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SOURCE A
Nawab Siraj-ud-Duala opposed the growing British power in Bengal in 1757. Robert
Clive, commander of the British East India Company’s troops that had just retaken
Calcutta from the Nawab, began to re-establish control of Bengal. Clive was heavily
outnumbered by the Nawab’s forces, but persuaded Mir Jafar, the Nawab’s
commander, to switch sides and not fight when the two armies met. The Nawab
opened the battle with heavy gunfire which went on until it started to rain heavily.
Clive’s troops covered their cannon and muskets to protect them from the rain, whilst
the Nawab’s troops did not. When the rain cleared, Clive attacked. The Nawab’s troops
retreated. 22 of Clive’s soldiers were killed and 500 of the Nawab’s soldiers were killed.
From Seven Years’ War: Battle of Plassey by Kennedy Hickman

SOURCE B

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A painting of a British official of the British East India Company riding in an

Indian procession in 1825.

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According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the British victory at the
battle of Plassey in 1757? [3]
• Clive persuaded Mir Jafar to switch sides
• Nawab’s opening gunfire was ineffective
• The Nawab didn’t cover their cannon and muskets when it rained
• Nawab’s muskets were useless due to the wet powder
• Mir Jafar’s men unwilling to fight against the British
• Jafar had turned traitor/been corrupted by the British
• The Nawab’s troops retreated.

What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825? [5]
The painter has made the British officer the largest figure to demonstrate the
importance that they held in India. Similarly the Indians are shown as small people to
reflect their lowly status. Local rulers are on horseback behind the British official. They
are shown as smaller, reflecting their lower status to the British. The horses are shown
as large animals, graceful in appearance and movement, again showing superiority
and power. This is reinforced by soldiers on horses who were carrying weapons. The
East India Company is shown as being a wealthy organisation as seen in the uniforms
and the decorations on the horses. The Company were able to achieve this wealth
through trading as can be seen by the boat shown in the picture and through the
gaining of lands through conquest and agreements with local rulers. This is shown by
the weapons displayed and the wealthy appearance of the Indians that the British were
also able to exploit.
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SOURCE A
At first the East India Company and the British Parliament discouraged Indian
production of cotton goods in order to encourage the growing cotton industry in Great
Britain. British policy developed during the nineteenth century to allow Indian people
to grow raw cotton in order to supply material for the cotton factories of Great Britain.
Orders were sent out to force Indian skilled workers to work in the East India
Company’s factories. The East India Company was given legal powers to control
production in the villages and communities of Indian weavers. Very high tariffs
excluded Indian silks and cotton goods from Great Britain but British goods were
admitted into India free of duty.
From The Economic History of India under Early British Rule by R.C. Dutt

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, what difficulties did the Indian cotton industry face
during the nineteenth century? [3]
• Indian production of cotton goods was discouraged – in favour of British industry.
• Only allowed to grow raw cotton to supply British looms.
• Skilled workers had to work in East India Company (EIC) factories.
• EIC controlled Indian weaving production.
• Very high tariffs prevented Indian silk and cotton from entering Britain.
• No duty on British goods reaching India.

How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the building
of railways in India during the nineteenth century? [5]
It looks dangerous / unsafe to travel by rail due to the risk of derailment or accident,
which might cause injury and death. Since railways were not built safely at first,
accidents like these were frequent in India. Accidents like the one shown in the source
made some people fear that railways were dangerous. Some people also worried that
the British were trying to change their way of life.

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SOURCE A
On the evening of 20 June, some 64 prisoners including two women and several
wounded soldiers were marched at sword point to the filthy dungeon at Fort William.
This was a little cell, measuring 18 feet by 14 feet 10 inches, designed for no more
than three petty criminals. The heat at this time of year was suffocating. Prisoners
trampled on each other to get nearer one of the two tiny windows or to the small
amount of water they had been left. Their guards mocked them as the prisoners
gasped for air and pleaded for mercy. At 6 am the next morning, when the door was
opened, dead bodies were piled up inside.
Adapted from an essay in History Today, 2006

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, why did many people die at Fort William in 1756? [3]

• Several were already wounded

• Conditions in the cell were dirty, would have infected soldiers’ wounds
• Lack of fresh air / suffocation
• Lack of water / dehydration
• Trampled to death trying to reach water / fresh air
• Crushed to death in overcrowded cell
• Guards showed no interest in prisoners’ welfare
What can we learn from Source B about famine in the subcontinent during
British control? [5]
Food was being given to a man who looks very weak suggesting that the famine has
been going on for a long time. The problem of hunger was widespread because many
people of different ages, men, women and children, were affected and were waiting
for relief. Famine must have been a serious problem because relief has been
organised. People are looking underfed / malnourished and are waiting for the
distribution of food which is being given out to these people in the source. The man in
the bowler hat is supervising the process, which shows that the British were involved
with the distribution of relief.

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SOURCE A
There are few figures in history as controversial as Robert Clive. Some people
described him as a soldier of initiative, courage and determination. Other people saw
him as reckless and unprincipled, a rebel expelled from several schools for bad
behaviour. They said his victories at Arcot, Calcutta and Plassey were all the result of
lucky gambles that put his men in unnecessary danger. It was also said that Clive used
tactics that were sly and against the accepted codes of battle. Clive was also described
as cruel, lacking in morality and greedy for personal wealth.
Adapted from an article in a British newspaper published in June 1988

SOURCE B

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According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive?

[3]

• A brave/courageous soldier.
• A man of initiative.
• Reckless.
• Badly behaved.
• Gambled/took risks in battle.
• Put his men's life in danger.
• Cruel.
• Greedy.
What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian hostages during
the Mysore Wars? [5]
This looks like a ceremony with well-dressed people who are stood in their places
welcoming the hostages, indicating respect to them and deference and care of them.
The painting shows Lord Cornwallis who is shaking the hand of one of the hostages
he is greeting. This looks like a formal public event of great importance or significance.
The painting shows Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan’s sons as hostages to
ensure that Tipu Sultan pays according to the terms of the Treaty. This painting is
intended to portray Cornwallis as gentle by the way he is treating the hostages so it
could be used as propaganda. We do not know if all hostages were treated with such
respect, nor whether this scene shows A biexactly
Abidd R izwwhat
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SOURCE A
In May 1876, Benjamin Disraeli, the Conservative Prime Minister, made Queen
Victoria Empress of India. He said this would link the monarchy more closely with India
and would underline Britain’s position as a world power. The Queen was pleased with
this arrangement and saw India as a jewel in the crown of her empire, a place full of
vibrant colours, gems, fruits and spices. As such Queen Victoria viewed India as a
land to be governed by British order and justice so that protection could be given to
the Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and illiteracy.
Adapted from a history website

SOURCE B

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O Level Pak Studies PAGE 10 History Source Based

According to Source A, why was Queen Victoria made Empress of India? [3]

• to ‘link the monarchy more closely with India’

• to ‘underline Britain’s position as a world power’
• she saw India as ‘a place full of vibrant colours, gems, fruits and spices’
• ‘Queen Victoria viewed India as a land to be governed by British order
• and justice’
• to protect ‘the Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and illiteracy’
What can we learn from Source B about Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore? [5]
Tipu Sultan looks brave and courageous as he is killing the tiger with his bare hand.
He was known for his ability to control tigers. His face shows no expression of fear as
he was a very brave warrior. Tiger is bleeding which means Tipu is dominating tiger.
He used to keep tiger as pets as he was very brave and was fond of tiger. He was also
known as Tiger of mysore.

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SOURCE A
The Defence of India Act came into force in 1915 for the duration of the First World
War and for six months after it. The Act gave the Governor General special powers to
ensure the safety of the people and the defence of the British Empire in India. Public
servants were given powers to uphold the law. Violation of the Act was punishable
with fines, prison sentences of up to seven years and death for offences considered
to be terrorism or plotting against the British Government.
From a website on the history of India

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the introduction of the
Defence of India Act in 1915? [3]

• To secure safety of population

• To uphold the law
• To punish violations of the law
• Defence of British Empire in India
• To deter plots / conspiracies against British government
How does Source B help us to understand what happened at Jallianwala Bagh
in 1919? [5]
There would have been a panic when Dyer and his troops opened fire on 13 April
1919. With thousands of people in the park, there would have been a rush to get out,
but the narrow entrance shown in the source would hem people in. It would have been
a crush, a stampede, and the high walls shown in the source would have added to the
panic. Many would have been killed because of the narrow way shown in the source.

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SOURCE A
Jinnah was keen to have Hindu-Muslim unity and was prepared to reject separate
electorates for this. As a result he made a number of proposals to Congress at a
meeting in Delhi in 1927. He wanted more Muslim-majority provinces to balance the
number of Hindu-majority ones represented in the central assembly. He proposed that
Sindh be separated from the Bombay Presidency and made into a full province. He
wanted the protection of Muslim minorities as well as other minorities in Punjab and
Bengal. One third of seats in the central legislature were to be set aside for Muslims
and he wanted reserved seats rather than separate electorates. Congress favourably
received these proposals but withdrew their support later in the year.
From Jinnah vs. Gandhi by Roderick Matthews

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, what were Jinnah’s aims in his Delhi Proposals of 1927?
[3]
• Hindu-Muslim unity
• More Muslim-majority provinces to balance the number of Hindu-majority ones
represented in the central assembly
• Sindh to be separated from the Bombay Presidency and made a full province
• The protection of Muslim minorities as well as for other minorities in Punjab and
Bengal
• 1/3 of seats in the central legislature to be set aside for Muslims
• To explore the possibility of reserved seats rather than separate electorates

How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the Simon
Commission of 1927? [5]
It says that Simon should go back. Simon was not welcome in India. Indians felt
strongly about his presence in India; we know this because the banner tells him that
he was an uninvited guest and should go back to Britain. Simon was not welcome
because there were no Indian representatives on the committee. He was very
unpopular, and he and his fellow commission members were not welcome and Indians
protested that they should go back to Britain.

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SOURCE A
The offer of the hand of friendship from Congress is more valuable than any
concession which the British Government is willing to make. This public meeting of the
citizens of Bombay firmly declares that the commission which has been announced is
unacceptable to the people of India as it denies the right of the people of India to
participate on equal terms in framing the future constitution of the country. It contains
no Indian representation. Indians throughout the country should have nothing to do
with the commission at any stage or in any form. We are not satisfied with the status
of just being petitioners to this commission.
From a speech made by Jinnah in Bombay in 1927, in reaction to the
appointment of the Simon Commission.

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, why was there opposition to the Simon Commission of

1927? [3]
• No Indian representation on the Commission
• Value friendship with Congress more than British concession
• Not on equal terms with British in framing new constitution
• Not satisfied with being only petitioners.

What does Source B tell us about the negotiations during the Round Table
Conferences between 1930 and 1932? [5]
The driver of the car is John Bull who represents British interests at the negotiations.
The car is travelling over bumpy ground which represents the way that negotiations
went during these years – difficult negotiations. The Indian in the car who represents
their negotiators wants to take control from the British who are reluctant to give up
control. It suggests that the British feared that progress towards change might happen
too quickly, hence the reference to the brake on the car. The source explains why the
political leaders in India were reluctant to attend the Round Table Conferences
because it shows that the decisions had already been made by the British, in the way
that John Bull wants to keep control of the car.

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SOURCE A
I wish the Muslims all over India to celebrate Friday 22 December 1939 as a national
‘Day of Deliverance’ from Congress rule. Provincial and local Muslim Leagues should
hold meetings to offer thanks in their prayers for the end of the unjust Congress
regime. These meetings should be peaceful and orderly so as not to upset or offend
any other community. It is the Congress High Command who are responsible for the
unjust tyranny of these past years.
Adapted from a speech by Jinnah to the Muslim community on 2 December 1939

SOURCE B

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According to Source A how did Jinnah want the Muslim community to act on
December 22 1939? [3]

• To give thanks;
• To celebrate;
• To observe a Day of Deliverance nationally;
• To hold prayer meetings in local communities;
• To hold non-violent, calm meetings;
• To be respectful of other communities;
• To make Congress High Command the focus of their actions.
What can we learn from Source B about Gandhi’s ideas on education between
1937 and 1939? [5]
It looks as if education was important to Gandhi in the photograph because he is
studying quietly reading a book. Spinning and handicrafts were important to Gandhi
because there is a spinning wheel in the photograph. Practical / traditional education
was important to Gandhi because he wanted spinning in the curriculum. It shows that
Gandhi supported the Wardha Scheme because there is a spinning wheel in the
photograph and the Wardha Scheme emphasized practical handicrafts.

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SOURCE A
In March 1940, the All India Muslim League held its annual session at Minto Park,
Lahore. Quaide-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah outlined the events of the past few
months and presented his own solution to the Muslim problem. He said that the
problem of India was not one of an internal conflict between Hindus and Muslims, but
mainly an international one. He felt that the differences between Hindus and Muslims
were so great and so sharp that their union under one central government was full of
serious risks. He said that Hindus and Muslims belonged to two different religions,
philosophies, social customs and literature. Hindus and Muslims belonged to two
separate and distinct nations and therefore the only chance open was to allow them
to have separate states.
From a website on the history of Pakistan

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, what were the problems facing India in 1940? [3]
• Problem of India an international one and should be treated as such
• Differences between Hindus and Muslims so great and sharp that union under one
central government was risky
• People belonged to 2 separate and distinct nations, only chance to allow them to
have separate states
• They belonged to 2 different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature

What does source B suggest about the attempts to solve the problems of the
sub-continent in 1945? [5]
This source is representing the negotiations at Simla in 1945. The negotiators don’t
appear to be cooperating with each other. One (Jinnah) is looking bored and the other
(Gandhi) appears to be floating above the ground suggesting that he is in another
place rather than sat round the table. The observer (Lord Wavell the Viceroy from
Britain) is watching. His face suggests that he is impatient and he is looking at his
watch. They are perhaps thoughtful. Their faces show they are thinking about their
next move/waiting to see what move the other makes. Using a game of chess in the
source suggests the negotiations were complex and took time which clearly the British
didn’t want to waste.

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SOURCE A
Cyclone Bhola hit East Pakistan on 12 November 1970. It wiped out villages,
destroyed crops and killed nearly one million people. Nearly 85 per cent of the area
was destroyed. Three months after the cyclone, 75 per cent of the population was
receiving food from relief workers. Historians believe the devastation caused by the
cyclone, the view that the government had mismanaged the relief efforts and West
Pakistan’s blatant neglect, all contributed to the high levels of anti-West Pakistan
feeling. This led to a sweeping victory for the Awami League, and eventually the
breakup of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh. The catastrophe happened in
Pakistan yet it is felt that few Pakistanis even know of it by name. Fewer still remember
that it eventually contributed to Pakistan’s breakup.
From The Express Tribune, 18 August 2010.

According to Source A, what problems were caused by Cyclone Bhola in 1970?

[3]
• It destroyed villages and crops.
• Nearly 1 million people died.
• 85% of the area was destroyed.
• 3 months later 75% of population were receiving food from aid workers.
• There were ill feelings towards West Pakistan over the amount of aid

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SOURCE A
When the High Court judgement was announced over the radio, people in Pakistan
were stunned. Two villagers in Lahore even offered their sons to be hanged in place
of Mr Bhutto. There were peaceful protests, demonstrations, strikes and even riots.
Hundreds were arrested and some died in the clashes. The country was brought to a
virtual stand-still as men and women, young and old sought to bring home to the
authorities the strong opposition to the High Court verdict.
From The Trial and Execution of Bhutto, 1978

SOURCE B

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According to Source A, what were the effects of the High Court judgement
regarding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on the people of Pakistan? [3]
• People were stunned
• There were arrests
• Some people died in clashes
• There was strong opposition
• There were strikes
• There were peaceful protests
• There were demonstrations

How does Source B help us to understand the way Zia-ul-Haq governed

Pakistan? [5]
Zia-ul-Haq is firmly in charge of Pakistan. This can be seen by him wearing a military
uniform. He is a figure of power. This can be seen by him pointing his finger. He wants
to display his power. This can be seen by the decorative surroundings which
emphasise the power and majesty of the office of the President. He wants his message
to be heard. He believes what he is saying is very Important. This can be seen by the
many microphones in front of him. He used martial law to demonstrate control, which
was enhanced by the passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985.

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