Scribd
Upload
40 views

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and act as the cell's waste disposal and recycling system by digesting macromolecules from phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. The hydrolytic enzymes allow lysosomes to break down molecules in a low pH environment. Lysosomal storage diseases can occur if the enzymes do not properly reach lysosomes.

Uploaded by

Bhavana Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and act as the cell's waste disposal and recycling system by digesting macromolecules from phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. The hydrolytic enzymes allow lysosomes to break down molecules in a low pH environment. Lysosomal storage diseases can occur if the enzymes do not properly reach lysosomes.

Uploaded by

Bhavana Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Lysosomes

1
• It is called "The Police Force of the Cell" or "suicide bags“

• Lysosomes are produced in the Golgi Apparatus


• Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain enzymes (acid
hydrolases). They break up food so it is easier to digest. They are
found in animal cells, while in yeast and plants the same roles are
performed by lytic vacuoles.

• The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1–1.2 μm.

• Lysosomes are common in animal cells but rare in plant cells


contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion.

2
Some important enzymes found within lysosomes include:

• Lipase, which digests lipids


• Amylase, which digest carbohydrates (e.g., sugars)
• Proteases, which digest proteins
• Nucleases, which digest nucleic acids
• phosphoric acid monoesters.

• All these hydrolytic enzymes are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum,


and to some extent in cytoplasm are transported and processed through
the Golgi apparatus.

• Through golgi apparatus they pinch off as single membrane vesicles.


3
• A lysosome is a membrane bag
containing digestive enzymes to
digest food, the lysosome
membrane fuses with the
membrane of a food vacuole and
squirts the enzymes inside.

• The digested food can then diffuse


through the vacuole membrane and
enter the cell to be used for energy
or growth.
5
• Lysosomes are the cells' garbage disposal system. They are used for
the digestion of macromolecules from phagocytosis (ingestion of
other dying cells or larger extracellular material, like foreign
invading microbes).

• Endocytosis (where receptor proteins are recycled from the cell


surface), and autophagy (wherein old or unneeded organelles or
proteins, or microbes that have invaded the cytoplasm are
delivered to the lysosome). Autophagy may also lead to autophagic
cell death, a form of programmed self-destruction.

• Autophagy may also lead to autophagic cell death, a form of


programmed self-destruction, or autolysis, of the cell, which means
that the cell is digesting itself.
6
• Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the cytosol and the
endoplasmic reticulum, where they receive a mannose-6-
phosphate tag that targets them for the lysosome.

• If the lysosomal enzymes do not reach the target, it causes


inclusion-cell disease, resulting in accumulation of waste
within these organelles.

• The only thing that keeps the cell itself from being digested
is the membrane surrounding the lysosomes.
7
• These enzymes work only at low pH (highly acidic) levels.

• However because they can only work at low pH levels and


the rest of the cell has a neutral pH level, they can be
neutralized if they accidentally escape from the lysosome

• In white blood cells that eat bacteria, lysosome contents


are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria
and serve to kill and digest those bacteria. Uncontrolled
release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm can also
cause cell death (necrosis).
8
Ribosomes
Introduction

 Ribosome are small organelles found in each type of cell i.e.,


 Prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic

 They are the only organelle found in prokaryotic cell

 They are not membrane bounded


Discovery

 Discovered in 1950 by a Romanian cell biologist George Palade

 Appeared under microscope as dense granules

 Can be seen through electron microscope


Structure
 A ribosome has two main constituent elements
 Protein = 25-40%
 RNA = 37-62%

 Two main subunits are present i.e.,


 A larger subunit
 A smaller subunit
Structure
PROKARYOTIC SUBUNITS:

 larger subunit = 50 S

 smaller subunit = 30 S

 Total ribosomal complex = 70 S

 Prokaryotic cell has almost 52


proteins
Structure
EUKARYOTIC SUBUNITS:

 Larger subunit = 60S

 Smaller subunit = 40 S

 Total ribosomal complex = 80 S

 Eukaryotic cell has almost 82 proteins


Ribosomal subunits:
 SVEDBERG:

It is the centrifugal unit


depending on the
density of the object
(and in the cage of
cell, organelles)
determining that how
quickly they sink to
the depth when
centrifuged
Ribosome Whole Small Large
Source Ribosome Subunit Subunit
E. coli 70S 30S 50S
16S RNA 23S & 5S RNAs
21 proteins 31 proteins

Rat 80S 40S 60S


cytoplasm 18S RNA 28S, 5S & 5.8S
33 proteins RNAs
49 proteins
Quantity:
 Quantity of ribosomes vary depend upon
the type of cell e.g.,

 Bacteria = 20,000

 Yeast = 200,000

 Quantity depends upon the physiological


ability of cell to produce proteins
Structure of prokaryotic Ribosomes
LARGER SUBUNIT:

Consists of two RNA strands

A longer and a shorter strand wrap upon


each other

Strands are dotted with protein coats

Proteins often glue RNA strands in their


characteristic shape
Structure of prokaryotic Ribosomes
SMALLER SUBUNIT:

Consists of a single RNA strand

It is also covered with a protein coat

Smaller subunit though smaller than the


larger subunit, is quite enormous than
the normal proteins
Location:
Ribosomes can be found either:

 Dispersed freely in the cytosol


 Attatched to the surface of Endoplasmic
Reticulum

 On the basis of
location ribosomes
are divided into two
types:
 Free ribosomes
 Bounded ribosomes
Free Ribosomes
 These ribosomes are found freely
dispersed in the cytosol

 They are involved in the synthesis of


proteins that work inside the cytosol

 They vary in number depending upon


the functionality of the cell types and its
need to synthesize proteins
Bounded Ribosomes:
 They are found attached to the surface
of Endoplasmic reticulum making them
“Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum”

 The proteins assembled in these


ribosomes are either transported to the
outside of the cell or are included in the
cell membrane
Function:
 Main function of ribosomes is the
translation of genetic information
encoded in nucleotide bases of DNA into
amino acid sequence of proteins.

 This is also known as “gene expression”


mRNA

peptide
polyribosome
Translation
Ribosome subunits
80S vs 70S Ribosomes
80 S ribosome 70S ribosome
Present in Eukaryotes or all Present in Prokaryotes
higher organisms (bacterium), Mitochondrion
Organisms and chloroplast
Consists of 2 subunits, 60S Consists of 2 subunits, 50S
Subunits and 40S. and 30S.
The 80S ribosomes are The 70S ribosomes are
composed of 40% RNA and composed of 60% RNA and
Composition 60% proteins. 40% proteins.
The 60S subunit contains The 50S subunit contains two
three rRNAs (28S, 5.8S and rRNAs (23S and 5S)
5S) complexed with ~49 complexed with ~34 proteins.
Larger Subunits proteins
The 40S subunit contains The 30S subunit contains 16S
18S rRNAs complexed with rRNAs complexed with ~21
Smaller Subunit ~33 proteins. proteins.
Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal binding site in
prokaryotic messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of
the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the mRNA
to initiate protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon.

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence exists both in bacteria and archaea. It is also


present in some chloroplast and mitochondrial transcripts.

The six-base consensus sequence is AGGAGG; in Escherichia coli, for example,


the sequence is AGGAGGU, while subsequence GAGG dominates in E. coli virus
T4 early genes.

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence was proposed by Australian scientists John


Shine (b. 1946) and Lynn Dalgarno (b. 1935).

Mutations in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence can reduce or increase translation in


prokaryotes. This change is due to a reduced or increased mRNA-ribosome
pairing efficiency, as evidenced by the fact that complementary mutations in the 3'-
terminal 16S rRNA sequence can restore translation.
Thank you

You might also like