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Calculating Energy Changes

1. The document discusses how to calculate the heat of reaction, solution, and neutralization by measuring the temperature change that occurs during these chemical processes using a calorimeter. 2. Key assumptions in the calculations are that the density and heat capacity of dilute solutions are the same as water. Heat lost to or gained from the surroundings is assumed to be negligible. 3. Heat of solution/neutralization is calculated using the formula: q = mcΔT, where m is the mass of the solution, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the temperature change. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the heat of reaction from experimental data.

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24 views

Calculating Energy Changes

1. The document discusses how to calculate the heat of reaction, solution, and neutralization by measuring the temperature change that occurs during these chemical processes using a calorimeter. 2. Key assumptions in the calculations are that the density and heat capacity of dilute solutions are the same as water. Heat lost to or gained from the surroundings is assumed to be negligible. 3. Heat of solution/neutralization is calculated using the formula: q = mcΔT, where m is the mass of the solution, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the temperature change. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the heat of reaction from experimental data.

Uploaded by

CaughtIn144p
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculating energy changes

We cannot measure the energy content / enthalpy, of the reactants


and products directly. However, we can calculate the heat of reaction
by measuring the change in temperature which occurs during a
reaction.
Measuring the heats of reaction
Apparatus – Calorimeter – Styrofoam cup, polystyrene
Assumptions
There are three assumptions
1. The density of a dilute solution is the same as water, i.e. 1 gcm -3. It
means that the mass of 1 cm3 of solution is 1g.
2. The specific heat capacity of a dilute solution is the same as
water, i.e. 4.2 J g-1 ◦C-1.
3. Negligible heat is lost to the surrounding or absorbed from the
surroundings during a chemical reaction.
Heat of solution
The heat solution is heat change which occurs when 1 mole of solute
dissolves in such a volume of solvent that further dilution by the solvent
produces no further heat change.

Example
1. A student dissolves 5.35 g of ammonium chloride in 100 cm3 of
distilled water. The initial temperature of water is 22.5 ◦C. After mixing,
a minimum temperature of 16.4 ◦C is recorded by student. Determine
the heat of solution of ammonium chloride and draw an energy profile
diagram for the solution process.
q = mc∆T

Mass of NH4Cl = 5.35 g


T1= 22.5
T2 = 16.4
Change in temperature = T1-T2= 6.1
C= 4.2 J g-1 ◦C-1
Using the density and mass relationship where 1 cm3 = 1g
Volume of solution = 100 cm3
Mass of solution is 100g
q = mc∆T
= 100 g x 4.2 J g-1 ◦C-1 x 6.1 ◦C = 2562 J or 2.562 kJ
Moles of NH4Cl = 5.35g/53.5 = 0.1 mol
Heat absorbed when 0.1 mole of NH4Cl is dissolved
Heat absorbed when 1.0 mole of NH4Cl is dissolved
= 2.562 kJ/0.1 ∆H= 25.62 kJmol-1
Heat of solution is + 25.62 kJmol-1

2. It was found that when 4 grams of ammonium nitrate dissolved in 50


cm3 of distilled water, the temperature decreased to from 27.4 ◦C to
21.6 ◦C, determine the heat of solution of ammonium nitrate and draw
an energy profile diagram for the solution process. Answer Heat of ∆H
= + 24.36 kJmol-1

3. When 0.2 mol sodium nitrate (NaNO3) dissolved in 100 cm3 of water,
the temperature decreased by 7.2 °C. Assuming that the specific heat
capacity of the solution is 4.2Jg-1°C, the heat of solution of sodium
nitrate is. Answer = + 15.12 kJmol-1
4. It was found that when 12.1 grams of Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
dissolved in 100 cm3 of distilled water, the temperature decreased by 9
◦C. Determine the heat of solution of ammonium nitrate and draw an
energy profile diagram for the solution process. Answer Heat of ∆H = +
47.25 kJmol-1
5. A temperature increase of 10.6°C is observed when 4.00 g of sodium
hydroxide is dissolved in 100.0 mL of water. Calculate the molar
enthalpy of dissolution of sodium hydroxide. Answer (-44.3 x 103 J/mol
or -44.3 kJ/mol)

Heat of neutralisation

A chemical reaction happens if you mix together an acid and a base.


The reaction is called neutralisation. A neutral solution is made if you
add just the right amount of acid and base together.
Neutralisation is an exothermic reaction, so the reaction mixture warms
up during the reaction. The amount of heat produced per mole of
water formed in the reaction is known as heat of neutralisation.
The heat of neutralisation is the heat change which occurs when I mol
of water is produced in a reaction between an acid and an alkali.
In calculating the heat of neutralisation, the initial temperature of both
solutions must be measured and averaged to determine the initial, and
the number of moles of water produced in the reaction must be
calculated.
Example
1. A volume of 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide of concentration 1.0 mol
dm-3 and temperature 26.0 °C is added to 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of
concentration 1.0 mol dm-3 and temperature 27.0 °C. After mixing, the
maximum temperature of solution is 33.2 °C. Determine the heat of
neutralisation and draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction.
Volume of NaOH = 50 cm3
Conc. of NaOH = 1.0 mol dm-3
No. of moles of NaOH = 1.0 x 50 = 0.05 mol
1000
Volume of HCl = 50 cm3
Conc. of HCl = 1.0 mol dm-3
No. of moles of HCl = 1.0 x 50 = 0.05 mol
1000
1 mol NaOH reacts with 1 mol HCl forming 1 mol H2O
0.05 mol NaOH reacts with 0.05 mol HCl forming 0.05 mol H2O
Determine the heat of neutralisation
Total volume of solution = 50 + 50 = 100 cm3
1 cm3 = 1g
Mass of solution = 100 g
Average initial temperature, T1 26.0 + 27.0 = 26.5 °C
2

Final temperature, T2 = 33.2 °C


Temperature increase, ∆T = T2 - T1 = (33.2 – 26.5) = 6.7 °C
Specific heat capacity of the solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1
Using q = mc∆T
Heat eveolve in forming 0.05 mol of water = (100 x 4.2 x 6.7)
= 2814J
= 2.814 kJ
Heat evolved in forming 1 mol H2O = 2.814 kJ
0.05
= 56.28 kJ

Heat of neutralisation in forming 1 mol H2O = - 56.28 kJ mol-1

2. When 50.0 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid is neutralized completely


by 75.0 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the
temperature of the total solution changes from 20.2°C to 25.6°C.
Determine the heat change and state whether the reaction was
endothermic or exothermic. Answer 2800 J

3. A volume of 50 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution is added 50 cm3


of sulfuric acid solution of concentration 0.6 mol dm-3. After mixing, the
temperature difference is 7.6 °C. Determine the heat of neutralisation
and draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction. Answer - 63.84 kJ
mol-1

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