonable closeness is obtained between the total trips and the calculated
trips.

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

Modal Split Analysis Problems

1. A market segment constants of 600 individuals. A multinomial Logit mode choice model is calibrated,
resulting in the following utility function, U = ak – 0.30C – 0.02T
Where, C = is out of pocket cost in rupees.
T = is travel time in minutes
ak = mode specific constant
The attributes, specific to each mode is given in table. Predict the number of trips by each mode from this
market segment.
Mode ak C (Rs) T (min)
Bus 0 1.00 30
Rail 0.40 1.50 20
Auto 2.00 2.50 15

U = ak – 0.30C – 0.02T
UBus = 0.0 – 0.30*(1) – 0.02*(30) = -0.90
URail = 0.40 – 0.30*(1.50) – 0.02*(20) = -0.45
UAuto = 2.00 – 0.30*(2.50) – 0.02*(15) = 0.95
e+u B
e
−0.90
PBus = +u +u −u = −0.90 −0.45 −0.95 = 0.112
e + e +eB R A
e +e +e
TB = 0.112*600 = 67.2 trips
−0.45
e
PRail = e
−0.90
+e
−0.45
+e
−0.95 = 0.176
TB = 0.176*600 = 105.6 trips
−0.95
e
PAuto = e−0.90
+e−0.45 +e−0.95
= 0.712
TA = 0.712*600 = 427.2 trips , TB = 0.112*600 = 67.2 trips & TB = 0.176*600 = 105.6 trips

Check = 67.2 trips + 105.6 trips + 427.2 trips = 600

2. A neighbourhood has 250 retail employees and 700 households that are categorized into four types with
each having characteristics as follows:
Type Household Number of Annual Number of non- Number of workers
size household Income (Rs) workers in peak hour in peak hour
1 2 100 40,000 1 1
2 3 200 50,000 2 1
3 3 350 55,000 1 2
4 4 50 40,000 3 1

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URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING-17CV751 Module-4

Assuming that vehicle based trips for social/recreational and work all peak at the same time, determine the
total number of peak hour trips for social/recreational and work trips using the following calibrated trip
generation model.
T1 = b0 + 0.018X1 + 0.009X2 + 0.16X3
Where, T1 = number of PH vehicle based social/recreational trips per household
X1 = Household size
X2 = annual household income in thousand of rupees
X3 = number of non-working household members
b0 = calibration constant = 0.04

Solution. Calibrated model, T1 = b0 + 0.018X1 + 0.009X2 + 0.16X3

a) Type, Ti = (for each type) P/HH* No. of HH = total trips
T1 = 0.04 + 0.018*(2) + 0.009*(40) + 0.16*(1) = 0.596*100(household) = 59.6 total tips
T2 = 0.04 + 0.018*(3) + 0.009*(50) + 0.16*(2) = 0.865*200(household) = 173 total tips
T3 = 0.04 + 0.018*(3) + 0.009*(55) + 0.16*(1) = 0.749*350(household) = 262.15 total tips
T4 = 0.04 + 0.018*(4) + 0.009*(40) + 0.16*(3) = 0.952*50(household) = 47.6 total tips
Social/recreational, Total = 542.35 trips.
b) Vehicle based work trips for all types = (1*100) + (1*200) + (2*350) + (1*50) = 1150 trips