Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar
Website: uep.educ.ph; Email: [email protected]

SHS PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

First Semester, SY 2021 – 2022

Prepared and Compiled by:

RUTH L. SAYDE, LPT

CAC, Part-Time Lecturer

NAME OF STUDENT: _______________________________________________________

GRADE & STRAND: __________________________________________________________

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1: SELF DEVELOPMENT……………………………………………………………. 3

Module 2: Knowing Oneself ………………………………………………………………… 4
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………....... 4
Learning Outcomes ...………………………………………………………………………… 4
I. Defining the “Self”………………………….……………………………………………. 5
II. Personality ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Nature, Nurture, and Personality ………………………………………………………. 6
III. Trait Theories …………………………………………………….................................... 7
IV. Personality Traits……………………………………………........................................... 8
V. Measuring Personality …………………………………………………………………. 8
5.1 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ………………………………………………… 8
Learning Exercises 2.1 ………………………………………………………………………... 10
Reflection Paper #2 …………………………………………………………………… 12
Summary ….…………………………………………………………………………………… 14
References ……..…………………………………………………………………………......... 14

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UNIT 1:
SELF DEVELOPMENT

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2: KNOWING ONESELF
INTRODUCTION

Welcome back!
How was your day?
Are you ready for another lesson?
Okay, let us get started!

Have you ever asked yourself this question: Who am I? If you have, you are not alone.
Adolescence is the time when young people start to ask questions about themselves, about
their future, and even about their religious and political beliefs. During the adolescent stage
of development, the young person grapples with his or her identity. This may seem very
philosophical to some, but to know oneself is the first step in personal development.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. conduct self-exploration and simple disclosure;

2. explain that knowing oneself can make a person accept his or her strengths and
limitations, and deal with others better;
3. share his or her unique characteristics, habits, and experiences; and
4. maintain a journal.

Now, let us properly begin our discussion on Knowing Oneself!!!

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Module 2: Knowing Oneself

I. Defining the “Self”

It is believed that the words “Know Thyself,” which were written at the entry of the
oracle at Delphi by seven Greek philosophers, statesmen, and lawgivers, became the
cornerstone of Western philosophy. Socrates, who came decades after two words were
scripted at Delphi, said that it for him to investigate other unimportant things when he has
not known his self yet. For Socrates, the most important to pursue was self-knowledge, and
admitting one's ignorance is the beginning of true knowledge.

For Plato, one of Socrates’ students, the beginning of knowledge is self-knowledge.

Other ancient philosophers from other cultures saw the wisdom in knowing oneself. The
ancient Hindu writings Upanishads confirmed, “Enquiry into the truth of the “Self” is
knowledge.” The Persian poet Rumi ruminated, “Who am I in the midst of all this thought
traffic?” and the American poet Walt Whitman celebrated his “Self” as “a simple, separate
person.”

Before we discuss how to know one’s self, we have to define first Knowing
the concept of the “Self.” In philosophical terms, it is the being, which is the others is
source of a person's consciousness. It is the agent responsible for an individual's intelligence;
thoughts and actions. Based on this definition, the “Self” is an intangible knowing
entity that directs a person's thoughts and actions. It is outside the physical yourself is
realm of the person. true wisdom.
Mastering
The “Self” is identified in various contexts, such as in psychology, others is
sociology, or religion. The “Self” is the essence of a person: his thoughts, strength,
feelings and actions, experiences, beliefs, values, principles, and mastering
relationships. The “Self” includes a person’s life purpose, meaning, and yourself is
aspirations. true power.

Since our approach to personal development is holistic, we will integrate the various
definitions of “Self” from the philosophical, spiritual, and psychological realms, but we will
focus and give more emphasis on its psychological definition.

If the “Self” is defined as the cognitive and affective representation of one’s identity, it
is then defined in terms of human characteristics such as behavior and thought.

In Psychology, the term personality is referred to as the set of behaviors, feelings,

thoughts, and motives that identifies an individual. Personality is the essence of who we are
and is the embodiment of one’s physical, psychological, cognitive, affective, and spiritual self.
Therefore, when we speak of the “Self”, we will describe it in personality terms.

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II. Personality
There is an abundant definition of what personality is. In Module 1, we defined it
based on a common definition provided by dictionary. This time, we will define personality
in the same way psychologists define it.

Personality psychologists have different viewpoints. One definition states, “personality

refers to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that
characterize an individual”(Feist and Rosenberg 2012). Two key components of personality are
highlighted In this definition: the uniqueness of an individual's thoughts, feelings, and
behavior; and their being relatively enduring, or being consistent, over different situations and
over time.

For example, a person who is considered as “friendly” would, at any given situation,
be outgoing and easily liked by others or is someone who is not perceived as threatening or
aggressive. This person’s uniqueness is manifested in his own brand of showing friendliness:
a sunny disposition, a readiness to give advice when needed, and generosity to those in need.
The uniqueness is shown by how a person’s physical and behavioral traits are combined to
depict friendliness. In terms of being consistent, as an adolescent, this friendly individual
develops friendships among his peers. Upon entering adulthood, this same friendly
individual is perceived by co-workers and peers to still be his old friendly self as when he was
in high school. This consistency through time and the unique manner by which thoughts,
feelings, and behavior are expressed, defines personality. However, there will always be
exceptions to these two components. Consistency is more likely to mean most of the time but
not all the time. A friendly person can get nasty or aggressive when provoked or cornered.
Sickness can oftentimes change the consistency of an individual’s personality. An example of
this is Alzheimer's disease. Studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease changes three of the
Big Five dimensions of personality (anxiety, extraversion, and openness) (Costa and McRae
1992).

Gordon Allport defines personality as “a pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits that
determine an individual's characteristics, behavior, and traits” (Sanchez, Abad, and Jao 2012). This
definition does not emphasize uniqueness and consistency, but nevertheless still captures
aspects of personality.

2.1 Nature, Nurture, and Personality

Personality is influenced by both nature (heredity or genetic make-up) and nurture
(environment). There is no single gene that creates a trait. It is always a complex combination
of genes, environmental exposure and experiences, and cultural backgrounds. There are
common personality traits that cross many cultures. Agreeableness and openness to
experiences are some examples of these cross-cultural traits. There are, however, other
personality traits that are more prominent in one culture than another. For example, Asians
exhibit strong “interpersonal relatedness” or how their behavior Impacts relationships,
compared to Westerners who look at their behavior and its impact on their personal goals. For
example, an Asian who is pursuing a career by migrating to another country will always
consider how this will affect his family and social ties at home. A Westerner, on the other
hand, will see working overseas as a career move that will enhance career growth.

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III. Trait Theories

One general point of view explains that personality deals with traits, and that trait or
disposition is a major factor in personality. Trait theory is an approach in identifying types of
personalities based on certain traits or attributes, which vary from one person to the other
(traittheory.com). This theory was developed over the past 60 years, started by D. W. Fiske
(1949) and later pursued by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1967),
Goldberg (1981), and McCrae and Costa (1987).

Psychologists Costa and McRae (1992) developed a categorized scheme that described
personality. Based on their research, they discovered the existence of five universal and
widely agreed upon dimensions of personality. They called it the Big Five or Five-Factor Model.
These dimensions or tendencies are: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism. For it to be easily remembered, it uses the acronym OCEAN.
These dimensions may be described using its most positive traits:

 Openness to experience - curiosity, interest, imagination, and creativity to new ideas

 Conscientiousness - planning, organizing, hardworking, controlling, persevering, and
punctuality
 Extraversion - sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, and fun-loving
 Agreeableness - friendly, warm, trusting, generous, and kind-hearted
 Neuroticism - calm, relaxed, and comfortable

The Big Five Traits Taxonomy The Five Factor Model by Costa
by D.W. Fiske (199) and McRae (1992)

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IV. Personality Traits

Personality trait is a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way, while
personality is a broader term that comprises of traits, motives, thoughts, self-concept, and
feelings. An example of personality trait is shyness or social awkwardness.

V. Measuring Personality
There are different ways to measure personality. One is by observing people's
behavior. This is quite limited as other people may not be able to observe all aspects of
personality such as loneliness, which is internal and is observed by others very subjectively.

Personality can be measured using different kinds of tests like the Rorschach Inkblot
Test, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. Many
online tests are provided for free, particularly for those who seek to find out their personality
to establish their career paths. One example of this is the Alberta Learning Information Service
of the Government of Alberta in Canada.

5.1 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed the Myers-Briggs personality
model based on four preferences of individuals. These are:

 E or I (Extraversion or Introversion) is how an individual prefers to channel his or her

energy when dealing with people, whether it is inward (introversion) or outward
(extraversion).
 S or N (Sensing or Intuition) is how one prefers to process information, whether
through the use of senses such as being able to describe what one sees, or intuitively
like dealing with ideas.
 T or F (Thinking or Feeling) is how an individual prefers to make decisions, either
thinking or using logic and analysis, or feeling which uses the cognitive senses based
on values or beliefs.
 J or P (Judgment or Perception) is how an individual prefers to manage one's life,
whether through judging, which means a planned and organized life, versus
perception, which has a more flexible approach to living.

The combination of these four preferences produces 16 types of combinations of

personality types, usually represented by their first letters.

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Diagram of popular persons indicated in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 2.1

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just discuss each question below
with an honest answer. LET’S DO THIS!

EXPLAIN. (5 points each)

1. How do you understand the “Self”?

____________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________.

2. What influences the development of personality?

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___________________________________________________________________________.

ELABORATE. (5 points)

3. Of the Big Five dimensions or tendencies of personality, which ones are you most
inclined to have? Give some real-life situations that you went through to affirm these
choices.
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____________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________.

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4. Explain the quotation by Oscar Wilde: “To love oneself is the beginning of a lifelong
romance.”
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___________________________________________________________________________.

EVALUATE. (5 points each)

5. How does knowing oneself better make a person accept his strengths and limitations,
and improve the way he deals with others?
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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________.

6. Write down how you define yourself in terms of philosophy, psychology, and
spirituality. What are the differences among the three?
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____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________.

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REFLECTION PAPER #2

Write on your journal your what you have discovered and understood about your
“Self,” your personality and personality traits, and your reflection regarding the question,
“Who am I??” (10 points)

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Rubrics for Essay Learning Exercises:

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is Information is The information
very organized in slightly organized but appears to be
a well- organized in a paragraph(s) are disorganized.
Organization
constructed well-constructed not well-
paragraph or paragraph or constructed.
paragraphs. paragraphs.
Information Information Information Information has
relates to the relates to the partially relates little or nothing
topic. It provides topic. It provides to the topic. No to do with the
Content a lot of few supporting details and/or topic.
supporting details and/or examples are
details and/or examples. given.
examples.
Main points well Main points well Main points are Main points lack
developed with developed with present with detailed
high quality and quality limited detail and development.
quantity support. supporting development. Ideas are vague
Development Reveals high details and Some critical with little
degree of critical quantity. Critical thinking is evidence of
thinking. thinking is present. critical thinking.
weaved into
points.
Essay is free of Essay has few Most spelling, Spelling,
distracting punctuation and punctuation, and punctuation, and
spelling, grammatical grammar correct grammatical
punctuation, and errors allowing allowing reader errors create
grammatical reader to follow to progress distraction,
Grammar errors; absent of ideas clearly. through essay. making reading
& Mechanics fragments, Very few Some errors difficult;
comma splices, fragments or run- remain. fragments,
and run-ons. ons. comma splices,
run-ons evident.
Errors are
frequent.
Meets all formal Meets format and Meets format and Fails to follow
and assignment assignment assignment format and
requirements and requirements; requirements; assignment
evidences margins, spacing, generally correct requirement;
attention to and indentations margins, spacing, cover format,
detail; all are correct; essay and indentations; incorrect
Format margins, spacing is neat and essay is neat but indentations;
and indentations correctly may have some neatness of essay
are correct; essay assembled. assembly errors. needs attention.
is neat and
correctly
assembled with
professional look.

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SUMMARY
1. The "Self” can be defined in different ways: philosophically, psychologically,
spiritually, and also in thoughts, actions, or behavior.
2. Personality is the unique and enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts,
motives, and attitudes that characterize a person.
3. Both nature (heredity or genetic) and nurture (environment) influence the
development of one's personality.
4. There are different personality theories and one of them is the Big Five or Five-
Factor Model by Costa and McRae, which defines five dimensions of personality:
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and
Neuroticism.
5. Personality traits can be measured using different personality tests such as the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

REFERENCES

Books:

 Santos, Ricardo Rubio. Personal Development. First Edition. Rex Printing Company. Quezon
City. February 2016.
 Feist, Gregory J. and Erika L. Rosenberg. 2012. Psychology: Perspective and Connections, 2nd
Edition, International Edition. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T.-, Jr. 1996. Toward a New Generation of Personality Theories:
Theoretical Contexts for the Five-Factor Model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor Model of
Personality: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York: Guilford.
 Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Paz F. Abad, and Loreto V. Jao. 2002, 1998, 1989, 1982. Genera!
Psychology, 4th Edition. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Internet Sources:
 http://www.binghamton edu/cnes/docs/gnothi_sauton.pdf
 http://www.arkintime.com/know-thyself/
 http://psycho-logy.about.com/od/personalitydevelopment/a/bigfive.htm
 https://www.ocf. berkeley.edu/~johnlab/pdfs/2008chapter.pdf
 https://careerinsite.alberta.ca/careerinsite/ know-yoursetf.aspx

Images and Artworks used in this Module:

 https://www.google.com/amp/s/janaenahirney.wordpress.com/2015/09/26/the-big-five-
personality-testing-in-psychology/amp/
 https://ritholtz.com/2012/12/know-your-myers-briggs-type-indicator-type/
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/big-five-personality.html
 https://thebelladonnacomedy.com/the-sexiest-myers-briggs-personality-types-a-definitive-
ranking-6a1d7c10410b?gi=33c1dcf92685

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