GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

TGE-GUIDE
FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Tractebel Gas Engineering GmbH

Mildred-Scheel-Str. 1
53175 Bonn (Germany)

Tel.: +49-228-60448-0
Fax: +49-228-60448-88
E-Mail: [email protected]
http: www.tractebel.de

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Foreword

This booklet is intended to serve those who are concerned with handling, transportation and
storage of liquefied gases and certain chemicals.

The main thermodynamic and physical properties of these substances are presented in form of
tables and diagrams.

Information for new substances will be added in subsequent editions as they become available or
requested from the users.

As no one can work and produce meaningful results without feed-back we invite the users to give
their comments and proposals for development of this little guide.

For establishing the information given in this booklet following main sources were consulted:

Ø Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, 55th edition, 1974

Ø GPSA Engineering Data Book, 9th Ed., 1972

Ø Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gases), ICS, 1978

Ø Tanker Safety Guide (Chemicals), ICS, Ed. 1974, Vol. 1 to 4

Ø Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter, Springer, 1980, Vol. 1 to 3

Ø CHRIS-Chemical Hazards Response Information System,

Vol. 1 + 2, DOT, USCG, 1978

The purpose of this booklet is to serve as a first guide when basic information about one of the
substances included is required. It should in no way be used as replacement of one of the above
mentioned sources. We suppose that similar books as "Tanker Safety Guide", "Handbuch der
gefährlichen Güter" or CHRIS are easily at hand for any one concerned with the handling of the
described substances.

TGE does not accept any responsibility for accuracy of information contained or omissions left out
and is not to be liable for any loss or damage to property or persons resulting from the use of this
booklet.

Acknowledgement

We are indebted to Professor Dr. L. Oellrich and his co-workers of Technical University Karlsruhe
for preparation of the diagrams.

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Thermodynamic properties of gases and liquids

Tables, definitions

The tables "Thermodynamic and Safety Properties" list the data most often needed in day to day
operations. The definitions of the properties are summarized below.

The respective values for each substance are also given in the diagram section "Pure substances".

Formula
The short form of the chemical formula showing the constituting atoms of a molecule of the
substance.

The formula is listed only in the diagram section.

Molecular weight

Gives the weight of one k-mole of the substance. One k-mole consists of 6,02309 x 1026 Molecules
and fills 22,4 m3 at 0° C and 1,01325 bar (standard conditions).

Freezing point

Gives the temperature at which solid, liquid and vapor are coexistent (triple point).

Boiling point

Gives the temperature at which the pure substance evaporates at a pressure of 1,01325 bar.

Critical temperature, pressure

Gives the temperature and pressure for the pure substance at which vapor and liquid have same
density and above which liquefaction is not possible merely by increasing pressure at constant
temperature or lowering of temperature at constant pressure.

The value are listed only in the diagram section "Pure substances".

Specific gas density

Gives the ratio of density of the pure substances to that of air at +20° C and 1,01325 bar.

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Flash point

Indicates the lowest temperature at which the pure substance generates sufficient vapor that the
mixture with air immediately above the liquid surface can be ignited when contacted with a flame.

Auto-ignition points

Gives the lowest temperature at which self-ignition without external ignition source is possible.

Flammable limits
Gives the lowest and upper value of volume % of substance in air between which ignition is
possible by external source.

Threshold of smell

Gives the lowest value in ppm which can be detected by smell. This value does not give the limit of
toxicity which may be lower.

MAC-value

Maximum concentrations at the working place giving the maximum value in ppm which is
considered to cause no harm to the health if inhaled during eight hours a day and 40 working hours
a week. The values are given for the Feral Republic of Germany (MAK) and United States of
America (USA) where these values are also named "Threshold Limit Value" (TLV), time weighted
average.

It should be noted that these values are subject to frequent revision. The listed values shall be
taken as a guide, consultation of latest national publication is recommended.

Toxic limit

Gives the limit at which inhalation over 30 minutes leads to lasting injuries and fatal illness is to be
expected.

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

THERMODYNAMIC
AND
SAFETY PROPERTIES

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Thermodynamic and safety properties

Molecular Boiling Liquid Specific gas Auto- Flammable

weight point density density ignition limits
kg/k mole TB, ° C at TB (AIR = 1) point Vol.-%
3
kg/ m °C
Acetaldehyde 44,05 20,5 780 1,52 140 4-57
Ammonia 17,03 -33,5 680 0,60 630 15-28
1,3-Butadiene 54,09 -4,5 650 1,88 415 1,1,-12,5
n-Butane 58,12 -0,5 600 2,09 365 1,8-8,5
i-Butane 58,12 -11,9 630 2,07 460 1,8-8,5
1-Butene 56,11 -6,3 630 1,94 440 1,6-10
Chlorine 70,91 -34,5 1560 2,49 -- --
Diethylether 74,12 34,6 700 2,57 170 1,7-36
Dimethylamine 45,09 6,9 670 1,56 400 2,8-14,4
Ethane 30,07 -88,7 550 1,05 515 3-12,5
Ethylchloride 64,52 12,3 890 2,22 510 3,6-15
Ethylamine 45,09 16,6 680 1,55 384 3,5-14
Ethene 28,05 -103,8 560 0,98 425 2,7-34
Ethene Oxide 44,05 10,4 870 1,52 440 2,6-100
Isoprene 68,12 34,1 680 2,40 220 1-9,7
Isopropylamine 59,11 32,5 670 2,00 403 2,3-10,4
Methane 16,04 -161,5 420 0,55 595 5-15
Methylchloride 50,94 -24,3 990 1,79 625 7,1-18,5
Nitrogen 28,01 -195,8 808 0,97 -- --
Propane 44,10 -42,1 590 1,55 470 2,1-9,5
Propene 42,08 -47,3 610 1,48 455 2-11,7
Propene Oxide 58,08 34,4 822 2,00 430 1,9-15
Sulfur Dioxide 64,06 -10,2 1460 2,27 -- --
Vinyl Chloride 62,50 -13,4 970 2,15 472 3,8-22
Vinylethylether 72,11 35,7 750 2,48 200 1,4-12
Vinylidene
96,94 31,7 1250 3,36 440 5,6-16
Chloride

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Freezing Flash Threshold MAC-Value MAC-Value Toxic limit

point point of smell W. USA
Germany
°C °C PPM PPM PPM PPM
Acetaldehyde -123,0 -27 0,04-0,4 50 100 100
Ammonia -77,8 -- 5-50 50 25 500
1,3-Butadiene -108,9 -85 <1000 1000 1000 1500
n-Butane -138,4 -60 5000 1000 600 10000
i-Butane -159,6 -20 5000 1000 600 >50000
1-Butene -185,4 -12 -- -- -- --
Chlorine -101,0 -- 0,05 0,5 1 15
Diethylether -116,3 -40 100 400 400 1500
Dimethylamine -92,2 -- 0,04 10 10 20
Ethane -183,3 -- -- -- -- --
Ethylchloride -136,4 -50 VAR. 1000 1000 5000
Ethylamine -81,2 -49 -- 10 10 50
Ethene -159,2 -- -- -- -- --
Ethene Oxide -112,2 -18 700 10 50 500
Isoprene -146,0 -48 -- -- -- --
Isopropylamine -95,3 <-20 -- 5 5 --
Methane -182,5 -- -- -- -- --
Methylchloride -97,8 <-24 100 50 100 200
Nitrogen -209,9 -- -- -- -- --
Propane -187,7 <-42 5000 1000 -- 10000
Propene -185,3 <-48 -- -- -- --
Propene Oxide -112,2 <-44 200 50 100 --
Sulfur Dioxide -75,5 -- 0,3-1 2 2 100
Vinyl Chloride -153,8 -77 4000 2 5 6600
Vinylethylether -115,3 -45 -- -- -- --
Vinylidene
-122,2 -10 -- 10 10 --
Chloride

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Diagrams

The diagrams have been established from correlation and equation of state methods.

The diagrams are intended to give the user a tool for rapid estimation and comparison of the
properties most often needed in handling of liquid and liquefied cargoes:

Ø vapor pressures
Ø liquid and saturated gas densities
Ø enthalpy of vaporization

First the individual properties are presented for the group "Liquefied Gases" And "Chemicals" in
separate diagrams to facilitate comparisons between the substances.

"Liquefied Gases" by our definition include the following substances (given in alphabetical order):

Ammonia NH3 Isoprene C5H8

1,3-Butadiene C4H6 Methane CH4
n-Butane C4H10 Nitrogen N2
i-Butane C4H10 Propane C3H8
1-Butene C4H8 Propene C3H6
Ethane C2H6 Vinyl Chloride C2H3CI
Ethene C2H4

"Chemicals" include:
Acetaldehyde C2H4O Isopropylamine C3H9N
Chlorine CI2 Methylchloride CH3CI
Diethylether C4H10O Propene Oxide C3H6O
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH Sulfur Dioxide SO2
Ethylchloride C2H5CI Vinylethylether C4H8O
Ethylamine C2H7N Vinylidene Chloride C2H2CI2
Ethene Oxide C2H4O

As a second part the above informations are given for each substance in a separate diagram.

It should be borne in mind that the diagrams have been established from correlation methods. Even
though the data have been checked as far as possible against experimental data where available
some deviations may occur and the user is requested to reconfirm the data if to be used for
contractual purposes.

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Introduction to the diagrams

All diagrams are presented in half logarithmic scale. The explanation below shall facilitate the use
of these tools.

Nomenclature:
The properties are given as function of temperature. Temperature is scaled linear on the horizontal
axis (x-axis), the properties in logarithmic scale on the vertical axis (y-axis). To allow more accurate
readings, the vertical axis has been split into two ranges, the lower one showing the vapor
pressures and the gas densities of the saturated vapors; the upper one gives the respective values
for saturated liquid densities, enthalpies and saturated vapor enthalpies.

To distinguish the different curves following nomenclature has been applied for the pure substance
diagrams:

Vapor Pressure: P (in bar absolute)

Gas Density: R (in kg/m 3)
Liquid Density: D (in kg/m 3)
Vapor Enthalpy: H (in kJ/kg)
Liquid Enthalpy: E (in kJ/kg)

The difference between vapor enthalpy and liquid enthalpy at a given temperature represents the
vaporization enthalpy: HV. The respective value for vaporization enthalpy can also be taken from
the two group diagrams "Liquefied Gases" and "Chemicals".

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ammonia

Description of diagrams

Numerical
Value as
Property Power to 10

Liquid density (D)

(kg/m3)

Vapor enthalpy (H)

(kJ/kg)

Liquid enthalpy (E)

(kJ/kg)
Split of y-axis
Split of y-axis

Gas density (R)

(kg/m3)

Vapor pressure (P)

(BAR)

Temperature T (°C)
Example 1:
Estimate of the properties for –33° C for Ammonia:

Result: Reading Exp. data

Vapor Pressure P: 1.04 1.031 bar
Vapor Density R: 0.875 0.905 kg/m3
Liquid Density D: 680 681.4 kg/m3
Vaporization Enthalpy (H-E): 1385 1367 kJ/kg

Example 2:
The tank pressure indicates 6.0 bar (5,0 bar gauge).
What are the corresponding values?

Example T: 9 9,3° C
Vapor Density R: 4.55 4.7 kg/m3
Liquid Density D: 630 625 kg/m3
Vaporization Enthalpy (H-E): 1240 1125 kJ/kg

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

DIAGRAMS SUMMARY

DIAGRAMS SUMMARY "LIQUEFIED GASES"

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Vapor pressures liquefied gases

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Liquid densities liquefied gases

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Liquid densities liquefied gases

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vapor densities liquefied gases

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Vaporization enthalpies liquefied gases

Vaporization Enthalpy
[kJ/kg]

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vaporization enthalpies liquefied gases

Vaporization Enthalpy
[kJ/kg]

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DIAGRAMS SUMMARY

DIAGRAMS SUMMARY "CHEMICALS"

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Vapor pressures chemicals

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Liquid densities chemicals

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vapor densities chemicals

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Vaporization enthalpies chemicals

Vaporization Enthalpy
[kJ/kg]

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DIAGRAMS PURE SUBSTANCES

LIQUEFIED GASES

DIAGRAMS OF PURE SUBSTANCES

"LIQUEFIED GASES"

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Ammonia (Anhydrous)
NH3

Mole Weight 17,03 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -77,8 °C
Boiling Point -33,5 °C
Critical Temperature 132,5 °C
Critical Pressure 112,8 BAR
Rel. Density 0,597 --

Flash Point -- °C
Autoignition Point 630,0 °C
Flammable Limits 15-28,0 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 5-50 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 50 PPM
USA 25 PPM
Toxic Limit 500 PPM

Synonym: Ammonia Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, Liquefied Ammonia, AMA.

A colorless liquid or gas with pungent, suffocating odor.

Split liquid evaporates readily, evaporated vapor forms explosive caustic mixtures; characteristic
fog formation with humidity of air; fog is heavier than air.

Even small liquid amounts cause severe damage to eyes and contact with skin causes chemical
burns and severe frostbites. Vapors cause irritation and burns to respiratory tract, high
concentration can even cause cessation of breathing and be fatal.

Complete miscibility with water, rapid and exothermic reaction. Never wash tanks under ammonia
atmosphere with water prior to purging with nitrogen; one volume of water dissolves 200 volumes of
ammonia (danger of vacuum and subsequent damage to tanks, diving washing tanks should be
kept open.)

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ammonia

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1,3-Butadiene (inhibited)
C4H6

Mole Weight 54,09 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -108,9 °C
Boiling Point -4,5 °C
Critical Temperature 151,9 °C
Critical Pressure 43,3 BAR
Rel. Density 1,880 --

Flash Point -85,0 °C

Autoignition Point 415,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,1-12,5 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell <1000 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 1000 PPM
USA 1000 PPM
Toxic Limit 1500 PPM

Synonym: Butadiene 1,3 inhibited, Bivinyl; Bivinyl Butadiene, 1,3 Butadiene, Buta-
1,3-Diene, Alpha-Gamma-Butadiene, Diethylene, Divinyl, Divinyl Biethyline, Dinvinyl-
Butadiene; Erythrene, Pyrrolylene, Vinylethylene, BDI.

A colorless flammable gas with mild aromatic odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, gas is heavier than air.

Liquid causes frostbites and eye damage, vapor irritates eyes and respiratory tract with mild
narcotic effect. Clothes which have been split with liquid should be changed as soon as possible to
avoid skin affection.

Heat and air cause vigorous polymerization (Explosive); oxygen rich material (heavy rust) may
cause severe reactions with formation of unstable Peroxides.

Transported with addition of inhibitor and under inerted atmosphere (less than 0,2 % O2) to prevent
polymerization.

Inhibitor certificate

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1,3 Butadiene

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n-Butane
C4H10

Mole Weight 58,12 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -138,4 °C
Boiling Point -0,5 °C
Critical Temperature 152,1 °C
Critical Pressure 38,0 BAR
Rel. Density 2,090 --

Flash Point -60,0 °C

Autoignition Point 365,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,8-8,5 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 5000 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 1000 PPM
USA 600 PPM
Toxic Limit 10000 PPM

Synonym: Butane, normal; N-Methyl ethyl methane, BUT.

A colorless flammable odourless gas with faint odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Characteristic fog formation with air humidity.

Only very slightly soluble in water. Formation of explosive mixtures above water surface.

Liquid and vapor cause frostbites and tissue damage to skin and eyes, vapor has slight narcotic
effect.

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n-Butane

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i-Butane
C4H10

Mole Weight 58,12 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -159,6 °C
Boiling Point -11,9 °C
Critical Temperature 135,0 °C
Critical Pressure 36,5 BAR
Rel. Density 2,065 --

Flash Point -20,0 °C

Autoignition Point 460,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,8-8,5 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 5000 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 1000 PPM
USA 600 PPM
Toxic Limit > 50000 PPM

Synonym: I-Methyl ethyl methane, 2 Methyl propane, Trimethylmethane.

A colorless flammable gas with very faint odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Characteristic fog formation with air humidity.

Only very slightly soluble in water. Formation of explosive mixtures above water surface.

Liquid and vapor cause frostbites and tissue damage to skin and eyes, vapor has slight narcotic
effect.

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i-Butane

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1-Butene
C4H8

Mole Weight 56,11 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -185,4 °C
Boiling Point -6,3 °C
Critical Temperature 146,5 °C
Critical Pressure 40,2 BAR
Rel. Density 1,940 --

Flash Point -12,0 °C

Autoignition Point 440,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,6-10 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Butylene, Ethylethylene, α-Butylene, Dimethylethylene, BTN.

A colorless, flammable, virtually, odourless liquid and gas.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes frostbites on skin and eyes. Vapor has narcotic effects.

Virtually insoluble in water but may form solid hydrates.

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1-Butene

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Ethane
C2H6

Mole Weight 30,07 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -183,3 °C
Boiling Point -88,7 °C
Critical Temperature 32,3 °C
Critical Pressure 48,8 BAR
Rel. Density 1,048 --

Flash Point --- °C

Autoignition Point 515,0 °C
Flammable Limits 3-12,5 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Ethane Refrigerated Liquid, Ethane Compressed, Ethane Liquid,

Bimethyl, Dimethyl, Ethylhydride, Methylmethane, ETH.

A colorless, flammable, virtually, odourless liquid and gas.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes frostbite with danger of tissue damage on skin and eyes. Vapor has narcotic effects.

Virtually insoluble in water but may form solid hydrate with water.

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Ethane

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Ethene
C2H4

Mole Weight 28,05 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -159,2 °C
Boiling Point -103,8 °C
Critical Temperature 9,3 °C
Critical Pressure 50,4 BAR
Rel. Density 0,975 --

Flash Point --- °C

Autoignition Point 425,0 °C
Flammable Limits 2,7-34 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Ethylene Compressed or Refrigerated Liquid, Acetene, Bicarburetted

Hydrogen, Elayl, Etherin, Heavy Carburetted Hydrogen, Olefiant Gas, ETL.

A colorless, inflammable gas and liquid with faintly sweet odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes frostbite and tissue damage on skin and eyes. Vapor has narcotic effects.

Virtually insoluble in water.

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Ethene

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Isoprene (inhibited)
C5H8

Mole Weight 68,12 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -146,0 °C
Boiling Point 34,1 °C
Critical Temperature 210,9 °C
Critical Pressure 38,5 BAR
Rel. Density 2,400 --

Flash Point -48,0 °C

Autoignition Point 220,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1-9,7 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: 2-Methyl Butadiene-1,3, 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene, 3-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene,

ß-Methyl Bivinyl, Hemiterpene, Isoprene Inhibited, IPR.

A colorless flammable volatile liquid faint odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air, easily to be ignited.

Liquid and vapor cause irritation on skin and eyes. Vapor has narcotic effect with irritation of
respiratory tract. Severe inhalation can cause paralysis of central nervous system.

Liquid polymerizes violently under heat. Dangerous reaction with mineral acids. Isoprene is
transported with addition of inhibitor; and mainly under inerted atmosphere.

Only limited solubility in water. Re-evaporates fast with formation of explosive mixtures.

Inhibitor certificate

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Isoprene

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Methane
CH4

Mole Weight 16,04 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -182,5 °C
Boiling Point -161,5 °C
Critical Temperature - 82,6 °C
Critical Pressure 46,0 BAR
Rel. Density 0,554 --

Flash Point --- °C

Autoignition Point 595,0 °C
Flammable Limits 3,0-15 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Carburetted Hydrogen, Firedamp, Hydrogen Bicarbide, Marsh Gas,

Methyl Hydride, MTH.

A colorless flammable gas with very faint odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, vapor mists are heavier than
air, the invisible (warm) gas is lighter than air and raises rapidly.

Liquid causes frostbites and damage to tissue. Vapor has narcotic effect. Because of very rapid
evaporation possibility of total oxygen replacement and danger of asphyxiation.

Not soluble in water.

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Methane

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Nitrogen
N2

Mole Weight 28,01 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -209,9 °C
Boiling Point -195,8 °C
Critical Temperature -146,9 °C
Critical Pressure 33,9 BAR
Rel. Density 0,967 --

Flash Point -- °C
Autoignition Point -- °C
Flammable Limits -- VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Nitrogen (Liquid), NXX.

A colorless odourless gas, liquefied at cryogenic temperatures.

Split liquid evaporates readily, evaporated gas is heavier than air; evaporating nitrogen substitutes
air in closed surroundings from bottom to top and causes asphyxiation.

Characteristic fog formation with air humidity.

Liquid and cold vapor causes frostbites and tissue damage to skin and eyes.

Virtually insoluble in water.

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Nitrogen

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Propane
C3H8

Mole Weight 44,10 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -187,7 °C
Boiling Point -42,1 °C
Critical Temperature 96,7 °C
Critical Pressure 42,5 BAR
Rel. Density 1,550

Flash Point <42,0 °C

Autoignition Point 470,0 °C
Flammable Limits 2,1-9,5 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 5000 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 1000 PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit 10000 PPM

Synonym: Dimethylmethane, Ethylmethyl, Petroleum Gas, Propyl Hydride, PRP.

A colorless flammable gas with practically no odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, gas is heavier than air,
characteristic fog formation with air humidity.

Liquid and vapor cause frostbites and damage to tissue, skin and eyes. Vapor has slight narcotic
effect.

Only very slightly soluble in water.

When gas can be smelt there may already be an accumulation of dangerous concentrations!

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Propane

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Propene
C3H6

Mole Weight 42,08 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -185,3 °C
Boiling Point -47,3 °C
Critical Temperature 91,9 °C
Critical Pressure 46,2 BAR
Rel. Density 1,480 --

Flash Point <48,0 °C

Autoignition Point 455,0 °C
Flammable Limits 2-11,7 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Propylene, Methylethene, Methylethylene, PPL.

A colorless flammable gas with very faint odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air. Characteristic fog formation with air humidity.

Liquid and vapor cause frostbites and tissue damage to skin and eyes. Vapor has slight narcotic
effect.

Only very slightly soluble in water.

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Propene

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Vinyl chloride (inhibited)

C2H3CI

Mole Weight 62,50 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -153,8 °C
Boiling Point -13,4 °C
Critical Temperature 156,6 °C
Critical Pressure 56,0 BAR
Rel. Density 2,152 --

Flash Point -77,0 °C

Autoignition Point 472,0 °C
Flammable Limits 3,8-22 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 4000 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 2 PPM
USA 5 PPM
Toxic Limit 6600 PPM

Synonym: Vinyl Chloride, (inhibited), Chloroethene, Chloroethylene, VCM.

A colorless flammable and toxic liquid or vapor with sweet odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Characteristic fog formation with air humidity.

Only very slightly soluble in water.

Liquid causes frostbites and tissue damage to skin and eyes, vapor has slight narcotic effect and
causes irritation to respiratory tract.

Long exposure to low concentration is suspected to cause liver cancer.

Polymerizes in presence of air, light or heat. To be transported with nitrogen padding (less than
0,2 % Oxygen). May form dangerous peroxides near leakage. Prevention of polymerization by
addition of inhibitors to liquids. Inhibitors not active in vapors.

Inhibitor Certificate

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vinyl Chloride

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

DIAGRAMS PURE SUBSTANCES

CHEMICALS

DIAGRAMS OF PURE SUBSTANCES

"CHEMICALS"

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Acetaldehyde
CH3CHO (C2H4O)

Mole Weight 44,05 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -123,0 °C
Boiling Point 20,5 °C
Critical Temperature 187,9 °C
Critical Pressure 55,7 BAR
Rel. Density 1,519 --

Flash Point -27,0 °C

Autoignition Point 140,0 °C
Flammable Limits 4-57 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 0,04-0,4 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 50 PPM
USA 100 PPM
Toxic Limit 100 PPM

Synonym: Acetic aldehyde, Acetyl hydride, Aldehyde, Ethanal, Ethylaldehyde, AAD.

A colorless clear flammable toxic liquid with a pungent, fruity suffocating odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, gas is heavier than air. Can
form highly explosive peroxides with air.

Liquid and vapor cause burns to skin and eyes, nose and throat.

Transported and loaded (unloading) under inerted atmosphere (less than 0,2 % O2) to prevent
peroxide formation. Polymerization possible.

No direct reliquefaction.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Acetaldehyde

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Chlorine
CI2

Mole Weight 70,91 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -101,0 °C
Boiling Point -34,5 °C
Critical Temperature 126,2 °C
Critical Pressure 77,0 BAR
Rel. Density 2,490 --

Flash Point -- °C
Autoignition Point -- °C
Flammable Limits -- VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 0.05 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 0.5 PPM
USA 1 PPM
Toxic Limit 15 PPM

Synonym: CLX.

Yellow green very toxic gas with pungent irritating odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily with formation of toxic mixtures; evaporated gas is heavier than air.

Liquid causes severe frostbite and burns on skin with even very small amounts being dangerous for
the eyes. Vapor cauterizes the respiratory tract with even fatal possibility at prolonged exposure to
high concentrations.

Toxic and corrosive acid mixtures formed with water.

Organic substances may burn or form explosive mixtures (hydrogen) in presence of Chlorgas.
Dangerous reactions possible with acetaldehyde, ammonia, butadiene, butane, butene,
dimethylamine, ethane, ethanol, ethylamine, ethene, methane, methanol, propane, propene, sulfur
dioxide, vinyl chloride.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Chlorine

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Diethylether
C4H10O

Mole Weight 74,12 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -116,3 °C
Boiling Point 34,6 °C
Critical Temperature 193,6 °C
Critical Pressure 36,4 BAR
Rel. Density 2,566 --

Flash Point -40,0 °C

Autoignition Point 170,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,7-36 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 100 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 400 PPM
USA 400 PPM
Toxic Limit 1500 PPM

Synonym: Anaesthesia Ether, Anaesthetic Ether, Diethyl Oxide, Ether Ethylether,

Ethyloxide, Ethoxyethane, Vinic Ether, Solvent Ether B.P., Sulphuric Ether, EET.

A colorless flammable liquid with sweet pungent odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily with formation of explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is
heavier than air.

Liquid causes dermatitis and cooling effect on skin and eyes. Vapor has narcotic effects.

Liquid is lighter than water and solutes slowly in water. Ether may re-evaporate from water-ether
mixtures to form again explosive mixtures.

Influence of light and oxygen may cause creation of peroxides which may explode spontaneously.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Diethylether

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Dimethylamine
C2H7N

Mole Weight 45,09 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -92,2 °C
Boiling Point 6,9 °C
Critical Temperature 164,5 °C
Critical Pressure 53,1 BAR
Rel. Density 1,558 --

Flash Point --- °C

Autoignition Point 400,0 °C
Flammable Limits 2,8-14,4 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 0.04 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 10 PPM
USA 10 PPM
Toxic Limit 20 PPM

Synonym: Dimethylamine Anhydrous, DMA.

A colorless flammable and toxic gas with fish- or ammonia-like odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily with formation of explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is
heavier than air.

Soluble in water with formation of strong alcalic base.

Liquid causes burns to skin and damage to eyes. Burning of respiratory tract, very low odour
threshold.

Very reactive, dangerous reaction with acetaldehyde, ethene oxide, propene oxide, chlorine,
sulphur dioxide.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Dimethylamine

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ethylchloride
C2H5CI

Mole Weight 64,52 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -136,4 °C
Boiling Point 12,3 °C
Critical Temperature 187,3 °C
Critical Pressure 52,7 BAR
Rel. Density 2,200 --

Flash Point -50,0 °C

Autoignition Point 510,0 °C
Flammable Limits 3,6-15 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell VAR. PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 1000 PPM
USA 1000 PPM
Toxic Limit 5000 PPM

Synonym: Chloroethane, Chloroethyl, Hydrochloric Ether, Monochlorethane,

Muriatic Ether, Aethylis, Anodynon, Chelen, Chloridum, Chloryl, Chloryl Anesthetic,
Ether Chloratus, Kelene, Narcotic, Aethylis Chloridum, ECL.

A colorless toxic and flammable gas and liquid with ether like pungent odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes frostbite on skin and damage on eyes. Even low vapor concentrations have strong
narcotic effect.

On contact with water hydrolysis and formation of acetic acid with toxic and corrosive fumes.

Page - 59 -
GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ethylchloride

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ethylamine
C2H7N

Mole Weight 45,09 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -81,2 °C
Boiling Point 16,6 °C
Critical Temperature 182,9 °C
Critical Pressure 56,2 BAR
Rel. Density 1,550 --

Flash Point -49,0 °C

Autoignition Point 384,0 °C
Flammable Limits 3,5-14 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 10 PPM
USA 10 PPM
Toxic Limit 50 PPM

Synonym: Aminoethane, Monoethylamine, Ethanamine, EAM.

A colorless flammable and toxic gas (in water solution liquid) with ammonia-like pungent odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes severe burns on eyes and dermatitis on skin and vapor causes burns on respiratory
tract.

Fully soluble in water, formation of strong base. Ethylamine does re-evaporate from water solution
with formation of explosive mixtures.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ethylamine

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ethene Oxide
C2H4O

Mole Weight 44,05 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -112,2 °C
Boiling Point 10,4 °C
Critical Temperature 195,9 °C
Critical Pressure 71,9 BAR
Rel. Density 1,520 --

Flash Point -18,0 °C

Autoignition Point 440,0 °C
Flammable Limits 2,6-100 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 700 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 10 PPM
USA 50 PPM
Toxic Limit 500 PPM

Synonym: Ethylene Oxide, Dihydro Oxirene, Dimethylene Oxide, EO, Epoxyethane,

1,2-Epoxyethane, Oxacyclopropane, Oxide of Ethylene, Oxidoethane, Oxirane, ETO,
Oxane, EOX.

A colorless flammable liquid and gas with ether-like odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, evaporated gas is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes burns to eyes and skin, vapor causes irritation of respiratory tract and has narcotic
effects. Delayed damage to liver and kidneys possible.

Fully soluble in water. Below 12,5 °C solid hydrates may form which solute in large amounts of
water. EO re-gasifies from water with possible formation of explosive mixture on surface.

Polymerizes under heat. Tanks to be completely rust-free prior to loading. EO does not need
oxygen for spontaneous decomposition. Very violent polymerization possible when contact with
cast iron, tin, aluminochlorides and alcalic metalhydroxides.

Tanks should be inerted (oxygen content less than 0,2 %), overpressure with nitrogen always to be
maintained.

Page - 63 -
GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Ethene Oxide

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Isopropylamine
C3H9N

Mole Weight 59,11 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -95,3 °C
Boiling Point 32,5 °C
Critical Temperature 202,9 °C
Critical Pressure 50,7 BAR
Rel. Density 2,000

Flash Point <20,0 °C

Autoignition Point 403,0 °C
Flammable Limits 2,3-10,4 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 5 PPM
USA 5 PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: 2-Aminopropane, Isopropylamine, Monoisopropylamine, IPP.

A clear colorless caustic and inflammable liquid with a fishy ammonia-like odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, forming large amounts of caustic and explosive mixtures with air,
which are heavier than air.

Completely soluble in water with formation of caustic solutions in even highly diluted mixtures. In
closed spaces it may re-evaporate with formation of explosive mixtures with air on the surface.

Liquid and vapor cause severe burns and damage to eyes, respiratory tract and skin. Danger of
lung edema. Can be absorbed by skin, narcotic effect, allergic reactions. Symptoms are severe
coughing, vomiting, fainting.

Page - 65 -
GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Isopropylamine

Page - 66 -
 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Methylchloride
CH3CI

Mole Weight 50,49 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -97,8 °C
Boiling Point -24,3 °C
Critical Temperature 143,2 °C
Critical Pressure 66,8 BAR
Rel. Density 1,791 --

Flash Point <24,0 °C

Autoignition Point 625,0 °C
Flammable Limits 7,1-18,5 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 100 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 50 PPM
USA 100 PPM
Toxic Limit 200 PPM

Synonym: Chloride of Methyl, Chloromethane, Monochloromethane, Artic, R40,

MTC.

A colorless toxic and flammable gas with faint sweet odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, vapor forms explosive and toxic mixtures with air.

Liquid and gas is highly toxic, causes frostbites and irritations of skin and eyes. Can lead to delayed
liver, kidney and heart-damage. Long exposures to even low concentration cause damage of
central nervous system.

Slightly soluble in large amounts of water, leads to explosive and toxic mixtures when re-
evaporating.

Ignites when in contact with aluminia, decomposes in humidity. At high temperatures generation of
Chlorohydrogen, Chloro- and Carbonmonoxide gas.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Methylchloride

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Propene Oxide
C3H6O

Mole Weight 58,08 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -112,2 °C
Boiling Point 34,4 °C
Critical Temperature 209,1 °C
Critical Pressure 42,2 BAR
Rel. Density 2,000 --

Flash Point -44,0 °C

Autoignition Point 430,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,9-15 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 200 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 50 PPM
USA 100 PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Epoxypropane, 1,2-Epoxypropane, Methylethylene Oxide, Methyl

Oxirene, 1,2 Propylenoxide, POX.

A colorless toxic and flammable liquid and gas with ether-like odour.

Split liquid evaporates very quickly, vapor forms explosive and toxic mixtures with air, which are
heavier than air. Vapors can be very easily ignited.

Liquid causes burns on skin and eyes, vapor causes irritation of respiratory tract and has narcotic
effect, inability to control movements.

Soluble in water with formation of dangerous mixtures. PO can re-gasify from water with formation
of explosive mixtures.

Polymerizes vigorously with contact of catalysts such as acids, amines, alkali and salts. Reacts
dangerously with chlorine and ammonia.

Tanks should be inerted (oxygen content less than 0,3 %), overpressure with nitrogen always to be
maintained.

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Propene Oxide

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Sulfur Dioxide
SO2

Mole Weight 64,06 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -75,5 °C
Boiling Point -10,2 °C
Critical Temperature 157,7 °C
Critical Pressure 78,8 BAR
Rel. Density 2,270 --

Flash Point --- °C

Autoignition Point --- °C
Flammable Limits --- VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell 0,3-1 PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 2,0 PPM
USA 2,0 PPM
Toxic Limit 100,0 PPM

Synonym: Dioxide of Sulfur (Anhydrous), Sulfur Oxide, Sulfurous Oxide, Sulfurous

Acid (Anhydride or Anhydrous), SFD.

A toxic colorless slightly brown clear liquid and gas with pungent odour. Not flammable.

Split liquid evaporates readily with formation of corrosive and toxic mixtures with air, evaporated
gas is heavier than air.

Heavier than water, sinks and soluble in water with formation of sulfurous acid, re-evaporating
sulfur dioxide forms toxic mixtures above water surface.

Liquid causes frostbites on eyes and skin, severe burns on eyes and moist skin, vapor causes
severe burn of respiratory tract. High concentrations may lead to lung edema, dizziness and death.

Contaminated clothing to be removed without delay.

Page - 71 -
GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Sulfur Dioxide

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vinylethylether
C4H8O

Mole Weight 72,11 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -115,3 °C
Boiling Point -35,7 °C
Critical Temperature 201,9 °C
Critical Pressure 40,7 BAR
Rel. Density 2,480 --

Flash Point -45,0 °C

Autoignition Point 200,0 °C
Flammable Limits 1,4-12 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany -- PPM
USA -- PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Ethyl Vinyl Ether (inhibited), Eve, Phenetole, Ethoxy-Benzene

A clear colorless flammable liquid with ether-like odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, evaporated vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, vapor is heavier
than air.

Liquid causes damage to eyes and skin, vapor causes irritation of respiratory tract, narcotic effects
with fainting already from very low contents in breathing air (appr. 0,2 Vol.-%). Cessation of
breathing possible.

Polymerizes in liquid and vapor form. Prevention by adding suitable inhibitors (appr. 0,1 %).
Padding with nitrogen.

Inhibitor Certificate

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vinylethylether

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vinylidene Chloride (inhibited)

C2H2CI2

Mole Weight 96,94 kg/k mole

Freezing Point -122,2 °C
Boiling Point 31,7 °C
Critical Temperature 222,0 °C
Critical Pressure 52,0 BAR
Rel. Density 3,357 --

Flash Point -10,0 °C

Autoignition Point 440,0 °C
Flammable Limits 5,6-12 VOL.-%

Threshold of Smell -- PPM

MAC-Value
West Germany 10 PPM
USA 10 PPM
Toxic Limit -- PPM

Synonym: Vinylidene Chloride Monomer, Dichloroethylene-1.1, 1.1-Dichloro-

ethylene, Asym-Dichloroethylene, VC, 1.1-Dichloroethene, 1.1-DCE, VCI.

A clear colorless flammable liquid with sweet odour.

Split liquid evaporates readily, evaporated vapor forms explosive mixtures with air, vapor is heavier
than air.

Sinks in water, only slightly soluble. Explosive mixtures may form on water surface by re-
evaporation.

Liquid and vapor cause irritation on eyes and skin, vapor has narcotic effect. It is absorbed by skin.
May cause kidney and liver damage.

Polymerizes violently under heat. Transported with inhibitor and under inertgas to avoid
polymerization. Vapors not inhibited, re-condensate may cause polymerization. Explosive organic
peroxides formed in presence of oxidizing agents. Caution: if inhibitor is phenol, consult respective
data sheet for increase of health hazard.

Inhibitor Certificate

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GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Vinylidene Chloride

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Conversion Factor Tables

Length
m mm Nautical. Int. Miles Yards ft Inches
-4 -4
1 1000 5.39957x10 6.213712x10 1.093613 3.280840 39.37008
0.001 1 5.39957x10 -7 6.213712x10 -7 1.093613x10 -3 3.280840x10 -3 0.03937008
1852 1852000. 1 0.868976 2025.3717 6076.115 72913.4
1609.344 1609.344 1.1507794 1 1760 5280 63360
0.9144 914.4 4.93737x10 -4 5.681818x10 -4 1 3 36
-4 -4
0.3048 304.8 1.64579x10 1.893939x10 0.3333333 1 12
-5 -5
0.0254 25.4 1.3715x10 1.578283x10 0.0277778 0.08333333 1

Area
2
m Sq miles Acres Sq yd Sy feet Sq inches
-7 -4
1 3.861022x10 2.471054x10 1.195990 10.76391 1550.0031
2589988. 1 640 3097600. 27878400. 4014489600
4046.856 0.0015625 1 4840 43560. 6272640.
-7 -4
0.8361274 3.228306x10 2.066116x10 1 9 1296
9.290304x10 -2 3.587006x10 -8 2.295684x10 -5 0.1111111 1 144
-4 -10 -7 -4 -3
6.4516x10 2.490977x10 1.594225x10 7.716049x10 6.944444x10 1

Volume
3 Barrels
m liter cu in cu ft cu yd U.S.gallons Imp.gallons
(42 U.S.g)
1 1000 61023.74 35.31467 1.307951 264.1720 219.9692 6.289810
0.001 1 61.02374 0.03531467 1.307951x10 -3 0.2641720 0.2199692 6.289810x10 -3
1.638706x10 -5 0.01638706 1 5.787037x10 -4 2.143347x10 -5 4.329004x10-3 3.604649x10 -3 1.030715x10 -4
0.02831685 28.31685 1728 1 0.03703704 7.480520 6.228833 0.1781076
0.764549 764.5549 46656 27 1 201.9740 168.1784 4.808905
-3
0.003785412 3.785412 231.0000 0.1336806 4.951132x10 1 0.8326739 2.834952x10 -5
0.004546092 4.546092 277.4196 0.1605437 5.946064x10 -3 1.200950 1 0.02859406
0.1589873 158.9873 9702.001 5.614584 0.02079475 42 34.97230 1

Mass
kg t Ounces Pounds Short tons Long tons
-3
1 0.001 35.27396 2.204623 1.102311x10 9.842065x10 -4
1000 1 35273.96 2204.623 1.102311 0.9842065
0.02834952 2.834950x10 -5 1 0.0625 3.125x10 -5 2.790179x10 -5
0.4535924 4.535924x10 -4 16 1 5 x 10-4 4.464286x10 -4
907.1847 0.9071847 32000 2000 1 0.8928571
1016.047 1.016047 35840 2240 1.12 1

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Conversion Factor Tables

Weight per unit of area

2 2
kg/cm kg/m kg/mm 2 Lb/sq ft Lb/sq in S.tons/sq ft
1 10000 0.01 2048.161 14.22334 1.24081 0.9143578
0.0001 1 0.000001 0.2048161 0.001422334 1.024081x10 -4 9.143578x10 -5
100 1 000 000 1 204816.1 1422.334 102.4081 91.43578
-4 -6
4.882428x10 4.882428 4.882428x10 1 0.006944444 0.0005 4.464286x10 -4
0.07030695 703.0695 7.030695x10 -4 144 1 0.072 0.06428571
0.9764855 9764.855 0.009764855 2000 13.88889 1 0.8928571
1.093664 10936.64 0.01093664 2240 15.55556 1.12 1

Pressure
atm kgf/cm 2 mm mercury in. mercury in. water
mbar k Pa lfb/in 2
(standard) (at) (0° C) (32° F) (39.2° F)
1 0.1 9.869233x10 -4 0.001019716 0.750064 0.0295301 0.401474 0.01450377
10 1 0.009869233 0.01019716 7.50064 0.295301 4.01474 0.1450377
1013.250 101.3250 1 1.033227 760.002 29.9213 406.794 14.69595
980.6650 98.06650 0.9678411 1 735.561 28.9591 393.712 14.22334
1.33322 0.133322 0.00131579 0.00135951 1 0.0393701 0.535253 0.0193367
33.8638 3.38638 0.0334210 0.0345315 25.4 1 13.5954 0.491153
2.49082 0.249082 0.00245825 0.00253993 1.86827 0.0735541 1 0.0361263
68.94757 6.894757 0.06804596 0.07030695 51.7151 2.03603 27.6807 1

Velocity (Length/unit of time)

Miles/hr
m/s m/min km/hr ft/sec ft/min
(U.S.Statute)
1 60 3.6 3.280840 196.8504 2.236936
0.016667 1 0.06 0.05468066 3.280840 0.03728227
0.2777778 16.66667 1 0.9113444 54.68066 0.6213712
0.3048 18.288 1.09728 1 60 0.6818182
-3
5.08 x 10 0.3048 0.018288 0.01666667 1 0.01136364
0.44704 26.8224 1.609344 1.46666 88 1

Energy
kw-hr J (joule) kcal (IT) kg-m ft-lbf Btu (IT) Hp.hr
1 3600000. 859.8452 367097.8 2655224. 3412.142 1.341022
-7 -7 -4
2.777778x10 1 2.388459x10 0.1019716 0.7375621 9.478171x10 3.725061x10 -7
1.163 x 10-3 4186.8 1 426.9348 3088.025 3.968321 1.559609x10 -3
2.724070x10-6 9.806650 2.342278x10 -3 1 7.233014 9.294911x10 -3 3.653037x10 -6
3.766161x10 -7 1.355818 3.23831x10 -4 0.1382550 1 1.285068x10 -3 5.050505x10 -7
2.930711x10 -4 1055.056 0.2519958 107.5858 778.1692 1 3.930148x10 -4
0.7456999 2684520. 641.1886 272744.8 1980000. 2544.434 1

Page - 78 -
 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

3. Braker, William; Mossman, Allen L.;

"Matheson Gas Data Book", 4. Edition 1971,
List of sources Matheson Gas Products

Substance Reference 4. Stewart, Richard B.; Jacobsen, Richard T.;

No. Penoncello, Steven G.: "Thermodynamic
Properties of Refrigerants", 1986, American
Acetaldehyde 2,12,13
Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air
Ammonia 6 Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE)
1,3-Butadiene 1,3
i-Butane 4 5. "LGI Guide for Gases and Chemicals",
Edition 5.86, Liquid Gas International
n-Butane 4
1-Butene 2,12 6. International Institute of Refrigiation:
Chlorine 10 "Thermodynamic and Physical properties of
Diethylether 2,12 Ammonia (R717)", 1981
Dimethylamine 2,12 7. Angus, S.; Rueck, K. M. de; Armstrong, B.:
2,2- 2,3,12,14 "IUPAC International Thermodynamic
Dimethylpropane Tables of the Fluid State – 5 Methane”, 1.
Ethane 4 Edition 1978, Pergamon Press
Ethene 10 8. Angus, S.; Rueck, K. M. de; Armstrong, B.:
Ethene Oxide 2,12,13 "IUPAC International Thermodynamic
Ethylamine 2,12 Tables of the Fluid State – 6 Nitrogen", 1.
Ethylchloride 2,12 Edition 1979, Pergamon Press
Isoprene 2,12 9. Angus, S.; Rueck, K. M. de; Armstrong, B.:
Isopropylamine 2,12 "IUPAC International Thermodynamic
Methane 7 Tables of the Fluid State – 7 Propylene
(Propene)", 1. Edition 1980, Pergamon Press
2-Methyl-1-Butene 2,12,14
2-Methyl-2-Butene 2,12,14 10. Angus, S.; Rueck de, K. M.; Armstrong, B.:
3-Methyl-1-Butene 1,2,12,14 "IUPAC International Thermodynamic
Methylchloride 3 Tables of the Fluid State – 8 Chlorine", 1.
Edition 1985, Pergamon Press
Nitrogen 8
i-Pentane 1,2,12,14 11. Jacobsen, R.T.; Jahangiri,M.; Stewart, R. B.:
n-Pentane 1,2,12,14 "IUPAC International Thermodynamic
1-Pentene 2,12,14 Tables of the Fluid State – 10 Ethylene
(Ethene)", 1. Edition 1988, Pergamon Press
Propane 4
Propene 9 12. "Karlsruhe - Berlin Process Calculation
Propene Oxide 2,12,13 Package (KBP²)", 1995 Version 2.6b,
Sulfur Dioxide 2,3,12 Technical University Berlin: Institute for
Thermodynamics and Plant Design; University
Vinyl Chloride 2,12,13 Karlsruhe (TH): Institute for Thermodynamics
Vinylethylether 2,12 and Refrigeration Technology.
Vinylidenechloride 5
13. "HYSYS ProcessNet", Version v2.2 (Build
3793), Hyprotech Ltd.
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"Handbook of Physical Properties of 14. "Selected values of properties of
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Company

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

Table of contents

Foreword 2

Acknowledgement 2

Thermodynamic properties of gases and liquids 3

Thermodynamic and safety properties 6

Diagrams 8

Introduction to the diagrams 9

Description of diagrams 10

DIAGRAMS SUMMARY "LIQUEFIED GASES" 11

Vapor pressures liquefied gases 12

Liquid densities liquefied gases 13

Liquid densities liquefied gases 14

Vapor densities liquefied gases 15

Vaporization enthalpies liquefied gases 16

Vaporization enthalpies liquefied gases 17

DIAGRAMS SUMMARY "CHEMICALS" 18

Vapor pressures chemicals 19

Liquid densities chemicals 20

Vapor densities chemicals 21

Vaporization enthalpies chemicals 22

DIAGRAMS OF PURE SUBSTANCES 23

"LIQUEFIED GASES" 23

Ammonia (Anhydrous) 24

1,3-Butadiene (inhibited) 26

n-Butane 28

i-Butane 30

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 GUIDE FOR GASES AND CHEMICALS

1-Butene 32

Ethane 34

Ethene 36

Isoprene (inhibited) 38

Methane 40

Nitrogen 42

Propane 44

Propene 46

Vinyl chloride (inhibited) 48

DIAGRAMS OF PURE SUBSTANCES 50

"CHEMICALS" 50

Acetaldehyde 51

Chlorine 53

Diethylether 55

Dimethylamine 57

Ethylchloride 59

Ethylamine 61

Ethene Oxide 63

Isopropylamine 65

Methylchloride 67

Propene Oxide 69

Sulfur Dioxide 71

Vinylethylether 73

Vinylidene Chloride (inhibited) 75

Conversion Factor Tables 77

List of sources 79

Table of contents 80

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