Subject: CE 211- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Title of the Module

Chapter 8: Differential Equations With Coefficients Linear In X And Y
2. Introduction
CHAPTER EIGHT discusses the solution to a differential equation linear both in
the dependent and independent variables. The solution to this type of equation requires certain
principles on analytic geometry, particularly on straight lines. There are three (3) possible cases
involved in this solution, however, only two (2) are considered here since the third case reduces
to a form which has been previously taken up.
3. Learning Outcome
The student will know to solve the differential equation coefficient linear.
4. Learning Content
It contains readings, selection and discussion questions and sets of activities
that students can work on individually or by group.
Topics for module 8
Topic 1 Differential Equations With Coefficients Linear In X And Y

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

In this segment topics 1 is discussed under Module 8.
(a) The standard form of a first-ordered differential equations having coefficients linear in
two variables is

EQ (8.0)
(A1x + B1y + C1) dx + (A2x + B2y + C2) dy = 0

where the A’s, B’s and C’s are constants.

REMARK: If C1 = C2 = 0, EQ (8.0) reduces to a

homogeneous differential equation of degree one (1).
Solution of this type is discussed in CHAPTER
THREE.
 (b) If the coefficients of dx and dy in EQ (8.0) are equated to zero, both equation will
represent straight line, that is,
A1x + B1y + C1 = 0
EQ (8.1)
and
A2x + B2y + C2 = 0
The two (2) cases, as mentioned in the introductory part, which will be treated here are the
following:
CASE 1: When EQ (8.1) represents two non-identical parallel lines.
CASE 2: When EQ (8.1) represents two non-parallel lines, with C1 and/or C2
not equal to zero.
REMARK: The third possible case is similar to CASE 2 except that
here C1 = C2 = 0. As mentioned above, under this
condition, the solution is by the method of CHAPTER
THREE, and so will not be considered here.
8.2 SOLUTION OF CASE 1
(a) For the lines of EQ (8.1) to be parallel, we must have
A2 = K A 1
B2 = K B 1
where K is a proportionality constant.
Substitution of these conditions to EQ (8.0) gives
(A1x + B1y + C1) dx + { K (A1x + B1y) + C2 } dy = 0.
(b)Let v = A1x + B1y
v− A1 x
or y = B1

dv− A1 dx
dy =
B1

( Kv+C 2 )(dv− A1 dx )
So (v + C1) dx +
B1 = 0.
 Separation of variables leads to

( Kv +C 2 ) dv
dx + B1 ( v +C 1 )−A 1 ( Kv+ C 2 ) = 0.
Integration of the above equation will give the solution in the form
x = f (v) or f ( x , v ) = 0.
Finally the substitution of v = A1x + B1y gives the required solution in terms of the
original variables x and y.
8.3 SOLUTION OF CASE 2
(a) The simultaneous solution of the equations of EQ (8.1) gives the point of intersection of
these non-parallel lines, say at ( h , k ).
(b)Let x = u + h or dx = du
and y = v + k or dy = dv.
Substitution of these equations to EQ (8.1) gives
A1u + B1v = 0
EQ (8.2)
A2u + B2v = 0.
REMARK: Since ( h , k ) is a point common to the lines of EQ
(8.1), the terms involving the h’s and the k’s vanish
after the substitution as may be noted in EQ (8.2).
(a) Using EQ (8.2), EQ (8.0) now takes the form

(A1u + B1v) du + (A2u + B2v) dv = 0

which is an equation homogeneous of degree one (1). The solution to this type of
equation has earlier been discussed, and will finally take the functional form
f(u,v) = 0
where u = x—h
and v = y — k.
8.4 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
Find the complete solution of
( x + y — 1 ) dx + ( 2x + 2y + 1 ) dy = 0.
 SOLUTION
(a) This belongs to CASE 1: x + y — 1 = 0 and 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 represent
parallel lines with K = 2.

(b)Let v = x + y or y = v — x

So dy = dv — dx.
Substitute these to the given D.E. to get (v—1) dx + (2v + 1) (dv—dx) = 0.
Expand and simplify to get
(v + 2) dx + (2v + 1) dv = 0
2 v+1
or dx — v+2 dv = 0
(c) Integrate to get

3
∫ dx — ∫ {2 — v +2 } dv = C
.x — 2v + 3 ln (v + 2) = C
Since v = x + y, then
x — 2(x + y) + 3 ln (x + y + 2) = C.
PROBLEM 2
Find the general solution of
(6x — 3y + 2) dx + (y — 2x + 1) dy = 0.
SOLUTION
(a) This is CASE 1: 6x — 3y + 2 = 0 and —2x + y + 1 = 0 are parallel
lines with K = —3.

(b)Let v = y — 2x or y = v + 2x

dy = dv + 2 dx.
Substitute these to the given D.E. to get
(—3v + 2) dx + (v + 1) (dv + 2 dx) = 0.
Expand and simplify to get
 (—v + 4) dx + (v + 1) dv = 0

( v +1)
or dx + ( 4−v ) dv = 0
(c) Integrate and obtain

5
∫ ∫
dx + {—2 + 4−v } dv = C
x — v — 5 ln (4 — v) = C
Since v = y — 2x then
x — (y — 2x) — 5 ln (4 — y — 2x) = C
or 3x — y — 5 ln (4 — y — 2x) = C
PROBLEM 3
Find the general solution of
(x — 4y — 9) dx + (4x + y — 2) dy = 0.
SOLUTION
(a) This belongs to CASE 2: The lines x — 4y — 9 = 0 and

4x + y — 2 = 0 intersect at ( 1 , —2 ).
(b)Let x = u + 1 and dx = du

y = v — 2 and dy = dv.
Substitute these to the given D.E. of degree one and we

u
Let u = zv or z = v
du = z dv + v dz.
So, (zv — 4v) (z dv + v dz) + (4zv + v) dv = 0.
Divide by v and simplify to get
dv z− 4
v + z 2 + 1 dz = 0.
(c) Integrate and obtain
 dv zdz zdz
∫ v + ∫ z 2 + 1 —4 ∫ z2+ 1 = C

1 u
ln v + 2 ln (z2 + 1)— 4 Arctan v = C

u
But z = v , so
2
1 u u
2
ln v + 2 ln ( v + 1) — 4 Arctan v = C
Simplify the log terms to get
u
ln √ u +v
2 2
— 4 Arctan v = C
Since u = x — 1 and v = y + 2 then

x−1
ln √( x−1) +( y+2)
2 2
— 4 Arctan y+2 = C
PROBLEM 4
Determine the complete solution of
(2x — y) dx + (4x + y — 6) dy = 0
SOLUTION
(a) This is CASE 2. The lines 2x — y = 0 and

4x + y — 6 = 0 intersect at ( 1 , 2 ).
(b) Let x = u + 1 or dx = du

Y = v + 2 or dy = dv.
Substitute to the given D.E. to get
{2(u + 1)—(v + 2)} du + { + v 2 — 6} dv = 0
or (2u — v) du + (4u + v) dv = 0.
This is a D.E. which is homogeneous of degree one.
 u
Let u = zv or z = v
du = .z dv + v dz

So (2zv — v)(z dv + v dz) + (4zv + v) dv = 0

Divide each term by v and simplify to get
(2z2 + 3z + 1) dv + v (4zv + v(2z — 1) dz = 0
dv ( 2 z −1 ) dz
or v + 2 z 2 +3 z +1 = 0.
(c) Integrate and obtain

{ 2 z+ ( 32 − 32 )−1 } dz
∫ dv 1
v +2
2
z +
3z 1
2
+
2 —4
∫ zdz
z 2+ 1 = C
3
(2z+ ) dz dz
2
1
ln v + 2 ∫ z2+
3z
2
+
1
2 —
5
4 ∫( z+
3 2
4
−) 1
16 = C

( )
3 1
z+ −
4 4
1
ln v + 2 ln
(
3z 1
z2+ +
5
2 2 — 4 ln ) 3 1
z+ +
4 4 = C.

u
Substitute z = v , then u = x —1 and v = y — 2.
Hence, we have
( x + y )3 = C ( 2x + y — 4 ).
NOTE: The simplification to obtain the final answer and left as exercise for
the students.

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

All related to Differential equation books are recommended for reading
7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Online (synchronous)
//Edmodo, google classroom, moodle, schoology, Podcast etc..
Remote (asynchronous)
//module, case study, exercises, problems sets, etc…
8.Assessment for topics 1
Find the general solutions of the following differential equations:

1. (y — 2) dx — (x — y — 1) dy = 0

2. (x — 4y — 3) dx — (x — 6y — 5) dy = 0

3. (2x + 3y — 1) dx + (2x + 3y + 2) dy = 0

4. (3x — y + 6) dx + (6x 2y — 6) dy = 0

5. (2x + 3y — 5) dx + (3x — y — 2) dy = 0

9. References
1. Dela Fuente, Feliciano and Uy. Elementary Differential Equations
2. Peterson Calculus
3. Rainville Bedient Bedient Elementary Differential Equations. Eight Edition

ISUI__CvE __MODS___
Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020