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SBI 3U Final Exam Review Part 2

This document provides information about plant evolution, types of plants, and plant structures and functions. It describes how plants evolved adaptations like vascular tissues and roots to transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. It distinguishes between angiosperms and gymnosperms, monocots and dicots, and outlines general plant features like photosynthesis. The document also discusses plant hormones and tropisms that allow plants to respond to their environment.

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106 views

SBI 3U Final Exam Review Part 2

This document provides information about plant evolution, types of plants, and plant structures and functions. It describes how plants evolved adaptations like vascular tissues and roots to transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. It distinguishes between angiosperms and gymnosperms, monocots and dicots, and outlines general plant features like photosynthesis. The document also discusses plant hormones and tropisms that allow plants to respond to their environment.

Uploaded by

Sama GIlani
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 3: Plants

Evolution of plants from water to land:


The evolution of plants from aquatic environments to terrestrial environments was a significant
event in the history of life on Earth. It occurred around 500 million years ago and allowed plants
to colonize new environments and eventually give rise to the diverse array of plant life that we
see today. The transition from water to land posed several challenges for plants, as they had to
adapt to living in a dry environment without the support of water. To do this, plants evolved
several key innovations that allowed them to survive and thrive on land.
One of the most important adaptations was the evolution of the vascular system, which allowed
plants to transport water and nutrients from their roots to the rest of their bodies. This was crucial
for plants to be able to absorb water from the soil and support their own weight on land.
Other important adaptations included the evolution of roots, which allowed plants to anchor
themselves in the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and the evolution of
cuticles, which provided a protective layer to prevent water loss through the leaves.
Plants also evolved the ability to produce seeds, which allowed them to reproduce and disperse
their offspring more efficiently in a terrestrial environment. The development of seeds allowed
plants to colonize new areas and survive through times when water and nutrients were scarce.

Angiosperms Vs Gymnosperms
Angiosperms and gymnosperms are two major groups of seed plants, which are plants that
produce seeds rather than spores. Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed
in a fruit, while gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed
in a fruit.
One key difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms is the way they reproduce.
Angiosperms reproduce through flowers, which attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies.
These pollinators transfer pollen from the male organs of one flower to the female organs of
another flower, allowing the plants to reproduce sexually. In contrast, gymnosperms reproduce
through seeds that are produced on the surface of their reproductive structures, such as cones or
strobili. These seeds are often wind-pollinated, rather than being pollinated by animals.
Another important difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms is the way they grow and
develop. Angiosperms are typically herbaceous plants or trees, and they grow and develop
quickly. In contrast, gymnosperms are often woody plants, and they grow and develop more
slowly.
Monocots Vs Dicots
Monocots and dicots are two major groups of flowering plants, which are plants that produce
seeds enclosed in a fruit. These groups are distinguished by several key characteristics, including
the number of cotyledons (seed leaves) in their seeds, the arrangement of their veins in their
leaves, and the number of petals in their flowers.
One key difference between monocots and dicots is the number of cotyledons in their seeds.
Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two. This is an important characteristic because
cotyledons are the first leaves that a plant produces when it germinates, and they provide the
plant with energy and nutrients as it grows.
Another difference between monocots and dicots is the arrangement of veins in their leaves.
Monocots typically have parallel veins in their leaves, while dicots have a more complex
network of veins. This difference in vein structure is thought to be related to the way that these
plants absorb water and nutrients from their environments.
In addition, monocots and dicots can be distinguished by the number of petals in their flowers.
Monocots typically have flowers with three or fewer petals, while dicots often have flowers with
four or more petals.
General features of plants
1. Photosynthesis: Most plants are able to produce their own food through the process of
photosynthesis, which involves converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into
energy-rich sugars. This process allows plants to be independent producers in their
ecosystems.
2. Cell walls: Plants have cell walls made of cellulose, which provides structural support
and protection to their cells.
3. Roots: Plants have roots, which anchor them in the ground and allow them to absorb
water and nutrients from the soil.
4. Leaves: Most plants have leaves, which are specialized structures for photosynthesis.
Leaves contain chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll, which is used to
absorb sunlight.
5. Vascular tissue: Plants have a vascular system, which consists of tubes that transport
water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. This allows plants to transport water
and nutrients from their roots to their shoots and leaves.
6. Reproduction: Most plants reproduce through seeds, which are produced by flowers or
other reproductive structures. Seeds contain the necessary nutrients and protective
coatings to allow a plant to germinate and grow into a new individual.
Hormones and tropisms
Hormones are chemical signaling molecules that are produced by plants and other organisms to
regulate various functions within the body. They are often produced in small quantities, but they
can have significant effects on the growth and development of plants.
There are several types of hormones that play important roles in plant growth and development,
including:
7. Auxins: Auxins are plant hormones that are involved in the regulation of cell division,
cell elongation, and the development of vascular tissue. They are produced in the apical
meristems (growing tips) of plants and are involved in the growth and differentiation of
shoots and roots.
8. Gibberellins: Gibberellins are plant hormones that stimulate cell elongation and the
production of flowers and seeds. They are involved in the regulation of plant growth and
the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.
9. Cytokinin's: Cytokinin's are plant hormones that promote cell division and regulate the
development of shoots and roots. They are involved in the regulation of plant growth and
development and are important for plant stress response and recovery.
10. Abscisic acid: Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that is involved in the regulation of plant
growth and development, particularly in response to environmental stresses such as
drought and cold. It promotes the closure of stomata (pores on the surface of leaves that
allow for gas exchange) and the synthesis of storage proteins and other protective
compounds.
Tropisms are growth responses of plants to external stimuli, such as light or gravity. There are
several types of tropisms, including phototropism (response to light), geotropism (response to
gravity), and hydrotropism (response to water). These responses allow plants to orient
themselves in their environment and optimize their growth and development.
Diagrams
Cross section of a leaf

Diagram of open and closed stomata

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