COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN PROJECT

CE4500

Final Report

CINEC Campus

Malabe

APARTMENT COMPLEX

AT HOMAGAMA

Group Six
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

The design project we did for our final year group project enriched us with immense
knowledge and experience. We sincerely thank Mrs. Udayanga Edirisooriya and Mr. Venuka
Kuruwitaarachchi for their guidance and valuable support. Moreover, thanks to all the other
senior lecturers for their guidance throughout this project. Special gratitude to the UDA
consultant staff, Sethsiripaya stage 03 project, Battaramulla, for spending their valuable time
on this project. Finally, we express my heartfelt appreciation to all those who supported and
guided us directly and indirectly in this project.

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 PREFACE

This report fulfils the Comprehensive design project module in the B.Sc. (Hons) Engineering
degree program conducted by the Faculty of Engineering, CINEC Campus. The primary
objective of this project is to design an apartment complex by understanding and applying the
theories learnt. This report contains all the work we have done in this project as group 06.
The project we were assigned to is an apartment complex at Homagama. The sub-topics
report content is explained only from experience gathered from the comprehensive design
group project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgement
Preface
Table of Content
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 01 1

1.1 Introduction – Introduction to the Training Establishment 1

4
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 - Company logo 2

5
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 - Construction types and gradings 2

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 WORK SCHEDULE WITH INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION
Group member Student ID
Kaweesh Chamuditha M19980320008
Randika Senura M19990429008
Gayashan Abeykoon M19970812007
M. I. Raihan M19991217002
Vindula Ranawaka M19970508007
Chameen Fernando M19990215003

Work Schedule of group members

Architectural Elevation Chameen Fernando, Randika Senura
drawings Site Plan M. I. Raihan
Ground Floor Gayashan Abeykoon
1 Floor
st
Kaweesh Chamuditha
Typical Plan Vindula Ranawaka
General Layout M. I. Raihan, Randika Senura
Structural design Slabs M. I. Raihan, Randika Senura
and analysis Beams Vindula Ranawaka, Gayashan
Abeykoon
Column Kaweesh Chamuditha, Chameen
Fernando
Foundation Vindula Ranawaka, Chameen
Fernando
Staircase Kaweesh Chamuditha, Vindula
Ranawaka
Water sump Kaweesh Chamuditha
Shear walls Kaweesh Chamuditha, M. I. Raihan
ETAB Analysis Gayashan Abeykoon, Randika Senura
Building services Above ground water disposal Gayashan Abeykoon
system
Below ground water disposal M. I. Raihan
system
A/C load calculation M. I. Raihan
Water supply system & Kaweesh Chamuditha
Sanitary Appliances
Lift/Elevator design Vindula Ranawaka
Rainwater drains design Randika Senura
Fire & safety Randika Senura
Overhead water tank Chameen Fernando
Swimming pool Chameen Fernando
Septic tank design Chameen Fernando
Structural drawings All Members
BOQ All Members
EIA All Members

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 CHAPTER 01 – INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

1.1 Introduction

The 12-story apartment complex in Homagama is a modern and spacious residential building
consisting of multiple units. This complex is located in Homagama, which is a bustling city
in Sri Lanka, and it offers residents easy access to a variety of local amenities and services.

The building features state-of-the-art design and construction, with high-quality materials and
finishes throughout. The units in the complex range in size and layout, from smaller studios
to larger multi-bedroom apartments, and they all offer comfortable and convenient living
spaces for residents.

Residents of this apartment complex can enjoy a range of on-site amenities, including secure
parking, a fitness center, a swimming pool, and a meeting room for socializing and events.
The building also has 24-hour security, ensuring that residents can feel safe and secure in
their homes. Overall, this 12-story apartment complex in Homagama offers a great living
option for those looking for a modern and comfortable apartment in a convenient and bustling
location.

Target Audience

 High Class Families

 Middle Class Families
 Foreign Families & Students
 Local Students

Target Areas

 Homagama town
 Colombo city
 Highway - Kottawa Highway Entrance
 Universities - NSBM/ IT of Faculty, University of Moratuwa/ Faculty of Technology

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 Schools - Mahinda Rajapaksa College, Homagama Central College, President’s
College
 Airport - Ratmalana Airport, Bandaranayake International Airport

1.2 Project Description

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 Figure 1.3 – Location of the project

Project name Apartment Complex, Homagama.

Employer Group Six
Site Location Homagama
Initial Contract Sum LKR 9,368,000,000.00
 Ground floor – Car parking area, Swimming pool, Children play area,
Generator room
 1st floor – Supermarket, Gymnasium, Genitor room, Laundry room, meeting
room, Office, Lobby area, Open garden area
 2nd floor to 12th floor 40 housing units
 House type
 Each unit consists of approximately 1500 sq ft floor area
 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, Utility room, Kitchen, Dining,
Living and Balconies.

 Facilities provided by the housing complex include;

 Meeting hall
 Gymnasium Facility
 Security office
 Janitorial room
 Laundry room
 Management office
 Supermarket

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  Area for car wash
 Generator
 Passenger Lifts
 Emergency staircase

1.4 Layout of the site

Figure 1.4 - Zones of site

CHAPTER 02 – INITIAL DESIGN

Preliminary Ideas (Alternative Designs)

Design 1 - 12 Story Building One Tower

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  Property Type – Apartments
 Bedrooms – 3
 Bathrooms/WC – 2
 No of floors – G+1st+10(typical)
 Car Parking Spaces – 2
 No of Units – 40

There is a supermarket, a swimming pool, and a fitness facility on the premises of this
apartment building in Homagama. There is indoor private parking available on-site at this
building. The apartment offers a dining area, a fully equipped kitchen, three bedrooms, two
bathrooms, and a patio with city views. Moreover, include essential amenities like water,
power, and a phone. Undoubtedly, apartments have 24-hour security.

Design 2 - 08 Story Building One Tower

 Property Type – Apartments

 Bedrooms – 3
 Bathrooms/WC – 3
 No of floors – G+7(typical) + Roof Top
 Car Parking Spaces – 2
 No of Units – 14

This apartment complex in Homagama has an outdoor swimming pool and a fitness centre.
This is an air-conditioned property with onsite outdoor private parking. The apartment has
three bedrooms, three bathrooms, one toilet, bed linen and towels, a flat-screen TV with
satellite channels, a dining area, a fully equipped kitchen, and a veranda with city views.
There is a playground at the apartment. The apartment provides car rental services.

Design 3 - 12 Story Building Two Tower

 Property Type – Apartments

 Bedrooms – 3

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  Bathrooms/WC’s – 2
 No of floors – G+1st+10(typical)+Roof Top
 Car Parking Spaces – 2

On the grounds of this apartment building in Homagama, there is a rooftop garden, a

supermarket, a swimming pool, a basketball court, and a fitness center. The role of pharmacy
in this design is significant. This building has on-site private indoor parking available. Three
bedrooms, two bathrooms, a dining space, a fully furnished kitchen, and a patio with city views
are all features of the property. Moreover, incorporate necessary facilities like water,
electricity, and a phone. Apartments undoubtedly feature a 24-hour security system.

Reasons for selecting design 01

 Attractive Site Components - Due to the requirement for affordable housing, only
market-rate flats will be found in the building.
 Design - The Property's contemporary, practical, and creative design will offer
facilities and features that are perfectly suited to its target market.
 Cost Basis - The timing of building in relation to current pricing levels presents an
appealing opportunity. The building schedule in relation to current pricing levels
presents an appealing chance to build at or near record low total costs, locking in
competitive structural return advantages.
 Market fundamentals - strong effective rent growth, and a limited competitive
property.
 Demographics - Expecting continued positive demand for rental housing to contribute
to growth.

Reasons for not selecting alternative design 02

 Lack of units.

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  Apartment is most suitable for only families.
 The floor space is not as large as in previous designs, but there are two units on each
floor. Because we wanted to create this to be more luxurious. Analyzing the
marketing, it will be detrimental to the owner because no one is seeking for luxurious
sorts of flats these days.
 Outdoor car parking shades can be disadvantage.
 Wood, steel, glass, and stone material cost will be high.
 The no engineers should be higher.
 Because of the Outdoor swimming pool, outdoor playground, the time, cost,
manpower should be separately deal because outdoor pool is bigger than the indoor
ones.

Reasons for not selecting alternative design 03

 The floor area is bigger than other design, so the cost is high for the concreting,
flooring etc.
 This design has two towers so the cost will be double.
 Because of the two towers the construction period will be longer.
 Because of two towers the manpower should be higher.
 Material quantity also should be high. Also, the material cost
 The no engineers should be higher.
 Because of the Outdoor swimming pool, the time, cost, manpower should be
separately deal because outdoor pool is bigger than the indoor ones.

CHAPTER 03 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the project background, objectives of the project, objectives of the
environmental impact assessment, the scope of the study, the relevant laws, standards and
regulations and the approvals needed for the proposed development.

3.1.1 Project Background

12 Story Apartment Complex is the project proponent of the proposed ‘Group six of Cinec
Campus Bsc Batch 2”. Group Six has agreed to sign a memorandum of understanding with
Homagama Municipal Council and Urban Development Authority for this project and it will
be a joint venture project. The proposed project will be a township development project to be
located at Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama. The building complex to be located at above
site consists of floor areas, apartments, shops and parking area. The building consists of 12
floors and height of the building 43m. The estimated project cost will be Rs. 9.0 billion and
funding will be provided through investments. The developer will hire local and foreign
investors for the development.

The main benefits under this project are,

 Homagama Municipal Council - With the proposed concentrated development,

income that will be generated to the Municipal Council in the form of revenues
and taxes will be substantial and this will be a recurrent income. Further the
proposed project will be recognized as a land mark development project
encouraging more private sector investments in Homagama
 The revenue of said project will be spent to commence an urban housing
project in collaboration with National Housing Development Authority
(NHDA).
 Generation of employment opportunities to
the local youth/community/businessmen
 Attraction of high-net-worth guests/tourists to Homagama, Colombo
 Development of new projects around Homagama through high-net-worth
guests.
 It is believed that through this project Homagama City development will be
started.

It should be noted that those who live in the surrounding areas will be benefitted
economically through creation of employment and income generation. Operation of this
project requires staff with different skills and the priority will be given to the residents of the
area.

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 Figure 1.1: Location map of project sites

3.1.2 Objectives of the Project

The proposed project is a township development project in Homagama town, which is the
one of main tourism destinations in Sri Lanka. Weekly Pola Land in Homagama with
building complexes consisting floor areas, houses (apartments), shops and parking areas. The
company has committed to achieving excellence through service to the guests. This building
were designed to suit the requirements of the foreign and local guests consisting of
diplomatic missions, eminent professionals and businessmen, top diplomats, nature lovers,
tourists who have high purchasing power, and those who are living in Homagama or away
from Colombo

The main objective of the project is to change the existing unpleasant and underutilized
tourism and economic potentials into relaxing, rejuvenating and enjoyable experience,
secluded and in harmony with nature’s best. Further the project proponents seek to provide
the high-quality visitor experience to local and foreign visitors/guests with best without
disturbing the extraordinary natural element that surrounds in Homagama.

The developer expects Inspired Living and staying that includes

 Every moment is an opportunity to enrich

 Vibrancy is the heart and soul of our people, spaces and experience

3.1.3 Justification of the project

As Homagama is a tourism destination in Sri Lanka, tourism and other economic activities
depend on available infrastructure, services and opportunities in Homagama. Compared to
other tourism destinations similar to Homagama, the existing visitor/guest facilities and
services at Homagama city is not at a satisfactory level. Existing facilities, services and
landscape of the built environment are not modernized and after 5.00 pm the city becomes
not alive. According to the developer’s view no more entertainments, shopping, gathering
and opportunities for enjoyment. Unpleasant odors, noises, polluted streets with polythene
and garbage and dark areas are resulted after 6.00 pm. Further, tourists are not attracted to
destinations where the natural environment is subject to degradation and pollution, and hence
tourism in one industry, which will strive to protect the nature. This is particularly applicable
to development projects, which cater to high-middle class belonging to the with respect to
disposable income.

The proposed project site being carefully chosen by the project proponents 2 minute drive
(0.3km) from the Homagama City and within the 800m away from NSBM campus 1.5km

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away from University of Moratuwa/ Faculty of Technology and 2km away from Kottawa
highway Entrance. In addition, they will enjoy the unique climate in Homagama.
The lack of availability of quality shopping, accommodation, parking and entertainment
facilities have become a major problem in Homagama, and the demand is expected to
increase with increase in tourist arrivals and also visitors on business stay with various
business-related projects in the pipeline. Hence Urban Development Authority (UDA) is
focusing to develop Homagama as a unique national and international resort centre.

It is envisaged that during the constructional phase, about 200 direct employments will be
provided to local community as skilled and non-skilled labour. During the operational phase
the project will provide more than 1000 direct employments by effectively utilizing scarce
land area of 1.2233 ha in Homagama. In addition, during the constructional and operational
phases of the project many businesses will spring up in the vicinity such as vegetable
suppliers

Considering all these aspects, the project proponents strongly believe that they can develop
this location as a unique tourist destination and commercial city fitted to luxury city concept.
Therefore, the proposed ‘Grand Renaissance Project’ will support to achieve above
mentioned objectives in the national policy document in Sri Lanka in several ways
i.e. increasing shopping, entertainment and accommodation facilities, earning foreign
exchange to the country, generating direct and indirect employment opportunities etc.

3.1.4 Objectives of EIA report

The primary aim of this EIA study is to provide environmental information to decision
makers with respect to the environmental sustainability and acceptability of the proposed
‘Township Development Project for Municipal Council of Homagama’. To achieve this
primary aim, the EIA study is defined as having the following objectives:
1. To describe the proposed project and the key activities associated with the
construction and operational phases.
2. To identify existing and future sensitive resources, activities and land uses that may
be adversely or beneficially affected by the proposed project.
3. To identify, predict and evaluate the potential impacts of the project on sensitive
receivers, resources, activities and land uses.
4. To propose appropriate mitigatory measures to reduce or minimize any adverse
impacts that have been identified, taking into account any associated constraints or
consequential environmental or social implications of such measures.
5. To identify, predict and evaluate the acceptability of the residual impact of the project
after the implementation of selected migratory measures and to estimate and evaluate
any cumulative environmental impacts to which the project may contribute.
6. To identify, develop and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in
the detailed design, construction and operational phases of the project to reduce
environmental impacts to acceptable levels.
7. To prepare and specify appropriate environmental monitoring programmed for the
implementation and maintenance of the proposed project activities.

3.1.5 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements

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This proposed project shall adhere to the following:
1. UDA Act No. 41 of 1978
2. UDA Act (Amendment) Act No. 4 of 1982
3. UDA Act (Amendment) Act No. 04 of 1982 – Development Plan for
Homagama2004-2016
4. National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980
5. National Environmental Act (Amendment) No. 56 of 1988
6. National Environmental Act (Amendment) No. 53 of 2000
7. Municipal Council Act
8. Condominium Act No. 39 of 2003
9. Soil Conservation Act – Chapter 450
10. Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance

Does the project wholly or partly falls within the following areas
Area Yes No Unaware
100 m from the boundaries of or within any area declared - No -
under the National Heritage Wilderness Act No. 04 of
1988
100 m from the boundaries of or within any area declared - No -
under the Forest Ordinance (Chapter 451)
Coastal Zone as defined in the Coast Conservation Act - No -
No. 57 of 1981
Any erodible area declared under the Soil Conservation Yes - -
Act (Chapter 450)
Any flood area declared under the Flood Protection - No -
Ordinance (Chapter 449) and any flood protection area
declared under the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation &
Development Corporation Act No. 52 of 1982
60 m reservation from the bank of a public stream as - No -
defined in the Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 454) and
having a width of more than 25 m at any point of the
course
Any reservation beyond the full supply level of a - No -
reservoir

Any archeological reserve, ancient or protected - No -

monument as defined or declared under the Antiquities
Ordinance (Chapter 188)

Any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance - No -

(Chapter 446)

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One mile of boundary of a National Reserve declared - No -
under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter
469)

100 m from boundaries of or within any area declared as - No -

a Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection
Ordinance (Chapter 469)

100 m from the high flood level contour of or within a - No -

public lake as defined in the Crown Lands Ordinance
(Chapter 454) including those declared under section 71
of the said Ordinance

The project sites are located in an erodible area declared under the Soil Conservation Act
(Chapter 450).

3.1.6 Extent and scope of the study

The EIA report covers an area of about 100m from the boundary of the proposed project site.
Therefore the study area covers 5 ha of land area for each project site (Lot). According to the
Terms of Reference (TOR), this report examines the potential impacts on physical, biological
and socio-economic environments of the study area due to project activities in detail
(Appendix 1). The scope of the study is to look into the environmental impacts (both positive
and negative) which may arise as a result of the land development, construction and
infrastructure development of the proposed township development project. Further, possible
impact mitigatory measures will be proposed to enhance the benefits of the said project rather
than the negative aspects of the project.

3.1.7 Conformity to Homagama Development Plan/other Conservation and

Development Plans

Homagama Development is mainly regulated and guided by the Situational Report and
Development Plan Volume I and II prepared by the UDA. Following extracts from the said
documents are noteworthy to be quoted.
1. Page 11- Section iv- Owing to planning controls and availability of state land for
further allocation, entry into informal sector housing is more restricted in Homagama.
However, this picture is expected to change with the enforcement of the present
development plan.
2. Page 11-Section vii- The probable infrastructure improvements in the town will
afford accommodation of population at a higher density
3. Page 17-Section 4.4.2- Population Growth in the town center where the Government
is the predominant land owner is affected by the non- availability of land for
distribution
4. Page 17-Section 4.5.1- Homagama town, being one of the District capital and one of
the countries prominent tourist destinations attracts a large visitor population to the

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 city
5. Page 18- Section 4.5.6- Development projects for tourist attraction
6. Page 43- Section 7.1.1 – Develop Homagama as a unique national and international
and international resort centre
7. UDA Zoning Plan

3.1.8 Compatibility with Existing & Proposed Development in the area

As mentioned in the Zoning Plan prepared by the UDA the project site is located in the
commercial zone. The UDA development plan blesses to improve the tourism sector in
Homagama, and the project proponent (developer) proposes to market the project for both
local and foreign holiday makers/guests/tourists/businessmen. It is obvious that many Sri
Lankans both living here and abroad are willing to spend their leisure time in Homagama.
Especially, during the holidays and April season the available facilities in Homagama are not
adequate to satisfy the increasing demand for up market accommodation, restaurants, a
gymnasium, a club house for residentss, ample parking places and other enjoying facilities
like shopping, heating places and food courts. Therefore, the proposed project will be
compatible with the existing and proposed development in the area.

3.2 Description of the Project

This chapter describes the information on proposed project site, construction and operational
activities. For the construction and operational activities, other infrastructure facilities are
assessed. Based on the above facts and information, alternatives will be evaluated at the latter
part of the chapter.

3.2.1 Location of the Project

Province : Western Province

District : Homagama
Local Authority : Urban Development Authority
Homagama Divisional Secretariat : Homagama
Distance : 5 km from Homagama Town

The proposed “Apartment Complex Project in Homagama’ will be located at Pitipana -

Thalagala Rd, Homagama.. The site is within the Homagama Municipal Council limits. There
are no declared environmental sensitive areas within 500 m from the site. The location maps
of project sites are given in Figures 2.1 and 2.2.

The land has a panoramic view of the Homagamatown Unique View farm lands and the sites
are ideally suited for luxury accommodation facilities, shopping malls and entertainment
complexes. The project site can be accessed from Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama.
NSBM is closer to the project site.

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 Figure
2.1:

Location Map of Project Sites (1:10,000- Survey Department)

Figure 2.2: Location Map of Project Sites (Google Map)

3.2.2 Present Ownership of the Project Site

Land ownership is state (Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama). Under the section 6 of UDA
Act, UDA will acquire the building used by Homagama Municipal Council., UDA will sign a
lease agreement with the Group six. to construct and operate the said project in the above

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lands. The NMC emphasized that they will obtain the ownership of the existing properties
during the construction period (Appendix 13A).

3.2.3 Project Layout Plan

The ‘Homagama Township Development Project’ mainly targets the local and foreign
visitors/businessmen who explore the relaxation, entertainment, enjoyment, natural heritage
and cultural value of Sri Lanka. The detailed layout plan is given for each project site in
Appendix 14. The access roads to the site, vehicle parks, existing drainage channels, storm
water collecting tanks, sewerage/water treatment plant, solid waste collection area, and
generator area etc. are clearly mentioned in the layout plans. All components are located in
the environmentally friendly manner and not disturbing the natural landscape.

3.2.4 Major Components of the Project

This is a Township Development Project and the project will operate 12 story complexes
Building complex to be established will be a (G+1F +8) storied building including one
basement floors. Parking lots, 40 units, maintenance offices, swimming pool, outdoor play
area drivers’ quarters, shops and food courts are the main components in this project. Lifts
are provided which could reach all the levels, and hence can be used for movement of solid
waste. The details of floor areas, number of housing units, shops and occupancy facilities are
given in Tables.
The details are as follows:

Description A Tower

Outside 16 parking slots

Swimming pool
Play area
Basement parking
Lower Ground Floor Area Shopping Area shops 38 nos
Public Toilet
Ground floor area Shops, Gym, office room

Typical Floor Area 40 House Units

Table 2.2: Schedule of Floor Areas, Number of Housing and Shops

Item Description
No of floors B+1st F+110 Typical

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No of Apartments 40 Housing Units
No. of Toilets 83
No. of Shops 3
No of Parking available 40 inside
15 outside
Foundation Struts and walers and piles
Wall Concrete wall with reinforce
Roof Ceiling
Floor finishes Tiles, carpets and timber
Bath room Finished with non-slip ceramic floor tiles.
Walls finish internal walls are finished with smooth plaster and painted
i. Internal with emulsion paint
Wall finish ii.External All External walls are finished with semi rough plaster and
double coats of weather protective paint
Doors All doors in solid timber – bathroom doors are made of glass
Windows All window frames in solid timber
Ceiling Calcium silicate boards (Steel and timber structure)
Electrical installation Provided by Ceylon Electricity board. 3 phase
/30A/230v/50Hz – 4 MVA/day
Telecommunication 3 lines of Sri Lanka telecom connections, Telephone socket
outlet ` for guest
rooms, public area, staff
Water supply From Municipal main line*
Garbage disposal From Municipal Council
Ventilation Natural ventilation- for toilets, public areas, lobbies, corridors

Heating and cooling system is proposed.

Sewerage and waste water Treated by treatment plant and sludge
disposal disposed by HomagamaMunicipal Council

Table 2.4: Details of the Tower

The developer is trying to reuse treated water (20 m3/day) for toilet flushing and irrigating the
landscape. The architectural designs of the apartment have been completed according to
Homagama Architectural pattern considering the plot contour levels (Appendix 15 and 16).
It is proposed to develop township development project in Homagama with 1200sqmeter t h e
construction is intended to be carried out and completed with utmost preservation of the
surrounding environment with a beautiful landscaping. Further common facilities such as
cafeteria/food court, elevator, swimming pool, standby generator, fire protection system,
garbage collection/solid waste management, visitor lobby, maintenance store and
administrative office and drivers’ rest/quarters will also to be included in the said

23
development. The architectural designs are given in Appendix 16.

3.2.5 Permanent and temporary structures and any infrastructure

development

Permanent structures were described in the previous section. In addition to the permanent
structures access roads will be widened and rehabilitated. Apartments, shops, cinema halls,
swimming pools, food courts, public toilets, water treatment plants, parking slots, staff and
driver quarters will be established permanent structures. During the construction period,
worker camps, toilets, septic tanks, project offices and store rooms will be constructed
temporarily at project site.

3.2.6 Relocation plan

-No. of families to be resettled

Survey has been identified the number of business which will be affected due to the proposed
development project. The total numbers of affected business centers were 195 and all are
excluding business at weekend Pola. There are 83 small scale business centers in Daily Fair,
62, business centers in New Building and 50 business centers in Cargils ground. Around 70
business mans are being benefitting with weekend Pola which is functioning on Sunday of
each week. The summary of business centres is shown in Table 2.5.

Area Retail Hotels Fruits Pharmacy Textiles Hardware Other Total

Shops Shop and Sinhala
medicines
Daily fair 2 2 3 5 10 1 60 83

Cargills 3 6 - - 2 9 30 50
ground
New 1 1 1 3 9 3 44 62
Building
Total 6 9 4 8 21 13 134 195

Table 2.5: No of Affected Business Centers/families in the Project Area

Note: Others are, Tailors, Motor parts, Gift items, saloons, Tire shops, Lottery, Liquor shops,
Wedding items, studios, Computers, Jewelry, Book Shops, Electrics items, Shoes, and etc.

-Socio-Economic status of the Affected Population

Whole set of business centers in the project area are belong to Municipal Council in

24
Homagama and rent out to the existing beneficiaries. However, some businesses are
functioning more than 20 years under given rent value. However, significant numbers of
business centers have been least out to other party by original owners and details are as
follows (Table 2.6).

Area Total number of No of Lease Percentage of

Business Units Out lease out
Daily fair 83 24 25%
Cargills ground 50 21 42%
New Building 62 53 85%
Total 195 98 50%
Table 2.6: Details of business units
According to the survey, 50% of business units have been least out by original owners those
who have been registered under list of registration in the Homagama Municipal Council.
According to existing rules and regulation registered beneficiaries have legal rights to
demand the ownership of existing business centers. With observing all those legal facts, the
proposed project has decided to offer a business center for each of existing beneficiaries with
more infrastructures in beautiful location.

-Existing Service Facilities

The existing service facilities in business units are given in Table 2.7.
Area Total number of Availability of Availability of
Business Units Electricity Drinking Water
Yes No Yes No
Daily fair 83 83 0 2 81
Cargills Ground 50 50 0 9 41
New Building 62 60 2 1 59
Total 195 193 2 12 183
Table 2.7: Existing service facilities in business units

According to the survey, 99% of business units have electricity, while drinking water only
available for 6% of business units. Majority of business units being used common wash room
and drinking water belong to the respective building. However, proposed project will be
supplied drinking water supply for each business unit separately.

-Existing employed population

Table 2.8 shows the details of existing employed population in the study area.

Area Total No of Direct Employment

Daily fair 136

Cargills Ground 110
New Building 142

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 Total 388
Table 2.8: Total Number of Existing Employed Population

The study found 388 direct employments which have been generated by existing business
units to the society. While proposed project supposed to be generated more than 2,000 direct
employments to the society.

-Total Number of Affected Population

Details of affected population are given in Table 2.9. According to the survey, the total
number of directly affected population is around 1,129 and their livelihood directly
associated with those business units.

Area Total No Affected Population

Daily fair 498

Cargills Ground 290
New Building 341
Total 1,129
Table 2.9: Details of affected population

-Monthly Turnover of Existing Business Units

Monthly Turnover of Existing Business Units is given in Table 2.10

Area Monthly Turn Over Monthly Turn Over Monthly Turn Over More Total
Below Rs. 25,000 (25 ,000 – 50,000) than Rs. 50,000
No. % No % No %
Daily fair 58 70 18 22 7 8 83
Cargills Ground 39 78 6 12 5 10 50
New Building 42 68 6 10 14 22 62
Total 139 71 30 15 26 14 195
Table 2.10: Monthly Turnover of Existing Business Units

According to the field survey, more than 71% business units have reflected their monthly
turnover is less than Rs. 25,000 and 15 % recorded as their turnover is in between Rs. 25,000
to 50,000 per month. Only 14% of business units have recorded more than Rs. 50,000
monthly turnover.

26
Other facilities to be provided
During the construction period, the affected shop/business unit owners will be provided semi-
permanent steel structures to operate their businesses. During the operation period of the
project they will be provided new business units/shops in the relevant towers. In addition
during the construction and operation periods the weekly pola will be operated in the
Learners’ ground.

3.2.7 Construction activities

3.2.7.1 Main preconstruction and construction activities

During the preconstruction and construction periods the ‘Chandana Kularathne road and
Kanakarathna Mawatha will be temporary blocked from the both sides to prevent entering by
outside people. Existing buildings and all other structures will be demolished and removed
from all project sites during the preconstruction period. The cleared area will be used for
construction activities. A minimum number of machineries and equipments will be used for
exaction and construction activities. A gang of skilled and nonskilled labourers from colombo
will be hired for constructional activities. ‘Building demolishing’ will be not be done at once,
and according to a plan one building after another will be demolished to minimize the
negative environmental impacts i.e. dust emission, noise pollution and vibration.
3.2.7.2 Details of the demolishing, filling and excavation

The existing all buildings/structures found in the site will be demolished and cleared the sites
for construction activities. Land filling is not applicable to the project and excavations will be
done using backhoes to remove existing foundations and to construct the foundations for the
new buildings. At site buildings will be demolished and minimum excavations will be done
for establishing the buildings and structures. The project site will be covered to prevent
entering the project sites.

3.2.7.3 Type, quantity and sources of filled material

Existing landscape in the project site will not be disturbed and used to establish the structures,
and therefore no area is filled under this project. The excavated soil will be used for filling
purposes if it is applicable.

3.2.7.4 Method of transportation of construction materials

Construction material will be transported from outside and no more material extraction will

27
take place at the project site. The required construction materials will be transported to the
project sites after the clearing and cleaning the sites. These materials will be transported to
the project site during the night time to avoid traffic congestion in the road network and to
minimize the noise and air pollution. ‘Pitipana - Thalagala Rd will be reached avoiding
Homagama city area.

3.2.7.5 Method of transportation of demolished/excavated materials to the

disposal site

The demolished/excavated materials will be transported and dumped to the filling areas
directed by the Homagama Municipal Council. The demolished materials will be transported
to those sites in the night time to minimize the traffic congestion and noise pollution.

3.2.7.6 Construction of internal roads

The ‘Pitipana - Thalagala Rd are the access roads to the proposed ‘Township Development
Project at Homagama, and roads will be widened and rehabilitated in future. According to the
proposed development plan within the project premises temporary car parking facility is
provided. The developer will provide vehicle parking facility for 56 vehicles.

3.2.7.7 Proposed landscaping, use of native plants or measures to preserve

or enhance vegetation on the site

The project site is a developed commercial area which is underutilized, congested and
crowded area and there is no natural landscape found. Therefore destruction to natural
landscape is not applicable to the project site. Some of shrubs/bushes which are exotic will be
removed to construct the hotel and other facilities. To improve the attractiveness in the
project sites, native and existing ornamental flower plants will be grown under the direction
and supervision of a skilled landscaper. Ornamental/flowering plants i.e. Eriobotrya
japonica, Euphorbia pucherrima (poinsettia), Ficus pumila (creeping fig), Fuchsia
corybiflora, Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon plant), Grevillea robusta (souther silky
oak), Gynerium sagittatum, Hakea salicifolia (willow-leaved hakea), Hedera helix,
Hydrangea macrophylla (leaf hydrangea), Impatiens repens (creeping balsam), Iresine
lindenii (blood leaf), Jacaranda mimosifolia (green ebony tree, jacaranda), Justica rizzinii,
Kniphofia uvaria, Ligustrum robustum, Melaleuca leucadendra (weeping paper bark, long-
leaved paper bark or white paper bark), Morus alba, Murraya paniculata, Tropaeolum,
Nephrolepis (green lady), Nerium oleander (kaneru), Peperomia, Petunia, Plumbago

28
capensis (Cape leadwort), Podocarpus macrophyllus (Yew plum pine), Camellia japonica
(Japanese camellia), Abutilon (India mallow), Acacia podalyriifolia (Mount Morgan wattle),
Allamanda cathartica (golden trumpet), Cyperus papyrus (Egyptian paper reed), Ardisia
crenata (Christmas berry), Rhododendron indicum, Brunfelsia pauciflora (yesterday-today
and tomorrow), Datura (Angel’s trumpet), Buxus sempervirens (Eropean box), Calliandra
guildingii (powder-puff), Calpurnia aurea, Casuarina equisetifola (Australian pine tree),
Cestrum elegans, Cordyline australis (cabbage palm), and Cupressus macrocarpa (Monetary
cypress) will be grown at the project sites under the landscaping plan. The landscape plan is
given in Appendix 18.

3.2.8 Aesthetic and visual environment

3.2.8.1 The height of the tallest structures proposed

The tallest point of the proposed development will be 35 m from the existing highest ground
level (Appendix 7). Further, Civil Aviation Authority has given their ‘no objection’ clearance
for each building. Whether the immediate vicinity view will be altered, impaired or
obstructed this will be a Township Development Project and all structures/designs were
drawn by the qualified architects. The proposed designs and structures will blend with the
environment and do not alter the immediate vicinity, and the aesthetic value of the vicinity
will be improved.

3.2.8.2 Proposed landscape plan

The project site is a developed commercial area which is underutilized, congested and
crowded area and there is no natural landscape found. Therefore destruction to natural
landscape is not applicable to the project site. As described under the section 2.3.2, native and
existing ornamental flower plants will be grown under the direction and supervision of a
skilled landscaper to improve the attractiveness and scenic beauty in the project sites.
Eriobotrya japonica, Euphorbia pucherrima (poinsettia), Ficus pumila (creeping fig),
Fuchsia corybiflora, Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon plant), Grevillea robusta (souther
silky oak), Gynerium sagittatum, Hakea salicifolia (willow-leaved hakea), Hedera helix,
Hydrangea macrophylla (leaf hydrangea), Impatiens repens (creeping balsam), Iresine
lindenii (blood leaf), Jacaranda mimosifolia (green ebony tree, jacaranda), Justica rizzinii,
Kniphofia uvaria, Ligustrum robustum, Melaleuca leucadendra (weeping paper bark, long-
leaved paper bark or white paper bark), Morus alba, Murraya paniculata, Tropaeolum,
Nephrolepis (green lady), Nerium oleander (kaneru), Peperomia, Petunia, Plumbago
capensis (Cape leadwort), Podocarpus macrophyllus (Yew plum pine), Camellia japonica
(Japanese camellia), Abutilon (India mallow), Acacia podalyriifolia (Mount Morgan wattle),
Allamanda cathartica (golden trumpet), Cyperus papyrus (Egyptian paper reed), Ardisia
crenata (Christmas berry), Rhododendron indicum, Brunfelsia pauciflora (yesterday-today

29
and tomorrow), Datura (Angel’s trumpet), Buxus sempervirens (Eropean box), Calliandra
guildingii (powder-puff), Calpurnia aurea, Casuarina equisetifola (Australian pine tree),
Cestrum elegans, Cordyline australis (cabbage palm), and Cupressus macrocarpa (Monetary
cypress) are some of proposed flowering plants to be grown at the project sites (see Appendix
18).

3.2.9 Water Supply

3.2.9.1 Amount of water required for the project (m3/d)

The water requirement in the construction phase is about 40 m3/day. It is proposed to employ
200 workers, and their water need is about 10 m 3/day and rest is required for constructional
purposes. As per the calculations, during the operational phase of the project the daily water
requirement for the development is approximately 466.77 m3/day. Out of this amount, we are
planning to re-use 20m3 from the treated water of sewerage Treatment Plant specially to
cater for gardening and toilet flushing water requirement and balance 466.77 m3 amount is
supposed to be taken from Homagama Municipality - Water supply division.

3.2.9.2 Water Sources and Supply Locations

Water Supply System will be distributed through PVC pipe network considering friction
losses. Sump capacity will be approximately 572,000 litres. Tank capacity will be 48,000
litres to cater peak hour period. Automatic pumping system is introduced with a float switch
arrangement to pump continuous water from sump to overhead tank. Water for the sump will
be taken from water main line belongs to National Water Supply Drainage Board available in
the main road. Mineral water will be used for drinking purposes. Homagama Municipal
Council has given their consent supply water to project sites during the construction phase as
well as operational phase (Appendix 9).

3.2.9.2 If extraction of surface water envisaged, submit the approval

obtained from the relevant Divisional Secretariat Office/Department of
Irrigation

Surface water will not be extracted.

3.2.9.3 If extraction of ground water is envisaged (from the Gregory Lake),

submit an approval(s) for obtained from the relevant agencies

Surface water will not be extracted.

3.2.9.4 Rain water harvesting system

30
The developer hope to establish a rain water harvesting system at the project and the proposal
is given in Appendix 19. As mentioned in the consent letter given by the Homagama
Municiapal Council as an alternative 80% of rain water will be collected by the developer. At
each site a rain water harvesting sump will be established (sizes: Site A (7.5m x 6m x 4.5m)-
beneath the car park area, Site B (7.5m x 6m x 4.5m)- beneath the car park area and Site C
(7.5m x 6m x 4.5m)- beneath the car park area).

3.2.10 Waste Water

3.2.10.1 Quantity and quality of waste water to be generated daily

Wastewater originate from domestic activities such as cooking, toilet and bath, laundering,
floor cleaning etc., mainly consist of biodegradable organic matter and contributes a
significant pollution load to the environment once discharged without a treatment. The
critical environmental pollution parameters associated with this effluent are pH, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids
(TSS), Oil and Grease (O&G) etc. therefore, biological treatments are the most
appropriate type for the treatment of this effluent. The daily water requirement for the
operational phase of the project is 200 m3/day (Appendix 20). The location map of proposed
locations of waste water treatment plants are shown in Appendix 14. The sewerage treatment
plants will be designed to capture 190 m3.
Facility Occupancy Per Capita water Waste Black Kitchen Grey
usage water water waste water
volume volume water volume
(m /day)
3
volume
Toilets at 75/day 8lit/person/day 0.6 0.375 - 0.225
parking area

Staff- Non 25/day 50lit/person/day 1.25 0.75 - 0.50

residential
Shops 89792 sqft. 0.375lit/day 33.67 20.2 - 13.47
Apartment 40 units 200 134 33.5 30.15 70.35
Total 169.52 54.82 30.15 84.54
Table 2.12: Estimation of waste water generation at Apartment

3.2.10.2 Arrangements for treatment and disposal of all waste water

including Sewage both during construction and operation

Before operating the sewerage treatment plant (STP), waste water and sewage will be
directed to the septic tanks and from time to time waste water and sewage will be removed
with the support of Homagama Municipal Council. Sequencing Batch Reactor systems (SBR
systems) are established for sewerage treatment at the site. The method, diagrams and steps

31
of treatment are given in the proposal of the Sewarage Water Treatment Plant (Appendix 20).
The STP will be designed to comply with the Central Environmental Authority (CEA)
tolerance limits for effluents discharged into inland surface waters without dilution (Schedule
1 –Act No. 47 of 1980 as amended by Act No. 56 of 1988). Sludge will be removed from
time to time with the support of Homagama Municipal Council.

Treatment Mechanism

SBR uses the same method which is used in a conventional continuous flow activated sludge
system to treat the wastewater. It treats the wastewater using the microbial metabolism of
naturally available, but selected microorganism cultures. In a deeper view, the aerobic
bacteria oxidize organic matters, grow and from flocks through accumulation at early settling
phase. Then the biological flocks are allowed to settle to bottom of the reactor at the settling
phase. As a result, the decanted effluent will contain less contaminant than that of the
influent. Carefully designed process and operational conditions will guarantee that the treated
effluent will meet the discharge specifications of the country. Details are given in Appendix
20.

3.2.10.3 Final point of discharge of treated waste water

In the sewerage treatment process, waste water will be subjected to the ultrafiltration. The
pore diameter of filters will be 0.03µ which filters the bacteria, some of viruses and
particulates including colloids. In this process treated water can be reused for toilet flushing
and gardening. The excess water will be diluted up to 8 times (if necessary) using the
harvested rain water and discharged to the adjacent canal in front of the project sites.

3.2.10.4 Operational and maintenance of proposed treatment and disposal

system
The operational and maintenance is a responsibility of the developer, and the proposed
Management of Township Development Project will maintain a office by employing skilled
maintenance crew including plumbers, masons and electricians. A close relationship will be
maintained with the Municipal Council, CEB and HomagamaMunicipal Council for prompt
actions for failures in electricity supply, water supply and solid waste collection. The support
of the relevant consultancy company for the establishment of waste water treatment plant will
be obtained for the operational and maintenance of water treatment continuously (eg.
Industrial Technology Institute, Enviro Water Systems (Pvt) Ltd.).

3.2.10.5 Alternative Ways of Waste Water Disposal

As a ‘Cooperate Social Responsibility’ project (CSR), the treated water can be distributed
among the farmer community for their cultivation purposes.

3.2.11 Solid Waste

32
3.2.11.1 Types and quantities of solid waste generated

The building has 12 stories blocks The number of floors of the proposed building is twelve
(G+10 floors). The basement floors parking have been allocated for parking of 40 cars and
for other services such as rest room for maintenance staff with toilets, generator room, store
room, final garbage collection room etc. The ground floor is also reserved for and entrance
lobby with a condominium management room. During the operation period solid waste will
be generated and can be categorized broadly as domestic waste and commercial waste
(Appendix 21). These waste can be called typical urban solid waste including paper,
plastics/polythene, metals, glass, organic matter and others including information technology
related waste and hazardous waste (cartridges and toner etc.). The percentages of wastes are
as follows (Table 2.15):

Waste Category Percentage Degradability Colour Code Source Seperated

Paper 8.7 Non- Blue Yes, bundles and

biodegradable poly propylene
woven sacks
Plastics/polythene 8.4 Non- Orange Yes, bags and poly
biodegradable propylene woven
sacks
Metals 2.1 Non- Brown Yes, poly propylene
biodegradable woven sacks

Glass 2.9 Non- Red Yes, poly propylene

biodegradable woven sacks

Organic matter 60 Biodegradable Green Yes, High density

poly ethylene bags
Others 17.8 Mixed Green No, with organic
matter
Table 2.15: Composition of typical solid waste
The total number of kg of solid waste generated in proposed project will be 5000 kg per day.

3.2.11.2 On site waste management system including waste separation and

storage

Specific management practices are not required for handling of recyclable and biodegradable
matter since the management will implement an appropriate waste management programme.
However, the bins to be used for segregation purposes needs to be of different colours (as
shown in Table 2.16) with clear instructions with figures in brief explaining as to what sort of
wastes are to be disposed. Simultaneously dogs and cats should be excluded to prevent access
to the bins containing perishable wastes.
During the operational phase solid waste will be separated in to recyclable wastes i.e. glass,
polythene, cardboard and organic waste (wet) providing separate bins/bags/sacks on each
floor. Organic waste collected within the apartment will be channeled for composting and the
remaining wet waste will be removed daily by maintenance staff to the temperature
controlled storage room to be handed over to the Municipal Council garbage collection
system periodically, while recyclable waste will be transported to appropriate collection

33
centres. In addition, attempts have to be made exclude domestic animals such as cats, dogs
and cattle to avoid garbage disposal and spreading.
The shops, apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material
containing hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink
cartridges. Therefore, such wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable
wastes under any circumstances.
3.2.11.3 Solid waste management plan

The proposed solid waste management plan is given in Appendix 21 in consultation with
HomagamaMunicipal Council. According to the letter given by the Homagama Municipal
Council, they agreed to collect and dispose the biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste
generated in the project sites (Appendix 22).

3.2.11.4 Proposed method of disposal of solid waste

The solid waste generated during the construction phase, as well as household waste of the
work force should be disposed and should not be dumped and stockpiled in the open areas of
the project site. They may be buried or transported to dumping areas recommended by
Homagama municipal Council. Cans, polythene bags and other items in which water get
collected should never be exposed as these will serve as breeding places for mosquitoes.

The solid waste arising from the rooms and other areas will be made to move through a pre-
identified stream of events until the waste is finally removed by the Council. The waste
stream will be operated by competent janitorial staff appointed by the owner of the building
complex. The biodegradable waste shall be placed into the bins by the janitorial staff and
managed by the janitorial staff beyond the receiving point. The recyclable/non- biodegradable
waste shall be delivered by the janitorial staff (dry waste bins) and thereafter handled by the
janitorial staff. The management will implement an awareness program consisting of regular
meetings of the stakeholders, notice boards and notices to individual premises etc and will
communicate with the staff of Homagama Municipal Council if and when necessary. The
need for Source Separation, colour coded storage in sacks or bags will be given constant
attention. The two waste streams will be as follows. Further, the restaurant waste (food)
would be collected and dispatched to nearby piggeries around Homagama.

The solid wastes generated during the construction phase should not be left at the project site
and all solid wastes should be collected, removed and transported to a particular place (land
filling area) or place recommended by HomagamaMunicipal Council.

Specific management practices are not required for handling of recyclable and biodegradable
matter since the management will implement an appropriate waste management programme.
However, the bins to be used for segregation purposes needs to be of different colours with
clear instructions with figures in brief explaining as to what sort of wastes are to be disposed.
Simultaneously dogs and cats should be excluded to prevent access to the bins containing
perishable wastes.
During the operational phase solid waste will be separated in to recyclable wastes i.e. glass,
polythene, cardboard and organic waste (wet) providing separate bins on each floor. Organic
waste collected within the apartment will be channeled for composting and the remaining wet
waste will be removed daily by maintenance staff to the temperature controlled storage room
to be handed over to the Municipal Council garbage collection system periodically, while
recyclable waste will be transported to appropriate collection centres. In addition, attempts

34
have to be made exclude domestic animals such as cats, dogs and cattle to avoid garbage
disposal and spreading.

The shops, apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material
containing hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink
cartridges. Therefore, such wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable
wastes under any circumstances. Such wastes need to be safely disposed or options needs to
be identified to make use of material that contains less hazardous material but achieve the
same function or make use of material that has good recycling potentials. For example the use
of computer ink cartridges that could be refilled with ink is better option rather than the usage
of those cartridges that needs to be disposed after complete ink depletion.

In addition, considering the amounts of collection of organic waste the developer hopes to
build a bio-gas plant to provide bio gas for building operations such as heating, cooking etc.
in future. The details of the bio gas plant are given in Appendix 22. The size of proposed
digester will be 12m x 4.5m x 1.6m (86.4m 3). The proposed bio gas plant is an optional
solution, the implementation will be decided based on environmental consultants and
mechanical engineers’ specifications and guidelines.

3.2.11.5 Disposal of demolished/excavated material and relevant approvals

obtained for such activities

According to the letter given by the Homagama Municipal Council, they agreed to collect and
dispose the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste including demolished/excavated
materials generated in the project sites (Appendix 22). In addition, with their consent and
directions, demolished/excavated materials will be dumped to the land filling areas. The
Homagama Municipal Council will get the required consent from other relevant agencies.

3.2.12 Air Emission Control

3.2.12.1 Use of generator/boiler or any other machinery which generates

emissions

Minimum dust emissions could be resulted in the construction phase. A few heavy
machines with low capacity will be used in excavation and construction activities, and the
noise level will be very minimal. Since usage of low capacity heavy machines vibration in the
study area could be controlled. The constructional activities will be conducted only in the day
time. The maximum noise level during the constructional period in day time will be below 65
dB and the air quality standard will be 0.5mg/m3 ppm. During the operation period also
other noisy activities are not allowed in the project premises therefore, noise will not be an
issue in this project. Boilers will be operated using LP gas and electricity to minimize the air
emission to the air. In addition, two sound proof diesel power generators of combined
capacity of 1500 KVA will be installed at the apartments to satisfy 100% need in an
emergency. Liquid petroleum gas will be used for cooking purposes, and solar energy will be
utilized to generate the hot water systems to the bath rooms and exterior garden lighting.

3.2.12.2 Emission/noise control facilities

35
During the construction period, the project site will be covered by using metal sheets and
tried to minimize dust particles going out from the sites. Modern and new machineries will be
used for construction activities to minimize generating machinery emission and noise
pollution. All construction activities will be done from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm. During the
operational phase, the walls of all buildings will be plastered to absorb sound in the project
sites. During the power cut periods, sound proof generated will be used.

3.2.13 Drainage Management

The proposed project sites are located at Homagama city in the Western Province. The city is
the administrative capital where it is a longitude of 80 m and overlooked by Pidurutalagala
Mountain. The average rainfall of Homagama is about 350mm as per Meteorological
Department of Sri Lanka and the highest rainfall is experienced in October in every year.
Accordingly, storm water disposal arrangement and its management is vital in the said hotel.
Project site is a small land and rain water is directed to a ‘sump’ at each block and that water
will be used for operational activities of the project. The excess water will be discharged to
the existing water drainage system closer to the project site. In the proposed design, storm
water running from sloped roof is collected by a gutter located +23m level. It is taken down
to the ground level by storm water down pipes mounted to the external wall (Appendix 19).

The excess storm water taken down from the buildings is directly discharged to an open
trench running along the boundary line. It is finally to the road culvert. Storm water taken
down from the west side of the building is discharged to the manholes and then dispose to the
road culvert. Water seep to the car park is collected by a trench casted at the entry of the car
park and dispose to road culvert.

Each and every man hole will be provided with silt traps at bottom and grating covers on top
to prevent silt, debris and any type of garbage entering to the system during rainy days.
Further the network should be designed considering the rain fall intensity & soil absorption
capacity of the premises.
3.2.14 Other Infrastructure facilities required/provided

3.2.14.1 Details of any access road to be built/improved (existing condition

and anticipated improvements)
The access roads to the project sites, Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama will be widened
and rehabilitated by carpeting as four lane roads properly under this project and the local
community also can be able to use this road for their transportation.

3.2.14.2 Details of parking facilities (inside and outside of the project site
and arrangements for them)

Ground floor will be used for the parking facility.40 in the ground floor parking and outside
16 parking slots. The details of the parking facility are shown in Table 2.17:

No of
Parking
i ALLOCATED CAR PARK FOR RESIDENCE

36
 For Residence units 40
ALLOCATED CAR PARK NMC &
ii OVD
for UDA
Extra Parking 16
Total 56
Table 2.17: Details of the parking facility
3.2.14.3 Energy requirement during construction and operation stages
separately (sources, availability)

The energy is required for the proposed project for cooking, lighting, water heating and
operating electrical appliances like fans, refrigerators and air conditioners. Liquid petroleum
gas will be used for cooking purposes, and solar energy will be utilized to generate the hot
water systems to the bath rooms and exterior garden lighting. National grid electricity will be
used for operating above mentioned electrical appliances so that national grid electricity
requirement will be less than 4 MVA per day. A three phase electric power line is available at
the project site. In addition, stand by diesel power generator will be installed at the resort.

a. Source: An electricity connection will be obtained from the CEB for the proposed
‘Township Project’. This will be a permanent 3 phase 4 MVA connection through a
transformer dedicated to Grand Renaissance Project from CEB. The consent letter
was given by CEB (Appendix 3). In addition, stand by diesel power generator will be
installed at the resort.

b. Availability: A transformer will be established at project site to obtain the 3 phase

grid connection. In addition, two sound proof diesel power generators of combined
capacity of 4 MVA will be installed at the project site to satisfy 100% need in an
emergency. Liquid petroleum gas will be used for cooking purposes, and solar energy
will be utilized to generate the hot water systems to the bath rooms and exterior
garden lighting. Also, the developer will establish a bio gas plant at project site if
there is a possibility.

3.2.15 Implementation plan

3.2.15.1 Phased out development plan (if any)

The entire project will be developed at a single phase, and the time schedule for each
activities are given in Table 2.18. The total project period is 36 months, and the developer
will adhere to implement the project activities as a national priority. The operational activities
can be implemented in the fourth quarter of 3rd year of the project.

Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Approvals
Preconstruction
activities
Construction
Activities

37
Investments/Operation
Table 2.18: Activity plan for the Township Development Project in
Homagama

3.2.15.2 Details of operational and maintenance procedure of common

facilities

The structures of Proposed Township Development Project will have the firefighting capacity
such as fire extinguishers at necessary locations on all floors. There will be a 24 hours
serviced technically competent team for day to day operations such water and power supply,
lift maintenance, cleaning services including wash rooms, water treatment plant operation,
garbage collection and storing etc. The apartment complex management office will be
planned to establish at lower ground floor. The developer has already agreed to implement
this project as a joint venture project. Homagama Municipal Council and Urban Development
Authority are the other parties. A project management committee will be formed and the
developer Group Six will take chairmanship of above committee. Like other condominium
development project, the project activities and operational and maintenance activities
managed by the said committee.

3.2.15.3 Responsible agency/agencies for such activities

This is a township development project and it will be a national priority under the mega polis
development strategy in Sri Lanka. Mainly, all the state agencies in provincial and national
level are responsible for implementing the project. The government agencies should provide
the necessary policy directions for the smooth operation of project activities. In addition, as
citizens in Sri Lanka all visitors to Homagama and dwellers in Homagama will have a
responsibility to protect the public property and environment in township project premises.
All the service providers, shop and boutique owners and operators should contribute to
provide a quality service to their customers. Environmental Non-Government Organizations
should be alert in all activities to be implemented under the project to safe guard the
environment.

Agency/Organization/Institution Responsibility
Central Environmental Authority Monitoring project activities, conditions to
be fulfilled by the developer and
environmental standards
Ceylon Electricity Board Providing continuous electricity supply to
the project sites
Homagam Municipal Council Providing required water supply to the
project sites. Collecting biodegradable and
non-biodegradable wastes from the project
sites
Urban Development Authority Monitoring conditions mentioned in the
approval letter
Road Development Authority Monitoring conditions mentioned in the
approval letter
Settlers, Boutique and shop owners, service Providing a quality service to the
providers etc. customers.
Keeping a cleaner premises Adopting

38
 environmentally friendly measures
Citizens, local community and setters Be alert in environmental issues to be
resulted. Inform the relevant agencies to
attend them.
Police Department Protecting the property

Fire Service Department Providing necessary guidance to prevent

fire
Department of Wildlife Conservation/Forest Protecting measures should be taken to
Department minimize disturbances to wild fauna and
flora
The following Table 2.19 provides the assigned responsibilities for each agency.

Table 2.19: Agencies and their responsibilities for implementing the project
activities

3.2.16 Future Expansions

The developer hopes to implement the second phase of this project, but the project proposal is
not finalized.

3.2.17 Evaluation of alternatives

3.2.17.1 Describe reasonable alternatives considered and the basic

environmental engineering and economic parameters used in their
investigation and evaluation

This project will be implemented under the mega polis development concept of the
Government of Sri Lanka. The proposed location is the heart of Homagama City area, and for
the township project available land is suited. Homagama is a wet and congested area in the
Colombo. The land value is very expensive and bare lands also cannot be found. This project
is supported by the Homagama Municipal Council and other state agencies in Homagama.
The said lands are government properties and the said lands are used by Homagama
Municipal Council. The Urban Development Authority will acquire these lands and sign
agreement/lease agreements with the developer.
The total area of Homagama city is only 12 km2 and lands are expensive. It is difficult to find
a suitable land for the proposed development. a. In addition, it is easy to obtain required
electricity and water requirement for the project sites. Existing dwellers, vendors of weekly
market (‘pola’) and boutique and shop owners hope a better livelihood in Homagama. Under
the construction, they will be provided spaces, boutiques, and shops for improving their
livelihood. In addition, through the project government hope to create more than 1000
direct and indirect employment opportunities to the local community.

3.2.17.2 Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts,

mitigatory measures, capital and operating costs and reliability, etc.

Alternatives are not given. Therefore, a comparison will not be done.

39
3.3 Description of the Existing Environment

3.3.1 Study Area

The land has a panoramic view of the Homagamatown Unique View farm lands and the sites
are ideally suited for luxury accommodation facilities, shopping malls and entertainment
complexes. The project site can be accessed from Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama.
NSBM is closer to the project site.
15. The buildings will be located considering the existing contour plan.

The study area includes the project sites and the influenced area. The project site is located in
a congested and developed area so that 100m from each site was considered as the influenced
zone which includes the Homagama town area. The dumping areas for excavated soil and
demolished materials will be located outside the Homagama town. The excavated soil and
demolished materials will be dumped in consultation with Homagama Municipal Council.

3.3.2 Hydrology

There are no surface water bodies in the proposed project site and the study area, and surface
water bodies are found outside study area. Water generally drains to the drainage system
found in study area depending on altitudinal difference. Therefore water falling on the land is
partly absorbed and excess water cascade down to the main road drain as well (Figure 3.1-
hydrology map)

3.3.3 Geology and soil characteristics

3.3.3.1 Geologic characteristic at the project sites and study area

The geological structure of Homagama is made up of highly crystalline, non-fossiliferous

rocks of Precambrian age, belonging to the Highland Series. They are composed of inter-
banded metamorphosed sediments and Charnockite gneisses.

3.3.3.2 Type of Soil Characteristics

Soil type is predominantly Red Yellow Podsols, derived from the feldspar-rich rocks of the
Highland Series. A layer of ironstone gravel, 20-30 cm thick, is found below the black
organic- rich surface soil. The depth, texture and structure are satisfied. Nitrogen and carbon
are more in upper layers and less in lower layers. The Cation Exchange Capacity is in
optimum level.

3.3.3.3 Susceptibility to erosion

According to the NBRO report the proposed project site is located within a low risk land by
means of landslide hazards. The existing project sites are flat lands, and not an erodible land,
but soil erosion prevention measures will be applied to minimize soil erosion. Especially,
along the boundaries of the project sites retaining walls will be constructed within the shortest
possible time.

40
3.3.3.4 Landslide potential and other geo-hazard of the area

The soil is stable and not the colluvium type soil, therefore landslides do not take place in the
project area. According to the NBRO report, this project site belongs to the low risk category
(Landslides are not likely to occur), and the selected site is suitable location for constructing
the hotel. All types of excavation works must be done under the adequate technical guidance.
All excavation activities are conducted based on the given recommendations in the NBRO
report.
3.3.4 Land Use

3.3.4.1 Land productivity/land use potential of the site

The entire Homagam aarea is productive for tea and vegetable cultivation. If there is a
potential for tea and vegetable cultivations, at present the study area has been converted to a
commercial area in Homagama town. The existing land has been underutilized and there is
potential for developed as a commercial centre. This was identified by the relevant authorities
including the developer and initiated steps to establish new township project at said three
sites.

3.3.5 Noise

3.3.5.1 List existing major noise sources within the study area

The proposed project sites are crowded and congested. The main sources of urban noise in
Homagama are the road traffic, the announcements of fruit and vegetable sale and other
peddlers, the police whistle, the informal shops (boutiques, bakeries, restaurants), local
village fairs (weekly fair), domestic household and neighborhood noise and etc.

3.3.5.2 The present noise levels within the study area

During the day time the mean noise level is 90 dB.

3.3.6 Ecological Resources

The study area could be considered as ‘commercial zone’, and no special kind of wildlife
habitats are found. The project site and study area are located within a 1.2233 ha of
commercial area. There are no any natural habitats found. Many years ago, the natural
vegetation was cleared and converted the lands for cultivation and settlements. Further this
study area is not a path of any migratory animals. The animals also can be seen rarely.

3.3.7 Historical & Archaeological Importance

3.3.7.1. Describe any landmarks or evidence of historic, religious,

archaeological, scientific or cultural importance known to be in the study
area

41
There are no any landmarks or evidence of historic, religious, archaeological, scientific or
cultural importance known to be in the study area. The NSBM and Faculty of technology
Moratuwa which is located in front of the project sites,. The proposed project will not cause
negative impacts.

3.3.8 Socio-Economic Environment

3.3.8.1 Presence of settlements within the project site and surrounding area
Homagama District Analysis Overview Population: 842,000 and Population density: 412
people per sq km. Majority of population lives in rural/plantation areas. The district is
experience a huge increase in poverty, The Western Province (Colombo district) has the
second highest provincial ranking for absolute poverty of nine provinces in the country.

Homagama's economy largely depends on agriculture, mostly subsistence agriculture rather

than market oriented, then unskilled laborers, business owners and sales workers. Tourism is
the second largest revenue earner.

Female employment is high at 62% and most work in agriculture, most at a subsistence level
but with nearly a quarter of them as market oriented agriculture workers. A further 11% are
unskilled laborers and teachers 3.9%. Women constitute a high proportion of labor on tea
plantations. The double burden of labour intensive plantation work and family care is
particularly intense for women.
3.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts
This chapter evaluates the anticipated environmental impacts due to the project at all stages
of site development and operation on the component of the environment.

3.4.1 Physical Impacts

3.4.1.1 Hydrological

3.4.1.1.1 Impacts on natural drainage pattern (flow pattern) of the area due to
blockage of drainage pathways

All structures/building will be located without blocking the existing drainage pathways in the
project site. A proper storm water management plan will be implemented to minimize the
impacts on natural drainage pattern in the project area.

3.4.1.1.2 Impacts on storage capacity of existing drains and canals

There is no any water amount release to the existing drains. Storage capacities of existing
drains and canals are more than enough to store draining water coming from the project site.
Rain water will be stored at each site. Excess storm water is only released to the drain system.

3.4.1.2 Erosion, siltation and sediment runoff:

3.4.1.2.1 Impacts on waterways

Under the drain water system/proposed storm water management plan, silt traps will be

42
established at project site, and siltation will not be occurred due project activities.
Periodically these silt traps will be cleaned. Further, since the topography of the project site is
flat or slightly undulated, there is no possibility of soil erosion. Silting and runoff during the
constructional period is negligible, although these impacts could be controlled by maintaining
and regularly cleaning road side drains.

3.4.1.2.2 Destruction to natural landscape

The proposed project sites are located in a commercial zone or in a built environment. There
is no natural landscape is found, and erosion, siltation and sediment runoff do not destroy the
existing landscape.

3.4.1.2.3 Impacts on existing land use of the area

The proposed project sites are located in a commercial zone or in a built environment. There
is no natural landscape is found, and erosion, siltation and sediment runoff do not cause
negative impacts on existing land use.

3.4.1.3 Land stability

According to the Landslide Hazard Zoning map developed by NBRO and field observations,
the proposed land is a low risk land by means of landslide hazards. According to NBRO
report even though the proposed locations are landslide hazard free, land subsidence with
crack development during and construction may occur due to the soft and lose ground
conditions present in the area. As, the ground water exists near surface of the project area
excavation and construction activities will be required to resist seepages to the excavating
area with suitable methodology, as lowering the ground water level is not appropriate due to
the risk for the surrounding buildings and structures. Therefore, following will be considered
in the construction period.

i. The construction activities including the diaphragm wall construction will

be done under the supervision of qualified and experienced professionals.
ii.Continuous monitoring should be obtained from NBRO during the
excavations and construction activities
iii. If any instability features, water seepages and unfavorable ground
conditions for the planned activities are observed, immediately NBRO
will be informed and their recommendations will be obtained.
iv. Lowering of ground water level by dewatering or any other method is
prohibited during excavations and constructions
v.Appropriate foundation type and foundation parameters for the proposed
building will be designed by considering the subsurface ground
conditions, soil parameters and building loads.

43
3.4.1.4 Air/noise/vibration/dust

3.4.1.4.1 Noise, vibration and dust due to construction activities

Minimum dust emissions could be resulted in the construction phase. A few heavy
machines with low capacity will be used in excavation and construction activities, and the
noise level will be very minimal. Since usage of low capacity heavy machines vibration in the
study area could be controlled. The constructional activities will be conducted only in the day
time. The maximum noise level during the constructional period in day time will be below 65
dB and the air quality standard will be 0.5mg/m 3 ppm. During the operation period also other
noisy activities are not allowed in the apartment premises therefore, noise will not be an issue
in this project.

3.4.1.4.2 Noise, vibration and dust due to transportation of building materials

All transportation activities will be conducted in night time and less traffic roads will be used.
Building materials will be covered to minimize ‘dust’ generation while transporting them to
the project site. New vehicles will be used to minimize noise pollution, vibration and air
emission to the atmosphere.

3.4.1.4.3 Air emissions and noise from generators/boilers

Generators will be established at project site to use if main grid electricity is not available.
These generators will be sound proof and they will be fixed in an enclosure. Boilers will be
operated with either electricity or LP gas. Solar power will be used for water heating facility
so that boiler operation will be minimal.

3.4.1.5 Waste water

3.4.1.5.1 Disposal of waste water from worker camps during construction

During the construction period, temporary worker camps will be constructed and waste water
will be directed to the septic tanks. The septic tanks will be filled with soil after constructing
the sewerage treatment plant.

3.4.1.5.2 Sources of waste water generation

Wastewater originate from domestic activities such as cooking, toilet and bath, laundering,
floor cleaning etc., mainly consist of biodegradable organic matter and contributes a
significant pollution load to the environment once discharged without a treatment. Waste
water will be generated from toilets, shops, apartments, pola area, food courts and cinema
found in each tower.

3.4.1.5.3 Disposal of treated/untreated waste water during operation

In the sewerage treatment process, treated water can be reused for toilet flushing and
gardening. The excess water will be diluted up to 8 times (if necessary) using the harvested
rain water and discharged to the adjacent canal in front of the project sites. As an alternative,

44
the treated water will be distributed among the farmer communities for their cultivation
purposes. This will be a Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR) project.

3.4.1.5.4 Impacts of waste water disposal on the surface and ground water quality

The waste water will be directed to the sewerage treatment plant and waste water will not be
discharged to the surface water bodies. Only the excess treated water will be diluted eight
times and discharged to the adjacent water canal in front of the project sites.

3.4.1.6 Solid waste disposal

3.4.1.6.1 Sources of solid waste generation during operation

These waste can be called typical urban solid waste including paper, plastics/polythene,
metals, glass, organic matter and others including information technology related waste and
hazardous waste (cartridges and toner etc.). Apartments, shops, food courts, wash rooms,
weekly market (pola) and cinema are the main sources of solid waste generation. The shops,
apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material containing
hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink cartridges.

3.4.1.6.2 Impacts of residue disposal during constructional period

The unused or excess materials will be transported to other new development sites of the
developer. Debris and excavated materials will be transported to the dumping sites in
consultation with Homagama Municipal Council. These materials will be transported during
the night time to minimize noise pollution and vehicular traffic.

3.4.1.6.3 Impacts due to demolished materials, solid waste disposal on ground water and
or soil during construction

The demolished materials will be removed from the project site to the dumping areas in
consultation with Homagama Municipal Council. These dumping areas are used as filling
areas. During the operational phase solid waste will be disposed properly according to a solid
waste management plan. Solid waste will not be discharged in to the water bodies. The solid
waste management was discussed under the section 2.3.6. The solid waste will be properly
managed, however if solid waste is dumped in open area, it will adversely affect the aesthetic
beauty and will increase the population of nuisance birds such as crows and also that of
mosquitoes such as vectors of Dengue fever.

3.4.1.7 Impacts on borrow site

3.4.1.7.1 Destruction/potential dangers to people due to open sites

The open borrow sites will not be operated under this project. The building materials will be
transported from legalized sites outside study area or Homagama. Therefore, there will be no
any potential dangers to people.

45
3.4.2 Ecological resources

3.4.2.1 Impacts due to destruction/alteration of habitats

The project site is located in a commercial area, and which is a built environment. Therefore
this is not a wildlife habitat.. Loss/destruction/fragmentation of habitats is not applicable to
this project. Common home garden birds, black napped hare, porcupines’ rat snake,
chameleons and some other common reptiles are found at project site. These species are also
common in other home gardens around the project site. Habitat modification could not be
applied to this resort project, because only the construction area is cleared and native tree
species also planted to improve the habitat quality. The project site is not on the migratory
routes of birds and mammals. As such the project will not have any adverse impacts on the
migratory routes of birds and animals. In the landscaping exotic/alien species will not
introduced, and only the native species are planted to improve wilderness quality in the
project site.

3.4.2.2 Impacts on aquatic ecosystems due to waste water disposal, dumping of

excavated soil, demolished materials and debris

Waste water will not be discharged to the water canal and the existing drain system. The
demolished, excavated materials and debris will not be discharged in to the water canals and
the existing drain system. The solid waste will be transported to dumping and land filling
sites in consultation with Homagama Municipal Council. Therefore, impacts will not be
resulted on the aquatic ecosystems adjacent to project sites.

3.4.2.3 Employments to be provided to the local people during constructional and

operational periods

It is envisaged that during the constructional phase, about 200 direct employments will be
provided to local community as skilled and non-skilled labour. During the operational phase
the project will provide more than 1000 direct employments by effectively utilizing scarce
land area of 1.2233 ha in Homagama. In addition, during the constructional and operational
phases of the project many businesses will spring up in the vicinity such as vegetable
suppliers, casual labour, tourist guides creating indirect employment to a large number.

3.4.2.4 Socio-economic benefits (other than employments)

Considering all these aspects, in addition to employment opportunities, the project

proponents strongly believe that they can develop this location as a unique tourist destination
and commercial city fitted to luxury city concept. Therefore, the proposed ‘Township
Development Project for Municipal Council of Homagama’ will support to achieve the
objectives in the national policy document in Sri Lanka in several ways i.e. increasing
shopping, entertainment and accommodation facilities, enjoying recreational facilities,
improved road system, earning foreign exchange to the country, generating direct and indirect
employment opportunities etc.

3.4.3 Traffic impacts

3.4.3.1 Traffic movement along roads during construction and operation stages

46
Traffic Assessment Report is given in Appendix 24. The traffic assessment was done along
five roads which will connect with the proposed development i.e. Pitipana - Thalagala Rd,
Homagama road.

3.4.3.2 Usage of vehicles and their loading during construction period

Lorries and trippers will be used for transporting construction materials to the project sites
during the construction period. A minimum number of vehicles will be used for the
transportation. All transportation activities will be done during the night time to minimize the
traffic impact in Homagama. Although, according to the traffic assessment report, the
generated vehicular traffic will not create major issues since there is capacity on the
existing road network to carry the additional traffic generated, the transportation related to the
loading and unloading will be conducted in the night time.

3.4.3.3 Traffic Impact Assessment report

The traffic impact assessment report (Appendix 22) was prepared by Dr. H.R. Pasindu and
Prof. J.M.S.J. Bandara, the qualified consultants in consultation with Urban Development
Authority, HomagamabMunicipal Council and Director (Traffic).

3.4.4 Safety Issues

3.4.4.1 Safety issues during construction

Potential safety issues for workers in construction include:

 Falls (from heights);

 Trench collapse;
 Scaffold collapse;
 Electric shock and arc flash/arc blast;
 Failure to use proper personal protective equipment; and
 Repetitive motion injuries.

The developer will hire a reputed contractor for constructional activities. All safety measures
will be considered for all constructional activities. First Aid facilities will be established at
project office and a stand by vehicle will be arranged to obtain instant medical treatments
from Homagama General Hospital.

The developer will concern of fire prevention at the project sites. They have already
consulted the Fire Service Department, Colombo and obtained the recommendations for the
establishment of firefighting equipments. ‘Safety is first’ concept will be applied all activities
relevant to constructional activities. Therefore, the developer hopes no more safety issues
during construction and operation.

Further, the Contingency Plan of the project is given in Appendix 23.

47
3.4.5 Impacts on Visual Environment

3.4.5.1 Positive and/ or negative impacts

The project designs have been accepted the UDA and Municipal Council Homagama, and
designs are blended with the environment. The project of this magnitude will definitely create
a positive impact to the skylines of Homagama. Civil Aviation Authority has given their
consent for maintaining the maximum heights of the towers. The tallest height of the
buildings will be less than 45m (Appendix 7).

3.5 Proposed Mitigation Measures

This chapter sets out the proposed measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate the
impacts identified in Chapter four to acceptable levels including conformity to the gazzetted
Sri Lankan Standards. The proceeding section of this EIA report has identified the potential
environmental impacts associated with construction and operation of ‘Township
Development project’ in Homagama. This chapter presents the mitigation and best practices
that should be developed in order to avoid and minimize the impacts. “Mitigation through
Design” concept is widely used to minimize potential impacts due to construction and
operation of the project. In addition following mitigation measures are proposed under
following areas.

1. Soil conservation measures

2. Waste management techniques
3. Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts
4. Measures to handle negative social and cultural impacts
5. Measures to address increased traffic, dust, noise, vibration
6. Measures to maintain water quality
7. Storm Water Drainage
8. Safety Issues Mitigation

3.5.1 Soil Conservation

3.5.1.1 Impacts of land clearing, cutting, filling leveling and residue disposal

The project site is a developed commercial area which is underutilized, congested and
crowded area and there is no natural landscape found. Therefore destruction to natural
landscape is not applicable to the project site. Construction material will be transported from
outside and no more material extraction will take place at the project site.

Some of shrubs/bushes which are exotic will be removed to construct the towers and other
facilities. Endemic or indigenous plants are not found and ground cover also removed. Plant
species to be planted to enhance the natural beauty and green cover are given section 2.3.2.

The land area is a flat and there is no slope which is supportive for soil erosion. Structural
and architectural designs were done to minimize the impacts on land preparation.

According to NBRO report even though the proposed locations are landslide hazard free, land
subsidence with crack development during and construction may occur due to the soft and

48
loose ground conditions present in the area. As, the ground water exists near surface of the
project area excavation and construction activities will be required to resist seepages to the
excavating area with suitable methodology, as lowering the ground water level is not
appropriate due to the risk for the surrounding buildings and structures. Therefore, following
will be considered in the construction period.

1. The construction activities including the diaphragm wall construction will be done
under the supervision of qualified and experienced professionals.
2. Continuous monitoring should be obtained from NBRO during the excavations and
construction activities
3. If any instability features, water seepages and unfavorable ground conditions for the
planned activities are observed, immediately NBRO will be informed and their
recommendations will be obtained.
4. Lowering of ground water level by dewatering or any other method is prohibited
during excavations and constructions
5. Appropriate foundation type and foundation parameters for the proposed building will
be designed by considering the subsurface ground conditions, soil parameters and
building loads.

By considering centre median of Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama elevation as 0m, the
site terrain varies up to 26.3 m. The guidelines and recommendations given by the NBRO
will be applied for maintaining the soil stability.

3.5.1.2 Sediment and erosion control plan during construction

Soil erosion and sediment controls are measures which are used to reduce the amount of soil
particles that are carried off of a land area and deposited in a receiving water. By considering
the eco sensitivity of the area, several mitigation procedures have been proposed for the
construction site.
 Prevent runoff from offsite areas from flowing across disturbed areas
 Minimize the amount of disturbed soil
 Slow down the runoff flowing across the site
 Remove sediment from onsite runoff before it leaves the site

3.5.2 Solid Waste Management

The solid wastes generated during the construction phase should not be left at the project site
and all solid wastes should be collected, removed and transported to a particular place (land
filling area) or place recommended by Homagama Municipal Council. The existing structures
found in the project sites will be demolished under the preconstruction phase and the
Homagama Municipal Council has agreed to remove the demolished building materials from
the site.

Specific management practices are not required for handling of recyclable and biodegradable
matter since the management will implement an appropriate waste management programmed.
However, the bins/bags/sack to be used for segregation purposes needs to be of different
colours with clear instructions with figures in brief explaining as to what sort of wastes are to
be disposed. Simultaneously dogs and cats should be excluded to prevent access to the bins

49
containing perishable wastes.

During the operational phase solid waste will be separated in to recyclable wastes i.e. glass,
polythene, cardboard and organic waste (wet) providing separate bins on each floor. Organic
waste collected within the towers will be removed daily by maintenance staff to the
temperature controlled storage room to be handed over to the Homagama Municipal Council
garbage collection system periodically, while recyclable waste will be transported to
appropriate collection centres. In addition, attempts have to be made exclude domestic
animals such as cats, dogs and cattle to avoid garbage disposal and spreading.

The proposed solid waste management plan is given in Appendix 21 in consultation with
Homagama Municipal Council. According to the letter given by the Homagama Municipal
Council, they agreed to collect and dispose the biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste
generated in the project sites (Appendix 22). In addition, the developer hope to establish a
Bio Gas plant at the project premises using biodegradable wastes.

The shops, apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material
containing hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink
cartridges. Therefore such wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable wastes
under any circumstances.

3.5.3 Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts

As discussed in the Chapter four, the impacts on the fauna and flora are negligible, and
therefore mitigatory measures could not be proposed. Further, the architectural designs are
blended with the existing environment.

Noise level will be monitored as per the standards levels given by the Central Environmental
Authority so as to ensure the minimal disturbance to human and animals, and no
constructions will be done during night. The noise level will be maintained less than 65 dB
level. It is also recommended to plant bird attractive trees (i.e. for roosting and providing
fruits) within the project site where necessary.

The solid waste generated during the construction phase, as well as household waste of the
work force should be disposed and should not be dumped and stockpiled in the open areas of
the project site. They may be buried or transported to dumping areas recommended by
Homagama Municipal Council. Cans, polythene bags and other items in which water gets
collected should never be exposed as these will serve as breeding places for mosquitoes.

Occasionally, the commercial towers may produce waste material containing hazardous
chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink cartridges. Therefore such
wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable wastes under any circumstances.
Such wastes needs to be safely disposed or options needs to be identified to make use of
material that contains less hazardous material but achieve the same function or make use of
material that has good recycling potentials. For example the use of computer ink cartridges
that could be refilled with ink is better option rather than the usage of those cartridges that
needs to be disposed after complete ink depletion. The common ornamental plants and
indigenous plants will be grown under the proposed landscape to enhance the scenic beauty
of the area.

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3.5.3.1 Noise and vibration due to operation

In the construction activities a few number of low capacity heavy machines will be used and
noise level and vibration could be controlled. Inside the project site blasting operations will
not be conducted. Although, if boulders are found, control blasting will be applied. Material
transportation and unloading will be done during the night time (between 10.00 pm and 4
am). Limited number of machines will be used for excavation, demolishing and
transportation activities in the project site. Sound proof generators will minimize sound
pollution at the project site.

During the operation period, gazette regulations will be implemented. Noisy activities like
discos and musical shows will not be conducted during the night time. The trees and shrub
cover to be established under the landscaping will act as a noise barrier and vibration
absorber.

Noise level will be monitored as per the standards levels given by the Central Environmental
Authority so as to ensure the minimal disturbance to human and animals, and no
constructions will be done during night. The noise level will be maintained less than 65 dB
level. In addition, a minimum number of modern, efficient and new machineries and
equipment’s will be used for construction activities to minimize the air emission and noise
pollution. Enclosures are also necessary for the generators to be used during the power failure
periods (unless the generators to be used are either low noise generating or noiseless
generators). However the generator room needs to be located away from other facilities to
avoid vibration effects on any structures. The interior walls will be designed and plastered to
absorb noise generated in the proposed towers.

3.5.3.2 Dust control

Dust emissions could be resulted in the construction phase, and that could be minimized
through measures such as wetting the dusty surfaces and exposed earth work surfaces. In
addition, regular cleaning of the site and removal of excessive or unnecessary excavated
materials will be removed. Moreover care should be taken in stockpiling construction
material such as cement to avoid unnecessary dust emissions. The exposed earth surface
could be covered by polythene to minimize dust emission. This will also help to prevent dust
emission and sedimentation due to storm water to minimize traffic congestion along the
access roads to project site, materials will not be transported via main roads, and
transportation will be done in night times and low traffic hours. During the operational
period, the customers will use low traffic access roads to enter the apartment complex.

3.5.4 Measures to maintain water quality

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) type aerobic biological treatment system will be operated to
treat this domestic waste water (with sewer) as this waste water contains readily
biodegradable organic compounds. SBR uses the same method which is used in a
conventional continuous flow activated sludge system to treat the waste water. Under the
SBR water treatment process will be carefully designed, and the operational conditions will
guarantee that the treated effluent will meet the discharge specifications of the country. The
ultrafiltration unit of this system supports to remove bacteria, viruses and particulates

51
including colloids. Accordingly, the treated water can be reused for toilet flushing and
irrigation of the apartment garden area and also may be used for the irrigating the golf course
area and vegetable cultivations.

The excess water will be diluted up to 8 times (if necessary) using the harvested rain water
and discharged to the adjacent canal in front of the project sites. As an alternative, the treated
water will be distributed among the farmer communities for their cultivation purposes. This
will be a Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR) project. Sludge will be removed time to time
and used as a fertilizer, will be dumped to land filling areas shown by Homagama Minicipal
Council.

The operation and maintenance of waste water treatment plant will be a responsibility of
Management Corporation which will be form under the Apartment Ownership Act No. 39 of
2003.

3.5.5 Safety issues mitigation

The following mitigation measures could be applied to minimize health and safety impacts of
the project.
 Develop and implement a health and safety plan to be followed throughout all phases
of a project.
 Provide occupational health and safety orientation training to all employees consisting
of basic hazard awareness, site-specific hazards, safe working practices, and
emergency procedures.
 Consider public safety during helicopter flights (e.g., avoid populated areas, schools,
areas being crop dusted).
 Conduct daily safety assessment meetings to identify potential safety issues (e.g., site
access, construction, work practices, security, transportation of heavy equipment,
traffic management, emergency procedures, wildlife encounters, and fire control and
management) and measures to mitigate them.
 Provide fire suppression equipment in all vehicles.
 Use appropriate procedures for storage and transportation of blasting equipment and
explosive materials, including appropriate signage indicating its location

Proposed erosion prevention measures and drainage management plan

Structural and architectural designs were done to minimize the impacts on land preparation.

3.6 Environmental Management Programme

This chapter outlines the monitoring to be carried out during the construction and operation
of the proposed ‘Homagama Township Development’ project in Homagama. A Monitoring
Plan shall be developed on this basis of these recommendations. Further studies to analyze
long-term impacts are also recommended.

3.6.1 Summary of the anticipated significant adverse environmental

impacts together with the mitigation measures

52
The potential environmental impacts were identified under the three aspects of environment
i.e. physical, socio-economic and ecological environments. The negative impacts or issues
are not very significant and positive impacts on socio-economic environment are significant.
The feasible mitigatory measures were suggested to minimize the negative impacts under
following areas.
1. Soil Conservation
2. Waste management
3. Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts
4. Measures to handle negative social and cultural impacts
5. Measures to address increased traffic, dust, noise, vibration
6. Measures to maintain water quality
7. Storm Water Drainage
8. Safety Issues Mitigation
Therefore, if the mitigation measures are implemented, the negative impacts on the
environment will be negligible. Within the framework of implementation of the necessary
measures for environmental management and pollution control, the ‘Township Project’ in
Homagama Project needs to conduct a comprehensive environmental monitoring programme.
There are two basic environmental monitoring tasks to assess the success of mitigation and
identifying residual impacts. They are;
 Construction compliance monitoring
 Post construction compliance monitoring of maintenance and operational project
activities including noise, dust, water quality and waste

The purpose of compliance monitoring will be done for confirming the effective
implementation of mitigatory measures. The developer will implement a self-monitoring
mechanism to maintain the standards and norms during the construction and operational
phases. As the project approving agency Central Environment Authority will implement their
own monitoring mechanism with other state organizations. During the construction period all
the expenses occurred in this case will be borne by the investor. During the operational
period, A Management Corporation will be established at Project site following the
Apartment Ownership Law act No. 39 of 2003 and the apartments will be managed
accordingly (Appendix 25).

3.6.2 Monitoring Plan

3.6.2.1 Parameters to be monitored

Field level monitoring is a very important component in this project. The Central
Environmental Authority has a responsibility to monitor and verify that the project proponent
and contractor implement the mitigatory measures and maintain the standards properly.
Further, the investor should appoint an environmentalist/ecologist to monitor and keep the
records on following parameters:
1. Amount of solid waste generation
2. Disposal of solid waste
3. Effluent quality from sewage treatment plant

The water quality BOD (Biological oxygen demand), coli form content ( i.e. Total coli forms
and fecal coli forms), and oil/grease content need to be monitored at least once in six months
during both phases.

53
The use of weedicides and pesticides for gardening and landscaping should be avoided to
prevent ground water contamination.
Proposed ambient water quality standards are as follows (Table 6.1)

Parameter Stipulated Value

DO at 250C 3
BOD (5 days or 3 days at 250C) (mg/l) 4
pH 6.0-8.5
Total coliforms (MPN/100ml) 20,000
Faecal coliforms (MPN/100ml) -
NO3- (Nitrates) 5
NH4- (Ammonia) 0.94
Oil and grease (mg/l) 1
Total coliforms (MPN/100 ml) 20,000
Table 6.1: Proposed ambient water quality standards

The measured parameters should be assessed with reference to World Health Organization
(WHO) or Sri Lanka water SLS 1989 Standards (Part 1 and 2 for Human Consumption).
 Functioning level of Water treatment plant
 Discharge of excess storm water drainage
 Conformity with building permit
 Other parameters such as soil erosion. Noise, dust, air emission etc.
 Maintaining the 50% plot coverage in the project site

3.6.2.2 Proposed Locations of Sampling Points

Water quality: Treatment plant effluent discharge outlet Noise: Project site
Vegetation/tree cover: project site Confirmity with building permit: project site

3.6.2.3 Frequency of Monitoring:

Regular monitoring of noise level, fuel emission and waste disposal patterns will be done.
Other parameters will be monitored by once in three month as appropriate and monitoring
report will be sent to the respective agencies to ensure the standards.

1. Effluent quality – every 03 months

2. Solid Waste Management – every 03 months
3. Compliance with building regulations – every 6 months

3.6.2.4 Responsible Agency/agencies

1. Central Environmental Authority-Colombo/Homagama

2. Municipal Council- Homagama

3.6.2.5 Facilities available with such agencies

In addition a monitoring plan will be developed including all possible mitigatory measures
for the anticipated negative impacts of the proposed project. This plan will be regularly
reviewed and updated to avoid any harmful impact to the environment. The proposed

54
monitoring plan will include mitigatory measures mainly to avoid any waste and waste water
discharge into the water bodies, any harmful disturbance to the fauna and flora. Therefore,
facilities should be made available for following:
1. Transport to the project site and back
2. Payment of out of pocket expenses

3.6.2.6 Availability of Funds, Expertise and Facilities

The developer will appoint an experienced qualified environmental engineer/officer for

implanting and monitoring the environmental monitoring plan prepared by the developer. In
addition, Central Environment Authority will monitor and oversee the implementation of the
monitoring programme with the participation of representatives of relevant stakeholder
organizations and experts from different subject areas. As mentioned earlier, the monitoring
programme will be conducted during the constructional and operational phases in the
project and the required funds for the monitoring programme will be borne by the developer.

3.6.2.7 An Effective Reporting Procedure

The developer/ management authority will employ an experienced and qualified engineer/an
environmental officer and staff to monitor and record the findings on regular basis. Further
the same person can be entrusted with the responsibility to maintain required quality
standards.

3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter concludes the environmental acceptability of the proposed project and key
findings and recommendations of the assessment.

The project relates to the establishment of ‘Township Development’ in Homagama’ to blend

with the existing environment with minimum impact on the environment. The comparative
advantage of project site is located in the heart of Homagama city and natural landscape is
suitable for the proposed building structures, car parks and other recreational facilities to be
provided under the project. Under the EIA study every effort has been taken to minimize the
environmental impacts. The study has given high priority to the ecological importance of the
project and ensured that the project is no way will contribute to environmental degradation.
The project will support for following:
 Allowing maximum utilization of high valued pieces of lands in the heart of
Homagama
 Ensure the guests’ enjoyment when they stay in Homagama
 Increase in disposable income of local and foreign visitors
 Improve the living condition of dwellers in Homagama
 Increase in number of direct and indirect employment opportunities
The project developer, Ocean View Development Corporation (Pvt) Ltd is interested in
establishing the ‘Township Development’ in Homagama under the ‘Mega Polis
Development’ concept which contributes to create a Megacity that can match other economic
hubs in such as Dubai, Singapore, Seoul and Tokyo and solve the issues of traffic
congestion, garbage, slums, and environmental pollution. The main goals of the project are

55
for economic growth and prosperity, good governance, creation of an efficient and well-
planned region, social equity and harmony as well as environmental sustainability. Although
most of the conditions in Homagama are same as in Colombo there are some salient features
unique to Homagama which needs special scrutiny. For example landslides, embankment
erosion and land utilization plan etc. are some of unique features to be considered. The
present EIA study has considered the following key elements:
1. The existing environment of the project area
2. The scale of environmental impacts caused by the proposed developments
3. The significance and impacts on socio-economic environment
4. The ability to minimize and/or eliminate the negative impacts effectively with
mitigation measures
The study has given high priority to the ecological importance of the project and ensured that
the project is no way will contribute to environmental degradation. The evidence of socio-
economic assessment reveal that proposed Township Development project may also
contribute to reduction of poverty and improved living standards of the local community
providing more than 1000 direct and indirect new employment opportunities for livelihood.
It is intended to improve the surrounding environmental conditions by several activities
such as,
1. Improving drainage system along the periphery roads
2. Maintaining the CEA accepted water quality standards for effluents/waste water
3. Adequate landscaping

On the basis of the analysis of these elements, and on the assumption that the
recommendations for the mitigation of identified impacts are adopted and adequately
implemented, the EIA study has concluded that there are no any major/significant
environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed
‘Township Development’ Project, Homagama.

Executive Summary

Chapter One The proposed township development project ‘Apartment Complex’ will be
located at Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama Homagama. Group six of Cinec Campus
Malabe is the project proponent and has agreed to establish and implement the project as a
joint venture with Homagama Municipal Council and Urban Development Authority. The
primary aim of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is to provide
environmental information to decision makers with respect to the environmental
sustainability and acceptability of the proposed ‘Apartment Complex’ in Homagama. The
total investment will be Rs. 09 billion. The technical scope of the EIA is clearly defined in
the Terms of Reference of the study and covers in detail the physical, ecological and socio-
economic environment. Further, required consents and approvals from different organizations
are also discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Two provides the location and project details. The project consists of 12 story 5 km
far away from Colombo. The residential Building have 12 floors (G+1 st+10) . The maximum
height of the tower will be less than 50 m. The tower will include basements floor for
parking. Internal parking lots for 40 vehicles, 40 apartments, swimming pool offices,
maintenance offices, drivers quarters, shops and food courts are main components in this
project. above infrastructure facilities will be established 71200 sqm2 . The total project
period is three years and one year is allocated for getting approvals for the project. The
project proponent will use Ceylon Electricity Board supplied electricity and pipe borne water

56
will be used for construction and operation of the project. The treated waste water will be
reused for toilet flushing and irrigating the landscape. Solid waste and construction/excavated
waste will be properly managed with the support of Homagama Municipal Council.

Chapter Three describes the existing environment in the project site/study area. The study
area includes the project sites and the influenced area. The project site is located in a
congested and developed area so site was considered as the influenced zone which includes
the Homagamatown area. According to the NBRO report the proposed project site is located
within a low risk land by means of landslide hazards. The existing project sites are flat lands,
and not an erodible land, but soil erosion prevention measures will be applied to minimize
soil erosion. According to the Zoning Plan of UDA (2012-2017), the study area is found
within the ‘Commercial Zone’, and therefore, the Township Development Project will fit
with the proposed zoning proposed by UDA. The study area could be considered as
‘commercial zone’, and no special kind of wildlife habitats are found. There are no any
landmarks or evidence of historic, religious, archaeological, scientific or cultural importance
known to be in the study area. The golf ground which is located in front of the project sites,
has a historic value, because it has been established during the colonial period. A detailed
analysis of the socio-economic environment including land use, socio-economic status of the
community, existing economic activities, and availability of infrastructure in the study is
presented.

Chapter Four describes the anticipated environmental impacts and the proposed impact
mitigatory measures. These impacts are on physical, ecological and sociological
environments, and these impacts are primarily classified as construction and operational
impacts. There will be no any impacts on historical and cultural values of the study area. The
anticipated negative impacts on the physical and ecological environments were identified,
The main impacts or issues are soil erosion, solid waste management and waste water
treatment, The proposals are presented to mitigate these impacts and handle the issues.
Therefore, if mitigatory measures are implemented, these negative impacts will not be
significant. Human, social and cultural impacts have been discussed in detail identifying the
positive contributions, the project would extend to the local community. There are no
negative impacts on socio-economic environment and the socio-economic benefits can be
increased directly and indirectly during the construction and operational phases of the project.
The proposed project will not cause negative impacts on the socio-economic enviro. Under
the project activities more positive impacts will be resulted on the social environment
including more than 1000 direct and indirect employment opportunities and luxurious
infrastructure development.

Chapter Five sets out the proposed measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate the
impacts identified in Chapter four to acceptable levels including conformity to the gazzetted
Sri Lankan Standards. The proceeding section of this EIA report has identified the potential
environmental impacts associated with construction and operation of ‘Township
Development project’ (Grand Renaissance Project) in Homagama. Mitigatory measures have
been mainly proposed for soil conservation, solid waste management, avoiding/minimizing
ecological impacts, handling negative social and cultural impacts, minimizing the increased
traffic, dust, noise, vibration, maintaining water quality, storm water management and
minimizing the safety issues. More practical recommendations and activities have been
proposed under the each aspect. Especially, during the construction period National Building
Research Organization (NBRO) proposed guidelines and recommendations will be

57
implemented hiring professional to ensure the soil stability.

Chapter Six proposes a detailed environmental monitoring programme for the proposed
project. In the environmental monitoring plan, amount of solid waste generation, disposal of
solid waste, effluent quality from sewage treatment plant, functioning level of water
treatment plant, discharge of excess storm water drainage, conformity with building permit
and other parameters such as soil erosion, noise, dust, air emission etc. and maintaining more
than 50% plot coverage in the project site are identified as the parameters to be monitored.
Once in every three month, all parameters will be monitored and regular project monitoring
committee meeting will be conducted. For monitoring each activity/parameter responsible
agencies are also proposed. Further, for the monitoring purposes ‘Environmental Impact
Monitoring Committee’ will be formed chaired by the Central Environmental Authority.
Especially, ambient water quality standards will be monitored for the discharged water from
the water treatment plant.

Chapter Seven summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the assessment and
acceptability of the proposed project. The EIA study has concluded that there are no any
major environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed
‘Grand Renaissance’ township development project will be located in Homagama, if the
mitigatory measures and environmental monitoring plan is implemented properly. The
proposed township project may also contribute to reduction of poverty and improve the living
standards of the local community providing new opportunities for livelihood.

CHAPTER 04 – ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

Architectural drawings are an essential part of the design and construction process for any
building project, including a 12-story apartment complex in Homagama. These drawings are
used by architects, engineers, and builders to communicate the design and technical details of
the project, ensuring that everyone involved has a clear understanding of the building's
layout, materials, and specifications.

The architectural drawings for a 12-story apartment complex at Homagama typically include
a range of detailed plans, elevations, and sections that show the layout of the building,
including the placement of walls, doors, and windows, as well as the location of utilities and
mechanical systems. These drawings also include information about the materials and
finishes to be used throughout the building, as well as any special features or amenities.

58
In addition to the technical details, architectural drawings for a 12-story apartment complex
may also include renderings or visualizations of the building's exterior and interior spaces,
giving a sense of the overall look and feel of the complex. These visualizations can help
potential buyers or renters understand what the completed building will look like and imagine
themselves living in it.

Overall, architectural drawings are a crucial component of the design and construction
process for a 12-story apartment complex in Homagama, ensuring that everyone involved in
the project has a clear understanding of the building's design and specifications.

Figure 2: Site Plan

59
 Figure 4: Parking

Figure 5: First Floor

Figure 6: Typical
60 Floor Plan
 CHAPTER 05 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWINGS

5.1 Slab Design

5.1.1 Slab Design procedure

1. Finding Cover

2. Finding the Required Thickness

3. Finding the Design Load

4. Finding Bending and Shear Moments

5. Design for Flexure

6. Deflection and shear check

5.1.2 Slab Layout

Figure 7: Slab panel layout

61
5.1.3 Slab Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Selection of cover for the concrete
4.4.1.1
C nom=Cmin +∆ C dev
4.1
4.2 C min =max {C min, b ; C min, dur +∆ C dur ,γ −∆C dur , st −∆C dur , add ; 10 mm }
Table 4.1
Since our apartment is in Homagama, we take exposure class
condition as XC2.
N.A Design life is 50 years. So recommended structural class is S4.
∆ C dur , γ=∆ Cdur , st =∆ C dur, add =0
C min, b=10 mm
Table 4.4N
4.2 C min, dur =20 mm
C min =max { 10 mm ;20 mm+ 0−0−0 ; 10 mm }
C min =20 mm
N.A
∆ C dev =10 mm
C nom=20+10
C nom=30 mm
C nom =30 mm

Reference Calculation
Figure 7: Load Cases Results

62
 Slab Design
B6 Slab

Table 7.4N
Note 01

l y 6550
= = 1.009 = 1.0
l x 6487.5
lx
Two-way slab
ly thickness
Slab 6488.5mm
Total dead load =
lx 9.066kN/m
K = 1.3 ρ= 0.5% =26
6550mm d eff

6487.5
deff = = 249.5mm
26
¯
diameter
Overall height = deff + cover +
2

10
= 249.5 + 30 +
2

= 284.5mm

Considering a 1000mm wide strip63

Self-weight of the slab = 0.284 × 24 × 1

= 6.816kN/m
Reference Calculation Results

Live load
Imposed load = 16 × 1 = 16kN/m
Services = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5kN/m
Total live load =
Total live load = 16.5kN/m
16.5kN/m
Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
Total design load
= 1.35 × 9.066 + 1.5 × 16.5
= 36.239kN/m
= 36.239kN/m
Finding bending moments
Table 3.14
βsx(mid) = 0.034kNm
βsy(mid) = 0.034kNm
βsx(edge) = 0.045kNm
βsy(edge) = 0.045kNm
Finding shear forces
Long span Short span
Mid span βnlx2 = 0.034 × 36.239 × 51.849kN/m
6.48752 = 51.849kN/m
Edges βnlx2 = 0.045 × 36.239 × 68.634kN/m
6.4875 = 68.634kN/m
2

Table 3.15
βvx = 0.26kNm
βvy = 0.40kNm

Long span Short span

Edges βnlx = 0.40 × βnlx = 0.26 ×
36.239 × 6.4875 = 36.239 × 6.4875 =
94.032kN/m 61.121kN/m

64
Referenc Calculation Results
e

65
d = 249.511m h = 284.5mm
Short span Long span
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges
MRd 311.901 311.901 311.901 311.901
(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.0275 0 0.0275 0.0367

Z 235.150mm 237.035mm 235.150mm 237.035mm
Asl,required 506.881 0 506.881 665.637
Minimum 376.262 376.262 376.262 376.262
r/f
Asl,provided 506.881 376.262 506.881 665.637

Design for flexure

MRd = 0.167fckbd2
MRd = 0.167 × 30 × 249.5112
MRd = 311.901kN/m
M Ed
K0 = 2
f ck b d
long(edge)
6
68.634 × 10
K0 =
30× 1000× 249.5112
K0 = 0.0367
long(mid)
6
51.849 × 10
K0 = 2
30× 1000× 249.511
K0 = 0.0275
short(edge)
K0 = 0
short(mid)
K0 = 0.0275

66
Referenc Calculation Results
e

67
Z = d[0.5+ 0.25−

Z = 0.95d
√ 3 k0
3.4
]

Z = 0.95 × 249.511
Z = 237.035mm
Long(edge)

Z = 249.511[0.5+ 0.25−
√ 30.036 ]
3.4
Z = 241.151mm
Long(mid)
Z = 235.150mm
Short(edge)
Z = 249.511mm
Short(mid)
Z = 235.150mm
M Ed
Asl,required =
0.87 f yk z
Long(edge)
6
68.634 × 10
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×237.035
Asl,required = 665.637mm2
Long(mid)
6
51.849 ×10
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×235.150
Asl,required = 506.881mm2
Short(mid)
51.849 ×10 6
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×235.150
Asl,required = 506.881mm2
Short(edge)
Asl,required = 0

68
Referenc Calculation Results
e

69
9.2.1.1(1) Minimum reinforcement
9.1N
0.26 f ctm b t d
Table 3.1 As,min = f ctm=2.9
f yt
0.26 ×2.9 ×1000 ×249.511
As,min =
500
As,min = 376.262 mm
As,min=
But not less than 0.0013btd = 0.0013 × 1000 × 249.511 = 324.364mm
376.262 mm
Therefore, As,min = 376.262 mm
9.3.1.1(3)
Calculating the spacing
Smax.slabs = 2h ≤ 250mm
Smax.slabs = 2 × 249.511 ≤ 250mm
Smax.slabs = 499.022 ≤ 250mm Smax.slabs = 250mm
Therefore the minimum spacing is 250mm.
Reinforcement bars
Short span Long span
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges
5T12 @ 4T12 @ 5T12 @ 6T12 @
250mm 250mm 250mm 250mm
Deflection check
Deflection check is for the short span mid,
A sl
ρ=
A0
506.881
ρ=
1000× 249.511
ρ = 2.031 × 10-3
ρ0 = √ f ck × 10
−3

ρ0 = 5.477×10−3
ρ > ρ0

( )
3
l ρ ρ l
7.16(a) =k [11+ 1.5 √ f ck × 0 +3.2 √ f ck 0 −1 2 ] =93.459
d basic ρ ρ d basic

( )
3
l 5.477 5.477
=1.3 [11+1.5 √ 30 × +3.2 √ 30 −1 2 ]
d basic 2.031 2.031
l
=93.459
d basic

70
Referenc Calculation Results
e

71
 l span
=
d actual effe . d
l 6487.5
=
d actual 249.511
l
l =26
=26 d actual
d actual
l l
d basic > d actual
Therefore panel is safe from deflection.
Shear check
Checking for short span continuous edge
Ved = 61.121kN/1m width
fcd = 0.567fck
fcd = 0.567 × 30
fcd = 17.01

v1 = 0.6 1− ( f ck
250 )
v1 = 0.6 1− ( 30
250 )
Cl 6.2.3(3) v1 = 0.528
6.9
Getting θ=45
V bw z v 1 f cd
Rd ,max ¿
( cot θ +tan θ )
V Rd ,max ¿
V 1000× 237.035×0.528 ×17.01
Rd ,max ¿
( cot 45 +tan 45 ) 1064.438 kn/1 mwidth
V Rd ,max ¿1064.438 kn/1 mwidth
Ved,max < VRd,max
Cl 6.2.3(3) Therefore slab face won’t fail.
6.9
Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

[ ]
1
VRd,c = c
Rd , c k ( 100 ρ 1 f ck ) + k 1 σ cp bw d
3

0.18
c Rd ,c =
γc
0.18
c Rd ,c =
1.5
c Rd ,c =0.12

72
Referenc Calculation Results
e

K = 1+
√ 200
d

K = 1+
√ 200
249.511
K = 1.89 < 2
Therefore it is okay.
A sl
ρ 1=
bw d
376.262
ρ1=
1000 ×249.511 ρ1=1.508 ×10−3
−3
ρ1=1.508 ×10 ≤ 0.02
Therefore it is okay.
σ cp=0
3 1
2 2
V min =0.035 k f ck
V min =0.498 kN
3 1
2 2
V min =0.035 ×1.89 ×30
V min =0.498

[ ]
1
VRd,c = 0.12 ×1.89 ( 100 ×1.508 ×10−3 × 30 ) 3 +0 1000× 249.511
❑

VRd,c = 93592.334 N ≥ ( V min + k 1 σ cp ) b w d

VRd,c = 93592.334 N ≥ ( 0.498+0 ) 1000 ×249.511
VRd,c =
VRd,c = 93592.334 N ≥ 124256.478 N
124.256 kN
VRd,c = 124.256 kN
124.256 > 61.121
VRd,c > VEd
Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

73
Figure 8: B6 Slab Reinforcement Details

74
Reference Calculation Results

Slab Design
C5 and C6 Slab
lx

ly 5850mm

3925mm

l y 5850
= = 1.49 = 1.50
l x 3925

Two-way slab

Slab thickness
Table 7.4N
Note 01 lx
K = 1.3 ρ= 0.5% =26
d eff

3925
deff = = 150.962mm
26
¯
diameter
Overall height = deff + cover +
2

10
= 150.962 + 30 +
2

= 185.962mm

Considering a 1000mm wide strip

Self-weight of the slab = 0.185 × 24 × 1

= 4.463kN/m

Dead load
Total dead load =
Self-load = 4.463 × 1 = 4.463kN/m 6.71308kN/m

Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m

75
Reference Calculation Results

Live load
Imposed load = 16 × 1 = 16kN/m
Services = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5kN/m
Total live load =
Total live load = 16.5kN/m
16.5kN/m
Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
Total design load
= 1.35 × 6.713 + 1.5 × 16.5
= 33.8127kN/m
= 33.8127kN/m
Finding bending moments
Table 3.14
βsx(mid) = 0.055kNm
βsy(mid) = 0.028kNm
βsx(edge) = 0.073kNm
βsy(edge) = 0.037kNm

Long span Short span

Mid span βnlx2 = 0.028× 33.81 × 28.699kN/m
3.925 = 14.585kN/m
2

Edges βnlx2 = 0.037× 33.81 × 38.026kN/m

3.9252 = 19.273kN/m

Table 3.15
Finding shear forces
βvx(continuous) = 0.51kNm
βvx= 0.34kNm
βvy = 0.36kNm

Long span Short span

Edges βnlx = 0.36 × 33.81 βnlx = 0.51 × 33.81
× 3.95 = × 3.95=
47.777kN/m 67.684kN/m

76
Reference Calculation Results

77
d = 150.962mm h = 185.962mm
Short span Long span
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges
MRd 114.174 114.174 114.174 114.174
(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.04191 0.05562 0.02133 0.02819

Z 143.413mm 143.153mm 143.153mm 143.413mm
Asl,required 459.243 610.649 233.796 308.946
Minimum 227.65 227.65 227.65 227.65
r/f
Asl,provided 459.243 610.649 233.796 308.946

Design for flexure

MRd = 0.167fckbd2
MRd = 0.167 × 30 × 150.9622
MRd = 114.174kN/m
M Ed
K0 = 2
f ck b d
long(edge)
6
19.273 ×10
K0 =
30× 1000× 150.9622
K0 = 0.02819
long(mid)
6
14.585 ×10
K0 = 2
30× 1000× 150.962
K0 = 0.02133
short(edge)
K0 = 0.05562
short(mid)
K0 = 0.04191

78
Reference Calculation Results

Z = d[0.5+ 0.25−

Z = 0.95d
√ 3 k0
3.4
]

Z = 0.95 × 150.962
Z = 143.413mm
Long(edge)

Z = 150.962[0.5+ 0.25−
√ 30.036 ]
3.4
Z = 143.413mm
Long(mid)
Z = 143.153mm
Short(edge)
Z = 143.153mm
Short(mid)
Z = 143.413mm
M Ed
Asl,required =
0.87 f yk z
Long(edge)
6
19.273 ×10
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×143.153
Asl,required = 308.946mm2
Long(mid)
14.585 ×10 6
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×143.413
Asl,required = 233.796mm2
Short(mid)
28.699 ×10 6
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×143.413
Asl,required = 459.243mm2
Short(edge)
Asl,required = 610.649mm2

79
Reference Calculation Results

80
9.2.1.1(1) Minimum reinforcement
9.1N
0.26 f ctm b t d
Table 3.1 As,min = f ctm=2.9
f yt
0.26 ×2.9 ×1000 ×150.962
As,min =
500
As,min = 227.65 mm
As,min=227.65 mm
But not less than 0.0013btd = 0.0013 × 1000 × 150.962 = 196.251mm
Therefore, As,min = 227.65 mm
9.3.1.1(3)
Calculating the spacing
Smax.slabs = 2h ≤ 250mm
Smax.slabs = 2 × 150.962 ≤ 250mm Smax.slabs = 250mm

Smax.slabs = 301.924 ≤ 250mm

Therefore the minimum spacing is 250mm.
Reinforcement bars
Short span Long span
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges
T12 @ 250mm T12 @ 250mm T12 @ 250mm T12 @ 250mm

Deflection check
Deflection check is for the short span mid,
A sl
ρ=
A0
459.243
ρ=
1000× 150.962
ρ = 3.0421 × 10-3
ρ0 = √ f ck × 10
−3

ρ0 = 5.477×10−3
ρ < ρ0 l
=49.845
( )
3
l ρ0 ρ0 d basic
=k [11+ 1.5 √ f ck × +3.2 √ f ck
2
7.16(a) −1 ]
d basic ρ ρ

( )
3
l 5.477 5.477
=1.3 [11+1.5 √ 30 × +3.2 √30 −1 2 ]
d basic 3.0421 3.0421
l
=49.845
d basic

81
Reference Calculation Results

82
 l span
=
d actual effe . d
l 3925
=
d actual 150.962
l
l =25.99
=25.99 d actual
d actual
l l
d basic > d actual
Therefore panel is safe from deflection.
Shear check
Checking for short span continuous edge
Ved = 67.684kN/1m width
fcd = 0.567fck
fcd = 0.567 × 30
fcd = 17.01

v1 = 0.6 1− ( f ck
250 )
v1 = 0.6 1− ( 30
250 )
Cl 6.2.3(3) v1 = 0.528
6.9
Getting θ=45
V bw z v 1 f cd
Rd ,max ¿
( cot θ +tan θ )
V Rd ,max ¿
V 1000× 143.153 ×0.528 ×17.01
Rd ,max ¿
( cot 45 +tan 45 ) 642.848 kN /1 mwidth
V Rd ,max ¿642.848 kN /1 mwidth
Ved,max < VRd,max
Cl 6.2.3(3) Therefore slab face won’t fail.
6.9
Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

[ ]
1
VRd,c = c
Rd , c k ( 100 ρ 1 f ck ) + k 1 σ cp bw d
3

0.18
c Rd ,c =
γc
0.18
c Rd ,c =
1.5
c Rd ,c =0.12

83
Reference Calculation Results

K = 1+
√ 200
d

K = 1+
√ 200
150.962
K = 2.15
K=2
Therefore it is okay.
A sl
ρ 1=
bw d
−3
227.65 ρ1=1.507 × 10
ρ 1=
1000 ×150.962
ρ1=1.507 × 10−3 ≤0.02
Therefore it is okay.
σ cp=0
3 1
V min =0.498 kN
V min =0.035 k 2 f ck 2
3 1
V min =0.035 ×2 2 ×30 2
V min =0.54

[ ]
1
VRd,c = 0.12 ×2 ( 100 ×1.507 ×10−3 × 30 ) 3 +0 1000× 150.962
❑

VRd,c = 59908.7675 N ≥ ( V min +k 1 σ cp ) bw d

VRd,c =83.254 kN
VRd,c = 59908.7675 N ≥ ( 0.54+ 0 ) 1000× 150.962
VRd,c = 59908.7675 N ≥ 83254.0 N
VRd,c = 83254.0 kN
83.254 > 59.908
VRd,c > VEd
Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

84
Figure 8: C5 and C6 Slab Reinforcement Details

85
Reference Calculation Results

86
 Slab Design
A10 Slab
lx

ly 6262.5
= = 1.2
llxy 5002.849
5002.849mm
Two-way slab
Slab thickness
Table 7.4N 6262.5mm
Note 01 lx
K = 1.3 ρ= 0.5% =26
d eff
5002.849
deff = = 192.417mm
26
¯
diameter
Overall height = deff + cover +
2
10
= 192.417+ 30 +
2
= 227.417mm
Considering a 1000mm wide strip
Self-weight of the slab = 0.2274 × 24 × 1
= 5.4576kN/m
Dead load
Self-load = 5.4567 × 1 = 5.4567kN/m Total dead load =
Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m 7.7076kN/m
Partitions = 1.25 × 1 = 1.25kN/m
Total dead load = 7.7076kN/m
Total live load =
Live load
16.5kN/m
Imposed load = 16 × 1 = 16kN/m
Services = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5kN/m
Total live load = 16.5kN/m

87
Reference Calculation Results

Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Total design load

= 1.35 × 7.7076 + 1.5 × 16.5 = 35.1553kN/m
= 35.1553kN/m
Finding bending moments
Table 3.14
βsx(mid) = 0.047kNm
βsy(mid) = 0.034kNm
βsx(edge) = 0.063kNm
βsy(edge) = 0.045kNm
Finding shear forces
Long span Short span
Mid span βnlx2 = 0.034 × 35.1553 × 41.354kN/m
5.0022 = 29.910kN/m
Edges βnlx2 = 0.045 × 35.1553 × 55.432kN/m
5.0022 = 39.59kN/m

Table 3.15
βvx = 0.47kNm
βvx = 0.31kNm
βvy = 0.40kNm
βvy = 0.26kNm

Long span Short span

Edges Continuous = Continuous =
45.7278 kN/m 82.661 kN/m
Discontinuous = Discontinuous =
70.350 kN/m 54.521 kN/m

Reference Calculation Results

88
 Short span Long span
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges
MRd 185.492 185.492 185.492 185.492
(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.037 0.049 0.02693 0.0356

Z 185.878mm 183.540mm 187.733mm 190mm
Asl,required 520.075 697.123 376.225 497.945
Minimum 290.165 290.165 290.165 290.165
r/f
Asl,provided 520.075 697.123 376.225 497.945
Deflection check
Deflection check is for the short span mid,
A sl
ρ=
A0
520.075
ρ=
1000× 192.417
ρ = 2.7 × 10-3
ρ0 = √ f ck × 10−3

ρ0 = 5.477×10−3
ρ > ρ0

( )
3
l ρ0 ρ0
=k [11+ 1.5 √ f ck × +3.2 √ f ck
2
−1 ]
d basic ρ ρ

( )
3
l 5.477 5.477
=1.3 [11+1.5 √ 30 × +3.2 √ 30 −1 2 ]
d basic 2.7 2.031
l
=86.323
d basic
l span
=
d actual effe . d
l 5002.849
=
d actual 192.417

89
Reference Calculation Results

90
l
=26
d actual
l l
>
d basic d actual
Therefore panel is safe from deflection.
Shear check
Checking for short span continuous edge
Ved = 82.661kN/1m width
fcd = 0.567fck
fcd = 0.567 × 30
fcd = 17.01

v1 = 0.6 1− ( f ck
250 )
v1 = 0.6 1− ( 30
250 )
v1 = 0.528
Getting θ=45
V bw z v 1 f cd
Rd ,max ¿
( cot θ +tan θ )

V 1000× 182.796×0.528 ×17.01

Rd ,max ¿
( cot 45 +tan 45 )

V Rd ,max ¿1641.742 kn/1 mwidth

Ved,max < VRd,max
Therefore slab face won’t fail.
Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

[ ]
1
VRd,c = c
Rd , c k ( 100 ρ 1 f ck ) + k 1 σ cp bw d
3

0.18
c Rd ,c =
γc
0.18
c Rd ,c =
1.5
c Rd ,c =0.12

91
Reference Calculation Results

K = 1+
√ 200
d

K = 1+
√ 200
192.417
K = 2.01 < 2
Therefore it is okay.
A sl
ρ 1=
bw d
697.123
ρ 1=
1000 ×192.417
−3
ρ1=3.622 ×10 ≤ 0.02
Therefore it is okay.
σ cp=0
3 1
V min =0.035 k 2 f ck 2
3 1
V min =0.035 ×2 2 ×30 2
V min =0.54221

[ ]
1
VRd,c = 0.12 ×2 ( 100 ×3.622 ×10−3 ×30 ) 3 + 0 1000 × 192.417
❑

VRd,c = 99778.341 N ≥ ( V min +k 1 σ cp ) bw d

VRd,c =99778.341 N ≥ ( 0.542+0 ) 1000 ×249.511

VRd,c = 99778.341 N ≥ 104328.497 N
VRd,c = 104.326 kN
124.256 > 61.121
VRd,c > VEd
Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

92
Reference Calculation Results

93
Slab Design
Tank over slab

lx

ly 6488mm
l y 6488
= = 1.9
l x 3337
3337mm
Two-way slab
Slab thickness
lx
K=1 ρ= 0.5% =20
d eff
3337
deff = = 166.850mm
20
¯
diameter
Overall height = deff + cover +
2
10
= 166.850+ 30 +
2
= 201.850mm
Considering a 1000mm wide strip
Self-weight of the slab = 0.2018 × 24 × 1
= 4.844kN/m
Dead load
Self-load = 4.844 × 1 = 4.844kN/m
Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m
Partitions = 1.25 × 1 = 1.25kN/m
Total dead load = 5.844kN/m
Live load
Total live load = 1kN/m

94
Reference Calculation Results

Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35 × 5.844 + 1.5 × 1
= 9.39kN/m
Finding bending moments
βsx(mid) = 0.109kNm
βsy(mid) = 0.056kNm
βsx(edge) = 0kNm
βsy(edge) = 0kNm
Finding shear forces
Long span Short span
Mid span βnlx2 = 0.056 × 35.1553 × 11.40kN/m
3.3372 = 5.86kN/m
Edges βnlx2 = 0 0

βvx = 0kNm
βvx = 0.49kNm
βvy = 0kNm
βvy = 0.33kNm

Long span Short span

Edges Continuous = 0 Continuous = 0
Discontinuous = Discontinuous =
10.34kN/m 15.52kN/m

95
Reference Calculation Results

96
 Short span Long span
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges
MRd 139.47 139.47 139.47 139.47
(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.013 0 0.007 0
Z 164.816mm 166.850mm 165.811mm 166.850mm
Asl,required 165.34 0 84.99 0
Minimum 225.581 225.581 225.581 225.581
r/f
Asl,provided 226.195 226.195 226.195 226.195
Deflection check

Deflection check is for the short span mid,

A sl
ρ=
A0

226.195
ρ=
1000× 166.850

ρ = 1.3 × 10-3

ρ0 = √ f ck × 10
−3

ρ0 = 5.477×10−3

ρ > ρ0

( )
3
l ρ0 ρ0
=k [11+ 1.5 √ f ck × +3.2 √ f ck
2
−1 ]
d basic ρ ρ

( )
3
l 5.477 5.477
=1.3 [11+1.5 √ 30 × +3.2 √ 30 −1 2 ]
d basic 1.3 1.3

l
=137.70
d basic

l span
=
d actual effe . d

97
 l 3337
=
d actual 166.850

Reference Calculation Results

l
=20
d actual
l l
>
d basic d actual
Therefore panel is safe from deflection.
Shear check
Checking for short span continuous edge
Ved = 15.52kN/1m width
fcd = 0.567fck
fcd = 0.567 × 30
fcd = 17.01

v1 = 0.6 1−( f ck
250 )
v1 = 0.6 1−( 30
250 )
v1 = 0.528
Getting θ=45
V bw z v 1 f cd
Rd ,max ¿
( cot θ +tan θ )

V 1000× 166.850×0.528 ×17.01

Rd ,max ¿
( cot 45 +tan 45 )

V Rd ,max ¿711.80 kn/ 1 mwidth

Ved,max < VRd,max
Therefore slab face won’t fail.
Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

[ ]
1
VRd,c = c
Rd , c k ( 100 ρ 1 f ck ) + k 1 σ cp bw d
3

98
 0.18
c Rd ,c =
γc
0.18
c Rd ,c =
1.5
c Rd ,c =0.12

Reference Calculation Results

99
K = 1+
√ 200
d

K = 1+
√ 200
166.850
K = 1.09 < 2
Therefore it is okay.
A sl
ρ 1=
bw d
225.581
ρ 1=
1000 ×166.850
−3
ρ1=1.352 ×10 ≤ 0.02
Therefore it is okay.
σ cp=0
3 1
V min =0.035 k 2 f ck 2
3 1
V min =0.035 ×2 2 ×30 2
V min =0.54221

[ ]
1
VRd,c = 0.12 ×2 ( 100 ×3.622 ×10−3 ×30 ) 3 + 0 1000 × 192.417
❑

VRd,c = 90.469 kN ≥ ( V min + k 1 σ cp ) b w d

VRd,c =90.469 kN ≥ ( 0.542+0 ) 1000× 166.850

VRd,c = 90.469 kN ≥ 90.432 kN
VRd,c = 90.469 kN
90.469 > 15.52
VRd,c > VEd
Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

100
Figure 8: Tank over Slab Reinforcement Details

101
5.2 Beam Design

5.2.1 Beam Design Procedure

1. Finding Cover

2. Assume the Section Size

3. Finding Total UDL Load and Point Load

4. Calculate the Factored Moment

5. Revised the size and Grade if required

6. Reinforcement Details

5.2.2 Beam Layout

Figure 7: Beam Layout

102
5.2.3 Beam Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Beam Design
Beam Span Initial
Beam type ρ=0.5% No. Length Depth
End span of B52/ 246.15384
continuous 26 B53 6400 6
B95/ 217.78846
  26 B94 5662.5 2
169.12115
  26 B1 4397.15 4
169.12115
  26 B2 4397.15 4
169.12115
  26 B3 4397.15 4
169.12115
  26 B4 4397.15 4
169.12115
  26 B5 4397.15 4

Bea Longi Shear Overal

m Span Bar link Cove l Eff.
No length Diameter Diameter r Depth Depth

B1 4400 16 10 35 500 447

B2 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B3 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B4 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B5 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B52 6400 25 10 35 500 442.5
B73 5250 20 10 35 500 445
B74 4397 16 10 35 500 447
5662.
B95 5 20 10 35 500 445

Bending Moments
Mid
Beam ULS Span Supports Span
54.9629
B1 68.13585 4.4 109.925838 2
B2 161.1414 4.4 259.974792 129.987

103
 4
53.4709
B3 66.28635 4.4 106.941978 9
116.285
B52 68.13585 6.4 232.570368 2
69.8823
B73 60.8499 5.25 139.7646141 1

B73/
Mid 30 B72 5250 175
B74/ 146.56666
  30 B75 4397 7

MRd = 0.5845kNm

Reference Calculation Results

S
B e
e lf
a B W
m B e B e
e a e C if
E a m a o g
B f m B m nc t
e f r re o
a D D e W te f S
m e e a i D B h
p p d d en e e
N t t t t sit a ar UL
o h h h h y m 1 S
4
5. 68
4 0 4 6 .1
B 4 . 0. . 7 35
1 7 5 4 1 24 8 1 85
1
1
4. 16
4 0 4 5 1.
B 4 . 0. . 6 14
2 7 5 4 1 24 8 4 14
4
4. 66
4 0 4 3 .2
B 4 . 0. . 0 86
3 7 5 4 1 24 8 1 35 MEd = 25.2Kn/m
4 0 4
B 4 . 0. .
Eq A.5 4 7 5 4 1 24 8    
B 4 0 0. 1 24 4    
5 4 . 4 . MRd =

104
 7 5 8 184.11kNm
4 4
4 5. 68
B 2 0 4 6 .1
5 . . 0. . 7 35
Eq A.6 2 5 5 4 1 24 8 1 85
4
0. 60
B 4 0 4 2 .8
7 4 . 0. . 7 49
3 5 5 4 1 24 8 4 9
B 4 0 4
7 4 . 0. .
4 7 5 4 1 24 8     k 0=0.0228
B 4 0 4
9 4 . 0. .
5 5 5 4 1 24 8    

Beam 01

Roof top slab

B79/80

Design load = 94.338kn/m

Design moment (MEd) = 25.2Kn/m

MRd = 0.167 × fck × bd2

MRd = 0.167 × 30 × 300 × 3502

MRd = 184.11kNm

MRd > MEd

Therefore design as singly reinforcement beam.

M Ed
k 0= 2
f ck b d

25.2× 106
k 0=
30× 300× 3502

k 0=0.0228

( √
Z = d 0.5+ 0.25−
3 k0
3.4 )
105
 ( √
Z = d 0.5+ 0.25−
3× 0.0228
3.4 )

Reference Calculation Results

Z = 0.95d
Z = 0.95 × 350
Z = 332.5mm
Z = 332.5mm
M Ed
Asl =
Eq A.9 0.87 f yk z
25.2 ×10 6
Asl =
0.87 ×500 ×332.5
Asl = 174.23m m2 Asl = 174.23m m2

Check for the minimum area of steal region.

9.2.1.1(1) 0.26 f ctm bt d

A s ,min =
Eq 9.1N f yk
0.26 ×2.9 × 400× 350
A s ,min =
500
2
A s ,min =211.12 mm > 0.0013b t d
2
A s ,min =211.12 mm > 0.0013× 400 ×350
A s ,min =211.12 mm2 > 182m m2 2
A sl, reg =211.12 mm
2
A sl, reg =211.12 mm

Table 3.1 For mid span tension region at bottom region A sl, provided=226.2 m m2
For B1 mid span
2
A sl, provided=226.2 m m
A sl, reg < ¿ A sl, provided
Therefore it is okay.
For supports
Design moment (MEd) = 69.04Kn/m
MRd = 184.11kNm
MRd > MEd
Therefore design as singly reinforcement beam.
k 0=0.062

106
 M Ed
k 0=
f ck b d 2
69.04 × 106
k 0=
30× 300× 3502
k 0=0.0626

Reference Calculation Results

( √ )
Eq A.6 3 k0
Z = d 0.5+ 0.25−
3.4

( √
Z = d 0.5+ 0.25−
3× 0.0626
3.4 )
Z = 0.9413d (Z≤0.95d)
Z = 0.9413d
Z = 329.46mm
Z = 0.9413 × 350
Eq A.9 Z = 329.46mm
M Ed
Asl = Asl= 481.73m m2
0.87 f yk z
6
69.04 × 10
Asl =
0.87 ×500 ×329.46
Asl = 481.73m m2
Eq 9.1N
Check for the minimum area of steal region.
0.26 f ctm bt d
A s ,min =
f yk

9.2.1.1(1) 0.26 ×2.9 ×300 ×350

A s ,min =
500
A s ,min =158.34 m m > 0.0013b t d
2 A sl, reg =481.73 m m2
2
2
A s ,min =158.34 m m > 0.0013×300 × 350 A sl, provided=515.22 mm
2
A s ,min =158.34 mm m > 136.5m m2
A sl, reg =481.73 m m2
For B1 supports
2
A sl, provided=515.22 mm
A sl, reg < ¿ A sl, provided

107
 Therefore, it is okay.

2T16

2T20

Reference Calculation Results

108
 Checking in maximum shear
Supporting column dimensions = 400 x 400
d= 450

l 1=7100−2 ( 2752 )=6825 m

V Ed ,max =110 kN
Eq 6.6N f ck
ʋ1=0.6 ×(1− )
250
30
¿ 0.6 ×(1− )
250
2.4..2.4(1) ¿ 0.53
3.1.6(1) ɤ c =1.5
SL NA
α ce=0.85
0.85× 30 2
f cd = =17 N mm
6.2.3(3) 1.5
Eq 6.9
b w z ʋ1 f cd
(V Rd ,max )max =
cotʋ+ tanʋ
¿ 0.5 b w z ʋ1 f cd
¿ 445.265 kN
V Ed ,max <(V Rd , max )max
Column face won’t fail
V Ed=107.7 kN (¿ 300 mmfromcolumn phase)

6.2.2(1) Shear resistance of concreteV Rd ,C

−2
f ck=30 N mm
0.18
C Rd , C =
ɤc
0.18
¿ =0.12 N mm−2
ɤc
OK

K=1+
√ 200
d
=1+
200
400√=1.71<2.0

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken on to support & anchored. OK

A sl 515.22
P1= = =0.0042< 0.02
b w d 300× 400

109
Reference Calculation Results

σ CP=0

( )
3 1 3 1
Cl 6.2.3(3) 2 2
V min = 0.035 k f ck =0.035× 1.71 × 30 =0.428 2 2

Eq(6.8)
1
OK
V Rd ,C =[C Rd ,C K ( 100 P 1 f ck ) 3 + K 1 σ CP ] b w d

{ }
1
¿ 0.12 ×1.71 × ( 100 ×0.0042 ×30 )3 300 × 400
¿ 57229.23 N ≥(V ¿ ¿ min+ K 1 σ CP )bw d ¿
¿ 57.299 kN ≥ ( 0.428+0 ) ×400 × 300=51360 N
V Rd ,C <V Ed
Shear reinforcement must be provided.
Finding Ɵ
V Rd ,max
−1 bw d
EC6 7.4.2 Ɵ ¿ 0.5 s ¿
f ck
0.153 f ck (1− )
250
107700
300 × 400
¿ 0.5 s ¿−1 { }
Eqn 7.16a 0.153× 30 1− (
30
250 )
o
¿ 6.4
T 7.4N o
Ɵ<21.8
o
Ɵ=21.8
Diameter & spacing at shar links
A s wz f ywd cot Ɵ
V Rd , s= =10700 N
S
As w 10700
=
S 275
329.46 × × cot 21.8
1.15
As w
=0.546
S
Assume S = 200mm
A s wreg =109.35 mm2
2
A s w provided=157.07 mm

110
Reference Calculation Results

111
Deflection check
2
2 π6
P= =0.0018
300 × 400
Po =√ f ck ×10
−3

¿ √ 30× 10
−3

¿ 0.0054
Po > P
l
( ) =K ¿
d basic
K=1[Simply supportd beam]
l
( ) =1 ׿
d basic
¿ 85.22
f 1=1
f 2=1
f 3=1

( dl )= Effective
Span distance
depth
7100
¿
350
¿ 20.28
l l
( ) >( )
d basic d Actual

112
Figure 7: Section of Beam

113
5.3 Column Design

5.3.1 Column Design Procedure

1. Determine design life.

2. Combination of action applies.
3. Cover, concrete requirements
4. Calculate the critical moment and axial forces.
5. Checking slenderness
6. Reinforce details.

5.3.2 Column Layout

Figure 7: Column Layout

5.3.3
Column Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

114
 Column type 1 – GF to IF

Action on columns
N Ed= 13330 kN
Axial force N Ed= 13330 kN
Column size for 1st floor level
Etabs
module n = 1+w
A sc f yd
n = 1+ 0.002Ac < Asc < 0.04Ac
Cl 5.8.8.3 A c f cd
N Ed A f
=n=¿1+ sc yd
A c × F cd A c f cd
F cd =0.567 f ck
F cd =0.567 ×35
−2
F cd =19.845 Nm m
Substituting into above equation,
N Ed A f
=n=¿1+ sc yd
A c × F cd A c f cd
500
13330× 10
3
0.02 A c ×
=¿1+ 1.15 Assume Asc = 0.02 Ac
A c × 19.845
A c × 19.845
Ac =¿136526 mm2
d = b = 369.5 mm
Let’s assume column size as, d × b = 600mm×600 mm
Column size
Slenderness 600mm×600 mm
Column size = 600mm×600 mm
Fcd = 0.567 × fck
Fcd = 0.567 × 35
Cl
Fcd = 19.845 Nm m−2
5.8.3.2(3)
Eq 5.15
Effective length (l0) = 0.5 l

Beam height = 0.4 m

√( 1+
k1
)(
0.45+ k 1
1+
k2
0.45+k 2 )
Clear height l = (3.6-0.4) = 3.2 l0= 1.891m

Assume k 1 and k 2= 0.1

l0 = 0.5 l
(√ 1+ 0.45+
0.1
0.1 )( 1+
0.45+0.1 )
0.1

(l0) = 1.891m

115
Reference Calculation Results

Radius of Gyration (i) =

√ I
A
Cl
5.8.3.2(1)
Eq 5.14
Radius of Gyration (i) =
√
Radius of Gyration (i) = 0.173m
d b3
A × 12

l0
Cl 5.8.3.1 Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = i = 0.173m
i
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 10.93
20 ABC
Allowable slenderness ratio(ƛmin) =
√n
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7
N Ed
n=
A c × F cd
Column 01 (C1)
N Ed 3
13330 ×10 N
n= = =1.865
A c × F cd 600× 600 ×19.845 ƛmin=19.17
20 ABC 20× 0.7 ×1.1 ×1.7
ƛmin = = =19.17
√n √ 1.865
ƛmin > ƛ
Column type 1 is a shorter column.

Column design
For column
ƛmin > ƛ
Therefore, columns are short.
-Longitudinal steel-
Design moment
M Ed =M 02+ N Ed e 1
l0 1 1891
e 1=θi = × =4.73 mm
2 200 2

( l2 )
M Ed =M 02+ N Ed θ i
0
= 20.59+13330 × 4.73× 10−3=83.64 kNm

116
 h 600
Minimum eccentricity (e0) = = =20 ≤20 mm
30 30

Reference Calculation Results

117
 Minimum design moment =
−3
e 0 N Ed =20 ×10 ×13330 kNm=266.6 kNm
Therefore, M Ed =¿ 266.6 kNm
M Ed =¿
266.6 kNm
Design chart,
Exposure class = X3
Concrete grade = C30
Assuming longitudinal steel bars( ∅ )=32 mm
¿
Shear link( ∅ )=10 mm
C nom=25+10
C nom =35 mm
∅ 1 32
d= + ∅ +C nom= +10+35=61
2 2
d 61
=¿ =0.1
h 600
Longitudinal steel area, d
=0.1
N Ed h
13330 ×10 3
= =1.0
bh f ck 600× 600 ×30
M Ed 266.6 × 10
6

2 = =0.04
b h f ck 600× 600 ×600 ×30
From the column chart,
A s f yk
=0.5
bh f ck
We should apply minimum reinforcement requirement; therefore,
A s f yk A s ×500
= =0.5
bh f ck 600 × 600× 30
Cl 9.5.3 As = 10800 mm2 Provide 16H32
Provides 16H32 (12867.96mm ) 2

Shear link
The diameter of the link is greater of.
I. 10
1 1
II. ∅= × 20=5
4 4
The spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of.
I. 20∅ = 20×32 = 640mm
II. Least dimension on column = 600mm
III. 600mm

118
Reference Calculation Results

Column type 1 - 12F to Roof level

Axial force
N Ed=1190 kN N Ed=1190 kN
Cl 5.8.8.3
Column size for 1st floor level
n = 1+w
A sc f yd
n = 1+ 0.002Ac < Asc < 0.04Ac
A c f cd
N Ed A sc f yd
=n=¿1+
Cl 5.8.3.2 A c × F cd A c f cd
F cd =0.567 f ck
F cd =0.567 ×30

F cd =17.01 Nm m−2
Substituting into above equation,
N Ed A sc f yd
=n=¿1+
A c × F cd A c f cd
500
1190× 10
3
0.02 A c ×
=¿1+ 1.15 Assume Asc = 0.02 Ac
A c × 17.01 Column size = 400mm
A c × 17.01
× 400 mm
Ac =¿46330.36mm2
d = b = 215.24 mm,
Let’s assume column size as, d × b = 400mm× 400 mm
Slenderness
Cl Column size = 600mm×600 mm
5.8.3.2(3) Fcd = 0.567 × fck
Eq 5.15 Fcd = 0.567 × 30
Fcd = 17.01Nmm-2

Effective length (l0) = 0.5 l

Beam height = 0.4 m

√( 1+
k1
0.45+ k 1 )(
1+
k2
0.45+k 2 )
Clear height l = (3.3-0.4)=2.9

Assume k 1 and k 2= 0.1

119
 l0 = 0.5 l
(√ 1+ 0.45+
0.1
0.1 )( 1+
0.45+0.1 )
0.1
l0 = 1710mm
(l0) = 1710mm
Radius of Gyration (i) =
√ I
A

√
3 i = 115.47mm
Radius of Gyration (i) = db
A × 12
Radius of Gyration (i) = 115.47mm

Reference Calculation Results

Cl l0
5.8.3.2(1) Slenderness ratio (ƛ) =
i
Eq 5.14 ƛ = 14.8
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 14.8
Cl 5.8.3.1 20 ABC
Allowable slenderness ratio(ƛmin) =
√n
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7
N Ed
n=
A c × F cd
Column 01 (C1)
N Ed ƛmin= 59.9
1190× 103
n= = =0.437
A c × F cd 400 × 400× 17.01
20 ABC 20× 0.7 ×1.1 ×1.7
ƛmin = = =59.9
√n √ 0.437
ƛmin > ƛ
Column 01 (C1) is a short column.
Column design
For column
ƛmin > ƛ
Therefore, columns are short.
-Longitudinal steel-
Design moment
M Ed =M 02+ N Ed e 1
l0 1 1710
e 1=θi = × =4.28 mm
2 200 2

M Ed =M 02+ N Ed θ i ( l2 )
0
= 157.63+1190 × 4.28× 10−3=162.72 kNm
M Ed =¿

120
 h 400 162.72 kNm
Minimum eccentricity (e0) = = =13.34 ≥ 20 mm
30 30
−3
Minimum design moment = e 0 N Ed =20 ×10 ×1190 kNm=23.8 kNm

Therefore, M Ed =¿ 162.72 kNm

Design chart,
Exposure class = X3
Concrete grade = C30
Assuming longitudinal steel bars( ∅ )=20 mm
¿
Shear link( ∅ )=10 mm

Reference Calculation Results

C nom=Cmin +∆ C dev
C min =max {C min, b ; C min, dur +∆ C dur ,γ −∆C dur , st −∆C dur , add ; 10 mm }
C min =max { 20 mm ;25 mm+0−0−0 ;10 mm }
C min =25 mm
C nom=25+10
C nom =35 mm
∅ 1 20
d= + ∅ +C nom= +10+35=55
2 2
d 55
=¿ =0.13
h 400
Longitudinal steel area,
N Ed 1190× 10
3
= =0.25
bh f ck 400 × 400× 30
M Ed 162.72 ×10
6

2 = =0.08
b h f ck 400 × 400× 400 ×30
From the column chart,
A s f yk
=0.1
bh f ck
We should apply minimum reinforcement requirement; therefore, Provides 4H20
Cl 9.5.3 A s f yk A s ×500
= =0.1
bh f ck 400 ×400 × 30
As = 960 mm2
Provides 4H20 (1256.637mm2)

121
Shear link
The diameter of the link is greater of.
I. 10
1 1
II. ∅= × 20=5
4 4
The spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of.
I. 20∅ = 20×20 = 400mm
II. Least dimension on column = 400mm
III. 400mm

122
Reference Calculation Results

123
 Column type 1 - 5F to 6F
Action on columns
Axial force N Ed= 7164 kN N Ed= 7164 kN
Column size for 1st floor level
Cl 5.8.8.3 n = 1+w
A sc f yd
n = 1+ 0.002Ac < Asc < 0.04Ac
A c f cd
N Ed A sc f yd
=n=¿1+
Cl 5.8.3.2 A c × F cd A c f cd
F cd =0.567 f ck
F cd =0.567 ×35
−2
F cd =19.845 Nm m
Substituting into above equation,
N Ed A sc f yd
=n=¿1+
A c × F cd A c f cd
500
7164 × 103 0.02 A c ×
=¿1+ 1.15 Assume Asc = 0.02 Ac Column size = 600mm
A c × 19.845
A c × 19.845 ×600 mm
Ac =¿250693 mm2
d = b = 500 mm
Let’s assume column size as, d × b = 600mm×600 mm
Slenderness
Cl Column size = 600mm×600 mm
5.8.3.2(3) Fcd = 0.567 × fck
Eq 5.15 Fcd = 0.567 × 35
Fcd = 19.845 Nm m−2

Effective length (l0) = 0.5 l

Beam height = 0.4 m

√( 1+
k1
)(
0.45+ k 1
1+
k2
0.45+k 2 )
l0 = 1710 mm
Clear height l = (3.3-0.4) = 2.9

Assume k 1 and k 2= 0.1

l0 = 0.5 l
(√ 1+ 0.45+
0.1
0.1 )( 1+
0.45+0.1 )
0.1
i = 173mm
(l0) = 1710 mm
Radius of Gyration (i) =
√ I
A

124
 √
3
Radius of Gyration (i) = db
A × 12
Radius of Gyration (i) = 173mm

Reference Calculation Results

125
Cl l0
5.8.3.2(1) Slenderness ratio (ƛ) =
i
Eq 5.14
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 9.8 ƛ = 9.8
Cl 5.8.3.1 20 ABC
Allowable slenderness ratio(ƛmin) =
√n
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7
N Ed
n=
A c × F cd
Column 01 (C1)
N Ed 7164 ×10 3
n= = =1
A c × F cd 600× 600 ×19.8451 ƛmin= 26.18
20 ABC 20× 0.7 ×1.1 ×1.7
ƛmin = = =26.18
√n √1
ƛmin > ƛ
Column is a short column.
Column design
For column
ƛmin > ƛ
Therefore, columns are short.
-Longitudinal steel-
Design moment
M Ed =M 02 + N Ed e 1
l0 1 1710
e 1=θi = × =4.28 mm
2 200 2

( l2 )
M Ed =M 02+ N Ed θ i
0
= 73.93+7164 × 4.28 ×10−3=104.59 kNm

h 600
Minimum eccentricity (e0) = = =20 ≥20 mm
30 30 M Ed =¿
Minimum design moment = 143.28 kNm
−3
e 0 N Ed =20 ×10 ×7164 kNm=143.28 kNm
Therefore, M Ed =¿ 143.28 kNm
Design chart,
Exposure class = X3
Concrete grade = C30

126
 Assuming longitudinal steel bars( ∅ )=20 mm
¿
Shear link( ∅ )=10 mm
Reference Calculation Results

¿
Cl 9.5.3 Shear link( ∅ )=10 mm

C nom=Cmin +∆ C dev
C min =max {C min, b ; C min, dur +∆ C dur ,γ −∆C dur , st −∆C dur , add ; 10 mm }
C min =max { 20 mm ; 25 mm+0−0−0 ; 10 mm }
C min =25 mm
C nom=25+10
C nom=35 mm
∅ 1 20
d= + ∅ +C nom= +10+35=55
2 2
d 55
=¿ =0.09
h 600
Longitudinal steel area,
N Ed 7164 × 10
3
= =0.6
bh f ck 600× 600 ×30
M Ed 143.28 ×10 6
2 = =0.02
b h f ck 600× 600 ×600 ×30
From the column chart,
A s f yk
=0.1
bh f ck
We should apply minimum reinforcement requirement; therefore,
A s f yk A s ×500 Provides 8H20
= =0.1
bh f ck 600 × 600× 30
As = 2160 mm2
Provides 8H20 (2513.274mm2)
Shear link
The diameter of the link is greater of.
I. 10
1 1
II. ∅= × 20=5
4 4
The spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of.
I. 20∅ = 20×20 = 400mm

127
 II. Least dimension on column = 400mm
III. 400mm

Figure 7: Section of Column

128
5.4 Staircase Design

5.4.1 Staircase Design Procedure

1. Determine Design Life

2. Combination of Action applies
3. Cover, Concrete strength Requirement
4. Calculate the Critical moments and axial forces
5. Checking Slenderness
6. Reinforcement Details

5.4.2 Staircase Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

129
 Staircase Design
Characteristic variable actions = 3.0kN/m 2
Finishes and hand drill = 1.2Kn/m2
Characteristic strength of concrete = 25N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of steel = 460N/mm 2
Concrete cover to reinforcement = 25mm

Thread and going (G) = 300mm

Riser (R) = 150mm

Characteristic Actions
2
Permanent gk =1.2kN /mm
2
Variable q k =3 kN /mm
Materials
2
f ck=25 N /mm
2
f yk =500 N /mm
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25kN/mm2

Assumed

Cover = 25mm
Φbar = 10mm

Reference Calculation Results

130
 Average thickness
1

Note 4 {G2 + R2 }2
y=h
G
1
2 2 2
{300 + 150 }
¿ 150
300
¿ 168 mm

Average thickness t = y +( y+ R)/2

¿ 168+(168+ 150)/2
= 243mm

Action on lading
Slab self-weight ¿ 0.285 ×25=7.125 kN /m 2
Permanent load ¿ 1.2 kN /m 2
Characteristic permanent action gk =7.125+ 1.2
¿ 8.325 kN
Characteristic variable action q k =3.0
Design action, n d=1.35 g +1.5q
k k

¿ 15.739
Action on Flight
Slab self-weight ¿ 0.243 ×25=5.85 kN /m2
Permanent load ¿ 1.2 kN /m 2
2
Characteristic permanent action gk =7.05 kN /m
2
Characteristic variable action q k =3.0 kN /m

Design action, n d=1.35 g +1.5q

k k

¿ 1.35 ×7.05+1.5 ×3
2
¿ 14.02 kN /m

131
Reference Calculation Results

Analysis and design of stairs

Effective span ¿ Le =La +0.5 {Lb + Lb }
1 2

La=Clear distance between support

Lb =the lesser of width of support
1

Lb =the lesser of width of support

2

Le =3000+0.5 ( 300+1200 ) =3750 mm

Consider 1m width

Total action
F=14.02× 3.15=44.163 kN /m
Bending moment,
FL 44.163 ×3.75
M= = =16.56 kN /m
10 10
Main reinforcement
Effective depth,
d=h−c−0.5Φbar
¿ 150−25−( 0.5 ×10 )=120 mm
Design moment, M Ed =16.56 kN /m
Eq. A.5
M 16.56× 106
k= =
b d 2 f ck 1000× 1202 × 25
¿ 0.046< k bal =0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required.

{ √
z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
K
1.34 }
=0.95 d ≤0.95 d
9.2.1.1 6 2
M 16.56 ×10 mm
A S= = =421.82
0.87 f ck Z 0.87× 500 ×0.95 ×95 m

132
Reference Calculation Results

EN 1992-1- Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,

1
f ctm=2.56 (for C 25 ,C 30 concrete )
f ctm
A S ,min =0.26 ( ) bd
f yk
2.56
¿ 0.26 ×( )bd
500
¿ 0.0013 bd
¿ 0.0013 ×1000 ×120
mm2
¿ 156
m
mm2
A S ,max =0.04 A C =0.04 × 1000× 150=160
m
Shear Check

{ 14.02×3.15 × 1.575−16.56 }
V B= =14.13 kN /m
3.75
V A =( 14.02× 3.15 )−14.13=30.03 kN /m
Design shear force, V Ed=30.03 kN

Design shear resistance,

{ }
1
V Rd ,C = 0.12 k ( 100 P 1 f ck ) bd3

( ) ≤2.0
1
200
k =1+ 2
d
1
¿ 1+(200 /120) 2 =2.3 ≤ 2.0

P1= A S 1 /bd ≤ 0.02

OK
¿ 471.24 /(1000 ×120)

133
 ¿ 0.0039 ≤ 0.02

Reference Calculation Results

= {0.12× 2× ( 100 ×0.0039 ×25 ) } ×1000 ×120

1
3
V Rd ,C
¿ 61526.3 N /m=61.5 kN /m

( )
3 1
2 2
V min = 0.035 k f ck bd
3 1
¿ 0.035 ×2 2 ×25 2 ×1000 ×120
¿ 59396.97 N /m=59.4 kN /m
So, V Rd ,C =61.5 Kn/ M >V Ed
Deflection
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
A S ,req 421.82
P= =
bd 1000 × 120
¿ 0.0035
7.4.2(2)
Reference reinforcement ratio,
P0=¿
Factor for structural system, k = 1.3
P< P0
3
l P P
=k [11+1.5 √ f ck × 0 + 3.2 √ f ck ( 0 −1) 2 ]
d P P
Table 7.4 3
0.005 0.005
¿ 1.3[11+1.5 √ 25 × +3.2 √ 25( −1) 2 ]
Eq. 7.16a 0.0035 0.0035
¿ 34.06
Modification factor for span less than 7m, = 1.0
Modification factor for steel area provided,
A S , Prov 471.24
= =1.12<1.5
AS ,req 421.82
Therefore, allowable span effective depth ratio,
(l/d )allowable=34.06 ×1 ×1.12=38.15

134
Reference Calculation Results

Actual span effective depth

(l/d )actual=3750 /120=31.25<(l/d)allowable OK
Analysis & Design of landing
Effective span, L=360mm, b=150mm

Loading
W =W landing +load ¿ stair
¿ 15.739 ×1.5+14.13
¿ 37.74 kN /m
F 37.74 × 3.6
V= =
2 2
¿ 67.932 kN
2
M =F L /8
6.1 37.74 ×3.62
¿
8
¿ 61.14 kNm

Main Reinforcement
Effective depth,

d=h−c−0.5Φbar
¿ 285−25−( 0.5 ×10 )=255 mm
Design moment, M Ed =61.14 kN /m

M 61.14 ×106
k= 2
= 2
=0.03< k bal =0.167
b d f ck 1500× 255 × 25

135
Reference Calculation Results

136
Compression reinforcement is not required. Mian bar:

{ √ }
K 8H10(628.3mm2)
z=d 0.5+ 0.25− =0.97 d ≤ 0.95 d
1.34
6 2
M 61.14 × 10 mm
A S= = =580.2
0.87 f ck Z 0.87× 500 ×0.95 ×255 m
Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
f ctm=2.56 (for C 25 ,C 30 concrete )
f ctm
A S ,min =0.26 ( ) bd
f yk
2.56
¿ 0.26 ×( )bd
500
¿ 0.0013 bd
¿ 0.0013 ×1500 ×255
2
mm
¿ 497
m
2
mm
A S ,max =0.04 A C =0.04 × 1500× 285=17100
m
Shear Check
Design shear force, V Ed=67.932 kN
Design shear resistance,

{ }
1
V Rd ,C = 0.12 k ( 100 P 1 f ck ) bd 3

( ) ≤2.0
1
200
k =1+ 2
d
1
2
¿ 1+(200 /255) =1.9 ≤ 2.0

P1= A S 1 /bd ≤ 0.02

¿ 628.3/( 1500× 255)
¿ 0.0016 ≤ 0.02

= {0.12× 1.9 × ( 100 ×0.0016 ×25 ) } × 1500× 255

1
3
V Rd ,C
¿ 138437.2 N /m=138.44 kN /m

137
Reference Calculation Results

( )
3 1
2 2
V min = 0.035 k f ck bd
3 1
¿ 0.035 ×1.9 2 ×25 2 ×1500 ×255
¿ 175307 N / m=175.31 kN /m
So, V Rd ,C >V Ed
Deflection
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
A S ,req 580.2
P= =
bd 1500 × 255
¿ 0.0015
Reference reinforcement ratio,
P0=¿
Factor for structural system, k = 1.0(Simply supported beam)
P< P0
3
l P P
=k [11+1.5 √ f ck × 0 + 3.2 √ f ck ( 0 −1) 2 ]
d P P
3
0.005 0.005
¿ 1.3[11+1.5 √ 25 × +3.2 √ 25( −1) 2 ]
0.0015 0.0015
¿ 93.0
Modification factor for span less than 7m, = 1.0
Modification factor for steel area provided,
A S , Prov 628.3
= =1.08<1.5
AS ,req 580.2
Therefore, allowable span effective depth ratio,
(l/d )allowable=93.0 × 1×1.08=100.44
Actual span effective depth
(l/d )actual=3600 /255=14.11<(l /d)allowable

OK

138
Figure 7: Staircase Reinforcement Drawing

Figure 7: Staircase Structural Drawing

139
5.5 Sump Design

5.5.1 Sump Design Procedure

1. Finding Capacity of Tank

2. Finding Load cases in Critical condition
3. Moment Calculations
4. Calculating Thickness
5. Vertical Reinforcement on Water Face
6. Vertical Reinforcement on Soil Face

5.5.2 Sump Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

140
 Sump Design
Capacity of the tank = 24000l = 24m3
Free board = 0.2m
Depth of tank = 3m
Length of tank = 4m
Height of tank = 3m
Storage height = 3-0.2 = 2.8m
Capacity
Area =
Storage height
24
Area = = 8.57
2.8
There are two conditions.
1. Tank full
γw H3
M=
6
10× 2.83 M = 36.586 kNm
M=
6
M = 36.586 kNm
( γH ) B
T= T = 42 kN
2
( 10× 2.8 ) 3
T=
2
T = 42 kN
For M20 and Fe415
Q = 1.16, j = 0.87

Reference Calculation Results

141
M = Qbd2
36.586×106 = 1.16×1000× d2
d = 177.45 = 178mm
¯¿
D = d + cover + Diameter of ¿
2
12
D = 178 + 30 +
2
D = 214mm
D = 214mm
M
Ast =
σjd
36.586 ×10 6 Ast= 1575.01 mm2
Ast =
0.87 ×178 ×150
Ast = 1575.01 mm2
Using 12mm bars
1000 Spacing=70 mm cc
Spacing = A st
118
1000 Ast,min= 513.6 m m2
Spacing = 1575.01
118
Spacing = 71.74=70 mm c /c
Minimum requirements
0.24 ×1000 ×214
Ast,min =
100
Ast,min = 513.6 m m2
Tensile stress
1000 induced =
Providing 8mm bars for distribution = 513.6 = 139.68 = 140mm 2
71.74 0.19 N /m m
Check for tension
Considering 1000mm height of the tank,
T
Tensile stress induced =
Area
42 ×1000
Tensile stress induced =
1000× 214
Tensile stress induced = 0.19 N /m m2< 1.2 N /m m2
Hence safe.
2. Tank empty

142
 k a ×V soil × H 3
M=
6
1−sin θ
k a=
1+sin θ
1−sin 30
k a=
1+sin 30
1
k a=
3

Reference Calculation Results

143
 1 3
×15 ×2.8
M= 3
6 M = 18.29 kNm
M = 18.29 kNm
M
Ast =
σjd Ast=1575.01 mm 2
6
36.586 ×10
Ast =
0.87 ×178 ×150
Ast = 1575.01 mm2
Using 12mm bars Spacing=
1000 71.74 mm
Spacing = A st
118
1000
Spacing = 1575.01
118
Spacing = 71.74 mm
Provide distribution reinforcement horizontally in both faces @ 140mm.
Spacing = 2 ×140
Spacing = 280 mm
Provide 8mm bars @ 250mm.

5.6 Foundation Design

144
5.6.1 Foundation Design Procedure

5.6.2 Foundation Design Calculation

Figure 7: Pile Layout

5.7 Shear Wall Design

5.7.1 Shear Wall Design Procedure

1. Calculate Effective Height of the wall

2. Calculate Loading Combination
3. Find the Type of the wall (Short or Slender)
4. Check for moments acting on the wall
5. Calculate the Eccentricities (Composite load eccentricity, eccentricity due to
misalignment)
6. Calculating the minimum R/F (Vertical & Horizontal)
7. Check for shear

5.7.2 Shear Wall Design Calculation

145
Reference Calculation Results

Effective height of the wall

It is taken that condition 1 exits at the bottom and condition 2 at the
top of the wall
l 0=2.64 m
l 0=β l c =0.8 ×3.3=2.64 m
IStructE
Manual
(Table 5.19) Loadings
Assuming wind acts at mid height of wall,
wind moment ¿ ( 200 ) × 41.4/ 2=4140 kNm
4140
Hence, critical wind loading¿ ± 6 × =± 690 kN /m
62
2+ ( n−2 ) φ 0
EN 1991-1- ∝n=
1 n
(6.3.1.2(11)) n=12(Number of story )

φ 0=0.7 (category A , residental area)

2+ ( 12−2 ) 0.7
∝ n= =0.75
12
Imposed load (QK) ¿ ∝n × 2.3=1.95 kN
EN 1990 Hence, ultimate loads per unit length of wall are –
(6.3.1)
(Table Combination 1
A1.2.B) (Eq F 1=1.35G K +1.5 Q K
6.10a)
F 1=1.35× 76.52+1.5× 1.95=106.227 kN /m
Combination 2
F 2=1.35G K ± 1.5W K ∨1.00 GK ± 1.5W K
F 21=1.35× 76.52+1.5 × 690=1138.30 kN /m
F 22=1.00× 76.52−1.5 ×690=−958.48 kN /m
Combination 3 F max=1140.34 kN /m
EN 1990 F 2=1.35G K +1.5 Q K +1.5 φ0 W K ∨1.35 G K +1.5 W K +1.5 φ0 QK
(Table
F 31=1.35× 76.52+1.5 × 1.95+ 1.5× 0.6 ×690=727.227 kN /m
A1.1) Note
4 F 32=1.35× 76.52+1.5 × 690+1.5× 0.7 ×1.95=1140.34 kN /m
Note: - No tension arises

Referenc Calculation Results

e

146
IStructE Classification of wall
Manual
l oz 2640
(Table = =8.8
5.6.2.1) h 300
M1 Z
1.7−
Note 5 M2 Z 1.7 l oz
5.6 × =5.6 × =24.42> =8.8

√ √
N Ed 1140.34 ×10
3 h
1000 h f ck 1000× 300× 25
Hence the wall is short
Wall is short
There are no moments acting at right angles to the wall, except due
to its load eccentricity and misalignment.
Note 6 The first-floor loadings can be taken as acting at h/6 from wall
center-line, then the composite load eccentricity is,

e 1=
( 74.52+1.95 ) × ( 3006 ) =9.8 mm
IStructE { 74.52+ 1.95+76.52 ( 0.9 ) }
Manual The eccentricity due to misalignment is given by,
(Table
5.16) θ1 l 0 1 1
e a= = × ×2640=4.4 mm
(Table 3.1) 2 300 2
Note 7
e a +e 1=9.8 mm+ 4.4 mm=14.2mm
6.1(4) But minimum eccentricity

(
¿ max 20 mm ;
h
30
= )
300
30
=10 mm=20 mm>14.2 mm

The moment due to eccentricity and misalignment is less than the

minimum moment that has to be designed for. So, it can be
considered that the walls are not subject to significant bending
IStructE moments.
Manual
(5.6.4.1) Hence ensure that
f t h ≤ 0.43 f ck +0.67 f yk A sc
1140.34 ×300 ≤ ( 0.43 ×25 ×300 )+(0.67 × 460 × A sc )
342102 ≤3225+308.2 A sc
338877 ≤ 308.2 A sc
2
338877 mm
A sc ≥ =1099.5
308.2 m

147
Referenc Calculation Results
e
9.6.2(1) Minimum reinforcement
(SLNA)
Note8 mm2
A SV ,min =0.004 A c =0.004 ×300 × 1000=1200
Note9 m
Assuming 2 ×T 16 @ 300 mm as vertical reinforcement Vertical R/F
2T16@300mm
9.6.2(3)
mm2
A s , prov =1206.37 < A SV , min (¿ 0.004 A sc )
m
Maximum allowable spacing ¿ 400 mm ( ¿ 3 h ) ,>300 mm ; hence OK
9.6.3(1) Horizontal reinforcement is provided such that it is higher than the
9.6.3(2)
area of half the vertical reinforcement per face. Horizontal steel
¿ T 10 @125 ( ¿ 600 mm ) in each face Horizontal R/F

mm2 T10@125mm
A s , prov =628.318 <(0.001 A c )(8 T 10)
m

148
 Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

CHAPTER 06 – ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE USING ETABS

ETABS (Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building Systems) is a software

application used for structural analysis and design of buildings. It is a powerful tool that can
perform a wide range of analyses, including static and dynamic analysis, response spectrum
analysis, and seismic analysis.

When analysing a 12-story building with ETABS, the following steps are typically followed:

 Building geometry input: The first step in analysing a building with ETABS is to
input the building geometry. This includes the number of stories, floor heights,
column sizes, beam sizes, and wall thicknesses.
 Load input: The next step is to input the loads that the building will be subjected to.
This includes dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads. ETABS can
automatically generate loads based on various building codes and standards.

149
  Analysis setup: Once the building geometry and loads have been input, the analysis
setup can be performed. This involves defining the analysis type, such as static or
dynamic analysis, and selecting the appropriate analysis options.
 Analysis: After the analysis setup is complete, ETABS can perform the structural
analysis of the building. This involves calculating the internal forces and deformations
in the building under the applied loads.
 Results: The results of the analysis can then be viewed in various forms, such as
tables, graphs, and animations. The results can be used to evaluate the structural
performance of the building and to design the structural elements to ensure that they
meet the desired performance criteria.

Overall, ETABS is a powerful tool for analysing the structural performance of buildings. It
allows engineers to evaluate various design options and to ensure that the building is safe and
meets the desired performance criteria.

Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

150
Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

151
 Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

152
Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

153
 Figure 7: Shear Wall Section Drawing

CHAPTER 07 – DESIGN OF SERVICES

7.1 Lift Design Calculation

Referenc Calculation Results

e

154
 Lift Design
Passenger lift

2505mm

Lobby space = 1.5×1300 = 1950

Apartment : Population = 2-3 per bedroom
Population handle in 5 mins = 6-8% (assume 8%)
Average interval = 80-120s
Population per floor = 16
Population for lift = 16×10 = 160
Population served = 160×0.08 = 12.8 = 13
Passengers :
Maximum = 16
Average = 13
2100mm
Capacity = 1150kg
Round Trip Time(RTT) =1300mm
120s (assume speed 2ms-1)
RTT2100mm
Average time interval =
no of cars
120
No of cars = No of cars = 1
120
Capacity = 16
No of cars = 1
Speed = 2ms-1

7.2 Swimming Pool Design Calculation

Referenc Calculation Results

e

155
Swimming pool
Calculate the volume of the swimming pool,
Length = 12m
Width = 6m
Depth = 2m
The volume of rectangular prism = Length x Width x Depth
= 12 x 6 x 1
= 72m 2
1
The volume of a triangular prism = x base x depth x width
2
Base = (12 - 4)m
= 8m
Depth = (2 - 1)m
= 1m
Width = 6m
1
Volume = x8x1x6
2
= 24m2
Full volume = Section 1 + section 2
Full volume=
= (72m2 + 24m2)
96m 2

= 96m2
The maximum water holding capacity of the swimming pool,

Maximum capacity of swimming pool = (Total volume x 1000 liters)

= 96 x 1000
= 96,000 liters
Load = 96,000 N
= 960 kN Load = 960kN

-1

156
 Figure 7: Swimming Pool Design

7.3 Water Tank Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Water tank
Volume of water requirement
Daily use per person per day = 100l
Water tank size and capacity calculations
Total water requirement (for 5person per one unit) = 100 × 5 =
500l per day
For one typical floor(4 units) = 500 × 4 = 2000l
For 10 floors = 2000 × 10 = 20000l
Total = 20,000l = 20m3

157
7.4 Rain Water Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Design for rainwater

Rational formula - Q=CiA
We generally use 50mm/h rainfall.
Rainfall intensity(i) = 2inch/h

Runoff coefficient(C) = This apartment complex located at residential

area, so value should be between 0.3 – 0.7

Area(A)
Area of the building = ( 20 ×15 ) + ( 6.3 × 6.3 )+ ( 9.5 ×6.6 )
Area of the building = 402 m 2
Roof area = 75m 2
Land area = 402 – 75 = 327m 2
327
Total perch = = 13 perch
25

Rainfall discharge for the apartment

Q per land = flow rate on the roof + flow rate on land

(
Q per land = 0.7 × 2×
3
160 )(
+ 0.3 × 2×
13
160 )
Q per land = 0.075ft /s3

For total housing units

Q = 0.075 × 40
Q = 0.084 = 84l/s

Q = VA
1 π d2
0.084 = 8 × × (half full condition)
2 4
d=
√
0.084 ×8
π ×8
d = 0.163m = 163mm

Hence we have to use 200mm pipe for rain water drainage pipe.

V = C√ mi
d 0.2
m= = =0.1
2 2
0.8 = 55√ i
0.8 2
i=
55
i = 2.115 ×10-4
l
=4728.132
i

158
 Hence drop 0.2m for every 4728.132 horizontal length.

7.5 A/C Load Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

AC load calculation

Typical floor – 1 housing unit

Split type air condition
05 peoples
10 lights – 3w/m2
Other equipment - 10w/m2
W3 – (1.5×1.5)m
W2 – (1.8×175)m
DW1 – (3×2.7 )m
DW2 – (2.25×1.7)m
W4 – (0.75×1.35)m
D1 – (1.2×2.1)m

Suitable outdoor temperature = 900f

1m = 3.28ft

Area of the floor = (13.7×9.625)×(3.28)2

Area of the floor = 1418.629ft2

Windows exposed to sun

N and E
Windows = ((1.5×1.5)×(3.28)2)×2× 42+ ((1.8×1.75)×(3.28)2)× 4 2 + ((3
×2 .7)×(3.28)2)× 4 2 + ((2.25×1.7)×(3.28)2)× 4 2 + ((0.75×1.35)×(3.28)2)
× 42
Windows = 930.51952ft2

Wall exposed to sun

Assuming this as hears construction

159
 Total = (13.7×3.28× 90) + (9.625×3.28× 40)
Total = 3060.24lnft
Reference Calculation Results

All exterior walls not include in item 3

Total = (13.7×3.28×22 ) + (9.625×3.28×22 )
Total = 1683.132lnft

No partitions.

Ceiling
We use ceilings with no insulation.
Total = 1418.629×8
Total = 11349.032ft2

Floor over unconditional place

Total = 1418.629×2
Total = 2837.258ft2

People
Total = 5×1000
Total = 5000

Light and electrical equipment

Total equipment = (10×3) + (13.7×9.625×10)
Total equipment= 1348.625

Total = 1348.625×3.41
Total = 4598.811w

Doors
No. of doors = 1×250
No. of doors = 250

Total cooling load = (9302.519 + 3060.24 + 1683.132 + 11349.032 +

2837.258 + 5000 + 4598.811 + 250)
Total cooling load = 38080.992BT4/h

We can use 12000 BT4/h capacity AC and 18000 BT4/h AC for 1 housing
unit.

160
Reference Calculation Results

161
 1st Floor

30 peoples
50 lights – 3w/m2
Other equipment - 10w/m2
Suitable outdoor temperature = 900f

Area of the floor = (43.525×26.425)×(3.28)2

Area of the floor = 12373.753ft2

W1 area = (3×2.7)×(3.28)2 = 87.143ft2

W2 area = 24.206ft2
W3 area = 10.892ft2
W4 area = 116.190ft2

Windows exposed to sun

N and E
Windows = (87.143×42)×2+ (3×206× 42)+ (3×10.892 )× 4 2
Windows = 16622.34ft2

Windows = (87.143×2) + (4×10.892× 42)

Windows = 9149.868ft2

Windows not in item

Windows = (87.143×20)
Windows = 1742.86ft2

Reference Calculation Results

162
 Wall exposed to sun
Total = (43.525×3.28× 40) ×2 + (26.425×3.28× 40)×2
Total = 18354.88lnft

Ceiling
Total = 290.141×3.28 2 ×8
Total = 24971.623ft2

Floor over unconditional place

Total = 290.141×3.28 2 ×2
Total = 6242.905ft2

People
Total = 30×1000
Total = 30000

Light and electrical equipment

Total equipment = (30×3) + 11501.481
Total equipment= 11651.481

Total = 11651.481×3.41
Total = 39731.551w

Doors
No. of doors = 11×250
No. of doors = 2750

Total cooling load = (16622.34 + 9149.868 + 1742.86 + 18354.88 +

24971.623 + 30000 + 6242.905 + 2750 + 39731.551)
Total cooling load = 149566.027BT4/h

18000×6 ACs
12000×4 ACs

7.6 Below Ground Water Disposal System Design Calculation

163
Reference Calculation Results

Below ground water disposal system

Amount of water usage per person = 100l

Area = 1132024375.0004mm2 = 1132m2
75 2
Usable area = 1132× =849 m
100
Assuming area per person = 8m2
849
No of people at floor = =106
8
Amount of water usage per floor = 100 ×106 = 10600l

Assuming that drinking water is also 100% converted to waste water.

Waste water for building = 10600 ×12 = 127200l

127200
Average waste water flow =
24 ×3600
(since this is apartment 24h is should get)

Peak flow discharge = 1.472 × 6

Peak flow discharge = 8.832l/s
Peak flow discharge = 0.008832m3/s

Calculating the diameter of the pipe

Assuming self-cleaning velocity as 0.8m/s

θ=AV
d2
0.008832 = 0.5× π × × 0.8
4
d=
√
0.008832× 4
0.5 × π ×0.8
3
d=0.167 m = 167mm

So we take 200mm diameter pipe.

Slope of the pipe

v=c √mi
Chezy constant = 55

√√ ( )
π d2
×0.5
4
0.8=55 × i
πd
2
0.8 d
= i
55 4
d
2.1025×10 -4 = i
4
1
i = 4.205×10 -3 =237.812
i

164
7.7 Above Ground Water Disposal System Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

165
 Above ground water disposal system

Two pipe system

Typical floors (10)
 8 W/C
 4 Sinks
 8 Bath
 8 Wash basin
 Washing machine
 Dish wash
 Showers
First floor
 14 W/C
 8W/B
 6 Urinals

Wash-down WC with 6l high or low level ,

Assuming 10min level discharge = 14 Discharge units

Discharge units for ,

W/C =11 x14 =154 Du

Urinal= 6x1=6 Du

Wash basin (32 mm branch)

=8x3=24 Du (10 min level discharge)

Sink (40mm branch)

= (10 min level discharge)
=13x4=52Du

Bath (40 mm branch)

=domestic 75min level discharge
=8x7 = 56Du

Washing Machine = 250 min level discharge

=3x4 =12 Du

Dish washing
=1x4 = 4 Du

Reference Calculation Results

166
 Total discharge units

= 154+6+24+52+56+12+4
= 308 Du
(we will take it as 350 Du)

Approximate Discharge units = 350

Vertical pipe size is 90mm

SO the capacity of the stack = 5.3 l/s

Horizontal,
Slope gradient is 2.5 ‫( ﹾ‬45mm) with 90mm for 460 Discharge units

Ventilating Stack size

 100mm discharge stack size
 20 min frequency use
 Domestic usage
 12 floors
 Ca or Cb arrangements
 Appliance groups
w/c + w/b+ sink+bath+wm = one group
8w/c and 8 w/b = 8 groups

So, 50mm diameter ventilation stack is required.

7.8 Septic Tank Design Calculation

167
Reference Calculation Results

Septic tank design

One housing unit = 5 people

40 housing unit = 40×5 = 200 people
1st floor = 30 people
Total = 200 + 30 = 230 people

Daily water usage

Cooking = 10l ×40 = 400l

Bathing and toilet = 80l×230 1840l
Washing clothes and utensils = 40l×40 = 1600l
Cleaning house = 20×40 + 200 = 1000l
Other = 500l
Total = 21900l = 22kl/per day

We consider detention time as 3 days. So water retain for at least 3 days.

Total waste water for 3 days = 22000×3 = 66000l

So we will take 20000l capacity 4 septic tanks.

Sludge settle removal 2 year once.
Sludge settled per person 30l/year.

Total sludge = 30×230×2 = 13800l

Total septic tank capacity = 66000l + 13800l = 79800l = 80000l

1m3 = 1000l
2000l = 20m3
We will take depth as 5m.

Area required = 20/5 = 4m2

We will take length and width ratio as 4:1

4B×B=4
B = 1m

L = 4×1
L = 4m

Depth = 5 + 0.3(free board)

Depth = 5.3m

Septic tank capacity = 4 × 5.3×1 = 21.2m3

168
Reference Calculation Results

Septic tank design capacity = 21.2×1000 = 21200l

We will have 3 chambers in septic tank;

1st chamber = ¼ ×21200 = 5300l
2nd chamber = 2/4 ×21200 = 10600l
3rd chamber = 5300l

Because this is a high rise building waste water capacity is very high. So
we have to go with water treatment system.

169
7.9 Water Supply Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Pipe diameters
Pipe number Pipe diameter

1,8,15 76

22,29,36,43,50 76

57,64,71 62

2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24,30,31,37,38,44,45,51,52, 54
58,59,66,65,72,73,74,75

4,5,5,7,11,12,13,14,18,19, 54
20,21,25,26,27,28,32,33,
34,35,39,40,41,42,46,47,
48,49,53,54,55,56,60,61,
62,63,67,68,69,70,76,77,
78,79

80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87, 42
88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,
103,104,105,106,107,108,
109,110,111,112,113,114,
115,116,117,118,119

170
Reference Calculation Results

Loading units for each pipe

Pipe number Units Loading units
Pipe 1 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4 180
UR
Pipe 8 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 15 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 22 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 29 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 36 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 43 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 50 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 57 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 64 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 71 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 74 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 75 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 72/73 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe 76/77/78/79 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe set A 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe set B 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR
Pipe set C 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 4
UR

171
Reference Calculation Results

Flow rates
Pipe number Flow rate
Pipe 1
Pipe 8
Pipe 15
Pipe 22
Pipe 29
Pipe 36
Pipe 43
Pipe 50
Pipe 57
Pipe 64
Pipe 71
Pipe 74
Pipe 75
Pipe 72/73
Pipe 76/77/78/79
Pipe set A
Pipe set B
Pipe set C

Determine pipe lengths.

Pipe number Pipe length
Pipe 1
Pipe 8
Pipe 15
Pipe 22
Pipe 29
Pipe 36
Pipe 43
Pipe 50
Pipe 57
Pipe 64
Pipe 71
Pipe 74
Pipe 75
Pipe 72/73
Pipe 76/77/78/79
Pipe set A1
Pipe set A2
Pipe set B
Pipe set C

172
Reference Calculation Results

5. Determine the equivalent pipe length of fittings

(76mm) pipe 1 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(76mm) pipe 8, 15 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(76mm) pipe 22, 29, 36, 43, 50 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(62mm) pipe 57, 54, 71 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe 74 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe 75 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe 72, 73 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe 76, 77, 75, 79 = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe set A = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe set B = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m
(54mm) pipe set C = 3 elbow + 1 tee
3 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 16m

6. Calculate effective pipe length

Effective pipe length = Pipe length + Equivalent pipe length of fittings
Pipe 1 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 8 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 15 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 22, 29, 36, 43, 50 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 57, 64 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 71 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 74 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 75 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 72, 73 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe 76, 77, 78, 79 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe set A1 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe set A2 = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe set B = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m
Pipe set C = 29.6 + 16 = 45.6m

173
Reference Calculation Results

7. Calculate the hand loss per meter run

Pipe 1 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 8 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 15 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 22 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 29 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 36 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 43 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 50 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 57 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 64 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 71 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 72, 73 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 76, 77, 78, 79 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 75 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe 74 = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe set A = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe set B = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run
Pipe set C = Flow rate = 19l/s, PVC external ∅ = 72mm
HL = 0.0028m/m run

174
175
7.10 Fire Fighting Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

NFPA13 Water Sprinkler Calculation

Hazard classification – Ordinary Hazard group 01
Max spacing of sprinkler heads – 4m
Max floor are covered by one sprinkler head – 12m 2
Total area protection of sprinkler or area of sprinkler – 462.64m 2
Total number of sprinkler in remote area =
area
area covered by one sprinkler
462.64
Total number of sprinkler in remote area =
12
Total number of sprinkler in remote area = 38.55 = 49
Remote area length = 1.2√ 462.64 = 25.81m
462.64 Distance
Remote area width = = 17.92m
25.81 sprinkler to wall
Distance between sprinkler = max 15ft and min 6ft , let take 3m = 1.5m
3 Distance between
Distance sprinkler to wall = = 1.5m
2 branches = 4m
12
Distance between branches = = 4m
3
Distance of branch from wall shall be L/2 as per NFPA13. We take here
4/2 = 2m
1.2 √ 462.64 Flow rate per
Number of sprinkler per branch = = 8.60
3 sprinkler =
Number of branches = 49/7 = 7 0.031m3/s
Residual pressure
Flow rate per sprinkler = density × area of single sprinkler of sprinkler =
Flow rate per sprinkler = 4.1mm/min × 462.64 0.0055m3/s
Flow rate per sprinkler = 0.031m3/s
2
Q
Residual pressure of sprinkler =
K
0.031m 3/s 2
Residual pressure of sprinkler = = 0.0055m3/s
5.6

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7.10.1 Positioning of Sprinklers

Sprinklers must be located in such a way that the deflectors are not more than 300 mm away
from the non-fire resisting ceiling (should be within 450 mm for a fire resisting ceiling).
Further, there must be a clear space of 300 mm below the deflector within a radius of 600
mm from the deflector Therefore, no columns or beams shall be places within 600 mm from
the sprinkler.

7.10.2 Water Supply to sprinklers

Usually the supply is from the drinking water tank or sump this is to ensure that the water
will be of good quality in the case of an emergency the water requirement and the appropriate
pressure will be dependent upon the fire hazard. It is expected to provide 90 minute supply of
water.

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7.11 Sanitary Appliances

Typical floors – For 1 housing unit

 2 water closet = 700×500mm

 1 sink = 500×500mm (for kitchen)
 2 showers = 900×900mm
 2 wash basins = 700×600mm
 1 washing machine = 600×600mm
 1 dishwasher = 600×600mm

1st floor

 14 water closet = 700×500mm

 5 wash basins = 700×600mm
 6 urinals = 400× 4 00mm
 Hand dryer = 400×300mm

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CHAPTER 08 – BILL OF QUANTITIES

179
 CHAPTER 09 – CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the 12-story apartment complex group project in Homagama is a modern and
spacious residential building that provides a comfortable and convenient living option for its
residents. The project involves a range of design and construction elements, including
architectural drawings, technical specifications, and material selection, all of which are
essential to ensure the success of the project.

The apartment complex is designed to offer a variety of living spaces, from smaller studios to
larger multi-bedroom units, all of which provide comfortable and modern amenities. The
complex also includes a range of on-site amenities, such as secure parking, fitness center,
swimming pool, and community room, making it an ideal living option for people who value
convenience and community.

Overall, the 12-story apartment complex project in Homagama is a testament to the

importance of careful planning and execution in building design and construction. With a
focus on quality materials, state-of-the-art design, and attention to detail, this apartment
complex provides an excellent living option for residents in Homagama and beyond.

180
 REFERENCES

 EN 1992-1-1: Euro code 2: Design of concrete structures

 BS 8110-1: 1997Structural use of concrete —Part 1: Code of practice for design and
construction

 Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures to EC2

 Sri Lanka national annex to Euro code 2 - Part 1-1, General rules and
rules for building

 Guidance for Implementing the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, Ministry

of Environmental 2006

 Building Services Handbook

 BS 5572:1994 - Code of practice for Sanitary pipework

 Planning & Building Regulations - UDA

 NSBM Borehole Reports

 Building Schedule of Rates 2022

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ANNEXES

182