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C. UUVis - Terms

This document discusses key terms used in UV-Visible spectroscopy: 1) Chromophores are functional groups that absorb in the UV-Visible region due to n-p* and p-p* transitions, such as C=C, C≡C, N=O, etc. 2) Conjugation of chromophores shifts absorption to longer wavelengths. 3) Auxochromes are groups like -OH, -NH2 that do not absorb UV-Visible radiation themselves but increase the absorption wavelength and intensity when attached to a chromophore.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views11 pages

C. UUVis - Terms

This document discusses key terms used in UV-Visible spectroscopy: 1) Chromophores are functional groups that absorb in the UV-Visible region due to n-p* and p-p* transitions, such as C=C, C≡C, N=O, etc. 2) Conjugation of chromophores shifts absorption to longer wavelengths. 3) Auxochromes are groups like -OH, -NH2 that do not absorb UV-Visible radiation themselves but increase the absorption wavelength and intensity when attached to a chromophore.

Uploaded by

harsheen kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UCB008 - APPLIED CHEMISTRY SCBC-TIET

Molecular Spectroscopy Series


Lecture - IV

UV-Visible Spectroscopy – Terms


by
Prof. Ranjana Prakash
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology
Patiala -147004, India
Ranjana Prakash
SCBC-TIET

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session participants should be able to:

• illustrate the terms used in UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Ranjana Prakash
Chromophore SCBC-TIET

• Isolated covalently bonded groups that shows characteristic


absorption in UV-Visible region and even small structural changes
brings about change in wavelength of absorption.

or

• The functional groups containing multiple bonds capable of absorbing


radiations above 200 nm due to n-p* and p-p* transitions.

• Examples: C=C, C≡C, N=O, N=N, NO2, C=O, C=N, C≡N, C=C,C=S,
-CONH2, -COOH, etc

Ranjana Prakash
SCBC-TIET

Chromophore

• Non-conjugated alkenes show an absorption below 200 nm and


therefore cannot be observed by conventional UV
spectrophotometer.

• If these transitions are to be observed, vacuum UV


spectrophotometer is required.

• Non-conjugated carbonyl group compound give a weak absorption


band in the 200 - 300 nm due to n-p* transition.

Ranjana Prakash
Effect of conjugation on lmax SCBC-TIET

Compound lmax (nm)


H2C=CH2 180
217
O
220

220

255
Me
HO3S N N N
Me
460
Ranjana Prakash
Effect of conjugation on lmax SCBC-TIET

CH2 CH3
H2C H3C

1,5 - hexadiene : λmax = 178 nm 2,4 - hexadiene : λmax = 227 nm

When double bonds are conjugated in a compound, λmax is shifted to


longer wavelength.

Ranjana Prakash
Effect of conjugation on lmax
SCBC-TIET

O
C
H2C CH2 H3C CH3
Ethylene has λmax = 171 nm Acetone has λmax = 279 nm

Conjugation of C=C and carbonyl group shifts the λmax of both


groups to longer wavelength.
O

H2C C
CH3
Crotonaldehyde has λmax = 290 nm

Ranjana Prakash
Auxochrome
SCBC-TIET

• The functional group with non-bonding electrons, that does not absorb
radiation in UV/visible region, when attached to a chromophore
increases the wavelength and intensity of absorption.
OR
• Any group which does not itself act as chromophore but its presence
brings about a shift of absorption bands towards red end of the
spectrum

Examples: -OH, -OR, -NH2 , -NHR, -NR2, -SH etc.

Ranjana Prakash
Auxochrome SCBC-TIET

• Auxochrome when combined with chromophore, modifies the position


of absorption band relative to the parent chromophore
Chromophore + Auxochrome

New chromophore
having higher lmax

Examples: -OH, -OR, -NH2 , -NHR, -NR2, -SH etc.

• Auxochrome extends the conjugation of a chromophore by sharing


its lone pair of electrons
Ranjana Prakash
Auxochrome SCBC-TIET

e.g. Benzene λmax = 255 nm

OH

Phenol λmax = 270 nm

NH2

Aniline λmax = 280 nm


Ranjana Prakash
SCBC-TIET

In the next session…..


• Absorption and Intensity Shifts in UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Ranjana Prakash

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