Technical Institute of Akre Surveying Lectures Lecturer: Dr.

Farsat Heeto
Department of Surveying 2019-2020/2nd semester Surveying II - 2nd stage

Lecture 5: Triangulation Adjustment

Triangulation
 Triangulation was the preferred method for horizontal control surveys until the EDM was
developed
 Angles could be measured to a high level of accuracy
 Measured baseline distances were included every so often to strengthen the network.
 The most probable values of angles can be determined using two methods
1. Lease squares adjustment method, for large areas
2. Equal Shift adjustment method, where the sides are not more than 3km

In this lecture we focus on the second method.

Equal shift adjustment method

 In many text books on elementary survey adjustments the method of equal shifts is proposed.
 This involves adjustment of angles by equal amounts and the application of the side equation.
 Provided all angles (or directions) have been observed to a high standard, this form of
adjustment may suffice for small figures.
 However, unless the figure is exceptionally well conditioned, it will fail badly in a geodetic
figure where spherical excess (ε) is a factor. (Note 1″ε for 2002 km).

Ε = (S/πR2)*180°

S: is the surface area of the spherical triangle

R: is the radius of sphere on which the triangle is formed

Example: Triangulation adjustment; Triangulated Quadrilateral

In the figure below the values of observed angles are tabulated in the table, correct these angle using
equal shift adjustment.

Angle Value Angle Value

1 <1= 84° 08´ 00″ 5 <5= 75° 03´ 02″

2 <2= 40° 10´ 36″ 6 <6= 49° 15´ 28″

3 <3= 16° 11´ 20″ 7 <7= 30° 05´ 21″

4 <4= 39° 29´ 53″ 8 <8= 25° 36´ 25″

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Technical Institute of Akre Surveying Lectures Lecturer: Dr. Farsat Heeto
Department of Surveying 2019-2020/2nd semester Surveying II - 2nd stage

Solution:

Step1: Compute number of geometric conditions

C= (n´-S´+1) + (n+3-2*S)

= (6-4+1) +(6+3-2*4)

3 + 1=4

There are 3 angular condition and one side condition

Step2: Angular condition

< 1 + < 2 + < 3 + < 4 = 180°

< 5 + < 6 + < 7 + < 8 = 180°

< 1 + < 2 + < 7 + < 8 = 180°

Step 3: error distribution of angular condition

1. < 1 + < 2 + < 3 + < 4 = 179° 59´ 49″

Error = 179° 59´ 49″-180° = -11ʺ

Correction = - Error

Correction = 11″/4 = 2.75″ added (+3″) for angle (2, 3, 4) and added (+2″) for angle (1).

2. < 5 + < 6 + < 7 + < 8 = 180° 00´ 16″

Error = 180° 00´ 16″- 180° = + 16″

Correction = -16″/4 = -4″ added (-4″) for all angle angles (5, 6, 7, 8)

3. < 1 + < 2 + < 7 + < 8 = 180° 00´ 19″

Error = 180° 00´ 19″- 180° = + 19″

Correction = -19″/4 = -4.75″ added (-5″) for angle (1, 2, 7) and added (-4″) for angle (8).

Step 4: correction of angles

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Technical Institute of Akre Surveying Lectures Lecturer: Dr. Farsat Heeto
Department of Surveying 2019-2020/2nd semester Surveying II - 2nd stage

< Observed Correction Corrected Correction Corrected

angles angles angles

1 84° 08´ 00″ +2″ 84° 08´ 02″ -5″ 84° 07´ 57″

2 40° 10´ 36″ +3″ 40° 10´ 39″ -5″ 40° 10´ 34″

3 16° 11´ 20″ +3″ 16° 11´ 23″ +5″ 16° 11´ 28″

4 39° 29´ 53″ +3″ 39° 29´ 56″ +5″ 39° 30´ 01″

5 75° 03´ 02″ -4″ 75° 02´ 58″ +4″ 75° 03´ 02″

6 49° 15´ 28″ -4″ 49° 15´ 24″ +5″ 49° 15´ 29″

7 30° 05´ 21″ -4″ 30° 05´ 17″ -5″ 30° 05´ 12″

8 25° 36´ 25″ -4″ 25° 36´ 21″ -4″ 25° 36´ 17″

Step 5: side condition using the equation below

𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (−1˝)

< Corrected Log (sin odd Log (sin even Log sin angle-log Erro Corrected
angles angles) angles) sin (angle-1″) r angles

1 84° 07´ 57″ - 2.1638241*10

-7
+2 84° 07´ 59″
0.002281265339
2 40° 10´ 34″ -0.190346586 2.4936657*10
-6
-2 40° 10´ 32″
3 16° 11´ 28″ -0.55464162 7.2515087*10
-6
+2 16° 11´ 30″
4 39° 30´ 01″ -0.19648692 2.554186*10
-6
-2 39° 29´ 59″
5 75° 03´ 02″ -0.014953724 5.6218682*10
-7
+2 75° 03´ 04″
6 49° 15´ 29″ -0.120527502 1.8137245*10
-6
-2 49° 15´ 27″
7 30° 05´ 12″ -0.299894157 3.6341801*10
-6
+2 30° 05´ 14″
8 25° 36´ 17″ -0.364355358 4.3936553*10
-6
-2 25° 36´ 15″
-5
-0.871770766 -0.871716366 2.291948953*10

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Technical Institute of Akre Surveying Lectures Lecturer: Dr. Farsat Heeto
Department of Surveying 2019-2020/2nd semester Surveying II - 2nd stage

0.871770766 – 0.871716366
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = 2.373″ = 2ʺ
2.291948953 ∗ 10 − 5

Polygon with the central station

 Adjusting a polygon with the central station

 The following three conditions help in the adjustment.
 The apex condition: ∑o = 360° at the apex o
 The triangle conditions: For each triangle, the sum of the angles is 180°, <O1 + <A2 +
<B1=180° for triangle OAB and so on. From this it follows that the sum of interior angles will
be equal to (2n-4)*90°, n being the number of sides.
 The side-equation condition is also called the log side condition. The sum of the log sin of the
left-hand angles must equal that of the right-hand angles
 Log sinA1+LogsinB1+...= Log sinA2+LogsinB2+...

Home work

The following values are of observed angles for the figure shown below. Correct these angles by
using the method of equal shift adjustment.

Angle Values
1 17˚44′11″
2 36˚18′02″
3 80˚46′39″
4 19˚46′36″
5 25˚36′05″
6 48˚13′11″
7 74˚36′56″
8 56˚58′26″
9 125˚57′56″
10 79˚26′51″
11 106˚09′56″
12 48˚25′14″
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Technical Institute of Akre Surveying Lectures Lecturer: Dr. Farsat Heeto
Department of Surveying 2019-2020/2nd semester Surveying II - 2nd stage