JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar.

Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
• A record of man’s effort to build beautifully.

• Traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed

Factors Affecting Styles of Architecture:


1. History
4. Geography

2. Society
5. Geology

3. Religion
6. Climate

PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character

A. Construction System - megalithic (large stones)

B. Materials - animal skins, wooden frames, bones

C. Orientation - towards the cardinal points

II. Examples

Dolmen, Cromlech, Tumulus


ANCIENT NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

A, EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN C. Orientation - four corners towards the
cardinal points

I. Architectural Character

II. Example

A. Construction System - arctuated

Ziggurats, Temples, Palaces

B. Materials - clay & soil (no stone)

C. PERSIAN
C. Orientation - four corners towards the
cardinal points
I. Architectural Character

II. Example
A. Construction System - arctuated

Ziggurats
B. Materials - clay & soil, stone used only
for fire - temples and palace platforms
B. ASSYRIAN (due to scarcity)

I. Architectural Character
C. Orientation - four corners towards the
A. Construction System - arctuated
cardinal points

B. Materials - clay & soil, with minimal wood II. Example

and stone
Dwellings, Palaces

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
- Nile civilization (Pre historic to 3100 BC)

I. Architectural Character - simplicity, monumentality, massiveness

A. Construction System - post & lintel, columnar / trabeated

B. Materials - clay & soil, stone used only for fire - temples and palace platforms (due to scarcity)

C. Orientation - four corners towards the cardinal points

II. Features: Battered wall, hieroglyphics

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

III. Examples

Tombs - (1) Mastaba, (2) Pyramid, & (3) Rock Cut / Rock Hewn

Temples - (1) Mortuary & (2) Cult

Palaces

IV. Items to Review Further

Examples of Pyramids (Step, Bent, True)

Examples of Temples

Pyramids of Gizeh / Giza (Cheops / Khufu, Chepren / Khafre, Mykerinos / Menkaure)

Parts of Pyramid Complex (Elevated Causeway, Offering Chapel, Mortuary, Valley Building)

Parts of An Egyptian Temple (Entrance Pylon, Hypaethral Court, Hypostyle Hall, Sanctuary, Avenue of
Sphinx)

Egyptian Terms (Obelisk, Sphinx - Andro, Heiraco, Crio)

ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE (8th century BC to 2nd Century)

I. Periods of Development & Characteristics:

A. Early Period (Aegeans / Minoans / Mycenaeans)

1. Low pitch or flat roof on multi - storey structure

2. Stairway for vertical circulation

3. Rough & Massive

4. Principal Building Types: Megaron & palaces

B. Hellenic Period

1. Simplicity and harmony, purity of lines, perfection of proportions, refinement of details

2. Chief Building Type: Temples

C. Hellenistic Period

1. Mostly Civic Architecture

2. Provided inspiration for Roman building types

II. Examples

Gate of Lions

Palace of King Minos

Tombs (Tholos, Chamber Tomb)

The Parthenon

Temple of Zeus Olympus

Theaters

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

III. Items to Review Further


Areas of a Megaron
Important Sructures Found in Acropolis

Types of Masonry
Orders of Architecture (Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian)

Temple Orientation during the Hellenic

Period
Intercolumniation

Parts of A Greek Temple (Naos, Pronaos, Types of Mouldings

Epinaos)

Greek Arch’l Terms: 


Abacus
Cyrtostyle
Loggia

Ancon
Dentils
Modillion

Andron
Dromos
Odeion

Agora
Entasis
Palaestra

Apotheca
Fluting
Plinth

Atlas
Fresco
Prytaneion

Bouleuterion
Glyptotheca
Stadion

Canephorae
Gymnassium
Stoa

Caryatids
Hippodrome
Telamones

Cyclostyle
Konistra
Temenos


ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character - vastness & magnificence, ostentation & ornateness

A. Construction System - adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks, arch and vault system

B. Materials - stone, marble, earth, concrete

II. Examples

Temples
Domus

Palaces
Circus

Forum
Theaters & Amphitheaters

Thermae
Triumphal Arches


III. Items to Review Further


Parts of a Roman Arch
Types of Masonry

Additional Orders (Tuscan, Parts of a Thermae

Composite)

Other Structures: Aqueducts, Pons,

Types of Vaults
Fountains, Lacus, Salientes


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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character - roman in character but executed through simplicity in design (and coarse
execution)

II. Features

1. Contributed in the development of ribbed vaulting and arcades & timber truss roof

2. Bell tower of campanile

3. Archivolt

4. Usually with three to five aisles covered by a simple trussed roof

III. Examples

Baptisteries

Tombs or Catacombs

IV. Items to Further review:

Parts of A Basilican Church

Terms:

Ambulatory
Clerestory
Transept

Antepodium
Dais
Tribune

Bema
Oratory
Triforium

Chevet
Reredos
Sepulcher

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character

A. First Building constructed were churches

B. New domical style

C. Simplicity in external design which resulted in the use of clay & rubble

D. Richness in internal treatment

II. Characteristic Features

A. Domed, centralized plan

B. Grouping of small does or semi domes around a large central dome

C. Extensive mosaic decoration

D. No campanile and atrium in churches

III. Construction System

A. Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar style

B. Domes of various types placed over square compartments using pendentives

C. Semi - circular arches rest directly on columns, with capitals able to support springing of arches

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

IV. Examples

A. S. Sophia, Constantinople

B. S. Vitale, Ravenna

C. S. Mark, Venice

D. S. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow

V. Items to Review Further

A. Types of Domes Developed during the Byzantine period

B. Byzantine Ornaments

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features

A. Abstract decorations using geometric, calligraphic and plant motiffs

B. Preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element

C. Symmetrical and balanced

D. Related to the principal axis, points towards Mecca

II. Examples

A. Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

B. The Great Mosque, Mecca

III. Items to Review Further

A. Types of Mosque (Masjid, Jami, Idgah, Madrasa)

B. Parts of a Mosque (Sahn, Fawwara, Mihrab, Dikka, Maqsura, Mimbar, Iwan, Minaret, Kibla)

C. Mughal Architecture

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character
III. Examples

A. Sober and dignified

A. Churches

B. Used ruins of classical buildings

B. Baptisteries

II. Characteristic Features

C. Campaniles

A. Dormer window
D. Castles

B. Groin
IV. Items to Review Further

C. Rib & panel vaulting

A. Types of Vaulting

B. Parts of a Vault

C. Parts of a Castle


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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character

A. Verticality: Lofty and aspiring

B. Structural Honesty

C. Economy in the use of materials

II. Characteristic Features


A. Pointed arch
D. Stained glass

B. Flying buttress
E. Tracery windows

C. Rib & panel vaulting

F. Spires & pinnacles

III. Examples

A. York Cathedral
G. Chartres Cathedral

B. Salisbury Cathedral
H. Rheims Cathedral

C. Canterbury Cathedral
I. Amiens Cathedral

D. Westminster Abbey
J. Beauvais Cathedral

E. Notre Dame Cathedral

K. Cologne Cathedral

F. Durham Cathedral
L. Seville Cathedral

IV. Items to Review Further

A. Manor Houses

B. Castles

C. Periods (Lancet, Rayonnant, Flamboyant)

D. Terminologies

1. Cimborio
5. Flamboyant Style

2. Cloisters
6. Gargoyle

3. Crockets
7. Ogyvale Portcullis

4. Finial
8. Tracery

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character

A. Dignity & Formality shown through symmetry

B. Return to classical ideas

II. Examples

A. Palazzo Strozzi

B. Tempietto in S.Pietro

C. S. Peter, Rome

D. Country Houses (France)

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

III. Items to Review Further

A. 12 Architects of the Vatican


1. Donato Bramante
7. Michaelangelo

2. Giullano da Sangallo
8. Giacomo della Porta

3. Fra Giacondo
9. Domenico Fontana

4. Raphael Santi
10. Vignola

5. Baldassare Peruzzi
11. Carlo Maderna

6. Antonio Da Sangallo
12. Gianlorenzo Bernini

B. Renaissance Period in England (Elizabethan, Jacobean, Stuart, Georgian)

C. Renaissance Architects

REVIVAL (18th - 19th Century) ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character

A. “Age of Revivals”

B. “Age of Innovation”

II. Examples

A. Emergence of New Building Types - Industrial Building and Warehouses, houses of parliament,
railways and transport stations, museums, department stores

B. Crystal Palace, London

C. S. George’s Hall, Liverpool

D. Westminster New Palace, London

E. Liverpool Cathedral

F. Tudor Cathedral

G. Eiffel Tower

H. Theater Francais

III. Items to Review Further

A. Arts & Crafts Movement

B. Bauhaus

C. Periods in England (Early Victorian, High Victorian, Late Victorian)

D. Art Nouveau

E. Terminologies

1. Architectonic
4. Classicism

2. Realism
5. Neo - Classicism


3. De Stijl

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

MODERN (20th Century) ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character - Functionalism in design

II. Characteristic Features

A. Curtain wall

B. Steel and plate glass

C. Use of “modern” materials

III. Examples

A. Sydney Opera House

B. Chrysler Building

C. World Trade Center

D. UNESCO Secretariat Building

E. AT & T Bldg

IV. Items to Review Further

A. International Style & The Five Points of New Architecture

B. Famous Architects & Their Iconic Works


1. Alvar Aalto
11. Marcel Breuer

2. August Perret
12. Mies Van Der Rohe

3. Buckminster Fuller
13. Oscar Niemeyer

4. Charles Rennie Mackintosh

14. Otto Wagner

5. Eero Saarinen
15. Peter Behrens

6. Eric Mendelsohn
16. Philip Jhonson

7. Frank Lloyd Wright

17. Richard Neutra

8. Frei Otto
18. Robert Maillart

9. Hendrik Berlage
19. Walter Gropius

10. Le Corbusier
20. Victor Horta


INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features - Centered on Religion: Hinduism, Buddhism

II. Examples / Terminologies

A. Chaityas - buddhist shrine carved out of solid rock

B. Mandira - hindu temples

C. Stambhas or Laths - monumental free-standing pillars

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

D. Stupas - buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of buddha, to commemorate

special events or mark a sacred spot

E. Viharas - buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features

A. Careful application of town planning and use of space

B. Bilateral Symmetry

C. Use of enclosed open spaces

D. Incorporation of Feng shui ideas

E. Horizontal emphasis

F. Allusion to cosmological, mythological and / or symbolisms

G. Auspicious colors

II. Examples

A. Pagodas
E. Temples

B. Pai - lou
F. Palaces & Houses

C. Zhonglou
G. Fortifications


D. Gulou

III. Items to Review Further

A. Arrangement of Buildings in a Chinese courtyard

B. Terminologies: Dougong, Jian, Ta, Mingtang

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features

A. Preference for wood

B. Roofs as focal points

C. Old dwelling relied on movable screens (shoji) and sliding doors (fusuma) to divide spaces

D. Relationship with nature

II. Examples

A. Temples
D. Dwellings

B. Torii
E. Tea Houses & Bath Houses

C. Pagodas
F. Genkan

III. Items to Review Further

A. Types of Roof (Gabled: Kirizuma, Hipped: Yosemune, Hip-and-gable: Irimoya, Square pyramidal:
Hogyo)

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 JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso

B. Parts of a Traditional Japanese Buddhist Temple (Kodo, To, Kondo, Chumon, Kairo)

C. Japanese Domestic Architecture

D. Proportioning System

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

I. Examples

A. Arquitectura Mestiza

B. Bahay na Bato

C. Accessoria

D. Churches

II. Four Baroque Churches Recognized by the UNESCO World Heritage Center (1993)

1. Santo Tomas De Villanueva Church (Miag-o, Iloilo)

2. Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion (Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur)

3. San Agustin Church (Intramuros, Manila)

4. Church of San Agustin (Paoay, Ilocos Norte)

III. Items to Review Further

A. “Bahay Kubo” on different regions

B. Parts of a Bahay Kubo

C. Parts of a Bahay na Bato

D. National Artists of the Philippines

E. Outstanding Filipino Architects

USEFUL WEBSITE LINKS:

1. UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ (focus on

architectural icons and / or complexes)

2. NATIONAL ARTISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-

and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/

3. Prizker Laureates: https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates (reference for famous

international architects and their works)

THANK YOU & HAVE FUN!!! [email protected]

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