MOMENTUM TRANSFER

MODULE 4

CHE 2211

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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 MODULE 4: Flow of Incompressible Fluids

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. Differentiate the types of Incompressible flow of fluids in the application of solving
fluid flow problems
Introduction

 This chapter deals with the steady flow of incompressible fluids through closed pipes
and channels.

 For chemical engineers, they are often concerned with the flow of fluids through
pipes, tubes, and channels with a noncircular cross section. This module will deal
with the steady flow of incompressible flow through closed pipes and channels.

UNIT 1 Flow in circular cross sections and closed channels

In the Bernoulli Equations below, the total energy loss, hf, in a pipe system is the sum of the
major and minor losses. Major losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is
caused by the viscous effects of the fluid and roughness of the pipe wall. Major losses
create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to overcome the
frictional resistance. Minor losses are due to sudden contraction or sudden expansion in the
cross-sectional flow of the fluid. Also, the presence of valves and fittings contribute to the
losses in the entire fluid flow system. Skin friction losses in flow through straight pipe are
calculated by using the Fanning friction factor. However, if the velocity of the fluid is
changed in direction or magnitude, additional friction losses occur. This results from
additional turbulence which develops because of vortices and other factors. In order to
precisely determine the conditions needed to transport fluid from a source to a receiver,
the enumerated losses should be considered in the Bernoulli Equation.

a. Specific Energy Form

𝑃1 𝛼1 𝑉12 𝑔 𝑃2 𝛼2 𝑉22 𝑔 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + 𝑧2 + + ℎ𝑓
𝜌1 2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝜌2 2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
b. Head Form
𝑃1 𝛼1 𝑉12 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑃2 𝛼2 𝑉22 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑓
+ + 𝑧1 + = + + 𝑧2 + +
𝑔𝜌1 2𝑔 ṁ𝑔 𝑔𝜌2 2𝑔 ṁ𝑔𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ṁ𝑔

Frictional Losses, hf
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉 𝒇 𝒔 + 𝒉𝒇 𝒆 + 𝒉𝒇 𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 𝒇
Where: hfs = energy loss due to skin
hfe = energy loss due to sudden expansion
hfc = energy loss due to sudden contraction
hff = energy loss due to valves and fittings

A. Shear Stress and Skin Friction, hfs

Fluid friction - defined as any conversion of mechanical energy to heat in a flowing
stream

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 - appears in boundary layers because the work done by shear forces
in maintaining the velocity gradients in both laminar and turbulent flow
is eventually converted into heat by viscous action.
- friction loss due to contact between a solid wall and fluid stream
(a) Skin friction - friction generated in unseparated boundary layers
(b) Form friction – additional energy dissipation that appears within the
wakes when boundary layers separate

Consider flow of fluid through a straight horizontal pipe:

𝑃𝑎 𝛼𝑎 𝑉𝑎2 𝑔 𝑃𝑏 𝛼𝑏 𝑉𝑏2 𝑔 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

+ + 𝑧𝑎 + 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + 𝑧𝑏 + + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑎 2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝜌𝑏 2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

Since: Za = Zb
Va = Vb
ηpumpWpump = 0
Wturbine/ηpump = 0
ρa = ρb = incompressible fluid

Then:
𝑷𝒂 − 𝑷𝒃 ∆𝑷𝒔
𝒉𝒇 𝒔 = =
𝝆 𝝆

Fanning Friction Factor, f:

- The Fanning friction factor is defined as the drag force per wetted surface area
(shear stress at the surface) divided by the product of density and velocity head.
- The fanning friction factor relates only to skin friction

2𝜏𝑤
𝑓=
𝜌𝑉 2
But,
4𝜏𝑤 𝐿 2𝜏𝑤 2𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = = ( )
𝜌𝐷 𝜌𝑉 2 𝐷
Thus,
𝟒𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 𝒔 =
𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝑫
Where, L is the total length of the pipe, V is the average velocity in the pipe, and D is the
diameter of the pipe.

Friction loss in Laminar Flow:

Hagen-Poiseuille:
32𝜇𝑣(𝐿2 − 𝐿1 )
∆𝑃𝑠 =
𝐷2

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 But:
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷
2
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 ∆𝑃𝑠 32𝜇𝑣(𝐿2 − 𝐿1 )
= =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷 𝜌 𝜌𝐷 2
Then:
16𝜇
𝑓=
𝐷𝑉𝜌
and:
𝐷𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Therefore:
𝟏𝟔
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆

Friction loss in Turbulent Flow:

4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

4𝜌𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
∆𝑃𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷
Where f is a function of 𝜀, 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 and 𝑅𝑒, 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, which can be taken
from figure 6.9 (Perry’s Handbook).

𝜀, 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 can be taken from Table 6-2 of Perry’s Handbook

Below are the equations that can be used to calculate for the fanning friction factor and
also used to construct the curve in Figure 6-9 for Reynolds number higher than 4000.

Colebrook Equation:
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝜺 𝟕 𝟎.𝟗
= −𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 [ +( ) ]
√𝒇 𝑫 𝑹𝒆

B. Friction loss due to sudden expansion, hfe

If the cross-section of a pipe enlarges very gradually, very little or no extra losses are
incurred but if the change is sudden, it results in additional losses due to eddies
formed by the jet expanding in the enlarged section.

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 𝑽𝟐𝒂
𝒉𝒇𝒆 = 𝑲𝒆 ( )
𝟐𝒈𝒄
𝑆 2
Where: Ke = expansion loss coefficient = [1 − ( 𝑎 )]
𝑆𝑏
Va = average velocity in the smaller upstream pipe
Sa and Sb = cross-sectional area

Note: If the sudden expansion comes from a pipe connected to a large tank, then the
ratio Sa/Sb will be negligible.

C. Friction loss due to sudden contraction, hfc

When the cross-section of the pipe is suddenly reduced, the stream cannot follow
around the sharp corner, and additional frictional losses due to eddies occur.
𝑽𝟐𝒃
𝒉𝒇𝒄 = 𝑲𝒄 ( )
𝟐𝒈𝒄
𝑆
Where: Kc = contraction loss coefficient = 0.5 [1 − ( 𝑏 )]
𝑆𝑎
Vb = average velocity in the smaller downstream pipe
Sa and Sb = cross-sectional area

Note: If the sudden contraction comes from a large tank to a small pipe, then the ratio
Sb/Sa will be negligible.

D. Friction loss due to valves and fittings, hff

Pipe fittings and valves also disturb the normal flow lines in a pipe and cause
additional friction losses. In a short pipe with many fittings, the friction loss from these
fittings could be greater than in the straight pipe.
𝑽𝟐𝒂
𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝑲𝒇 ( )
𝟐𝒈𝒄
Where: Kf = loss factor for the fitting and valve = Table 6-5 of Perry’s Handbook (see
the table below
Va = average velocity in pipe approaching to the fitting or valve

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 Example No. 1
Calculate the frictional pressure drop in pascal for olive oil at 293 K through a commercial
pipe having an inside diameter of 0.0525 m and a length of 76.2 m. The velocity of the
fluid is 1.22 m/s. Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Use the friction factor method. For olive
oil, density = 919 kg/m3; viscosity = 84 x 10–3 Pa.s.
Given:

Required:
(a) Determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent
(b) ∆𝑷𝒔

Solution:
(a)
𝐷𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝑘𝑔
(0.0525 𝑚)(1.22 𝑚/𝑠) (919 ⁄ 3)
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚
(84 𝑥 10−3 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠)

𝑅𝑒 = 700.7375 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)

(b)
∆𝑃𝑠 4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = =
𝜌 2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

4𝜌𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
∆𝑃𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

For laminar flow:

16
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒

16
𝑓= = 0.02283
700.7375

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 𝑘𝑔
4 (919 ⁄ 3 ) (0.02283)(76.2 𝑚)(1.22 𝑚⁄𝑠)2
∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.0525 𝑚)
𝑁 − 𝑠2

∆𝑃𝑠 = 90,662.0343 𝑃𝑎

Example No. 2
A liquid having a density of 801 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1.49 cP is flowing through a
horizontal straight pipe at a velocity of 4.57 m/s. The commercial steel is 1 ½ -in. Schedule
40 (Di = 1.61 m: from Table 10-22 of Perry’s Handbook). For a length of 61 m, calculate (a)
friction loss (b) for a smooth tube of the same diameter, calculate the friction loss (c) what
is the % reduction?

Given:

Required: friction loss a) steel pipe

b) smooth pipe
c) % reduction
Solution:
a)
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

𝐷𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝑘𝑔
(0.04089 𝑚)(4.57 𝑚/𝑠) (801 ⁄ 3)
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚
1𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
1.49 𝑐𝑃 ( )
1 𝑐𝑃

𝑅𝑒 = 100,466.6776 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
To calculate for f:
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 0.0457 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6 − 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)

Using the Colebrook equation:

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 1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

. 0457 0.9
1 0.27 (
𝑚) 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1000 +( ) ]
√𝑓 (. 04089 𝑚) 100,466.6776

𝑓 = 5.6844𝑥10−3

4(5.6844𝑥10−3 )(61 𝑚)(4.57 𝑚/𝑠)2

ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.04089 𝑚)
𝑁 − 𝑠2

ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 354.2091 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

b)
𝑅𝑒 = 100,466.6776 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
To calculate for f:
𝜀
( ) = 0.000001 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔. 6 − 9 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)
𝐷 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

Using the Colebrook equation:

1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

0.9
1 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [0.27(0.000001) + ( ) ]
√𝑓 100,466.6776

𝑓 = 4.4668𝑥10−3

4(4.4668𝑥10−3 )(61 𝑚)(4.57 𝑚/𝑠)2

ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.04089 𝑚)
𝑁 − 𝑠2

ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 278.3402 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

c)
ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 − ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
%𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

𝐽 𝐽
354.2091 − 278.3402
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
%𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝐽
354.2091
𝑘𝑔

%𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 21.4192 %

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 Example No. 3
Water at 60F is pumped from a reservoir to the top of a mountain through a 6-in Schedule
120 pipe at an average velocity of 12 ft/s. The pipe discharges into the atmosphere at a
level of 3000 ft above the level in the reservoir. The pipeline itself is 4500 ft long. If the
overall efficiency of the pump and the motor driving it is 70% and the cost of electric
energy to the motor is 4 cents per kW-hr, what is the hourly energy cost for pumping this
water?

Given:

From table 10-22 of Perry’s Handbook: D6 in Sch 120 pipe = 5.501 in

@ 60oF the properties of water are: ρ = 998.9962 kg/m3 (Table 2-32 of Perry’s HB)
μ = 1.1344x10-3 Pa-s (Table 2-139 of Perry’s HB)
Required: cost/hr
Solution:
𝑷𝒂 𝜶𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝒈 𝑷𝒃 𝜶𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃 𝒈 𝑾𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆
+ + 𝒛𝒂 + 𝜼𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = + + 𝒛𝒃 + + 𝒉𝒇
𝝆𝒂 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝝆𝒃 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝜼𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆

Conditions
 Pa = atmospheric pressure
 Pb = atmospheric pressure
 Va = 0 (negligible due to large cross-sectional area)
 Vb = velocity of the fluid flowing out of the pipe
 Za = 0 m
 Zb = 3000 ft
 No turbine in the system
 A pump is installed between the reference points a and b
 A sudden contraction from the reservoir to the pipe is present
 No sudden expansion present
 Valves and fittings were not installed in the piping system.

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 Simplified Bernoulli Equation
𝛼𝑏 𝑉𝑏2 𝑔
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + 𝑧𝑏 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

Where:
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑐

To calculate for the cost, we have to determine first the power requirement of the pump.
𝛼𝑏 𝑉𝑏2 𝑔
+ 𝑧𝑏 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

For hfs:
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

To determine f, calculate for Re and get the value of surface roughness from table 6-22
of Perry’s Handbook
𝐷𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

62.43 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ 3
5.501 𝑓𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑡
( 𝑓𝑡) (12 ) (998.9962 3 ) ( )
12 𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
1000 ⁄ 3
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑙𝑏𝑚
6.72 𝑥 10−4
−3 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠
1.1344x10 Pa − s ( )
1 𝑥 10−3 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 450,052.6521 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)

To calculate for f:
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 0.0457 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6 − 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)

Using the Colebrook equation:

1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

. 0457 0.9
1 0.27 (
𝑚) 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1000 +( ) ]
√𝑓 . 3048 𝑚 450,052.6521
(5.501 𝑖𝑛) ( )
12 𝑖𝑛

𝑓 = 4.1764𝑥10−3

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 4(4.1764𝑥10−3 )(4500 𝑓𝑡)(12 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 ) (5.501 𝑖𝑛) ( )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2 12 𝑖𝑛

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇𝒔 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟒
𝒍𝒃𝒎

For hfc:
𝑉𝑏2
ℎ𝑓𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐 ( )
2𝑔𝑐

Note: If the sudden contraction comes from a large tank to a small pipe, then the ratio
Sb/Sa will be negligible.
𝐾𝑐 = 0.5

(12 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2
ℎ𝑓𝑐 = (0.5) ( )
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟗
𝒍𝒃𝒎

Therefore:
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑐

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑓 = 366.9794 + 1.1189
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟑
𝒍𝒃𝒎

Back to the Bernoulli Equation

𝛼𝑏 𝑉𝑏2 𝑔
+ 𝑧𝑏 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝑓𝑡 2
(1.0) (12
)
𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
+ (3000 𝑓𝑡) (1 ) + 368.0983
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚
2 (32.174 )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
0.70

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 4814.7659
𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑥𝑚̇

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 2
𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ 5.501
𝑓𝑡 𝑘𝑔 62.43 𝑓𝑡 3 𝜋(
12
𝑓𝑡)
𝑚̇ = 𝑉𝜌𝑆 = (12 ) (998.9962 3 ) ( )( )
𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 4
1000 ⁄ 3
𝑚

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚̇ = 123.5234
𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 ℎ𝑝 . 7457 𝑘𝑊

𝑃 = (4814.7659 ) (123.5234 )( )( )
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 ℎ𝑝
550
𝑠

𝑃 = 806.3542 𝑘𝑊

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 $0.04
= (806.3542 𝑘𝑊)
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 $
= 32.25
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑟

Example No. 4
A centrifugal pump takes brine from the bottom of a supply tank and delivers it into the
bottom of another tank. The line between the tank is 600 ft of 4 –in schedule 40 pipe. The
flowrate is 400 gal/min. In the line are two-gate valves, four standard tees, and four ells.
What is the energy cost for running this pump for one 24-hr day? The specific gravity of
brine is 1.18, the viscosity of brine is 1.2 cP and the energy cost is $400 per hp-year on a
basis of 300 days per year. The overall efficiency of the pump and motor is 60%.

Given:

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 From table 10-22 of Perry’s Handbook: D4 in Sch 40 pipe = 4.026 in
The properties of brine are: SG = 1.18
μ = 1.12 cP
Required: energy cost/day (24 hour)
Solution:
𝑷𝒂 𝜶𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝒈 𝑷𝒃 𝜶𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃 𝒈 𝑾𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆
+ + 𝒛𝒂 + 𝜼𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = + + 𝒛𝒃 + + 𝒉𝒇
𝝆𝒂 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝝆𝒃 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝜼𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆

Conditions
 Pa = atmospheric pressure
 Pb = atmospheric pressure
 Va = 0 (negligible due to large cross-sectional area)
 Vb = 0 (negligible due to large cross-sectional area)
 Za = 0 m
 Zb = 150 ft
 No turbine in the system
 A pump is installed between the reference points a and b
 A sudden contraction from the reservoir to the pipe is present
 A sudden expansion from the pipe to the second tank is present
 Valves and fittings were installed in the piping system.

Simplified Bernoulli Equation

𝑔
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑧𝑏 + ℎ𝑓
𝑔𝑐

Where:
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑒 + ℎ𝑓𝑐 + ℎ𝑓𝑓

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 To calculate for the cost, we have to determine first the power requirement of the pump.
𝑔
𝑧𝑏 + ℎ𝑓
𝑔𝑐
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

For hfs:
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

To determine f, calculate for Re and get the value of surface roughness from table 6-22
of Perry’s Handbook
𝐷𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞 400 ( )( ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛 7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠
𝑉= = 2 = 10.0803
𝑆 4.026 𝑠
𝜋( 𝑓𝑡)
12
4

4.026 𝑓𝑡
( 𝑓𝑡) (10.0803 ) (1.18) (62.43 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ 3 )
12 𝑠 𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑙𝑏𝑚
6.72 𝑥 10−4
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠
1.12 cP ( )
1 𝑐𝑃

𝑅𝑒 = 331,019.843 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)

To calculate for f:
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 0.0457 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6 − 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)

Using the Colebrook equation:

1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

. 0457 0.9
1 0.27 (
𝑚) 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1000 +( ) ]
√𝑓 . 3048 𝑚 331,019.843
(4.026 𝑖𝑛) ( )
12 𝑖𝑛

𝑓 = 4.4725𝑥10−3

4(4.4725𝑥10−3 )(600 𝑓𝑡)(10.0803 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2

ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 ) (4.026 𝑖𝑛) ( )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2 12 𝑖𝑛

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 𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟓
𝒍𝒃𝒎

For hfe:
𝑉𝑎2
ℎ𝑓𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 ( )
2𝑔𝑐

Note: If the sudden expansion comes from a pipe connected to a large tank, then the
ratio Sa/Sb will be negligible.
𝐾𝑒 = 1

𝑓𝑡 2
(10.0803
)
𝑠
ℎ𝑓𝑒 = (1)
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 )
( 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2 )

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟏
𝒍𝒃𝒎

For hfc:
𝑉𝑏2
ℎ𝑓𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐 ( )
2𝑔𝑐

Note: If the sudden contraction comes from a large tank to a small pipe, then the ratio
Sb/Sa will be negligible.
𝐾𝑐 = 0.5

𝑓𝑡 2
(10.0803
)
𝑠
ℎ𝑓𝑐 = (0.5)
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 )
( 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2 )

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟔
𝒍𝒃𝒎

For hff:
𝑉𝑎2
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 ( )
2𝑔𝑐

The fittings and valves present in the piping system are the following:
 2 Gate Valves (assuming fully open)
 4 Standard Tees
 4 ells (assuming 90o ell standard)

The values below are Kf for each fittings and valves taken from Table 6-5 of Perry’s HB.
 Kf (Gate Valve-fully open) = 0.17
 Kf (Standard Tee) = 0.4

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  Kf (90o ell standard) = 0.75

Therefore the total Kf is:

𝐾𝑓 = 2(0.17) + 4(0.4) + 4(0.75)
𝐾𝑓 = 4.94

𝑓𝑡 2
(10.0803
)
𝑠
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = (4.94)
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 )
( 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2 )

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟖
𝒍𝒃𝒎

Therefore:
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑒 + ℎ𝑓𝑐 + ℎ𝑓𝑓

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡

ℎ𝑓 = 50.5215 + 1.5791 + 0.7896 + 7.8008
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟎
𝒍𝒃𝒎

Back to the Bernoulli Equation

𝑔
𝑧𝑏 + ℎ𝑓
𝑔𝑐
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
(150 𝑓𝑡) (1 ) + 60.6910
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
0.60

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 351.1517
𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑥𝑚̇
𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚̇ = 𝑞𝜌 = (400 )( )( ) (1.18) (62.43 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ 3 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠 𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚̇ = 65.6484
𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 ℎ𝑝
𝑃 = (351.1517 ) (65.6484 )( )
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
550
𝑠

𝑃 = 41.9137 ℎ𝑝

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 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 $400 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
= (41.9137 ℎ𝑝) ( )
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑝 − 𝑦𝑟 300 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 $
= 55.88
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 (24 ℎ𝑟)

Exercise Problem (MODULE 3-UNIT 1):

Find the cost per day of operating the pump motor in the system shown below:
Constant level water tank

4-in. Sched. 40
200 ft
water reservoir 6-in. Sched.40

The piping system consists of 200 ft of 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe containing two-90 elbows
and one open gate valve from the reservoir to the pump; 6-in. Schedule 40 pipe follows the
pump for 75 ft after which the pipe is reduced to 4 –in schedule 40 steel pipe for 250 ft to
the tank. The 4-in. pipe contains one gate valve and three-90 elbows. The efficiency of
the pump-motor assembly is 60 percent. The cost for electrical energy is $400 per Hp-yr on
a basis of 300 days/yr. The water flow is to be maintained at 625 gal/min, and the water
temperature is assumed constant at 70F. Solve in fps system.

To be submitted before Midterm Exams

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 UNIT 2 Flow through non-circular cross sections and channels
Friction from changes in velocity and direction
Non-Isothermal flow in Incompressible Fluids

Flow through non-circular cross section

Equivalent diameter, Deq – defined as 4 times the hydraulic radius, rH
Hydraulic radius, rH – is defined as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the channel to the
wetted perimeter of the channel.
𝑫𝒆𝒒 = 𝟒𝒓𝑯

𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘

𝒓𝑯 =
𝒘𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓

Some rH expression of non-circular cross-sections:

For rectangular duct

𝐿𝑊
𝑟𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 =
2𝐿 + 2𝑊

𝟐𝑳𝑾
𝑫𝒆𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 =
𝑳+𝑾
For annulus

𝜋𝐷𝑜2 𝜋𝐷𝑖2
−
𝑟𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 4 4
𝜋𝐷𝑜 + 𝜋𝐷𝑖
Where Di = outer diameter of the inner pipe

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 Do = inner diameter of the outer pipe

1 𝐷𝑜2 − 𝐷𝑖2 1 (𝐷𝑜 + 𝐷𝑖 )(𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 )

𝑟𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = =
4 𝐷𝑜 + 𝐷𝑖 4 𝐷𝑜 + 𝐷𝑖

𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖
𝑟𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
4

𝑫𝒆𝒒𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 = 𝑫𝒐 − 𝑫𝒊

Example No. 1
Water at 68oF is flowing through an annular channel at a rate of 25 gpm. The channel is
made of ½ and 1 ¼ in. schedule 40 pipes. Calculate the change in pressure through an
annular channel of length 20 ft, assuming the pipes are made of steel.

Given:

From table 10-22 of Perry’s Handbook: Do(inner diameter)1 ¼ in Sch 40 pipe = 1.380 in
Di(outer diameter)1/2 in Sch 40 pipe = .84 in
@ 68oF the properties of water are: ρ = 998.2 kg/m3 (Table 2-32 of Perry’s HB)
μ = 1.0214x10-3 Pa-s (Table 2-139 of Perry’s HB)
Required: Power requirement in Horsepower
Solution:
𝑷𝒂 𝜶𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝒈 𝑷𝒃 𝜶𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃 𝒈 𝑾𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆
+ + 𝒛𝒂 + 𝜼𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝑾𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = + + 𝒛𝒃 + + 𝒉𝒇
𝝆𝒂 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝝆𝒃 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄 𝜼𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆

Conditions and assumptions

 Va = Vb = same fluid velocity; (Vb-Va=0)
 Za = Zb = same datum line/reference point; (Zb-Za=0)
 No turbine in the system
 No pump is installed between the reference points a and b
 Friction due to skin is the only frictional loss to be considered
 Water is considered as incompressible fluid with the given conditions (ρ=constant)

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 Simplified Bernoulli equation
𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑎
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑠 = −
𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑎

For hfs:
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷𝑒𝑞

To determine f, calculate for Re using the Deq and get the value of surface roughness
from table 6-22 of Perry’s Handbook.
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 = 1.38 − 0.84 = 0.54 𝑖𝑛

𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑞 25 ( )( ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛 7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠
𝑉= = 2 2
= 8.52
𝑆 𝜋 1.38 0.84 𝑠
[( 𝑓𝑡) − ( 𝑓𝑡) ]
4 12 12

62.43 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄ 3
0.54 𝑓𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑡
( 𝑓𝑡) (8.52 ) (998.2 3 ) ( )
12 𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
1000 ⁄ 3
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑙𝑏𝑚
6.72 𝑥 10−4
−3 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠
1.0214x10 Pa − s ( −3 )
1 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 34,809.5078 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)

To calculate for f:
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 0.0457 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6 − 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)

Using the Colebrook equation:

1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑒

. 0457 0.9
1 0.27 (
𝑚) 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1000 +( ) ]
√𝑓 . 3048 𝑚 34,809.5078
(0.54 𝑖𝑛) ( )
12 𝑖𝑛

𝑓 = 7.6247𝑥10−3

4(7.6247𝑥10−3 )(20 𝑓𝑡)(8.52 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2

ℎ𝑓𝑠 =
𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
2 (32.174 ) (0.54 𝑖𝑛) ( )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠2 12 𝑖𝑛

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 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 15.2910
𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑎
ℎ𝑓𝑠 = −
𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑎

𝑃𝑏 − 𝑃𝑎 = 𝜌ℎ𝑓𝑠

𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄
𝑘𝑔 62.43 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑃𝑏 − 𝑃𝑎 = (998.2 3 ) ( ) (15.2910 )
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1000 ⁄ 3
𝑚

𝑃𝑏 − 𝑃𝑎 = 952.8988 𝑝𝑠𝑓

Pressure drop through Coils

𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝒅
∆𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 = ∆𝑷𝒔 [𝟏 + ]
𝑫
4𝜌𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
Where: ∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝜌ℎ𝑓𝑠 = ;𝐿 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷
d = internal diameter of the pipe
D = diameter of a turn of a coil
∆𝑃𝑠 = pressure drop if the coil pipe/tube is straight
N = no. of turns of the coil

Example No. 2
Determine the loss of pressure in overcoming the friction in a coil through which water flows
with a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The coil is made of used steel pipe with an internal diameter of
30 mm. The diameter of the coil is 1 m. The number of turns is 10. The average temperature
of water in the coil is 30oC.
Given:

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 @ 30oC the properties of water are: ρ = 995.6262 kg/m3 (Table 2-32 of Perry’s HB)
μ = 8.1962x10-4 Pa-s (Table 2-139 of Perry’s HB)
Required: ∆𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
Solution:
a)
𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝒅
∆𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 = ∆𝑷𝒔 [𝟏 + ]
𝑫

4𝜌𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
∆𝑃𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

Calculate for fanning friction factor, f:

𝐷𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝑘𝑔
(0.03 𝑚)(1.2 𝑚/𝑠) (995.6262 ⁄ 3)
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚
8.1962𝑥10−4 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 43,730.684 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)

To calculate for f:
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 0.0457 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6 − 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)

Using the Colebrook equation:

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 1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

. 0457 0.9
1 0.27 ( 𝑚) 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1000 +( ) ]
√𝑓 (. 03 𝑚) 43,730.684

𝑓 = 6.5050𝑥10−3

𝐿 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = 𝜋(1 𝑚)(10) = 31.4159 𝑚

𝑘𝑔
4 (995.6262 ⁄ 3 ) (6.5050𝑥10−3 )(31.4159 𝑚)(1.2)2
∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.03 𝑚)
𝑁 − 𝑠2

∆𝑃𝑠 = 19,532.79339 𝑃𝑎

3.54(0.03 𝑚)
∆𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = (19,532.79339 𝑃𝑎) [1 + ]
(1 𝑚)

∆𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 21,607.17605 𝑃𝑎

Effect of Heat Transfer on friction factor

Viscosity of fluids are dependent of temperature. When these fluids flows with a change in
temperature it has an effect in frictional flow in terms of skin. Therefore, to consider the this
changes in temperature, we have the procedures below.

1. Calculate the mean bulk temperature, Ta, as the average of the inlet and outlet
bulk fluid temperature.
2. Calculate the NRe, using the μa at Ta and use the equations in Unit 1 for calculating
firction factor, f.
3. Using the tube wall temperature, T w, determine the μW.
4. Calculate 𝜑 for the case occurring below:
With NRe>2100:
𝜇𝑎 0.17
𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝜑 = ( )
𝜇𝑤
𝜇𝑎 0.11
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝜑 = ( )
𝜇𝑤
With NRe<2100:
𝜇𝑎 0.38
𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝜑 = ( )
𝜇𝑤
𝜇𝑎 0.23
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝜑 = ( )
𝜇𝑤
5. The final friction factor is obtained by dividing the f from step 2 by the value of 𝜑
from step 4.

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 Example No. 3
Water flows in the annulus of a horizontal, concentric pipe heat exchanger and is being
heated from 40oC to 50oC in the exchanger which has a length of 30 m of equivalent
straight pipe. The flowrate of water is 2.9 x 10-3 m3/s. The inner pipe is 1 in. schedule 40
and the outer is 2 in. schedule 40. What is the pressure drop? Use an average
temperature of 45oC for bulk properties. Assume that the wall temperature is an average
of 4oC higher than the average bulk temperature.
Given:

From table 10-22 of Perry’s Handbook: Do(inner diameter)2 in Sch 40 pipe = 2.067 in = 0.0525 m
Di(outer diameter)1 in Sch 40 pipe = 1.315 in = 0.0334 m
@ 45 C the properties of water are: ρ = 990.0961 kg/m3 (Table 2-32 of Perry’s HB)
o

μ = 6.1149x10-4 Pa-s (Table 2-139 of Perry’s HB)

@ 49oC the properties of water are: μ = 5.6979x10-4 Pa-s (Table 2-139 of Perry’s HB)
Required: ∆𝑃𝑠
Solution:

4𝜌𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
∆𝑃𝑠 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝐷

Calculate for fanning friction factor:

𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 = 0.0525 𝑚 − 0.0334 𝑚 = 0.0191 𝑚

𝑚3
𝑞 2.9𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉= =𝜋 𝑠 = 2.2505
𝑆 [(0.0525 𝑚)2 − (0.0334 𝑚)2 ] 𝑠
4

𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.0191 𝑚) (2.2505 ) (990.1961 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
𝑅𝑒 =
6.1149x10−4 Pa − s

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 𝑅𝑒 = 69,605.60184

To calculate for f:
𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 0.0457 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6 − 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘)

Using the Colebrook equation:

1 0.27𝜀 7 0.9
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒

. 0457 0.9
1 0.27 ( 𝑚) 7
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1000 +( ) ]
√𝑓 (0.0191 𝑚) 69,605.60184

𝑓 = 6.7341𝑥10−3

At wall tube temperature:

𝜇 = 5.6979𝑥10−4 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠

With NRe>2100:
𝜇𝑎 0.17
𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝜑 = ( )
𝜇𝑤

0.17
6.1149x10−4 Pa − s
𝜑=( ) = 1.0121
5.6979𝑥10−4 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠

6.7341𝑥10−3
𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 = = 6.6536𝑥10−3
1.0121

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
4 (990.1961 3 ) (6.6536𝑥10−3 )(30 𝑚) (2.2505 )
𝑚 𝑠
∆𝑃𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.0191 𝑚)
𝑁 − 𝑠2

∆𝑃𝑠 = 104,822.1988 𝑃𝑎

Module/Unit Assessment: Module 4 Evaluative Assessment

Graded Quiz # 4
To be posted on Google Classroom or any LMS Software to be preferred for the whole
class.

Module 1-4 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Midterm Examination
To be posted on Google Classroom or any LMS Software to be preferred for the whole
class.

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