EQN-560

ERD of BRIDGES AND

CONCRETE DAMS
Instructor:
Dr. Saurabh Shiradhonkar
Department of Earthquake Engineering
[email protected]

MS Teams
Tuesday & Thursday – 3 pm to 4 pm
Friday – 3 pm to 5 pm
 Girder Design

 Four Girders @ 3000 C/C

 For steel girder Straight Span of 36000 C/C of Bearings (Total length
of Girder 37200)
 For Precast girder Straight Span of 19000 C/C of Bearings (Total
length of Girder 20000)
 Deck Concrete M40, Girder Steel fy = 350 MPa 7500
 Plate Girder
 Deep Slender Steel Plate Girder
 Typically requires web stiffeners and cross girders
 Design Codes
 IRC Standards for Steel Road Bridge Design
 IRC: 6 (2016) Section II – Loads and Load
Combinations
 IRC: 24 (2010) – Steel Road Bridges (Limit State
Method)
Indian standards for Steel Design
 IS: 800 (2007) – Design of Steel Structures
(Limit State Method)
Indian standards for Extreme Loadings
 IS: 875 Part-III (2015) Wind
 IS: 1893 Part-I & IV (2016) Earthquake
 Elements of a Plate Girder
 Web and Flange plates with or without cover plates
(curtailment of cover plate)
Intermediate Cross-Girders
End Cross-Girders
Bearing stiffeners or End post (EP)
Intermediate transverse stiffeners (ITS)
Web and Flange splices
Shear Studs
Elements of a Plate Girder
 Plate Girder Arrangement

 Four Girders @ 3000 C/C

 For steel girder Straight Span of 36000 C/C of Bearings (Total length
of Girder 37200)
 Girder Steel fy = 350 MPa
Cross Girder
Cross Girder – Details
End Cross Girder
End Cross Girder - Details
 Cross Section of Plate Girder

All Connections
with HSFG M30
Bolts Class 10.9
Bottom Flange Bracing
Bottom Flange Bracing – Details
 Shear Studs
• To connect Plate girder to RC slab
Flange and Web Splices
Flange Splices

Use for Splices –

Design for HSFG Bolts r tension or
compression capacity of flanges
Flange Splices

Use HSFG Bolts for Splices – Design for

shear and moment capacity of web
Construction Stage
 Design Requirements
 Constructability
Controls the design of steel bridges – need be decided before
design – maximum failures in Steel Girder Bridges observed
during construction by Lateral-Torsional Buckling
 Structural Integrity – Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
Safety during construction and under Normal operating loads –
Flexure & Shear
 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Material Stresses – section properties vary with time, Vertical
Displacements in Normal Operating Conditions, and Fatigue
(Material stresses), Temperature, Shrinkage and Creep of Slab
Concrete
 Durability – Service Life
Corrosion Protection – Surface Painting
 Design Actions by Analysis
Independent Analyses – as simply-supported
beam – dispersion of loads not used as dispersion
length is small compared to span
Bending Moment – (kN-m): Calculate at mid-span
and wherever steel section is reduced
Shear Force (kN): Calculate at supports – Both
Ends
Loads on Girder are Support Reactions from Slab
on G1, G2, G3 & G4
 Loads on Steel Girders
 Self weight (kN/m):
1. Self Weight of Girder (Add 5% for Welds and Studs) (DL):
Resisted by Steel Section
2. Slab Weight (DL) of Green Concrete Weight: Resisted by
Steel Section
3. Slab Casting Formwork & Construction Load: Resisted by
Steel Section
4. Removal of Formwork-Hardened Concrete: Resisted by
Composite Section
 Loads on Steel Girders
 SIDL (kN/m): Resisted by Composite Section
1. Footpath dead load and services
2. Crash barrier
3. Wearing coat (SIDL2)

 LL (kN/m): Resisted by Composite Section

1. Traffic Load (LL): Class-A 2 Lanes, Class-70R
(Track) and Wheeled, SV Loading – maximum
bending moments and shear
2. Footpath Live Load
LOADS & LOAD COMBINATIONS
INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS
IRC: 6-2016
 IRC Class 70R (Wheeled)

Total Load 100 Tons (1000 kN)

Length between first to last axle 13.4m
Spacing between successive vehicles 30m measured last to
first axle
Shall occupy two lanes in multi-lane bridges
Minimum width of the bridge > 5.3m
Minimum clearance from the edge C = 1.2m
 IRC Class 70R (Wheeled)

Wheel Arrangement and Load Width across Traffic

Direction
Minimum Contact Area is to be calculated from Maximum
Tire Pressure
 IRC Class 70R (Track)

Total Load 70 Tons (700 kN)

Uniformly Distributed Load on 2 Patches of 0.84m x 4.570m
– Out to out 2.900m
Spacing between successive vehicles 90m
Minimum clearance from the edge C = 1.2m
 IRC Class A

Total Load 55.4 Tons (554 kN)

Length between first to last axle 18.8m
Spacing between successive vehicles 20m measured last to
first axle
All lanes simultaneously loaded
 IRC Class A

Simple Wheel Arrangement across

Traffic Direction
Ground Contact Area as per Axle
Load
IRC Class A
Live Load Combination – 2 Lanes
 IRC Class SV Loading

Special Multi-Axle Hydraulic Trailer Vehicle

Total Load 385 Tons (3850 kN)
Typical Axle Arrangement - 20 Axles of 18 Tons each @
1.5m C/C
Only Single vehicle on the bridge - Shall occupy all lanes –
moves at 5 kmph
 IRC Class SV Loading: Transverse Wheel
Spacing

B = 156mm, W=274mm
Moves close to the center of carriageway with maximum
eccentricity of 300mm
 IRC Class SV Loading

No wind, seismic, braking force and dynamic impact

on the live load need to be considered as the SV
shall move at a speed not exceeding 5kmph over
the bridge.
For load combination with special vehicle, the
partial safety factor on live load for verification of
equilibrium and structural strength under Ultimate
Limit State and for verification of Serviceability Limit
State shall be taken as 1.0.
 Congestion Factor
 For bridges, Flyovers close to areas such as ports, heavy industries
and mines etc., additional check for congestion of vehicular live load
on the carriageway need be considered through The congestion
factor as multiplying factor on the global effect of vehicular live load
(including impact).
 Under this condition, horizontal force due to braking/acceleration,
centrifugal action, temperature effect and effect of transverse
eccentricity of live load impact shall not be included
 Impact Factor IRC6:2016
For Class-70R Loading – Steel Bridges with Spans ≥
9m
For Tracked Vehicle: 10% for all spans
For Wheeled Vehicles: 25% for spans up to 23m & similar to
Class-A for longer spans
For Class-A Loading, Span L between 3m to 45m for
Steel Bridges
 Design for Flexure
Design Strength
Requirement in Flexure: The
factored design bending
moment, M at any section, in
a beam due to external
actions shall satisfy

M < Md
 Moment-Rotation Behavior of Different
Classes of Cross-Sections
Design for Strength: M < Md
Limiting Width to Thickness Ratio of Plate
Elements in Girders
 Selection of Section
 Depth, L/D <25
 Combined flange area –
1.5± x Web Area
Split ½ - 3/5 Bottom
½ -2/5 Top
Web plate ε = 250ൗ𝑓
d/tw<200ε 𝑦

Bottom Flange
b/tf < 13.6ε
Top Flange
b/tf < 13.6ε
 Selection of Section
 Span: 36000 mm
 Depth 2500 mm L/D = 14.4 <25
Web plate: 20 x 2405
d/tw =120 < 200 ε
Bottom Flange: 900 x 50

b/tf =8.8 < 13.6 ε ε= 250

ൗ𝑓𝑦

Top Flange: 650 x 45

b/tf =7.0 < 13.6 ε
Steel grade fy = 350 Mpa
Steel grade fy = 330 Mpa
 Selected Section
A = 122350 mm2 (w= 9.61
kN/m)
yb = 1093 mm yt = 1407 mm
Ixx = 13181800 cm4 (Major)
Iyy = 407000 cm4 (Minor)
Izz = 6370 cm4 (Torsional)
Zeb = 120600 cm3 (Bottom)
Zet = 93700 cm3 (Top)
ryy = 183 mm (Minor Axis)
 Loads on Steel Girders
Stage 1: Placement of Girder – No Cross Girders
Self Weight of Girder (Add 5% for Welds and Studs and 5% for
Stiffeners welded with girder) – 1.1 x 9.61 ~ 10.6 kN/m: Resisted
by Steel Section
Stage 2: Placement of End and Cross Girders,
Formwork and Casting of Concrete
Add 5% for cross-girders girder 1.05 x 10.6 ~ 11.2 kN/m, Formwork
(2 kN/m2 x 3m = 6 kN/m) and green concrete 250mm thick (25
kN/m3 x 0.3m x 2.5m = 22.5 kN/m) – Resisted by Steel Section
Stage 3: Removal of Formwork after 28-days
stage 2 load -6.0 kN/m: Resisted by Composite Section
 Design Flexural Strength Laterally
Supported Beams

Beams with restrained compression flange reach

Moment Capacity
 Design Flexural Strength Laterally
Supported Beams

The design of laterally unsupported beams is based

on the compression flange
The braced length of support of the compression
flange, Lb, usually determines the type of failure
There are three zones of failure: plastic, inelastic
buckling, and elastic buckling
Each failure zone has its own set of equations
 Design Flexural Strength Laterally
Supported Beams
For sections with
Stocky webs

Low Shear Force

The design flexural strength

 For Plastic and Compact Section

 For Semi-compact Section

 Design Flexural Strength Laterally
Supported Beams
For sections with
Stocky webs

High Shear Force

The design flexural strength for Semi Compact
sections
Lateral Torsional Buckling of I Beams
Lateral Torsional Buckling of I Beams
 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Symmetric
Sections

Determination of Elastic Critical Moment: Ideal

Case
 Beam initially undistorted
 Elastic behavior
 Loaded by equal and opposite moments in the
plane of the web
 No residual stresses
 Ends are simply supported vertically and laterally
 Elastic Critical Moment (Mcr)
 The elastic lateral torsional buckling strength, also
called elastic critical moment (Mcr) of an I-shaped
section of effective length LLT, under the action of
uniform end moments in the plane of web is

EIy = Minor-axis Flexural Rigidity

GIt = Torsional Rigidity
EIw = Warping Rigidity
LLT = Effective length for lateral torsional buckling
 Warping of I-Beams

Torsional (J=It) and Warping (Cw=Iw)Constants for Sections

 Lateral Torsional Buckling
Important factors:
 Type of cross-section (box sections more efficient)
 Restraints at the ends – considered through
effective length
 Intermediate braces – effective if their connection
is near compression flange
 Level of application of loads – loads above
centroid are destabilizing
 Type of Loading and moment gradient (Coefficient
C1)
 Initial imperfections & Residual Stresses
Effective Length for Lateral Torsional Buckling
LLT : Simply Supported Beam

Stage 2

Stage 1