UNIT 5

Syllabus
Concept of sustainability and united nations sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Application of sensor networks in smart agriculture: Introduction, Smart agriculture, objectives, role of wireless
sensors in smart agriculture, classification of WSN, sensor market, application of WSN in smart agriculture,
Challenges (chapter 1: section 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4)

Energy sustainability in buildings (section 6.1 and 6.2 to 6.4), WSN-BASED PERSONAL LIGHTING MANAGEMENT
(section 7.6)

Sensor networks in health care Chapter 10 (10.1 to 10.2)

Sustainability: Definition
The term sustainable development aims toward allowing human progress and the
development of society to meet human needs, both in present times and for
generations to come, while at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the
environment and of natural resources.
OR
Meeting the needs of the present without diminishing the ability of future generations
to meet their needs. Sustainability also means that human practices do not result in the
permanent damage (minimize the damage), alteration or depletion of the environment,
ecosystems, species or natural resources.
https://youtu.be/0XTBYMfZyrM
 The Sustainable Development Goals (17)
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health & Well being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and Sanitization
7. Affordable and Clean Technology
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
What is SMART AGRICULTURE?
• INTRODUCTION:

• The world population is likely to double by 2050; it is estimated that by 2050, the current world population is likely to

grow from 6.7 to 9 billion, with most of the increase occurring in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia.

• It is projected that feeding the world in 2050 will require a 70% increase in total agricultural production

• Neither the area under cultivation nor the availability of water is likely to double to meet the challenge. There are other

challenges too, such as reduction in the number of farms and in the number of agriculture workforce.

• Climate change is expected to further worsen the existing situation.

• In order for humanity to survive, agriculture has to become smart—one way is by integrating Wireless Sensor Networks

(WSNs) in different types of traditional agriculture and that too at different levels.
Why Smart Agriculture?
• Agricultural production is also threatened by climate change.
• Climate change is expected to reduce yields to even lower levels and make
it even more erratic (unpredictable), long term changes in the patterns of
temperature and precipitations are expected
• These changes are likely to shift production seasons, patterns of pests, and
diseases.
• These changes will subsequently alter the set of practicable crops affecting
production, prices, incomes, and eventually, livelihoods and lives.
• Agriculture has to convert much less territory, increase yields on existing
farms and use water and other resources more effectively.
• Fertilizers and pesticides have to be used in a way so as to minimize
pollution.
Why Smart Agriculture?
• Labor shortage (In numbers and also in skill):
• Farming has traditionally been a labor-intensive human activity, but modern
agriculture has became mechanized and automated. This has resulted in large
farms per farmer and the subsequent disappearance of small farms.
• Furthermore, the global demographic shift in farm labor and reduced
employment of young workers has created an aging farming population and
an imminent labour shortage.
• Agriculture has to become smart in order to cope with these
challenges, for example, by sensor-based greenhouse cultivation,
precision agriculture
Objectives of Smart Agriculture
• Using combination of sensors such as temperature, light and
humidity, so as to spot the risk of frost, possible plant diseases and
establishing watering requirements based on soil dampness
• Manage cultivation of crop and to monitor the exact conditions in
which plants are growing remotely from home
• Control conditions in green houses, nurseries and closely monitor
performance of sensitive crops such as tropical fruit where smallest
amount of change in climate can effect the final outcome
• Determine best conditions for each crop by comparing the data
during the best harvests
Wireless Sensor nodes (WSN)
• They are small electronic sub-systems capable of sensing many types of
information from their surroundings, including temperature, light,
humidity, radiation, the presence or nature of biological organisms,
geological features, seismic vibrations, specific types of computer data, and
more.
• Sensor nodes are usually very small and are capable of gathering,
processing, and communicating information to other nodes and to the
outside world.
• Based on the information-handling capabilities and compact size of the
sensor nodes, sensor networks are often referred to as smart dust as they
may have the capabilities of adaptation, self-awareness, and
self-organization (collection of units coordinate with each other to form a
system that adapts to achieve a goal more efficiently).
What is WSN ?

WSN also called Mote: Electronic device which consists of a

processor along with a storage unit, a transceiver module, a single
sensor or multiple sensors, along with an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC), and a power source, which normally is a battery. It may
optionally include a positioning unit and/or a mobilization unit.
Advantages of WSN
▪ Low power consumption,

▪ Cost-effectiveness,

▪ Easy installation, and small footprint.

▪ Wireless transmission allows the placement of sensors at far, dangerous, and tough environments.

▪ Wireless sensors can be deployed almost anyplace (including underwater and underground) and that too at a
far lower cost as compared to a wired system.

▪ Developments in wireless technology and embedded systems has reduced the cost of hardware used in WSN
and also become widely available. These devices also comply with industry standards for radio
communication hardware and the emerging ZigBee for networking of devices
Why WSN ?
• WSNs are among the 10 emerging technologies that will change the
world.
• WSNs are being used in varied and important applications such as
military, agriculture, healthcare, and industrial process monitoring.
• WSN is an intelligent private network consisting of a large number of
sensor nodes having explicit functions.
• Wireless transmission allows the placement of sensors at far-flung,
dangerous, and tough environments
Why Sensors/Role of WSN in smart
agriculture ?
• One of the major challenges of agriculture is field Data collection and
consequent action. Significant time and effort is involved in data collection
from a large field or plantation.
• For example, :
• To analyze soil, along with the environment temperature, humidity and
other field parameters also need to be recorded.
• Depending on the nature of crop, field trips could be required every day,
or in some cases, several times per day in order to collect samples or
perform site monitoring.
• This is not only time consuming, but also requires trained manpower,
resulting in a corresponding increase in expenses.
• Sensors are therefore a solution of choice for agriculture data collection
and monitoring, especially from the comfort of the farmer’s home
Types of Sensor Networks/Classification of
WSN
• FIVE Types of WSN are in use
• 1. ESN-Environmental Sensor Networks :
• Used in Static Harsh environments
• exclusively deployed for Data collection and monitoring.
• Static, non-dense, large scale, and are deployed in harsh and unsupervised
settings that might lead to sensor failure.
• Heterogeneity of ESNs is more with regard to different types of sensor nodes
(e.g., resource-limited nodes, gateways, routers)
• ESNs expand their single-hop communications capability to also support multi
hop communications
example of ESN is monitoring of dangerous gases in manure storage facilities
Types of Sensor Networks/Classification of
WSN
• 2. BSN Body sensor networks (BSN):
• Human body (Body area network- network aspect of wearable sensing applications)
• consist of very few wireless sensor nodes attached to a living body unified with one
or more powerful personal device(e.g., smart phone).
• monitor vital signs, tracking, and data collection
• off-line analysis of collected data by experts and providing feedback mainly in the
field of health and wellness
• BSN mainly refers to the “infrastructure of wearable and sometimes implantable
sensing applications”.
• Small scale, heterogeneous (in terms of different types of sensors) and require
single-hop communication
• Personal information can be collected by BSNs, both security and privacy are major
concerns
An example of BSNs is body temperature monitoring of farm workers to prevent
thermal exhaustion
Types of Sensor Networks/Classification of
WSN
• 3. Structure Sensor Network (SSN):
• Medium to large number of wireless nodes usually installed in specific sites
such as industrial locations or attached to structures (e.g., bridges) or
buildings (e.g., office) or infrastructure (e.g., rails).
• SSNs may be installed both indoors and outdoors and can combine several
environments simultaneously, including restricting access to buildings.
• In terms of security, intrinsically SSNs are often more security centric than
ESNs
• Require protection mechanisms against attacks and corrosive effects of the
surroundings.
• They are static , support both Single hop OR MultiHop, deployment is
Complex but energy efficient.
Types of Sensor Networks/Classification of
WSN
• 4. Transport and Logistics Sensor Network (TSN):
• Wireless communication and networking between transportation vehicles
such as cars, trucks, and trains.
• Communication standards for vehicle to vehicle communication, such as IEEE
802.11p.
• Each individual vehicle can be considered to be a sensor node, which locally
observes its own status while monitoring its surroundings too.
• TSNs may be either in the form of a network of vehicles or a combination of
vehicle networks with multiple sensors attached per vehicle.
A recent example of TSN is food tagging by FoodLogiQ (www.foodlogiq.com)
whereby the produce is tagged and tracked from growers to the retail outlet
Types of Sensor Networks/Classification of
WSN
• 5. Participatory Sensor Networks (Machine 2 Machine) :
• Involves devices that communicate independently, that is, without human
intervention.
• Under M2M everyday objects are locatable, addressable, recognizable,
readable, and controllable through the Internet(IOT)
Ex: Animals [zebraNet] Zebras are tagged with M2M zebra net for monitoring
their activities
Comparison of WSN sensor types
Applications of sensor networks in smart agriculture

Established Applications

• Precision Farming and Green house

Upcoming applications

• Cattle-net

• Food quality monitoring/tagging

• Agriculture worker safety

 3.Milk parlor
1.Bull Mating Control
2.Virtual Fence

4.Green HOUSE (crops which need

Farm house protection from bad weather)
internet
5.Transportatio
UAV n

7.Field Sensor Network

6.Variable rate Technology (Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows Sensor
fertiliser, chemicals, irrigation water and other farm inputs to be applied
at different rates across a field) Relay

Figure 1. shows a smart farm with multiple nested levels of WSN

consisting of the relay nodes and the sensor nodes
Smart Farm
• Relay nodes are used to expand the WSN coverage throughout the smart
farm.
• The first level consists of the wireless cloud that connects broadband
Internet to the farm along with connectivity with far-flung TSN.
• The second level of network is the farm-wide WSN with both monitoring
and actuation nodes.
• The third level of nested network is a WSN at the field level where it is used
to monitor the field parameters.
• The fourth nested level is the PSN (participatory sensor network) or M2M
between the cattle being reared on the farm/ranch.
• The fifth level is the hovering UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), which is a
mobile wireless node; UAV is used to collect data from the sensors while it
passes over them and subsequently transmits it to the farmhouse.
• The sixth and possibly the last level is the agriculture worker net without a
relay node.
 Sensor Market

• The global environmental sensor and monitoring market was grown

exponentially over the last decade (Anonymous 2013)
• In 2010, it was valued at US$11.1 billion.
• This market is expected to reach US$15.3 billion in 2016, that is, a
compound annual growth rate of 6.5% between 2011 and 2016.
• The market for the terrestrial category is expected to increase at a 5.3%
compound annual growth rate to reach US$3.7 billion in 2016.
Figure 1.5 shows the adoption of WSNs. As the cost of producing WSNs is dropping, their
sales are on the rise. This industry trend is expected to continue as the new technology
matures and sensor applications grow.
ENERGY
INTRODUCTION

• The issue of energy efficiency is now a days raising interest, due to the ever increasing
awareness about the economic and environmental costs of a misuse of available
resources.
• Attention is to development of models for sustainable global energy consumption
stimulates the adoption of suitable policies for cutting unnecessary energy
consumption
• It is necessary to properly characterize energy consumptions so as to identify the main
causes of wastes.
• A relevant fraction of worldwide energy consumption is tightly related to indoor
systems for residential, commercial, public, and industrial premises.
Building energy management System (BEMS)

• A complex sensor infrastructure environment is filled by a large set of sensory and

actuator devices and remotely controllable according to some defined policy
• Such networks (WSN) do not only passively monitor the environment, but represent the
tool by means of which the system interacts with the surrounding world and modifies
the environment according to the observed data in order to meet high-level goals (e.g.,
energy efficiency).
• BEMS will chiefly focus on the sensory infrastructure for the specific purpose of energy
consumption monitoring in buildings.
• BEMS not only take into account specialized technologies used for the construction of
efficient buildings but also the overall information and communication technology (ICT)
control architecture.
Building energy management System
(BEMS)
• A tight correlation exists among the chosen technology, the
architectural paradigm, and the energy-saving policies.
• The choice over the available technologies and the architectural
paradigm represents a constraint over the viable energy saving
policies
• The complexity of such policies is dictated by the corresponding
complexity of the sensory and actuator infrastructure for energy
monitoring system.
TOWARDS ECO-SUSTAINABILITY IN
BUILDINGS
Four approaches for optimizing the energy/reducing the energy
consumption in buildings
• user’s awareness about energy consumptions,
• reduction of standby consumptions,
• scheduling of flexible tasks, and
• adaptive control of electrical equipment.
User feedback on Energy consumption
• Providing appropriate feedbacks about energy consumptions to users so as to
increase their awareness and encourage eco-friendly behaviors.
• User awareness has been leveraged in many commercial and prototype systems such
as Google PowerMeter, Microsoft Hohm, Berkeley Energy Dashboard, AlertMe, and
Cambridge Sensor Kit (CSK) for energy.
• Providing simple feedbacks can valuably influence the user’s behavior
• However, to reduce costs, these systems typically provide only aggregate measures of
energy consumption. Hence, they do not allow to identify the specific device or
behavior causing the highest energy waste.
• More detailed information is provided by monitoring systems that can measure the
energy consumption of individual appliances, such as the device-level energy
monitoring system
Reduction of standby consumptions

• Reducing, energy wastes due to electrical appliances left in standby mode

• It has been estimated that most consumer electronics such as printers,
setup-boxes, TVs consume more energy in stand by mode than in active mode, as
they remain in stand by for longer duration/times
• The standby mode can be detected by monitoring the energy consumption of the
specific device.
• This requires a metering infrastructure, which should have a very low energy
consumption by itself. Once the standby mode has been detected, the device can
be switched off. Time for which it is switched off can be decided based on user
decision/user presence/by learning user behavior
Scheduling for energy saving
• The widespread adoption of smart technology in many electrical appliances
enables the scheduling of their activity plans for energy optimization.
• Ad hoc strategies can be implemented for determining the optimal
scheduling of energy-hungry tasks that do not require user interaction (ex.
Washing machine).
• The user can specify the exact time (or time period) when a certain task is
to be executed by a specific appliance (e.g., dishwasher).
• Such a policy makes sense only when energy fares vary over time, but their
variations are known a priori.
• It is foreseeable that energy providers will be able to supply information
about the current contractual offer, scheduled shortages, and low-fare
hours, so that the overall system can autonomously plan for an optimal
scheduling of flexible tasks
Intelligent utilization of appliances
• Both in residential and commercial buildings, a significant fraction of
energy is wasted due to electrical appliances that are left
unnecessarily on (e.g., when no user is present).
• Most effective approach to energy savings consists in enforcing a
more intelligent utilization of such appliances so as to avoid energy
wastes.
• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) account for the
major fraction of energy consumption both in residential and
commercial buildings.
• Thus, adaptive control on such systems is essential for effective
energy management in buildings.
Closed-loop control scheme for personal lighting
• Xk denotes the set point of sensor k, and NADC is the measured lumen
value.
• They are fed into a proportional integral derivative controller (PID
controller-control process variables based on integral and derivative
values of the error data) whose output uk is used by the decision
making algorithm.
• The other parameters of the decision making algorithm are the timer,
T, that is used to check the time of day condition
• Output of the pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor is a binary value,
which is 1 if the space is occupied. The output of the decision making
algorithm controls the light intensity
 Timer
(T)

PIR sensor Decision

(Pk) making LE
algorithm Ds

u
Xk PID k

NA
DC

Light
sensor

Fig 2 Closed-loop control scheme of personal lighting

Health care
INTRODUCTION
• A wireless sensor network is composed of sensors that are used to monitor a
particular environment.
• The capabilities of such a network have advanced such that sensor networks can be
used in healthcare systems.
• There has been much progress toward the integration of specialized medical
technology with pervasive, wireless networks.
• The use of sensors can enhance the care provided by a healthcare individual to a
patient
• Continuous healthcare monitoring can become extremely expensive for a patient
with chronic illness, and the use of sensors would alleviate the physical and
financial burden of having a permanent caregiver.
• This would give the patient a sense of independence, and family and caregivers to
monitor them and be alerted to any urgent situations.
• Wireless networks are the optimal method of providing continuous pervasive
monitoring of not only the patient but also of the environment.
Applications

• They can be used in

• Disaster-response scenarios to allow for efficient tracking of patients and
emergency response personnel
• For continuous monitoring of patients in assisted living facilities
• For other mechanisms that require wearable sensors and provide efficient
delivery of patient data.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE APPLICATIONS
• It is important that the responders have a timely and accurate
assessment of the health of the patients.
• Wireless sensor networks can be used to coordinate different teams
of rescue personnel and also multiple organizations to create a
cohesive and an efficient response effort.
• These networks usually comprise wearable sensors that can be placed
on patients for continuous monitoring , a way of keeping track of
response personnel and the patients, and a means of data collection
and storage.
Fig 3 Data flow between patient
and medical services.
40
Medical emergency detection in sensor networks (MEDiSN)
• It was proposed for purpose of the medical emergency detection using
sensor networks.
• It is also designed for monitoring patients in hospitals and disasters.
• It consists of patient monitors that are custom built, wearable motes that
will collect and secure the data, relay points that will create a multihop
wireless backbone for transmission of the data and a gateway as shown in
Fig. 3
• It uses a wireless mesh infrastructure of relay points that transmit the data
from the patient monitors.
• This increases the scalability of the mechanism so that it can be used in
situations with a large number of injured people
Medical emergency detection in sensor networks (MEDiSN)

• MEDiSN secures patient data by performing end-to-end encryption and

authentication of the data from the patient monitor.
• Only authenticated clients can access and control the sensor network at
back-end server
• Since there will be a large volume of data collected, any compression
algorithm is used to condense the data as much as possible.
• Delta Compression algorithm will have a very high compression ratio, while
providing relatively low implementation complexity.
• healthcare gateway serves as an interface between the patient’s home and
the caregiver’s medical system, which processes all the sensing data and
transmits them to the remote medical care system
Question Bank
AGRICULTURE

1. What is sustainability and List any eight sustainable development goals (4+1)

2. Discuss and identify the challenges to be addressed while employing the WSN for smart agriculture (5)

3. What are the objectives of SMART agriculture ? (5)

4. What is a WSN explain with a block diagram (5) [section 1.2.1]

5. Discuss different types of WSNs with reference to smart agriculture applications. (10)[section 1.3]

6. Compare various types of WSN (8)[Table 1.1 page 13]

7. Illustrate application of WSN at various levels in SMART agriculture with a diagram (10) [section 1.4]

8. Identify and explain the challenges in use of WSN in SMART agriculture (8) [section 1.5]

ENERGY

1. Describe concept of Building Energy Management System in energy saving (4)

2. Explain various approaches for reducing the energy optimization in residential and commercial buildings (8)

3. Explain closed loop control of a personal lighting system (6)

HEALTH CARE

1. Explain features of MEDiSN (8) OR Explain how data flow can happen remotely between a patient and medical service (8)

2. Explain the role of WSN in Health care . Mention few applications (5)