Digital Logic Design I

Chapter 1
Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

Mr. Tehseen Hussain

Digital Logic Design Ch1-1

 Outline of Chapter 1

 1.1 Digital Systems

 1.2 Binary Numbers
 1.3 Number-base Conversions
 1.4 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
 1.5 Complements
 1.6 Signed Binary Numbers
 1.7 Binary Codes
 1.8 Binary Storage and Registers
 1.9 Binary Logic

Digital Logic Design Ch1-2

 Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

 Digital age and information age

 Digital computers
◆ General purposes
◆ Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
 Digital systems
◆ Telephone switching exchanges
◆ Digital camera
◆ Electronic calculators, PDA's
◆ Digital TV
 Discrete information-processing systems
◆ Manipulate discrete elements of information
◆ For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…

Digital Logic Design Ch1-3

 Analog and Digital Signal

 Analog system
◆ The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified
range.
 Digital system
◆ The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.
◆ Greater accuracy
X(t) X(t)

t t
Analog signal Digital signal Digital Logic Design Ch1-4
 Binary Digital Signal

 An information variable represented by physical quantity.

 For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
◆ Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
◆ Digits 0 and 1
◆ Words (symbols) False (F) and True (T) V(t)
◆ Words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
◆ And words On and Off
Logic 1
 Binary values are represented by values
or ranges of values of physical quantities. undefine

Logic 0
t
Binary digital signal

Digital Logic Design Ch1-5

 Decimal Number System
 Base (also called radix) = 10
◆ 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
 Digit Position
◆ Integer & fraction 2 1 0 -1 -2

 Digit Weight 5 1 2 7 4
◆ Weight = (Base) Position
 Magnitude 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
◆ Sum of “Digit x Weight”
 Formal Notation
500 10 2 0.7 0.04

d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

(512.74)10
Digital Logic Design Ch1-6
 Octal Number System
 Base = 8
◆ 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
 Weights
◆ Weight = (Base) Position 64 8 1 1/8 1/64

 Magnitude 5 1 2 7 4
◆ Sum of “Digit x Weight”
2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation 2 1 0 -1 -
5
2 *8 +1 *8 +2 *8 +7 *8 +4 *8

=(330.9375)10
(512.74)8

Digital Logic Design Ch1-7

 Binary Number System
 Base = 2
◆ 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
 Weights
◆ Weight = (Base) Position 4 2 1 1/2 1/4

 Magnitude 1 0 1 0 1
◆ Sum of “Bit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation 1 *2 2
+0 *2 1
+1 *2 0
+0 *2 -1
+1 *2 -
2
 Groups of bits 4 bits = Nibble
8 bits = Byte =(5.25)10
(101.01)2
1011

11000101
Digital Logic Design Ch1-8
 Hexadecimal Number System
 Base = 16
◆ 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Weights
◆ Weight = (Base) Position 256 16 1 1/16 1/256

 Magnitude 1 E 5 7 A
◆ Sum of “Digit x Weight”
2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2
=(485.4765625)10

(1E5.7A)16

Digital Logic Design Ch1-9

 The Power of 2

n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024 Kilo

3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

7 27=128 40 240=1T Tera

Digital Logic Design Ch1-10

 Addition

 Decimal Addition

1 1 Carry
5 5
+ 5 5

1 1 0
= Ten ≥ Base
➔ Subtract a Base

Digital Logic Design Ch1-11

 Binary Addition

 Column Addition

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 = 61
+ 1 0 1 1 1 = 23

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 = 84

≥ (2)10

Digital Logic Design Ch1-12

 Binary Subtraction

 Borrow a “Base” when needed

1 2 = (10)2
0 2 2 0 0 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 = 77
− 1 0 1 1 1 = 23

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 54

Digital Logic Design Ch1-13

 Binary Multiplication

 Bit by bit

1 0 1 1 1
x 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Digital Logic Design Ch1-14

Number Base Conversions
Evaluate
Magnitude
Octal
(Base 8)

Evaluate
Magnitude
Decimal Binary
(Base 10) (Base 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
Evaluate
Magnitude
Digital Logic Design Ch1-15
 Decimal (Integer) to Binary Conversion

 Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)

 Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the quotient and repeat the division

Example: (13)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13 / 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6 /2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

MSB LSB
Digital Logic Design Ch1-16
 Decimal (Fraction) to Binary Conversion

 Multiply the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)

 Take the integer (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the resultant fraction and repeat the division

Example: (0.625)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.625 * 2 = 1 . 25 a-1 = 1
0.25 * 2 = 0 . 5 a-2 = 0
0.5 *2= 1 . 0 a-3 = 1
Answer: (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)2 = (0.101)2

MSB LSB

Digital Logic Design Ch1-17

 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8

Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8

Digital Logic Design Ch1-18